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31:
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388:, to determine both the masses and the abundances of an element's isotopes. From this information, an average atomic mass can be calculated, and compared to the values measured by Richards. The modern methods are faster and more sensitive than those on which Richards had to rely, but not necessarily less expensive.
365:
had been studied by
Richards and his students. Among the potential sources of error Richards uncovered in such determinations was the tendency of certain salts to occlude gases or foreign solutes on precipitation. As an example of the care Richards used in his work, Emsley reports that he carried out
391:
Other scientific work of
Theodore Richards included investigations of the compressibilities of atoms, heats of solution and neutralization, and the electrochemistry of amalgams. His investigation of electrochemical potentials at low temperatures was among the work that led, in the hands of others,
322:
and others, Richards returned to
Harvard as an assistant in chemistry, then instructor, assistant professor, and finally full professor in 1901. In 1903 he became chairman of the department of chemistry at Harvard, and in 1912 he was appointed Erving Professor of Chemistry and director of the new
333:
Richards maintained interests in both art and music. Among his recreations were sketching, golf, and sailing. He died at
Cambridge, Massachusetts, on April 2, 1928, at the age of 60. According to one of his descendants, Richards suffered from "chronic respiratory problems and a prolonged
925:
309:
Richards continued on at
Harvard, taking as his dissertation topic the determination of the atomic weight of oxygen relative to hydrogen. His doctoral advisor was Josiah Parsons Cooke. Following a year of post-doctoral work in
297:
Beginning in 1878, the
Richards family spent two years in Europe, largely in England, where Theodore Richards' scientific interests grew stronger. After the family's return to the United States, he entered
361:, starting in 1886 with his graduate studies. On returning to Harvard in 1889, this was his first line of research, continuing up to his death. According to Forbes, by 1932 the atomic weights of 55
384:
Although
Richards's chemical determinations of atomic weights were highly significant for their time, they have largely been superseded. Modern scientists use electronic instrumentation, such as
2724:
199:(see Kopperl: "Theodore W. Richards: America's First Nobel Laureate Chemist", in Profiles in Chemistry, in Journal of Chemical Education, 1983, Vol. 60, Issue 9, page 738.
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Richards was the first to show, by chemical analysis, that an element could have different atomic weights. He was asked to analyze samples of naturally occurring
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and lead produced by radioactive decay. His measurements showed that the two samples had different atomic weights, supporting the concepts of
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242:(January 31, 1868 – April 2, 1928) was an American physical chemist and the first American scientist to receive the
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278:, a poet. Richards received most of his pre-college education from his mother. During one summer's stay at
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302:, Pennsylvania in 1883 at the age of 14, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in 1885. He then enrolled at
995:- Reprinted in 1969 by Dover - See especially pages 227 – 231 for Nernst's comments on Richards work
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In 1896, Richards married Miriam Stuart Thayer. The couple had one daughter, Grace Thayer (who married
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through a small telescope. Years later Cooke and
Richards would work together in Cooke's laboratory.
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719:- See pages 1 – 3 for William Theodore Richards and page 126 for Greenough Thayer Richards.
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835:
Forbes, George
Shannon (1932). "Investigations of Atomic Weights by Theodore William Richards".
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and received a
Bachelor of Arts degree in 1886, as further preparation for graduate studies.
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President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences President (1919 – 1921)
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15,000 recrystallizations of thulium bromate in order to obtain the pure element
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246:, earning the award "in recognition of his exact determinations of the
132:
949:
856:
541:"Energy Changes Involved in the Dilution of Zinc and Cadmium Amalgams"
1901:
1527:
652:
412:
926:"Theodore W. Richards: America's First Nobel Laureate in Chemistry"
378:
400:, although not without heated debate between Nernst and Richards.
367:
311:
287:
2732:
403:
Richards also is credited with the invention of the adiabatic
1126:
374:
1038:
Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)
411:, which was devised for his work on the atomic weight of
564:. Washington: Carnagie Institution of Washington. 1910.
357:
About half of Richards's scientific research concerned
1044:
900:
Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements
834:
539:
Richards, Theodore W.; Forbes, George Shannon (1906).
785:
582:
517:
Theodore Richards Medal (1932, awarded posthumously)
923:
473:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
730:
697:
903:. US: Oxford University Press. pp. 442–443.
3654:
869:
16:American chemist and Nobel laureate (1868–1928)
2526:
1085:including the Nobel Lecture, December 6, 1919
677:"Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914 - Presentation"
3723:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2718:
2512:
1112:
872:"Theodore William Richards Memorial Lecture"
896:
798:(7). American Chemical Society: 1643–1656.
595:(7). American Chemical Society: 1643–1656.
2725:
2711:
2519:
2505:
1119:
1105:
1080:
1061:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1048:Secretary's Report: Harvard Class of 1886
811:
608:
792:Journal of the American Chemical Society
589:Journal of the American Chemical Society
568:
525:
353:Graph of periodic properties by Richards
348:
3655:
1031:
986:
962:
890:
728:
695:
547:. Carnegie Institution of Washington:
513:International Atomic Weights Committee
344:
2706:
2500:
1100:
3708:Foreign members of the Royal Society
521:
418:
274:, a land- and seascape painter, and
323:Wolcott Gibbs Memorial Laboratory.
13:
1025:
572:The Scientific Work of Morris Loeb
370:for an atomic weight measurement.
14:
3739:
1070:
1040:. Vol. 44. pp. 251–286.
1349:
737:. Simon & Schuster. p.
561:Determinations of atomic weights
531:Determinations of atomic weights
29:
1045:Huddleston, John Henry (1907).
998:
980:
956:
876:Journal of the Chemical Society
870:Hartley, Harold (August 1930).
917:
863:
828:
786:Richards, Theodore W. (1915).
779:
758:
722:
689:
669:
583:Richards, Theodore W. (1915).
569:Richards, Theodore W. (1913).
426:American Philosophical Society
262:Theodore Richards was born in
1:
1051:. New York. pp. 132–133.
1032:Conant, James Bryant (1974).
930:Journal of Chemical Education
837:Journal of Chemical Education
663:
3728:Recipients of Franklin Medal
3713:Scientists from Philadelphia
3693:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
966:Eminent Chemists of Our Time
924:Kopperl, Sheldon J. (1983).
575:. Harvard University Press.
257:
7:
1034:"Theodore William Richards"
993:. Methuen and Company, Ltd.
626:
545:Carnegie Institution Report
398:Third law of thermodynamics
290:, who showed the young boy
10:
3744:
3688:Harvard University faculty
3673:American physical chemists
975:eminent chemists richards.
658:Theodore W. Richards House
506:Royal Society of Edinburgh
3683:Harvard University alumni
3486:
3325:
3164:
3009:
2878:
2803:Charles Anthony Goessmann
2741:
2735:American Chemical Society
2630:
2611:
2592:
2576:
2555:
2546:Theodore William Richards
2536:
2155:
1856:
1597:
1358:
1347:
1138:
1077:Theodore William Richards
963:Harrow, Benjamin (1920).
553:theodore richards atomic.
454:American Chemical Society
314:, where he studied under
282:, Richards met Professor
250:of a large number of the
240:Theodore William Richards
233:
203:
190:
180:
170:
163:
147:Nobel Prize for Chemistry
127:
109:
95:
87:
65:
40:
28:
23:Theodore William Richards
21:
3698:American Nobel laureates
3678:Haverford College alumni
3643:, President Elect (2025)
2273:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
1552:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1132:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
987:Nernst, Walther (1926).
969:. Van Nostrand. p.
768:. Notable Names Database
704:. Simon & Schuster.
460:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
244:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1092:Theodore Richards Medal
729:Conant, Jennet (2002).
696:Conant, Jennet (2002).
504:Honorary Fellow of the
487:Royal Society of London
478:Honorary Member of the
320:University of Göttingen
3521:William F. Carroll Jr.
3381:Warren D. Niederhauser
3214:Clifford F. Rassweiler
2761:Samuel William Johnson
2636:Nobel Prize recipients
2613:Physiology or Medicine
2437:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2425:M. Stanley Whittingham
1396:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
766:"Theodore W. Richards"
534:
485:Foreign Member of the
431:Lowell Lectures (1908)
354:
272:William Trost Richards
3605:Bonnie A. Charpentier
3563:Bassam Z. Shakhashiri
3363:Albert C. Zettlemoyer
3268:Charles G. Overberger
3017:George D. Rosengarten
2916:William F. Hillebrand
1807:Christian B. Anfinsen
1447:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
529:
501:Le Blanc Medal (1922)
352:
280:Newport, Rhode Island
276:Anna Matlack Richards
3703:History of chemistry
3527:Elizabeth Ann Nalley
2952:Theodore W. Richards
2469:Karl Barry Sharpless
1966:Dudley R. Herschbach
1791:Luis Federico Leloir
1010:search.amphilsoc.org
1006:"APS Member History"
990:The New Heat Theorem
897:John Emsley (2001).
884:10.1039/JR9300001937
648:Gilbert Newton Lewis
638:Jöns Jakob Berzelius
284:Josiah Parsons Cooke
220:Charles Phelps Smyth
197:Josiah Parsons Cooke
3641:Dorothy J. Phillips
3593:Allison A. Campbell
3310:Bernard S. Friedman
3137:W. Albert Noyes Jr.
3101:William Lloyd Evans
2946:Arthur Dehon Little
2815:Charles F. Chandler
2779:Charles F. Chandler
2461:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
2373:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2110:Jens Christian Skou
2078:F. Sherwood Rowland
1990:Charles J. Pedersen
1954:Herbert A. Hauptman
1647:Vincent du Vigneaud
1264:Richard Willstätter
1148:Jacobus van 't Hoff
942:1983JChEd..60..738K
849:1932JChEd...9..452F
804:10.1021/ja02172a001
601:10.1021/ja02172a001
480:Royal Irish Academy
447:Willard Gibbs Medal
441:Faraday Lectureship
394:Nernst heat theorem
345:Scientific research
328:James Bryant Conant
224:Hobart Hurd Willard
140:Willard Gibbs Award
3581:Diane Grob Schmidt
3423:S. Allen Heininger
3393:George C. Pimentel
3250:Maurice H. Arveson
3220:John C. Bailar Jr.
3196:Joel H. Hildebrand
3184:Farrington Daniels
3155:Ernest H. Volwiler
3119:Thomas Midgley Jr.
3077:Edward R. Weidlein
3047:Lawrence V. Redman
3000:James Flack Norris
2988:Edward C. Franklin
2970:William H. Nichols
2934:Wilder D. Bancroft
2910:Francis P. Venable
2833:George C. Caldwell
2797:Albert B. Prescott
2773:Frederick A. Genth
2733:Presidents of the
2421:John B. Goodenough
2349:William E. Moerner
2229:Richard R. Schrock
2201:Roderick MacKinnon
2173:K. Barry Sharpless
1998:Johann Deisenhofer
1827:Geoffrey Wilkinson
1823:Ernst Otto Fischer
1747:Robert S. Mulliken
1683:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
1631:Hermann Staudinger
1451:Irène Joliot-Curie
1079:on Nobelprize.org
643:Farrington Daniels
577:theodore richards.
535:
386:mass spectrometers
355:
304:Harvard University
212:Farrington Daniels
185:Harvard University
175:Physical chemistry
104:Harvard University
3650:
3649:
3533:Catherine T. Hunt
3497:Attila E. Pavlath
3411:Clayton F. Callis
3316:William J. Bailey
3262:William J. Sparks
3208:Roger J. Williams
3143:Charles A. Thomas
3083:Frank C. Whitmore
3035:William McPherson
2928:Willis R. Whitney
2922:Marston T. Bogert
2904:Arthur Amos Noyes
2869:William McMurtrie
2857:Charles E. Munroe
2851:Charles B. Dudley
2755:J. Lawrence Smith
2700:
2699:
2494:
2493:
2477:Moungi G. Bawendi
2397:Richard Henderson
2241:Roger D. Kornberg
2209:Aaron Ciechanover
2042:Rudolph A. Marcus
1946:Robert Merrifield
1882:Peter D. Mitchell
1655:Cyril Hinshelwood
1416:Friedrich Bergius
1340:Richard Zsigmondy
1256:Theodore Richards
1204:Ernest Rutherford
950:10.1021/ed060p738
857:10.1021/ed009p452
748:978-0-684-87288-9
711:978-0-684-87288-9
633:Mass spectrometry
522:Selected writings
471:President of the
452:President of the
419:Legacy and honors
300:Haverford College
252:chemical elements
237:
236:
204:Doctoral students
165:Scientific career
158:
151:
144:
100:Haverford College
3735:
3718:American Quakers
3623:Angela K. Wilson
3599:Peter K. Dorhout
3575:Thomas J. Barton
3557:Nancy B. Jackson
3551:Joseph Francisco
3539:Bruce E. Bursten
3515:Charles P. Casey
3465:Paul H.L. Walter
3459:Paul S. Anderson
3447:Brian M. Rushton
3405:Gordon L. Nelson
3357:James D. D'Ianni
3351:Gardner W. Stacy
3345:Anna J. Harrison
3333:Glenn T. Seaborg
3280:Wallace R. Brode
3274:Robert W. Cairns
3256:Charles C. Price
3178:Edgar C. Britton
3172:N. Howell Funnan
3089:Charles A. Kraus
3059:Charles L. Reese
2994:Leo H. Baekeland
2982:Edgar Fahs Smith
2976:William A. Noyes
2964:Julius Stieglitz
2958:Charles H. Herty
2863:Edward W. Morley
2845:Edgar Fahs Smith
2827:George F. Barker
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1611:Glenn T. Seaborg
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622:
612:
579:
565:
555:
208:Gilbert N. Lewis
192:Doctoral advisor
159:
156:
149:
142:
137:
122:Electrochemistry
72:
51:January 31, 1868
50:
48:
35:Richards in 1914
33:
19:
18:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3635:Mary K. Carroll
3587:Donna J. Nelson
3509:Elsa Reichmanis
3482:
3477:Daryle H. Busch
3429:Ernest L. Eliel
3417:Paul G. Gassman
3387:Ellis K. Fields
3369:Robert W. Parry
3321:
3226:Albert L. Elder
3190:Harry L. Fisher
3160:
3107:Harry N. Holmes
3029:Irving Langmuir
3005:
2940:Alexander Smith
2886:Frank W. Clarke
2874:
2839:Harvey W. Wiley
2737:
2731:
2701:
2696:
2634:
2626:
2607:
2588:
2572:
2551:
2548:(United States)
2532:
2525:
2495:
2490:
2474:
2458:
2449:David MacMillan
2446:
2441:Jennifer Doudna
2434:
2418:
2402:
2386:
2377:Fraser Stoddart
2370:
2361:Paul L. Modrich
2354:
2338:
2322:
2310:
2302:
2297:Ei-ichi Negishi
2289:Richard F. Heck
2286:
2270:
2257:Osamu Shimomura
2254:
2246:
2238:
2222:
2206:
2194:
2178:
2165:William Knowles
2162:
2151:
2142:Alan MacDiarmid
2135:
2127:
2115:
2099:
2094:Richard Smalley
2083:
2070:Paul J. Crutzen
2067:
2059:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2011:
1995:
1986:Jean-Marie Lehn
1979:
1963:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1915:
1899:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1852:
1847:Vladimir Prelog
1840:
1832:
1820:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1776:
1768:
1752:
1744:
1739:Robert Woodward
1736:
1731:Dorothy Hodgkin
1728:
1716:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1593:
1581:
1576:William Giauque
1573:
1565:
1560:Robert Robinson
1557:
1544:James B. Sumner
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1491:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
1487:Adolf Butenandt
1484:
1476:
1464:
1456:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1424:Irving Langmuir
1421:
1409:
1401:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1309:Frederick Soddy
1306:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1236:Victor Grignard
1233:
1225:
1217:
1212:Wilhelm Ostwald
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1134:
1125:
1073:
1054:
1053:
1028:
1026:Further reading
1023:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1003:
999:
985:
981:
961:
957:
922:
918:
911:
895:
891:
868:
864:
833:
829:
784:
780:
771:
769:
764:
763:
759:
749:
727:
723:
712:
694:
690:
681:
679:
675:
674:
670:
666:
629:
558:
524:
496:Lavoisier Medal
421:
407:as well as the
347:
260:
228:James B. Conant
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
152:
145:
138:
135:
131:
120:
118:Thermochemistry
116:
102:
83:
74:
70:
61:
52:
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3741:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3629:Judith Giordan
3626:
3620:
3614:
3611:Luis Echegoyen
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3545:Thomas H. Lane
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3474:
3471:Edel Wasserman
3468:
3462:
3456:
3453:Ronald Breslow
3450:
3444:
3441:Ned D. Heindel
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3232:Arthur C. Cope
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3202:John C. Warner
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3125:Carl S. Marvel
3122:
3116:
3113:Per K. Frolich
3110:
3104:
3098:
3095:Samuel C. Lind
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3053:Arthur B. Lamb
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3023:Samuel W. Parr
3020:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2821:Henry B. Nason
2818:
2812:
2809:T. Sterry Hunt
2806:
2800:
2794:
2791:James C. Booth
2788:
2785:John W. Mallet
2782:
2776:
2770:
2767:T. Sterry Hunt
2764:
2758:
2752:
2749:John W. Draper
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2472:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2416:
2409:Gregory Winter
2405:Frances Arnold
2400:
2384:
2368:
2352:
2336:
2329:Michael Levitt
2325:Martin Karplus
2320:
2308:
2300:
2284:
2268:
2265:Roger Y. Tsien
2261:Martin Chalfie
2252:
2244:
2236:
2220:
2204:
2192:
2176:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2138:Alan J. Heeger
2133:
2125:
2113:
2106:John E. Walker
2097:
2081:
2065:
2057:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2009:
2006:Hartmut Michel
1993:
1982:Donald J. Cram
1977:
1961:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1922:Roald Hoffmann
1913:
1906:Walter Gilbert
1897:
1885:
1877:
1874:Ilya Prigogine
1869:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1843:John Cornforth
1838:
1830:
1818:
1811:Stanford Moore
1802:
1794:
1786:
1774:
1766:
1759:Ronald Norrish
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1667:Alexander Todd
1662:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1614:
1607:Edwin McMillan
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1482:
1474:
1467:Norman Haworth
1462:
1454:
1442:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1407:
1399:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1301:Walther Nernst
1296:
1289:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1196:Eduard Buchner
1191:
1183:
1175:
1172:William Ramsay
1167:
1159:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1087:Atomic Weights
1072:
1071:External links
1069:
1068:
1067:
1042:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:
997:
979:
955:
936:(9): 738–739.
916:
909:
889:
862:
843:(3): 453–458.
827:
778:
757:
747:
721:
710:
688:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
628:
625:
624:
623:
580:
566:
556:
523:
520:
519:
518:
515:
511:Member of the
509:
502:
499:
493:
490:
483:
476:
469:
466:Franklin Medal
463:
457:
450:
444:
438:
432:
429:
424:Member of the
420:
417:
359:atomic weights
346:
343:
292:Saturn's rings
259:
256:
248:atomic weights
235:
234:
231:
230:
205:
201:
200:
194:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
161:
160:
154:Franklin Medal
129:
125:
124:
114:Atomic weights
111:
110:Known for
107:
106:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
75:
73:(aged 60)
67:
63:
62:
53:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3740:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3569:Marinda Li Wu
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3503:Eli M. Pearce
3501:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3435:Helen M. Free
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3339:Henry A. Hill
3337:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3304:Alan C. Nixon
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3292:Melvin Calvin
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3149:Linus Pauling
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3131:Bradley Dewey
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3071:Edward Bartow
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:Moses Gomberg
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2622:
2621:Róbert Bárány
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2486:
2482:
2481:Louis E. Brus
2478:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2453:Benjamin List
2450:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2429:Akira Yoshino
2426:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2393:Joachim Frank
2390:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:Tomas Lindahl
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2333:Arieh Warshel
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2317:Brian Kobilka
2314:
2309:
2306:
2305:Dan Shechtman
2301:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2281:Ada E. Yonath
2278:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2213:Avram Hershko
2210:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2189:Kurt WĂĽthrich
2186:
2185:Koichi Tanaka
2182:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:Paul D. Boyer
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2054:Michael Smith
2051:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:Sidney Altman
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:Kenichi Fukui
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1815:William Stein
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1763:George Porter
1760:
1756:
1755:Manfred Eigen
1751:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1699:Melvin Calvin
1695:
1692:
1691:Willard Libby
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1639:Linus Pauling
1635:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1623:Richard Synge
1620:
1619:Archer Martin
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1568:Arne Tiselius
1564:
1561:
1556:
1553:
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1548:John Northrop
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3286:Byron Riegel
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2602:Max von Laue
2545:
2413:George Smith
2293:Akira Suzuki
2249:Gerhard Ertl
2233:Yves Chauvin
2181:John B. Fenn
2169:Ryoji Noyori
2156:2001–present
2130:Ahmed Zewail
2090:Harold Kroto
2074:Mario Molina
2002:Robert Huber
1974:John Polanyi
1958:Jerome Karle
1894:Georg Wittig
1779:Derek Barton
1771:Lars Onsager
1723:Giulio Natta
1719:Karl Ziegler
1711:John Kendrew
1479:Richard Kuhn
1404:Hans Fischer
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181:Institutions
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71:(1928-04-02)
59:Pennsylvania
3668:1928 deaths
3663:1868 births
3375:Fred Basolo
3298:Max Tishler
3065:Roger Adams
2529:Nobel Prize
2381:Ben Feringa
2365:Aziz Sancar
2345:Stefan Hell
2341:Eric Betzig
2118:Walter Kohn
2086:Robert Curl
2062:George Olah
2050:Kary Mullis
2026:Elias Corey
2018:Thomas Cech
1970:Yuan T. Lee
1938:Henry Taube
1471:Paul Karrer
1459:Peter Debye
1439:Harold Urey
1325:Fritz Pregl
1286:Fritz Haber
1228:Marie Curie
733:Tuxedo Park
700:Tuxedo Park
405:calorimeter
88:Nationality
3657:Categories
3617:H.N. Cheng
2892:Ira Remsen
2557:Literature
2217:Irwin Rose
2197:Peter Agre
2122:John Pople
1930:Aaron Klug
1835:Paul Flory
1783:Odd Hassel
1707:Max Perutz
1588:Kurt Alder
1584:Otto Diels
1412:Carl Bosch
1015:2021-05-19
772:2011-09-18
682:2007-12-24
664:References
435:Davy Medal
264:Germantown
133:Davy Medal
55:Germantown
47:1868-01-31
3326:1976–2000
3165:1951–1975
3010:1926–1950
2879:1901–1925
2742:1876–1900
2623:(Hungary)
2604:(Germany)
2538:Chemistry
2531:laureates
1902:Paul Berg
1857:1976–2000
1598:1951–1975
1528:Otto Hahn
1359:1926–1950
1139:1901–1925
1128:Laureates
1057:cite book
653:Jean Stas
413:strontium
337:He was a
258:Biography
96:Education
77:Cambridge
878:: 1945.
822:16576032
627:See also
619:16576032
396:and the
379:isotopes
363:elements
91:American
3489:present
2594:Physics
1130:of the
938:Bibcode
845:Bibcode
813:1090843
610:1090843
392:to the
368:thulium
318:at the
312:Germany
288:Harvard
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128:Awards
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1498:1940
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1332:1924
1293:1919
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1063:link
905:ISBN
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375:lead
66:Died
41:Born
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