623:
467:
273:
234:
722:
709:. His increasingly pro-Ottoman stance in later years, however, led to his overthrow by his brother Alexander in 1475, with Stephen the Great's backing. This came too late to save Theodoro: in December 1475, after conquering the other Christian strongholds along the Crimean coast, the Ottomans captured the city after a three-month siege. Alexander and his family were taken captive to Constantinople, where the prince was beheaded. His son was forcibly converted to Islam, and his wife and daughters became part of the Sultan's
56:
525:
70:
583:
611:
780:
In 1901, a Greek inscription was discovered in the city of Mangup. The inscription shows that in 1503, almost thirty years after the
Turkish conquest, the inhabitants of Mangup still spoke Greek. The city was under the power of a Turkish governor. The next years, many Greek inscriptions, dated before
536:
appeared to have been on the verge of rebellion; official documents from this year describe the damage done to Gothic landowners and farmers or the burning of buildings in the border districts of
Alushta and Cembalo. The Prince at the time, Isaac (Italian documents write him Saichus or Saicus and the
634:
were the rulers of
Theodoro and are commonly identified by scholars with the family known from Russian sources as "Khovra". The prince Stephen ("Stepan Vasilyevich Khovra"), emigrated to Moscow in 1391 or 1402 along with his son Gregory. His patronymic implies the existence of a father named Basil,
573:
where they were executed. Their treasures were handed over to the Sultan, while their wives and daughters were given as presents to the Sultan's officials. After the city's capitulation, one of the churches was converted into a mosque, where a prayer was said for the Sultan. According to an
Ottoman
776:
Various cultural influences can be traced in Gothia: its architecture and
Christian wall paintings were essentially Byzantine, although some of its fortresses also display a local as well as Genoese character. Inscribed marble slabs found in the region were decorated with a mixture of Byzantine,
673:
and offers unique genealogical data on the family. John's reign appears to have been very short, or he may indeed not have reigned at all – A. Vasiliev speculates that he left Gothia for
Trebizond as soon as Alexios I died – so another son of Alexios I, Olubei, succeeded as prince in c. 1447 and
552:
began sometime in
September. The prince had three hundred Wallachians fighting in the defense. According to Vasiliev, the city endured five major assaults during the siege; in the end, Theodoro's food supply was blockaded and the people began to succumb to famine. At the end of December 1475,
413:) appears for the first time in a Greek inscription also dated to c. 1361/1362, and then again as "Theodoro Mangop" in a Genoese document of 1374. It was suggested by A. Mercati that the form is a corruption of the Greek plural
376:, who in 1238 poured into the peninsula, occupied its east and enforced a tribute on the western half, including Gothia. Apart from said tribute their influence was limited, leaving administrative matters in native hands.
450:
invaded the
Crimean peninsula, destroying several towns including Gothia's capital Theodoro. After his death in 1404 Gothia grew to become one of the most significant powers of the Black Sea, profiting from a period of
433:), after the early medieval name of the region. Whatever its provenance, the name stuck: by the 1420s the official titulature of the prince read "Lord of the city of Theodoro and the Maritime Region" (
498:, "seashore"), while under Genoese rule it was known as Captainship of Gothia. After they had lost harbors on the southern coast Theodorites built a new port called Avlita at the mouth of the
643:
claimed descent from them. In Gothia, Stephen was succeeded by another son, Alexios I, who ruled until his death in 1444–45 or 1447. Alexios' heir was his eldest son John, who was married to
622:
689:). In 1465, Prince Isaac is mentioned, probably Olubei's son and hence possibly reigning already since c. 1458. In the face of the mounting Ottoman danger, he engaged in a
1447:
The
Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents
557:
surrendered to the
Ottomans under the condition that the Prince, the people, and their property would be spared. While much of the rest of Crimea remained part of the
259:
685:
Olubei is no longer mentioned after c. 1458, and no princes are known by name for some while; Genoese documents only mention "the lord of Theodoro and his brothers" (
1243:
794:
After the Turkish conquest in 1475, the Turks preserved the religion and religious institutions of the Greeks, as well as the Greek ecclesiastical organisation.
163:
842:, p. . "Thus it was the base for all the Genoese wars with the principality of Theodoro, a Greek state on the foothill of the Crimean Mountains."
482:
colonies to the south over access to the coasts and the trade that went through the Crimean harbors. A narrow strip of the coastal land from Yamboli (
1271:
Albrecht, Stefan (2013). "Ein Spielball der Mächte: Die Krim im Schwarzmeerraum (VI.-XV. Jahrhundert)". In Stefan Albrecht; Michael Herdick (eds.).
644:
635:
who possibly preceded him as prince (and was in turn possibly Demetrios' son). Stephen and Gregory became monks, and Gregory later founded the
1482:
379:
The Principality of Gothia is first mentioned in the early 14th century, with the earliest date offered by the post-Byzantine historian
1542:
1445:
569:, after Mangup surrendered the Ottomans treated it the same way as Caffa. The Ottomans took the chiefs of the city and brought them to
537:
Russian Isaiko), presented a formal complaint to the Genoese fearing a war with Caffa. On 6 June 1475, the Ottoman Albanian commander
1501:
490:) in the east initially part of the principality soon fell under Genoese control. Local Greeks called this region Parathalassia (
387:(1328–1341). Further references occur over the 14th century, with several scholars identifying the "Dmitry", one of the three
1341:
1280:
607:
Khuitani, who erected the stone inscription mentioning the name "Theodoro" on the walls of Mangup at about the same time.
1273:
Die Höhensiedlungen im Bergland der Krim. Umwelt, Kulturaustausch und Transformation am Nordrand des Byzantischen Reiches
791:Βyzantine bronze weights excavated at Mangup supply evidence that the residents followed the imperial weighting system.
1431:
1332:
1586:
1455:
1401:
1378:
1303:
1502:"Présence de l’aigle bicéphale en Trebizonde et dans la principauté grecque de Théodoro en Crimée (XIVe-XVe siècles"
517:, who were still Greek-speakers, decided to migrate to Crimea and in particular to the Principality of Theodoro and
1508:
659:. The couple had a son, also named Alexios, who died young c. 1446/7, probably at Trebizond. His epitaph, titled "
425:, but N. Bănescu proposed the alternative explanation that it resulted from the definitive Greek name τὸ Δόρος (
1596:
1351:
1007:
630:
The princes following after Demetrios are known solely through Russian sources. A branch of the Greek dynasty
591:
561:, now an Ottoman vassal, the former lands of Theodoro and southern Crimea were administered directly by the
55:
1591:
640:
479:
466:
384:
1581:
499:
17:
1441:
766:
129:
114:
1296:
History of the Crimean Goths as an interpretation of the Tale of Matthew on the city of Theodoro
808:
803:
510:
360:
392:
1461:
418:
8:
380:
364:
344:
239:
1528:
679:
460:
999:
Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832) : paving the way for Turkic nationalism
1532:
1451:
1427:
1397:
1374:
1337:
1327:
1299:
1276:
1003:
702:
636:
538:
452:
332:
320:
372:. This dependence was never very strong and was eventually replaced by the invading
1520:
594:
identifies the first prince as Demetrios, attested at the Battle of Blue Waters in
566:
478:
to its north, paying an annual tribute as vassals, but was in constant strife with
356:
177:
118:
319:
principality in the southern part of Crimea, specifically on the foothills of the
1421:
997:
721:
698:
675:
615:
558:
514:
456:
266:
1355:
1313:
Bryer, Anthony M. (1970). "A Byzantine Family: The Gabrades, c. 979 – c. 1653".
455:
instability and the neglect of its Black Sea colonies, but also the rise of the
670:
603:
570:
491:
396:
328:
294:
252:
110:
1575:
1557:
1544:
742:
562:
524:
463:
against Genoa due to the former's promise to grant Gothia access to the sea.
422:
324:
395:(c. 1362/1363), with a Prince of Gothia. The name, in this case, may be the
1423:
The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation
475:
388:
89:
1524:
1292:История крымских готов как интерпретация Сказания Матфея о городе Феодоро
750:
726:
648:
518:
1411:
Karpov, Sergei P. (1996). "The Crimeans". In Sigfried J. de Laet (ed.).
770:
730:
656:
69:
610:
483:
447:
355:
In the late 12th century, the Crimean peninsula had seceded from the
1487:
1129:
383:, who records the existence of a "Prince of Gothia" in the reign of
785:
762:
706:
503:
368:
139:
678:, became in 1426 the first wife of the last Trapezuntine emperor,
601:. According to Vasiliev, he is possibly to be identified with the
574:
chronicler, "the house of the infidel became the house of Islam."
754:
487:
373:
1105:
1064:
582:
1213:
758:
738:
652:
631:
554:
549:
340:
336:
316:
99:
1413:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
746:
710:
694:
647:, a woman connected to the Byzantine imperial dynasty of the
586:
Stone inscription of the Principality at the fortress of Funa
542:
533:
400:
1177:
1165:
1117:
1093:
1052:
1388:
Fadeyeva, Tatiana M.; Shaposhnikov, Aleksandr K. (2005).
1298:] (in Russian). Yekaterinburg: Ural University Press.
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1021:
1019:
929:
905:
893:
881:
869:
821:
765:, and other ethnic groups, most of whom were adherents to
34:
Lordship of the city of Theodoro and the Maritime Region
1248:
1225:
1201:
1153:
1141:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1031:
1016:
953:
941:
502:
and fortified it with the fortress of Kalamata (modern
977:
965:
917:
857:
845:
1488:
ISOPE. Ancient Inscriptions of the Northern Black Sea
1189:
639:
in Moscow. The Russian noble families of Khovrin and
323:. It represented the last territorial vestige of the
1509:"Die Erzählung des Matthaios von der Stadt Theodoro"
1387:
1076:
521:, as Crimea had a familiar Christian Greek culture.
1483:
Brief history of Theodoro Principality (Mangup) ENG
1364:
1360:. Cambridge, MA: The Mediaeval Academy of America.
1244:Dushenko A. Byzantine Weights Excavated at Mangup
784:Greek inscriptions were also found at the city of
773:. The principality's official language was Greek.
339:, also sometimes called Theodoro and now known as
474:The principality had peaceful relations with the
1573:
439:), while colloquially it was called Θεοδωρίτσι (
1396:] (in Russian). Simferopol: Biznes-Inform.
674:ruled until c. 1458. A daughter of Alexios I,
407:). The name "Theodoro" (in the corrupted form
1440:
1336:. Oxford University Press. pp. 654–655.
827:
781:the Ottoman conquest were found at the city.
1394:The Principality of Theodoro and its princes
1365:Vasilyev, A. V.; Avtushenko, M. N. (2006).
1315:University of Birmingham Historical Journal
995:
664:
436:αὐθέντης πόλεως Θεοδωροῦς καὶ παραθαλασσίας
434:
408:
306:
299:Αὐθεντία πόλεως Θεοδωροῦς καὶ παραθαλασσίας
39:Αὐθεντία πόλεως Θεοδωροῦς καὶ παραθαλασσίας
37:
1490:(also features inscriptions from Theodoro)
1371:The riddle of the principality of Theodoro
363:in 1204, parts of it were included in the
74:Crimea in the middle of the 15th century.
68:
1373:] (in Russian). Sevastopol: Bibleks.
443:, 'little Theodoro') by its inhabitants.
189:• First mention of the principality
1419:
1350:
1270:
1254:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1025:
983:
971:
959:
947:
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
777:Italian, and Tatar decorative elements.
733:killing the dragon (13th–14th centuries)
720:
621:
609:
581:
523:
465:
404:
343:. The state was closely allied with the
1325:
935:
14:
1574:
1410:
1195:
577:
565:. According to the Ottoman historian
1506:
1312:
1289:
1087:
737:Gothia's population was a mixture of
1326:Pritsak, Omeljan (1991). "Dory". In
1275:(in German). Schnell & Steiner.
403:lord of Mangup, named Khuitani (see
27:Former country on Crimean Peninsula
24:
1494:
1333:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
25:
1608:
1476:
1420:Khvalkov, Evgeny (August 2017).
1002:. KaraM publication. p. 3.
417:'the Theodores', meaning Saints
271:
257:
232:
54:
1237:
989:
313:Principality of Theodoro-Mangup
1415:. Routledge. pp. 672–676.
1390:Княжество Феодоро и его князья
833:
687:dominus Tedori et fratres ejus
13:
1:
814:
595:
79: Theodoro shown in green
1138:, pp. 222, 224ff., 235.
459:. In 1432 Gothia sided with
7:
1500:Androuidis, Pascal (2017):
797:
532:During 1474, the people of
10:
1613:
1290:Beyer, Hans-Veit (2001).
1264:
716:
699:Maria Asanina Palaiologina
545:after five days of siege.
486:) in the west to Allston (
385:Andronikos III Palaiologos
350:
327:until its conquest by the
1513:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
1507:Beyer, Hans-Veit (2003).
1367:Загадка княжества Феодоро
665:
495:
435:
409:
335:in 1475. Its capital was
307:
298:
211:
207:
197:
187:
183:
173:
169:
157:
153:
145:
135:
125:
106:
95:
85:
67:
51:
46:
38:
32:
1587:Principality of Theodoro
1389:
1366:
1291:
1114:, pp. 194–198, 222.
1073:, pp. 183–186, 198.
618:, sister of prince Isaac
291:Principality of Theodoro
199:• Ottoman conquest
1357:The Goths in the Crimea
1222:, pp. 71, 185–186.
651:and the noble lines of
47:Early 14th century–1475
1442:Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz
1352:Vasiliev, Alexander A.
1321:. Birmingham: 164–187.
809:Fall of Constantinople
804:Despotate of the Morea
734:
627:
619:
587:
529:
528:Mangup fortress donjon
511:Fall of Constantinople
471:
361:Sack of Constantinople
1597:Former principalities
767:Orthodox Christianity
724:
625:
613:
585:
527:
469:
393:Battle of Blue Waters
359:, but soon after the
164:Alexander of Theodoro
107:Common languages
1525:10.1515/BYZS.2003.25
996:Dan Shapira (2003).
828:Kołodziejczyk (2011)
693:with the Genoese at
470:Fortress of Kalamita
446:In 1395 the warlord
419:Theodore Stratelates
1554: /
1186:, pp. 249–265.
1174:, pp. 236–237.
1126:, pp. 222–223.
1102:, pp. 198–200.
1061:, pp. 254–255.
938:, pp. 654–655.
914:, pp. 185–187.
902:, pp. 183–186.
890:, pp. 182–183.
878:, pp. 163–164.
697:and wed his sister
669:), was composed by
661:To the Prince's son
578:Princes of Theodoro
381:Theodore Spandounes
345:Empire of Trebizond
240:Empire of Trebizond
1328:Kazhdan, Alexander
735:
628:
620:
592:Alexander Vasiliev
588:
530:
472:
193:Early 14th century
1592:Former monarchies
1558:44.583°N 33.800°E
1450:. Leiden: Brill.
1343:978-0-19-504652-6
1282:978-3-7954-2768-9
703:Stephen the Great
637:Simonov Monastery
614:Burial shroud of
539:Gedik Ahmet Pasha
369:Gazarian Perateia
333:Gedik Ahmed Pasha
321:Crimean Mountains
301:), also known as
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
245:
244:
130:Eastern Orthodoxy
113:(official), also
102:(Doros, Theodoro)
16:(Redirected from
1604:
1582:Lists of princes
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1536:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1460:. Archived from
1437:
1416:
1407:
1384:
1361:
1347:
1322:
1309:
1286:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1013:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
668:
667:
626:Fortress of Funa
600:
597:
567:Ashik Pasha-Zade
497:
438:
437:
412:
411:
357:Byzantine Empire
310:
309:
300:
275:
274:
261:
260:
249:
248:
236:
235:
229:
228:
213:
212:
178:Late Middle Ages
78:
72:
58:
41:
40:
30:
29:
21:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1497:
1495:Further reading
1479:
1467:
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1434:
1404:
1391:
1381:
1368:
1344:
1306:
1293:
1283:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1255:Vasiliev (1936)
1253:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1232:Vasiliev (1936)
1230:
1226:
1220:Vasiliev (1936)
1218:
1214:
1208:Vasiliev (1936)
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1184:Vasiliev (1936)
1182:
1178:
1172:Vasiliev (1936)
1170:
1166:
1160:Vasiliev (1936)
1158:
1154:
1148:Vasiliev (1936)
1146:
1142:
1136:Vasiliev (1936)
1134:
1130:
1124:Vasiliev (1936)
1122:
1118:
1112:Vasiliev (1936)
1110:
1106:
1100:Vasiliev (1936)
1098:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1071:Vasiliev (1936)
1069:
1065:
1059:Vasiliev (1936)
1057:
1053:
1047:Vasiliev (1936)
1045:
1032:
1026:Vasiliev (1936)
1024:
1017:
1010:
994:
990:
984:Albrecht (2013)
982:
978:
972:Albrecht (2013)
970:
966:
960:Vasiliev (1936)
958:
954:
948:Vasiliev (1936)
946:
942:
934:
930:
924:Vasiliev (1936)
922:
918:
912:Vasiliev (1936)
910:
906:
900:Vasiliev (1936)
898:
894:
888:Vasiliev (1936)
886:
882:
876:Vasiliev (1936)
874:
870:
864:Vasiliev (1936)
862:
858:
852:Vasiliev (1936)
850:
846:
840:Khvalkov (2017)
838:
834:
826:
822:
817:
800:
719:
676:Maria of Gothia
666:τῷ Αὐθεντοπούλῳ
598:
580:
559:Crimean Khanate
480:Genoese Gazaria
457:Crimean Khanate
391:princes in the
353:
331:by the Ottoman
272:
267:Crimean Khanate
258:
233:
200:
190:
160:
81:
80:
76:
63:
62:
59:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1563:44.583; 33.800
1538:
1537:
1504:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1477:External links
1475:
1474:
1473:
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1438:
1433:978-1138081604
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1257:, p. 278.
1247:
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1224:
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1200:
1198:, p. 675.
1188:
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1063:
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1030:
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1015:
1008:
988:
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964:
962:, p. 218.
952:
950:, p. 215.
940:
936:Pritsak (1991)
928:
926:, p. 191.
916:
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892:
880:
868:
866:, p. 182.
856:
854:, p. 159.
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818:
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799:
796:
718:
715:
671:John Eugenikos
604:hekatontarches
590:The historian
579:
576:
571:Constantinople
513:in 1453, many
500:Chernaya River
429:) or τὸ Δόρυ (
397:baptismal name
352:
349:
329:Ottoman Empire
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1426:. Routledge.
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1196:Karpov (1996)
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743:Crimean Goths
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691:rapprochement
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645:Maria Asanina
642:
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633:
624:
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605:
599: 1362/3
593:
584:
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563:Sublime Porte
560:
556:
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548:The siege of
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423:Theodore Tiro
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1466:. Retrieved
1462:the original
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1088:Bryer (1970)
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725:Fresco from
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531:
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496:Παραθαλασσια
476:Golden Horde
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389:Golden Horde
378:
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365:Trapezuntine
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222:Succeeded by
221:
216:
159:• 1475
90:Principality
61:Coat of arms
1561: /
751:Circassians
727:Eski Kermen
705:, ruler of
649:Palaiologoi
519:Chufut-Kale
441:Theodoritsi
217:Preceded by
1576:Categories
1468:2016-02-10
1009:9756467037
815:References
771:Hellenized
731:St. George
657:Tzamplakon
541:conquered
509:After the
136:Government
121:and others
1533:192129795
1519:: 25–56.
484:Balaklava
448:Tamerlane
415:Theodoroi
311:) or the
126:Religion
1444:(2011).
1354:(1936).
798:See also
786:Inkerman
763:Kipchaks
729:showing
707:Moldavia
515:Qaraites
504:Inkerman
427:to Doros
410:Θεοδωραω
315:, was a
140:Monarchy
18:Theodoro
1549:33°48′E
1546:44°35′N
1330:(ed.).
1265:Sources
755:Bulgars
717:Culture
641:Golovin
488:Alushta
453:Genoese
431:to Dory
374:Mongols
351:History
119:Kipchak
96:Capital
1531:
1454:
1430:
1400:
1377:
1340:
1302:
1279:
1006:
759:Cumans
739:Greeks
653:Asanes
632:Gabras
555:Mangup
550:Mangup
461:Venice
341:Mangup
308:Γοτθία
303:Gothia
149:
146:Prince
100:Mangup
86:Status
77:
1529:S2CID
1392:[
1369:[
1294:[
747:Alans
711:harem
695:Caffa
680:David
616:Maria
543:Caffa
534:Caffa
492:Greek
405:below
401:Tatar
399:of a
337:Doros
317:Greek
295:Greek
111:Greek
1452:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1004:ISBN
769:and
655:and
421:and
289:The
203:1475
1521:doi
1319:XII
701:to
663:" (
506:).
1578::
1527:.
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1078:^
1033:^
1018:^
788:.
761:,
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753:,
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745:,
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293:(
20:)
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