4726:
others more complex. Little research has been done to assess their variety. One difficulty is that meditation manuals as such are often in a mixture of a classical language, that is, Pali, and a vernacular that may or may not be a currently used language. Also, actual manuals often contain prompts or reminders rather than an in-depth explanation. In recent years it has emerged that there is still extant a relatively high number of manuals and related texts pertaining to a system of meditation called – among other things – borān kammaṭṭhāna or yogāvacara. Its core text, the Mūla-kammaṭṭhāna "original, fundamental or basic meditation practice," circulated under a number of different titles, or without a title, throughout the Tai–Lao–Khmer and Sri Lankan
Buddhist worlds. Some versions of this text are simple lists of kammaṭṭhāna and from that perspective look entirely in accord with the Visuddhimagga or Theravada Abhidhamma texts. Other versions contain extensive narratives, explanations of symbolism, and of the somatic locations involved in the practice that make it clear that we are dealing with techniques of practice not described in the Canon or Visuddhimagga.
2242:
5306:
5566:
countries must do so by taking eight or ten precepts. Neither laywomen nor formally ordained, these women do not receive the recognition, education, financial support or status enjoyed by
Buddhist men in their countries. These "precept-holders" live in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, and Thailand. In particular, the governing council of Burmese Buddhism has ruled that there can be no valid ordination of women in modern times, though some Burmese monks disagree. Japan is a special case as, although it has neither the bhikkhuni nor novice ordinations, the precept-holding nuns who live there do enjoy a higher status and better education than their precept-holder sisters elsewhere, and can even become Zen priests. In Tibet there is currently no bhikkhuni ordination, but the
5847:). These teachings have inspired individuals in modern society to embark on journeys of self-discovery, self-improvement, and personal growth. The teachings on mindfulness and the impermanence of life have provided individuals with effective tools for coping with stress and life's challenges. In today's fast-paced and often stressful world, these teachings offer valuable strategies for maintaining balance and emotional stability. This journey of mindfulness and mental health has been strengthened by top institutions encouraging the idea of mindfulness and the effects it has on people. The mindfulness classes/courses/programs provided by many top universities and institutions such as Yale, Stanford, etc. to their students, staff, and general public have benefited them
2056:
3862:
4830:
4731:
symbols, somatic methods and visualizations which included "the physical internalisation or manifestation of aspects of the
Theravada path by incorporating them at points in the body between the nostril and navel." In spite of the novel elements in this meditation tradition, close study of borān kammaṭṭhāna texts reveals that they are closely connected to Theravada Abhidhamma and the works of Buddhaghosa. Modernist reforms which emphasized Pali Canon study, a shift in state support to other traditions and modern wars in Indochina led to this tradition's decline, and it now only survives in a few Cambodian and Thai temples.
3598:
2615:
2499:
1737:
3471:, a dhammas ("principles" or "elements") are "those items that result when the process of analysis is taken to its ultimate limits". However, this does not mean that they have an independent existence, for it is "only for the purposes of description" that they are postulated. Noa Ronkin defines dhammas as "the constituents of sentient experience; the irreducible 'building blocks' that make up one's world, albeit they are not static mental contents and certainly not substances." Thus, while in Theravāda Abhidhamma, dhammas are the ultimate constituents of experience, they are not seen as
5331:, the three-month monsoon season, though shorter or longer periods of ordination are not rare. Traditionally, temporary ordination was even more flexible among Laotians. Once they had undergone their initial ordination as young men, Laotian men were permitted to temporarily ordain again at any time, though married men were expected to seek their wife's permission. Throughout Southeast Asia, there is little stigma attached to leaving the monastic life. Monks regularly leave the robes after acquiring an education, or when compelled by family obligations or ill health.
4097:
1616:
5075:
5007:, building roads and bridges, charity to the needy and providing drinking water to strangers along roadside. Some lay practitioners have always chosen to take a more active role in religious affairs, while still maintaining their lay status. Dedicated lay men and women sometimes act as trustees or custodians for their temples, taking part in the financial planning and management of the temple. Others may volunteer significant time in tending to the mundane needs of local monks (by cooking, cleaning, maintaining temple facilities, etc.).
3610:
5609:, formerly known as Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, became the first Thai woman to receive bhikkhuni ordination as a Theravāda nun. Dhammananda Bhikkhuni was ordained in Sri Lanka. The Thai Senate has reviewed and revoked the secular law passed in 1928 banning women's full ordination in Buddhism as unconstitutional for being counter to laws protecting freedom of religion. However, Thailand's two main Theravāda Buddhist orders, the Mahanikaya and Dhammayutika Nikaya, have yet to officially accept fully ordained women into their ranks.
5831:
conduct and compassion continue to inspire individuals and organizations to prioritize moral values and social responsibility in their actions and decision-making. The emphasis on ethical conduct in
Theravada Buddhism encourages individuals to lead virtuous lives. This includes refraining from actions that harm others, such as lying, stealing, and harming living beings. These principles promote personal integrity and honesty in modern society. Buddhism encourages the cultivation of compassion and loving-kindness (
5324:). Novices shave their heads, wear the yellow robes, and observe the Ten Precepts. While there is no explicit minimum age for novices prescribed in the scriptures, it is traditionally accepted that boys as young as seven can be accepted for ordination. This tradition echoes the story of the Buddha's son, Rahula, who was allowed to become a novice at the age of seven. Both monks and nuns are expected to adhere to a specific code of discipline, of which monks follow 227 rules, and nuns follow 311.
5643:
5152:
1843:
5347:
Thailand. In countries where
Buddhism is deeply rooted, it can often be easier to adhere to the lifestyle of a monk or nun, as it requires considerable discipline to successfully live by the non-secular rules and regulations for which Buddhist practices are known. For instance, Theravāda monastics are typically required to abstain from activities such as working, handling money, listening to music and cooking. Such obligations can be especially challenging in non-Buddhist societies.
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55:
703:
3409:
2338:
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well-being. Thai men who have ordained as a monk may be seen as more mature and suitable husbands by Thai women, who refer to men who have served as monks with a colloquial term meaning "ripe" to indicate that they are more mature and ready for marriage. Particularly in rural areas, temporary ordination of boys and young men traditionally offered peasant boys an opportunity to receive free education in temple schools with sponsorship and accommodation.
5977:
13525:
18548:
4638:
6019:
5893:
5815:
1725:
5019:
5935:
10923:
10910:
5463:
5675:, or Supreme Patriarch of the Sangha, as the highest ranking or seniormost monk in a particular area, or from a particular nikaya. The demise of monarchies has resulted in the suspension of these posts in some countries, but patriarchs have continued to be appointed in Thailand. Myanmar and Cambodia ended the practice of appointing a sangharaja for some time, but the position was later restored, though in Cambodia it lapsed again.
1636:
2000:
1284:
6096:
6061:
4735:
10900:
5835:) towards all sentient beings. In contemporary society, these teachings inspire individuals and organizations to prioritize social responsibility, charitable activities, and humanitarian efforts aimed at alleviating suffering and promoting the welfare of others. Theravada Buddhism places significant emphasis on self-awareness and self-transformation. Practitioners are encouraged to explore the nature of the self (
5529:
5668:, variously referred to as monastic orders or fraternities. These different orders do not typically develop separate doctrines, but may differ in the manner in which they observe monastic rules. These monastic orders represent lineages of ordination, typically tracing their origin to a particular group of monks that established a new ordination tradition within a particular country or geographic area.
4928:
2254:
3533:
recognizes the extra-mental existence of matter and, the external world is clearly suggested by the texts. Throughout the discourses it is the language of realism that one encounters. The whole
Buddhist practical doctrine and discipline, which has the attainment of Nibbana as its final goal, is based on the recognition of the material world and the conscious living beings living therein.
4297:. In Theravāda, one's previous intentional actions strongly influence one's present experience. Whatever intended actions are carried out will have future consequences, whether in this life or subsequent lives. Intention is central to the idea of kamma. Actions done with good intentions, even if they have bad results, will not have negative kammic consequences.
5131:) promoted meditation as part of a laypersons daily routine. According to Donald K Swearer, another development in modern Theravāda is "the formation of lay Buddhist associations that have partially assumed the social service responsibilities formerly associated with the monastery". These include social service and activist organizations such as the
4597:, noting or naming physical and mental phenomena ("breathing, breathing"), without engaging the phenomenon with conceptual thinking. By noticing the arising of physical and mental phenomena the meditator becomes aware of how sense impressions arise from the contact between the senses and physical and mental phenomena, as described in the five
4813:
in their old age, when they have more free time to spend at the temple. Buddhist modernists tend to present
Buddhism as rational and scientific, and this has also affected how Vipassana meditation has been taught and presented. This has led in some quarters to a playing down of older non-empirical elements of Theravāda, associated with '
2361:. Of these, the Abhidhamma Pitaka is believed to be a later addition to the collection, its composition dating from around the 3rd century BCE onwards. The Pāli Abhidhamma was not recognized outside the Theravāda school. There are also some texts which were late additions that are included in the fifth Nikaya, the
4965:
Buddhism without monastic communities of fully ordained monks and nuns are relatively recent and atypical developments, usually based on cultural and historical considerations rather than differences in fundamental doctrine. Both Mahāyāna and Theravāda also provided a clear and important place for lay followers.
2291:, which saw a period of Buddhist missionary activity. After being orally transmitted (as was the custom for religious texts in those days) for some centuries, the texts were finally committed to writing in the 1st century BCE. Theravāda is one of the first Buddhist schools to commit its Tipiṭaka to writing. The
5817:
5822:
5820:
5816:
4629:
there are two kinds of individuals. Those of a passionate disposition (or those who enter the path by faith) attain
Arahatship through vipassanā preceded by samatha. Those of a skeptical disposition (or those who enter by way of wisdom or the intellect) achieve it through samatha preceded by vipassanā.
5094:
and a female devotee is
Upasika. One of the duties of the lay followers, as taught by the Buddha, is to look after the needs of the monk/nuns. They are to see that the monk/nuns do not suffer from lack of the four requisites: food, clothing, shelter and medicine. As neither monks nor nuns are allowed
4964:
Some
Western scholars have erroneously tried to claim that Mahāyāna is primarily a religion for laymen and Theravāda is a primarily monastic religion. Both Mahāyāna and Theravāda have as their foundation strong monastic communities, which are almost identical in their regulations. Schools of Mahāyāna
4812:
has popularised meditation both in traditional Theravāda countries among the laity, and in western countries, "meditation plays a minor if not negligible role in the lives of the majority of Theravāda monks." Meditation is especially popular laypersons, especially during special religious holidays or
4797:, such as the Thai forest tradition and Dhammakaya meditation. These traditions are influenced by the older borān kammaṭṭhāna forms. Thailand and Cambodia also saw attempts to preserve and revive the ancient "borān kammaṭṭhāna" tradition of meditation. In Sri Lanka, the new Buddhist traditions of the
4725:
In the period between the Visuddhimagga and the present, there have been numerous meditation texts, both manuals and descriptive treatises. Many of the texts found in manuscript collections relate to meditation, some on a single, simple subject such as the recollection of the qualities of the Buddha,
3532:
If we base ourselves on the Pali Nikayas, then we should be compelled to conclude that Buddhism is realistic. There is no explicit denial anywhere of the external world. Nor is there any positive evidence to show that the world is mind-made or simply a projection of subjective thoughts. That Buddhism
2445:
The Abhidhamma-pitaka contains "a restatement of the doctrine of the Buddha in strictly formalized language." Its texts present a new method, the Abhidhamma method, which attempts to build a single consistent philosophical system (in contrast with the suttas, which present numerous teachings given by
1991:
Nikaya, which kept a stricter monastic discipline than the rest of the Thai sangha (this included not using money, not storing up food and not taking milk in the evening). The Dhammayuttika movement was characterized by an emphasis on the original Pali Canon and a rejection of Thai folk beliefs which
9170:
Buddhaghosa & Nanamoli (1999), pp. 90–91 (II, 27–28, "Development in Brief"), 110ff. (starting with III, 104, "enumeration"). It can also be found sprinkled earlier in this text as on p. 18 (I, 39, v. 2) and p. 39 (I, 107). Throughout Nanamoli translates this term as "meditation
5478:
In a typical daily routine at the monastery during the 3-month vassa period, the monk will wake up before dawn and will begin the day with group chanting and meditation. At dawn the monks will go out to surrounding villages bare-footed on alms-round and will have the only meal of the day before noon
2587:
While Pāli texts are symbolically and ritually important for many Theravādins, most people are likely to access Buddhist teachings through vernacular literature, oral teachings, sermons, art and performance as well as films and Internet media. According to Kate Crosby, "there is a far greater volume
2302:
are only available from the 17th Century onwards. However, fragments of the Tipiṭaka have been found in inscriptions from Southeast Asia, the earliest of which have been dated to the 3rd or 4th century. According to Alexander Wynne, "they agree almost exactly with extant Pāli manuscripts. This means
1798:
from about the 5th century CE onwards. The oldest surviving Buddhist texts in the Pāli language are gold plates found at Sri Ksetra dated circa the 5th to 6th century. Before the Theravāda tradition became the dominant religion in Southeast Asia, Mahāyāna, Vajrayana and Hinduism were also prominent.
6446:
John Bullit: "In the last century, however, the West has begun to take notice of Theravāda's unique spiritual legacy and teachings of Awakening. In recent decades, this interest has swelled, with the monastic Sangha from the schools within Theravāda, establishing dozens of monasteries across Europe
5498:
After the end of the Vassa period, many of the monks will go out far away from the monastery to find a remote place (usually in the forest) where they can hang their umbrella tents and where it is suitable for the work of self-development. When they go wandering, they walk barefoot, and go wherever
5821:
5502:
The monks do not fix their times for walking and sitting meditation, for as soon as they are free, they just start doing it; nor do they determine for how long they will go on to meditate. Some of them sometimes walk from dusk to dawn whereas at other times they may walk from between two and seven
5003:(falling under Spiro's category of kammatic Buddhism). Merit-making activities include offering food and other basic necessities to monks, making donations to temples and monasteries, burning incense or lighting candles before images of the Buddha, chanting protective or scriptural verses from the
4977:
This distinction between ordained monks and laypeople – as well as the distinction between those practices advocated by the Pāli Canon, and the folk religious elements embraced by many monks – have motivated some scholars to consider Theravāda Buddhism to be composed of multiple separate
5830:
Theravāda Buddhism's emphasis on mindfulness and meditation practices has influenced modern society by promoting mental well-being and stress reduction techniques leading to the integration of mindfulness in various therapeutic and self-improvement programs. Additionally, its teachings on ethical
5474:
The practices usually vary in different sub-schools and monasteries within Theravāda. But in the most orthodox forest monastery, the monk usually models his practice and lifestyle on that of the Buddha and his first generation of disciples by living close to nature in forest, mountains and caves.
5346:
For those born in Western countries who wish to become Buddhist monks or nuns, it is possible to undertake the lifestyle in their home countries, among other Buddhist monastics in Western countries, or to travel and take up residence in a Buddhist monastery in Asian countries such as Sri Lanka or
5342:
plays a role in the taboo against temporary or permanent ordination as a bhikkhu in some orders. Though Sri Lankan orders are often organized along caste lines, men who ordain as monks temporarily pass outside of the conventional caste system, and as such during their time as monks may act (or be
1825:
and as protectors of the Theravāda faith. They promoted the building of new temples, patronized scholarship, monastic ordinations and missionary works as well as attempted to eliminate certain non-Buddhist practices like animal sacrifices. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Theravāda also became
5565:
The nun's order subsequently died out in Sri Lanka in the 11th century and in Burma in the 13th century. It had already died out around the 10th century in other Theravādin areas. Novice ordination has also disappeared in those countries. Therefore, women who wish to live as renunciates in those
4848:
with a picture or statue of the Buddha for devotional practice in one's home, mirroring the larger shrines at temples. It is common to offer candles, incense, flowers and other objects to these shrine. Gestures of respect are also done in front of Buddha images and shrines, mainly the respectful
4628:
According to Vajiranāṇa Mahathera, writing from a traditional and text-based point of view, in the Pāli Canon whether one begins the practice by way of samatha or by way of vipassanā is generally seen as depending on one's temperament. According to Vajiranāṇa Mahathera, it is generally held that
7571:
Skilling, Peter. "Reflections on the Pali Literature of Siam". From Birch Bark to Digital Data: Recent Advances in Buddhist Manuscript Research: Papers Presented at the Conference Indic Buddhist Manuscripts: The State of the Field. Stanford, 15–19 June 2009, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe
5585:
in Sri Lanka also carried out a nun's ordination at this time, specifically stating their ordination process was a valid Theravādin process where the other ordination session was not. This chapter has carried out ordination ceremonies for hundreds of nuns since then. This has been criticized by
5098:
In Myanmar and Thailand, the monastery was and is still regarded as a seat of learning. Theravādin monasteries have been providing free education to many children since ancient times. In fact, today about half of the primary schools in Thailand are located in monasteries. Religious rituals and
5612:
In 2009 in Australia four women received bhikkhuni ordination as Theravāda nuns, the first time such ordination had occurred in Australia. It was performed in Perth, Australia, on 22 October 2009 at Bodhinyana Monastery. Abbess Vayama together with Venerables Nirodha, Seri, and Hasapanna were
4730:
According to Crosby, the esoteric borān kammaṭṭhāna or yogāvacara meditation tradition was the dominant form of meditation in the Theravāda world during the 18th century, and may date as far back as the 16th century. Crosby notes that this tradition of meditation involved a rich collection of
2468:
The Theravāda school has traditionally held the doctrinal position that the canonical Abhidhamma Pitaka was actually taught by the Buddha himself. Modern scholarship in contrast, has generally held that the Abhidhamma texts date from the 3rd century BCE onwards. However some scholars, such as
1484:
derives from Sri Lankan Branch of The Vibhajyavada tradition ,Which is in turn sect of Indian Sthavira Nikaya |Sthavira Nikaya]]. This tradition began to establish itself in Sri Lanka from the 3rd century BCE onwards. It was in Sri Lanka that the Pāli Canon was written down and the school's
5334:
Ordaining as a monk, even for a short period, is seen as having many virtues. In many Southeast Asian cultures, it is seen as a means for a young man to "repay his gratitude" to his parents for their work and effort in raising him, because the merit from his ordination is dedicated for their
5110:
notes, "The Suttas and commentaries do record a few cases of lay disciples attaining the final goal of Nirvana. However, such disciples either attain Arahantship on the brink of death or enter the monastic order soon after their attainment. They do not continue to dwell at home as Arahant
2051:
sought to make use of the sangha for political ends by imposing direct state control. During the late 1980s and 1990s, the official attitudes toward Buddhism began to liberalise in Laos and there was a resurgence of traditional Buddhist activities such as merit-making and doctrinal study.
3423:. In the Pāli Nikayas, the Buddha teaches through an analytical method in which experience is explained using various conceptual groupings of physical and mental processes, which are called "dhammas". Examples of lists of dhammas taught by the Buddha include the twelve sense 'spheres' or
1866:(Myanmar), Buddhist institutions lost their traditional role as the prime providers of education (a role that was often filled by Christian schools). In response to this, Buddhist organizations were founded which sought to preserve Buddhist scholarship and provide a Buddhist education.
5499:
they feel inclined. Only those requisites which are necessary will be carried along. These generally consist of the bowl, the three robes, a bathing cloth, an umbrella tent, a mosquito net, a kettle of water, a water filter, razor, sandals, some small candles, and a candle lantern.
5099:
ceremonies held in a monastery are always accompanied by social activities. In times of crisis, it is to the monks that people bring their problems for counsel and monks often took up the role of mediators in most disputes. Traditionally, a ranking monk will deliver a sermon
5819:
3840:
is a sentient being who has discovered the path out of samsara by themselves, has reached Nibbana and then makes the path available to others by teaching (known as "turning the wheel of the Dhamma"). A Buddha is also believed to have extraordinary powers and abilities
9878:
5263:) and meditative praxis. They view themselves as living closer to the ideal set forth by the Buddha, and are often perceived as such by lay folk, while at the same time often being on the margins of the Buddhist establishment and on the periphery of the social order.
5634:. Those ordained included Vajiradevi Sadhika Bhikkhuni from Indonesia, Medha Bhikkhuni from Sri Lanka, Anula Bhikkhuni from Japan, Santasukha Santamana Bhikkhuni from Vietnam, Sukhi Bhikkhuni and Sumangala Bhikkhuni from Malaysia, and Jenti Bhikkhuni from Australia.
2046:
While the Khmer Rouge effectively destroyed Cambodia's Buddhist institutions, after the end of the communist regime the Cambodian Sangha was re-established by monks who had returned from exile. In contrast, communist rule in Laos was less destructive since the
2900:, which is seen as having two major facets. First, it is a middle path between extreme asceticism and sensual indulgence. It is also seen as a middle view between the idea that at death beings are annihilated and the idea that there is an eternal self (Pali:
1929:, which was then published by the government in 40 volumes. The Vipassana movement continued to grow after independence, becoming an international movement with centers around the world. Influential meditation teachers of the post-independence era include
4588:
as going into the forest and sitting beneath a tree and then simply to watch the breath. If the breath is long, to notice that the breath is long, if the breath is short, to notice that the breath is short. In the "New Burmese Method" the practitioner
5221:
Commentary mentions another split based on the "duty of study" and the "duty of contemplation". This second division has traditionally been seen as corresponding with the city – forest split, with the city monks focusing on the vocation of books
2425:
The historically later parts of the canon, mainly the Abhidhamma and some parts of the Vinaya, contain some distinctive elements and teachings which are unique to the Theravāda school and often differ from the Abhidharmas or Vinayas of other
3392:
has an "incorruptible nature" and are thus morally perfect. They have no ignorance or doubts. According to Theravāda doctrine, arahants (as well as the other three lesser ariyas: stream enterers etc.) cannot fall back or regress from their
5479:
by eating from the bowl by hand. Most of the time is spent on Dhamma study and meditation. Sometimes the abbot or a senior monk will give a Dhamma talk to the visitors. Laity who stay at the monastery will have to abide by the traditional
3260:). Also, for Theravāda, a Buddha does not have the power to stop something that has arisen from ceasing, they cannot stop a being from getting old, sick or dying, and they cannot create a permanent thing (like a flower that does not die).
4948:(in ancient times, there was a separate body of practices for nuns). While the possibility of significant attainment by laymen is not entirely disregarded by the Theravāda, it generally occupies a position of less prominence than in the
2442:) has a total of 253 rules for bhikkhus (though the overall structure is the same). These differences arose from the systematization and historical development of doctrines and monasticism in the centuries after the death of the Buddha.
2151:
missionary efforts among English-speaking Chinese communities. In addition, the establishment of the Indonesian Theravāda Saṅgha in 1976 and the Malaysian Theravāda Buddhist Council in 2011 also signaled the revival of Theravāda in both
2446:
the Buddha to particular individuals according to their needs). Because the Abhidhamma focuses on analyzing the internal lived experience of beings and the intentional structure of consciousness, it has often been compared to a kind of
3940:
Although monastic education is still grounded in the study of Buddhist texts, doctrine, and the Pali language, the curricula of monastic colleges and universities also reflect subject matter and disciplines associated with Western
5486:
The life of the monk or nun in a community is much more complex than the life of the forest monk. In the Buddhist society of Sri Lanka, most monks spend hours every day in taking care of the needs of lay people such as preaching
4028:
There have also been several modern Theravāda scholars which have taken a historical critical perspective on Theravāda literature and doctrine, attempting to understand its historical development. Some of these figures, such as
3516:
tradition. Paul Williams also notes that the Abhidhamma remains focused on the practicalities of insight meditation and leaves ontology "relatively unexplored". Ronkin does note however that later Theravāda sub-commentaries
5604:
A 55-year-old Thai Buddhist 8-precept white-robed maechee nun, Varanggana Vanavichayen, became the first woman to receive the going-forth ceremony of a novice (and the gold robe) in Thailand, in 2002. On 28 February 2003,
4186:, became the orthodox account of the Theravāda path to liberation in Sri Lanka after the 12th century and this influence spread to other Theravāda nations. It gives the sequence of seven purifications, in three sections:
2066:
The modern era also saw the spread of Theravāda Buddhism around the world and the revival of the religion in places where it remains a minority faith. Some of the major events of the spread of modern Theravāda include:
1713:. The Pali Canon, which contains the main scriptures of the Theravāda, was committed to writing in the first century BCE. Throughout the history of ancient and medieval Sri Lanka, Theravāda was the main religion of the
2542:
also wrote Theravāda commentaries and other works in Pali during the time of Buddhaghosa. While these texts do not have the same scriptural authority in Theravāda as the Tipiṭaka, they remain influential works for the
2519:
There are numerous Theravāda works which are important for the tradition even though they are not part of the Tipiṭaka. Perhaps the most important texts apart from the Tipiṭaka are the works of the influential scholar
5114:
In the modern era, it is now common for lay disciples to practice meditation, attend lay meditation centers and even aim for awakening. The impetus for this trend began in Myanmar and was supported by prime minister
4994:, as described in the Tipitaka). He stresses that all three are firmly rooted in the Pāli Canon. These categories are not accepted by all scholars, and are usually considered non-exclusive by those who employ them.
2550:
An important genre of Theravādin literature is shorter handbooks and summaries, which serve as introductions and study guides for the larger commentaries. Two of the more influential summaries are Sariputta Thera's
5562:, which is different from the prātimokṣa of the current Theravāda school; the specific ordination of the early Sangha in Sri Lanka not known, although the Dharmaguptaka sect originated with the Sthāvirīya as well.
2417:
Much of the material in the earlier portions is not specifically "Theravādan", but the collection of teachings that this school's adherents preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to
4714:("Bases of mindfulness discourse"), as well as the source text itself, are also another important source for meditation in this tradition. Buddhaghosa's work drew heavily on the Pali suttas as well as the Pali
7558:
Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia, edited by Sheldon Pollock, University of California Press, 2003, pp. 649–688. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppqxk.19. Accessed 6 May
8769:
5818:
4267:(actions and consequences). Applying knowledge acquired through direct experience and personal realization is more heavily emphasized than beliefs about the nature of reality as revealed by the Buddha.
2034:
Theravāda Buddhism in Cambodia and Laos went through similar experiences in the modern era. Both had to endure French colonialism, destructive civil wars and oppressive communist governments. Under
5573:
In 1996, 11 selected Sri Lankan women were ordained fully as Theravāda bhikkhunis by a team of Theravāda monks in concert with a team of Korean nuns in India. There is disagreement among Theravāda
3719:), which are born, expand, contract and are destroyed in a cyclical nature across vast expanses of time (measures in kappas). This cosmology is similar to other ancient Indian systems, such as the
2265:, also known as the Pāli Canon is "the highest authority on what constitutes the Dhamma (the truth or teaching of the Buddha) and the organization of the Sangha (the community of monks and nuns)."
4141:
The Blessed One said, "Now what, monks, is the Noble Eightfold Path? Right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration."
3585:
and never exist in isolation. Much of Abhidhamma philosophy deals with categorizing the different consciousnesses and their accompanying mental factors as well as their conditioned relationships (
1787:(1153–1186) saw an extensive reform of the Sri Lankan sangha after years of warfare on the island. Parākramabāhu created a single unified sangha which came to be dominated by the Mahāvihāra sect.
9647:
Kawanami, Hiroko (2007), "The bhikkhunī ordination debate: global aspirations, local concerns, with special emphasis on the views of the monastic community in Myanmar. Kawanami, H. 11/2007 In",
7829:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor). Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems. SUNY Press. pp. 18, 100.
3227:) of a transcendental being, and thus, that his birth and death a mere show and unreal. Also, the Theravāda school rejects the view that there are currently numerous Buddhas in all directions.
2276:
which is the main religious and scholarly language in Theravāda. This language may have evolved out of various Indian dialects, and is related to, but not the same as, the ancient language of
4744:
During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Theravāda world saw a modernist revival and reinvention of meditation practice, as exemplified by the Burmese Vipassana movement. According to Buswell
4331:
Generosity (Dāna); This typically involves providing monks with "the four requisites"; food, clothing, shelter, and medicine; however, giving to charity and the needy is also considered dāna.
1854:
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Theravāda Buddhists came into direct contact with western ideologies, religions and modern science. The various responses to this encounter have been called "
5601:
in Boston was founded by Ven. Gotami of Thailand, then a 10 precept nun; when she received full ordination in 2000, her dwelling became America's first Theravāda Buddhist bhikkhuni vihara.
5327:
In most Theravāda countries, it is a common practice for young men to ordain as monks for a fixed period of time. In Thailand and Myanmar, young men typically ordain for the retreat during
3631:) into which sentient beings may be reborn depending on their past actions. Good actions lead one to the higher realms, bad actions lead to the lower realms. However, even for the gods (
1882:(one of the first American western converts to Buddhism) were some of the main figures of the Sri Lankan Buddhist revival. Two new monastic orders were formed in the 19th century, the
5475:
Forest monasteries still keep alive the ancient traditions through following the Buddhist monastic code of discipline in all its detail and developing meditation in secluded forests.
7380:
5266:
While this divide seems to have been in existence for some time in the Theravāda school, only in the 10th century is a specifically forest monk monastery, mentioned as existing near
4609:. The practitioner also becomes aware of the perpetual changes involved in breathing, and the arising and passing away of mindfulness. This noticing is accompanied by reflections on
3155:) have defended the idea of an intermediate state and it is also a very common belief among some monks and laypersons in the Theravāda world (where it is commonly referred to as the
10088:
8461:
2341:
The structure of the books considered canonical within the Pali Tripitaka. The Theravāda school generally only recognizes the Pali Tripitaka and rejects the authenticity of other
4625:. When the three characteristics have been comprehended, reflection subdues and the process of noticing accelerates, noting phenomena in general without necessarily naming them.
3655:, that is: infinite space, infinite consciousness, infinite nothingness and neither perception nor non-perception. Beings in these realms live extremely long lives (thousands of
3528:
On the other hand, Y. Karunadasa contends that the tradition of realism goes back to the earliest discourses, as opposed to developing only in later Theravada sub-commentaries:
2042:
became involved in the reform of Buddhism, setting up institutions for the training of Cambodian and Lao monks, such as the Ecole de Pali which was founded in Phnom Penh in 1914
4805:
developed their own meditation forms based on the Pali Suttas, the Visuddhimagga, and other manuals, while borān kammaṭṭhāna mostly disappeared by the end of the 19th century.
4748:"appears to have fallen out of practice" by the 10th century, due to the belief that Buddhism had degenerated, and that liberation was no longer attainable until the coming of
4416:
Theravāda Buddhist meditation practice varies considerably in technique and objects. Currently, there are also various traditions of Theravāda meditation practice, such as the
5506:
Those monks who have been able to achieve a high level of attainment will be able to guide the junior monks and lay Buddhists toward the four degrees of spiritual attainment.
5238:). However this opposition is not consistent, and urban monasteries have often promoted meditation while forest communities have also produced excellent scholars, such as the
4902:
which are based on a lunar calendar. Laypersons commonly take the eight precepts while visiting a temple or monastery and commit to focusing on Buddhist practice for the day.
9752:
2155:
The return of Western Theravādin monks trained in the Thai Forest Tradition to western countries and the subsequent founding of monasteries led by western monastics, such as
2741:), the highest good and final goal in Theravāda Buddhism. It is the complete and final end of suffering, a state of perfection. It is also the end of all rebirth, but it is
8615:
7581:
Anālayo. "The Historical Value of the Pāli Discourses". Indo-Iranian Journal, vol. 55, no. 3, 2012, pp. 223–253. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24665100. Accessed 7 May 2020.
1802:
Starting at around the 11th century, Sinhalese Theravāda monks and Southeast Asian elites led a widespread conversion of most of mainland Southeast Asia to the Theravādin
5546:, who is also believed to have been the daughter of Ashoka, came to Sri Lanka. She ordained the first nuns in Sri Lanka. In 429, by request of China's emperor, nuns from
3323:
is suitable only for a few exceptional people (like Sakyamuni and Metteya). Theravāda also defines a bodhisatta as someone who has made a vow in front of a living Buddha.
2640:
4349:
Honoring others; showing appropriate deference, particularly to the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha, and to seniors and parents. Usually done by placing the hands together in
2595:, stories of the Buddha's past lives. They are very popular among all classes and are rendered in a wide variety of media formats, from cartoons to high literature. The
2019:
The 20th century also saw the growth of "forest traditions" which focused on forest living and strict monastic discipline. The main forest movements of this era are the
8684:
6566:
state) held some 100 years after the Buddha's death. Employing Pāli as their sacred language, the Theravadins preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching in the
4041:, have criticized traditional Theravāda commentators like Buddhaghosa for their doctrinal innovations which differ in significant ways from the early Buddhist texts.
4986:
separated Burmese Theravāda into three groups: Apotropaic Buddhism (concerned with providing protection from evil spirits), Kammatic Buddhism (concerned with making
3444:"teaching of analysis" and as the heirs to the Buddha's analytical method. Expanding this model, Theravāda Abhidhamma scholasticism concerned itself with analyzing "
9064:
5313:
The minimum age for ordaining as a Buddhist monk is 20 years, which is calculated from conception. Those under this age can perform traditional ceremonies such as
5015:
are less common among the lay community in the past, though in the 20th century these areas have become more popular to the lay community, especially in Thailand.
8130:
2422:, while the Theravādans may have added texts to their Tipiṭaka (such as the Abhidhamma texts and so on), they generally did not tamper with the earlier material.
2062:, Maharashtra, India. S.N. Goenka laid the foundation for the structure in 2000 and the pagoda opened in 2009. Regular meditation courses are held at the complex.
2528:(which were based on older Sri Lankan commentaries of the Mahavihara tradition). He is also the author of a very important compendium of Theravāda doctrine, the
8766:
4263:
Theravādins believe that every individual is personally responsible for achieving their own self-awakening and liberation, each being responsible for their own
6782:
Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja, The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets (Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology), 1984, pp. 53, 58.
5598:
5103:: when the moon waxes and wanes and the day before the new and full moons. The laity also have a chance to learn meditation from the monks during these times.
9849:
5616:
In 2010, in the US, four novice nuns were given the full bhikkhuni ordination in the Thai Theravāda tradition, which included the double ordination ceremony.
4718:. Kate Crosby notes that Buddhaghosa's work also "explicitly refers to the contemporaneous existence of secret meditation manuals but not to their content."
2298:
The oldest manuscripts of the Tipiṭaka from Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia date to the 15th Century, and they are incomplete. Complete manuscripts of the four
1975:(1868–1910) were especially involved in centralizing sangha reforms. Under these kings, the sangha was organized into a hierarchical bureaucracy led by the
6971:
3460:". "Dhamma" has been translated as "factors" (Collett Cox), "psychic characteristics" (Bronkhorst), "psycho-physical events" (Noa Ronkin) and "phenomena" (
11664:
9514:
Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja, The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets (Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology), 1984, p. 55.
5626:
In Indonesia, the first Theravāda ordination of bhikkhunis in Indonesia after more than a thousand years occurred in 2015 at Wisma Kusalayani in Lembang,
4653:. The development of this insight leads to four supramundane paths and fruits, these experiences consist a direct apprehension of Nibbana. Supramundane (
14958:
12579:
11054:
10011:
5095:
to have an occupation, they depend entirely on the laity for their sustenance. In return for this charity, they are expected to lead exemplary lives.
3873:
Regarding the question of how a sentient being becomes a Buddha, the Theravāda school also includes a presentation of this path. Indeed, according to
1959:
Meanwhile, in Thailand (the only Theravāda nation to retain its independence throughout the colonial era), the religion became much more centralized,
15049:
5338:
In Sri Lanka, temporary ordination is not practised, and a monk leaving the order is frowned upon but not condemned. The continuing influence of the
10476:
3143:) between rebirths, they hold that rebirth happens instantaneously (in one mind moment). However, as has been noted by various modern scholars like
17491:
4817:'. Strains of older, traditional Theravāda meditation known as "borān kammaṭṭhāna" still exist, but this tradition has mostly been eclipsed by the
3080:
Traditionally, the Theravāda maintains the following key doctrinal positions, though not all Theravādins agree with the traditional point of view:
10403:
9401:
6988:
in Buddhism Across Asia, Networks of Material, Intellectual and Cultural Exchange, Volume 1 – Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (2014), p. 347.
6747:
17340:
12583:
7820:
Ronkin, Noa, Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition (Routledge curzon Critical Studies in Buddhism) 2011, pp. 27–30.
7572:
Hartmann, 1st ed., Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Wien, 2014, pp. 347–366. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vw0q4q.25. Accessed 7 May 2020.
5063:
3292:), is seen as a constructed dhamma in Theravāda. Even the four noble truths are not unconstructed phenomena, neither is the domain of cessation (
10530:
10503:
9701:
18397:
12807:
8853:
2665:. The type of realm one will be reborn in is determined by the being's past karma. This cyclical universe filled with birth and death is named
765:
9674:
2914:
The eight factors are: Right View, Right Intention, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right
2410:(i.e. the Nikayas and parts of the Vinaya) are generally believed to be some of the oldest and most authoritative sources on the doctrines of
8011:, Quote: "All phenomenal existence is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, suffering and lack of soul or essence."
10426:
8478:
Ronkin, Noa, Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition (Routledge curzon Critical Studies in Buddhism) 2011, p. 2.
7793:
Ronkin, Noa, Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition (Routledge curzon Critical Studies in Buddhism) 2011, p. 5.
4502:, Jhānas are described as preceding the awakening insight of the Buddha, which turned him into an awakened being. Yet the interpretation of
18349:
15697:
11024:
10209:
7377:
669:
2564:
Throughout the history of Theravāda, Theravāda monks also produced other works of Pāli literature such as historical chronicles (like the
9233:
The Ancient Theravāda Meditation System, Borān Kammaṭṭhāna: Ānāpānasati or 'Mindfulness of The Breath' in Kammatthan Majjima Baeb Lamdub.
8458:
8024:
3906:) to become a Buddha in front of a living Buddha, and has also received a confirmation from that Buddha that they will reach Buddhahood.
7436:
6281:
4275:
Giving (Dana) is an important Buddhist virtue. The community of monastics is seen as the most meritorious field of karmic fruitfulness.
3184:, there can be no dividing line separating the unconditioned element and there is no superiority or inferiority in the unity of nibbana.
17385:
17312:
14483:
13584:
11132:
10643:
4190:
The first section (part 1) explains the rules of discipline, and the method for finding a correct temple to practice, or how to meet a
4018:
3892:
However, unlike in Mahayana Buddhism, the Theravāda holds that the Buddha path is not for everyone and that beings on the Buddha path (
3618:
1775:
texts, as well as the Theravāda canon, the Mahāvihāra tradition did not accept these new scriptures. Instead, Mahāvihāra scholars like
10867:
3858:. Traditionally, the Theravāda school also rejects the idea that there can be numerous Buddhas active in the world at the same time.
2835:), which are obstacles to meditation: (1) sense desire, (2) hostility, (3) sloth and torpor, (4) restlessness and worry and (5) doubt.
17185:
13562:
10889:
7490:
5623:
The first bhikkhuni ordination in Germany, the ordination of German woman Samaneri Dhira, occurred on 21 June 2015 at Anenja Vihara.
4649:
Traditionally, the ultimate goal of the practice is to achieve mundane and supramundane wisdom. Mundane wisdom is the insight in the
3377:(word of the Buddha), and do not study or see these texts (or Mahayana doctrines) as reliable sources. They reject the view that the
17636:
9779:
4516:("insight", "clear seeing") refers to practices that aim to develop an inner understanding or knowledge of the nature of phenomena (
3854:
as being the most recent Buddha in a line of previous Buddhas stretching back for aeons. They also mention the future Buddha, named
17476:
17350:
17335:
9758:
5503:
hours. Some may decide to fast for days or stay at dangerous places where ferocious animals live in order to aid their meditation.
3936:
The modern era saw new developments in Theravāda scholarship due to the influence of Western thought. As Donald K. Swearer writes:
1902:
5058:
in Hertfordshire, which has a retreat center specifically for lay retreats. Sumedho extended this to Harnham in Northumberland as
3063:, i.e. blue/black) skin. He was one of the two most senior disciples of the Buddha and regarded as the foremost in psychic powers.
2661:
which holds that after death, sentient beings which are not fully awakened will transmigrate to another body, possibly in another
13399:
12851:
9810:
10353:
8612:
7327:. In: Jerryson, Michael (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Contemporary Buddhism, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 274-296.
13054:
11034:
4064:
and Padmasiri de Silva have written on these topics. Modern scholarship in western languages by western Buddhist monks such as
3974:
is seen by scholars as an introduction to modernist Buddhist thought and the book continues to be widely used in universities.
3099:
The arahant is never a layperson, for they have abandoned the fetters of a layperson, including married life, using money, etc.
15275:
10708:
5305:
3168:
Theravāda also does not accept the Mahayana notion that there are two forms of nibbana, an inferior "localized" or "abiding" (
17496:
10199:
10021:
8668:
8266:
8240:
8005:
7979:
7654:
7311:
7150:
7042:
6919:
6851:
6494:
2820:), since they are impermanent and not always under our control. Therefore, there is no unchanging substance, permanent self,
2241:
10124:
Purifying Gold: The Metaphor of Effort and Intuition in Buddhist Thought and Practice. In: Peter N. Gregory (editor)(1991),
8693:
3508:
According to Ronkin, the canonical Pāli Abhidhamma remains pragmatic and psychological, and "does not take much interest in
1790:
Epigraphical evidence has established that Theravāda Buddhism became a dominant religion in the Southeast Asian kingdoms of
18592:
17961:
14953:
11217:
11059:
6276:
Today, Theravādins number over 150 million worldwide, and during the past few decades Theravāda Buddhism has begun to
5128:
3346:), the Pali Canon itself is silent on this issue. Some modern Theravāda scholars propose alternative notions. For example,
1818:. late 13th century) was instrumental in the rise of Theravāda Buddhism as the predominant religion of Burma and Thailand.
10610:
5594:
has declared that there can be no valid ordination of nuns in modern times, though some Burmese monks disagree with this.
4473:("calm") consists of meditation techniques in which the mind is focused on a single object, thought, or gatha, leading to
18079:
17360:
16956:
13394:
9879:"The Theravāda Buddhist Engagement with Modernity in Southeast Asia: Whither the Social Paradigm of the Galactic Polity?"
9059:
5671:
In Sri Lanka caste plays a major role in the division into nikayas. Some Theravāda Buddhist countries appoint or elect a
5132:
4960:. The view that Theravāda, unlike other Buddhist schools, is primarily a monastic tradition has, however, been disputed.
4457:
bhavana (investigation, insight). Originally these referred to effects or qualities of meditation, but after the time of
8127:
7091:
Text, Lineage and Tradition in Burma. The Struggle for Norms and Religious Legitimacy Under King Bodawphaya (1782-1819).
4562:. It is the primary focus of the modernist Burmese Vipassana movement. In western countries it is complemented with the
1826:
established as the state religion in Cambodia and Laos. In Cambodia, numerous Hindu and Mahāyāna temples, most famously
18289:
18019:
17901:
17355:
15935:
13847:
13291:
12841:
10936:
10691:
10267:
8322:"The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Buddhist Theory and Practice: A Reevaluation of the Bodhisattva-Śrāvaka Opposition"
7010:
6948:
4498:-practice. The eighth and final step of the Eightfold Path, Right Samadhi, is often defined as the four jhanas. In the
4340:
Dedication of merit; doing good deeds in the name of someone who has passed away or in the name of all sentient beings.
3350:
proposes that the basis for consciousness is the entire physical organism, which he ties with the canonical concept of
3223:
found in Mahayana, which says that the Buddha's physical body was a mere manifestation, emanation or magical creation (
1905:(still the world's largest book) with the intention of preserving the Buddha Dhamma. Burma also saw the growth of the "
1700:(the ancient Sri Lankan capital). According to Theravāda sources, another one of the Ashokan missions was also sent to
1314:
760:
717:
10833:
8297:
The Eastern Buddhist, vol. 41, no. 2, 2010, pp. 1–47. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44362554. Accessed 25 February 2020.
144:
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17160:
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11137:
10161:
8841:
8074:
7675:
7529:
7499:
7420:
5877:
4708:. This text has remained central for the study and practice of Theravāda meditation. Buddhaghosa's commentary on the
4312:(whether for life or for a limited time) in the presence of Sangha. Laypeople also sometimes take an extended set of
3187:
Theravāda exegetical works consider nibbana to be a real existent, instead of just a conceptual or nominal existent (
13384:
4323:
Performing good deeds is another important feature of Theravādin Buddhist ethics. Doing so is said to make "merit" (
18392:
15945:
13069:
12814:
3537:
The Theravāda Abhidhamma holds that there is a total of 82 possible types of dhammas, 81 of these are conditioned (
2172:
1663:
in the Indian Buddhist community. Theravāda sources trace their tradition to the Third Buddhist council when elder
662:
5570:
has authorized followers of the Tibetan tradition to be ordained as nuns in traditions that have such ordination.
2394:, the parallel collections used by non-Theravāda schools in India which are preserved in Chinese and partially in
1728:
Gold Plates containing fragments of the Pali Tipitaka (5th century) found in Maunggan (a village near the city of
1605:
192:
18582:
18354:
18249:
17375:
17370:
17326:
16951:
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13461:
13451:
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5519:
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as well as lesser known forest based traditions in Burma and Laos, such as the Burmese forest based monasteries (
4021:) and doctrinal works written in defense of Buddhism or attacking Christian ideas, such as Gunapala Dharmasiri's
3152:
3093:
2035:
10482:
8020:
Siderits, Mark, "Buddha", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),
6986:
The Theravaada Buddhist Ecumene in the Fifteenth Century: Intellectual Foundations and Material Representations"
5613:
ordained as Bhikkhunis by a dual Sangha act of Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis in full accordance with the Pāli Vinaya.
4696:, who systematized the classic Theravāda meditation, dividing them into samatha and vipassana types and listing
2581:
154:
18209:
18034:
17307:
16321:
16262:
16149:
16028:
15960:
14346:
13984:
13903:
13406:
13059:
12861:
12752:
12697:
11270:
7811:"Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
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5523:
2614:
16441:
16316:
9448:
6584:
5620:
and other monks and nuns were in attendance. It was the first such ordination ever in the Western hemisphere.
5270:, called "Tapavana". This division was then carried over into the rest of Southeast Asia as Theravāda spread.
3096:
view of the Sarvāstivādin tradition, which held that dhammas exist in all three times – past, present, future.
2257:
A full modern set of the Tipiṭaka can fill many volumes (from 40 to over 50 volumes depending on the edition).
18359:
17774:
17511:
17170:
17019:
16941:
16363:
15405:
14916:
13555:
13376:
13074:
12757:
11049:
10882:
8487:
Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, p. 121.
5826:
Theravada monks meditating and practicing mindfulness over simple things like the meal they are about to have
5762:
5136:
2156:
2039:
1875:
1243:
938:
466:
10536:
10509:
9829:
3902:, Theravāda (like other early Buddhist schools), defines a bodhisatta as someone who has made a resolution (
3205:) consisting in non-arising and exists separately from the mere destruction of passion, hatred and delusion.
3173:
18417:
18219:
15427:
14135:
12959:
12831:
12802:
12504:
10855:
8859:
7921:
See, for example, the content of introductory texts from Theravada authors such as Rahula, Walpola (1974).
7802:
James P. McDermott, Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D. p. 80.
5055:
4867:
is also widely practiced by both monks and laypersons, who may recite famous phrases such as the taking of
4130:
3820:
and are free from all defilements. They have abandoned all ignorance, craving for existence, restlessness (
3764:
3245:("person" or "personal entity") as being more than a conceptual designation imputed on the five aggregates.
2911:
2681:
2168:
2160:
1871:
1188:
963:
923:
378:
16451:
9418:
9213:
The Sutta on Understanding Death in the Transmission of Bora ̄n Meditation From Siam to the Kandyan Court.
7498:
Proceedings of 10th National Conference on Buddhist Studies of Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,
4997:
The role of lay people has traditionally been primarily occupied with activities that are commonly termed
4898:
Another important religious practice for the devout is the keeping of special religious holidays known as
4161:
4044:
The modern era also saw new Buddhist works on topics which pre-modern Buddhists avoided, such as socially
3267:. This is now being questioned by some modern Theravādins in light of modern Buddhist studies scholarship.
17:
18427:
18139:
18134:
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15854:
15422:
15086:
13752:
12650:
12559:
12029:
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11187:
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5274:
3137:
Theravāda Abhidhamma traditionally rejects the view that there is an intermediate or transitional state (
2273:
2106:
2055:
2020:
1718:
655:
272:
16456:
16446:
12194:
10861:
7035:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, Volume 1: Integration on the Mainland.
5435:
5286:
4286:
3861:
3798:: Those who have destroyed the first three fetters and have weakened the fetters of desire and ill-will;
2631:
The core of Theravāda Buddhist doctrine is contained in the Pāli Canon, the only complete collection of
1783:. These Theravāda sub-sects often came into conflict with each other over royal patronage. The reign of
79:
17200:
17145:
16841:
15581:
15076:
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13499:
12979:
12455:
11941:
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10897:
10584:
9398:
6744:
6323:
5111:
householders, for dwelling at home is incompatible with the state of one who has severed all craving."
4506:
as single-pointed concentration and calm may be a later re-interpretation in which the original aim of
4439:
2941:
2447:
2303:
that the Pāli Tipiṭaka has been transmitted with a high degree of accuracy for well over 1,500 years."
1693:
1490:
353:
277:
224:
15169:
12389:
10459:
10397:
5170:
show that monastic roles in the tradition were often seen as being in a polarity between urban monks (
4668:, there are various reasons why traditional Theravāda Buddhism advocates meditation, including a good
4233:
3432:
2688:
by bathing are considered useless and spiritually corrupted. The Pāli texts also reject the idea that
18452:
18241:
18099:
17551:
16434:
16213:
15844:
15474:
14997:
14129:
13881:
13718:
13673:
13389:
13202:
13192:
13064:
12047:
11627:
11388:
11363:
10053:
9707:
8798:
McMahan, David L. 2008. The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 91–97.
6482:
5339:
5166:
Theravāda sources dating back to medieval Sri Lanka (2nd century BCE to 10th century CE) such as the
4073:
3769:
3574:
3556:
2673:
2199:
1063:
16552:
11413:
10810:
9505:
Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, pp. 12, 15.
5343:
treated) in a way that would not be in line with the expected duties and privileges of their caste.
4829:
3037:
873:
179:
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12846:
12660:
12638:
12631:
12534:
12067:
11687:
11503:
11448:
11069:
10875:
10301:
9680:
6953:, IIAS Newsletter Online, No 25, Theme Burmese Heritage, archived from the original on 8 April 2016
6537:
6529:
6313:
4650:
4370:
4245:
4191:
3738:
3707:, the plane of form. The realms in this plane are associated with the four meditative absorptions (
3347:
3089:
2697:
2080:
2076:
1987:), the highest body of the Thai sangha. Mongkut also led the creation of a new monastic order, the
1887:
1068:
1018:
536:
343:
114:
14906:
9729:
9550:
Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, pp. 9–13.
4940:
Traditionally, Theravāda Buddhism has observed a distinction between the practices suitable for a
4327:), which results in a better rebirth. The "ten wholesome actions" is a common list of good deeds:
3977:
Another modern phenomenon is Buddhist philosophers who received an education in the West, such as
3304:
2369:
18577:
18407:
18344:
18294:
18254:
18199:
17834:
17829:
17719:
17666:
17556:
17486:
17282:
17088:
17003:
16208:
16186:
15985:
15807:
15332:
14948:
14875:
14559:
13930:
13730:
13639:
13431:
13411:
12742:
12722:
12479:
12209:
11453:
7218:
6937:, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. Volume 20, Number 1, Summer 1997.
6559:
6229:
5550:
were sent to China to establish the order there, which subsequently spread across East Asia. The
5539:
5439:
4676:, combating fear and preventing danger. Recent modernist Theravādins have tended to focus on the
3994:
3986:
2498:
2419:
2084:
2059:
1709:
By the first century BCE, Theravāda Buddhism was well established in the main settlements of the
1685:
1660:
1228:
616:
541:
416:
10420:
4610:
4605:
3806:: Those who have destroyed the five lower fetters, which bind beings to the world of the senses;
3415:
was one of the great Abhidhamma scholars of the 20th century as well as a teacher of meditation.
3403:
18274:
18169:
18129:
18109:
17966:
17941:
17846:
17819:
17769:
17739:
17729:
17646:
17611:
17596:
17581:
17536:
17471:
17140:
17071:
16976:
16971:
16712:
16635:
16397:
16279:
16203:
16000:
15990:
15849:
15817:
15755:
15726:
15233:
15228:
15012:
14893:
14853:
14638:
13979:
13974:
13954:
13950:
13441:
13281:
12949:
12919:
12692:
12643:
12484:
12432:
12427:
12189:
12010:
11907:
11659:
11654:
11403:
10370:
9523:
Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, p. 12.
8641:, in "History of Religions" Vol. 36, No. 3 (Feb. 1997), pp. 183-217. The University of Chicago.
6547:
6173:
6169:
4941:
4854:
4677:
4547:
4225:
4154:
3970:
3068:
2950:
2882:
2557:
2427:
2411:
2164:
2099:
2095:
1976:
1918:
1898:
1588:
westward to places such as India and Nepal, along with Buddhist immigrants and converts in the
1459:
1307:
1043:
1028:
1008:
933:
928:
843:
750:
204:
199:
174:
69:
11771:
10189:
9541:
Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, p. 9.
9532:
Prapod Assavavirulhakarn, The Ascendency of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia 1990, p. 258.
7212:
6550:, traditionally numbered at 18, of early Buddhism. The Theravadins trace their lineage to the
4697:
4244:
This basic outline is based on the threefold discipline. The emphasis is on understanding the
4202:
3667:, the spiritual plane of desires. This includes numerous realms of existence such as: various
3597:
2128:
which focused on the conservation and restoration of important Indian Buddhist sites, such as
1917:(1846–1923) was one of the key figures in this movement. After independence, Myanmar held the
320:
18515:
18460:
18377:
18329:
18304:
18104:
17926:
17921:
17789:
17779:
17601:
17277:
17215:
17035:
16981:
16402:
16380:
16299:
16240:
15906:
15345:
15196:
14326:
13925:
13837:
13446:
13416:
12997:
12929:
12762:
12677:
12672:
12596:
12591:
12509:
11039:
10760:
10657:
8021:
6555:
6348:
6241:
6210:
6193:
5606:
5532:
5387:
5379:
5278:
4642:
4435:
4421:
3990:
3692:
3522:
3077:("Points of Controversy"), as well as in other works by later commentators like Buddhaghosa.
2781:), which holds that all physical and mental phenomena are transient, unstable and inconstant.
2689:
2462:
2088:
2024:
1863:
1736:
1581:
1248:
1238:
1193:
621:
267:
104:
15216:
15164:
12062:
9589:
Tiyavanich, Kamala, nForest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand p1.
8232:
6298:
4490:
4408:
literally "causing to become" or cultivation) means the positive cultivation of one's mind.
3652:
3456:
dhammas and their relationships. The central theory of the Abhidhamma is thus known as the "
3419:
Theravāda scholastics developed a systematic exposition of the Buddhist doctrine called the
3256:(including all speech, defecation and urination, etc.) were supramundane or transcendental (
3147:, there are canonical passages which support the idea of an intermediate state (such as the
2983:
2711:
2705:
2591:
An important genre of Theravādin literature, in both Pāli and vernacular languages, are the
315:
18505:
18495:
18480:
18387:
18314:
18284:
18259:
18224:
18184:
18179:
18154:
18024:
17946:
17896:
17876:
17866:
17754:
17701:
17676:
17526:
17521:
17501:
17466:
17451:
17395:
17165:
17098:
17066:
16946:
16881:
16747:
16625:
16478:
16358:
16257:
16169:
16137:
16132:
15980:
15712:
15081:
14965:
14549:
14309:
13920:
13864:
13815:
13800:
13653:
13469:
13436:
13421:
12939:
12836:
12782:
12667:
12606:
12574:
12569:
12554:
12539:
12529:
12494:
12407:
12099:
12022:
11325:
11265:
11014:
10981:
10931:
6269:
6246:
6221:
6204:
5796:
5651:
5427:
4922:
4134:
4105:
4061:
3965:
3949:
2907:
2636:
2632:
2407:
2306:
There are numerous editions of the Tipiṭaka, some of the major modern editions include the
2246:
2176:
2125:
2094:
The establishment of some of the first Theravāda Viharas in the Western world, such as the
1988:
1867:
1850:. The widespread practice of meditation by laypersons is a modern development in Theravāda.
1710:
1413:
1258:
1218:
1213:
1178:
1023:
903:
811:
796:
740:
712:
561:
471:
363:
119:
109:
74:
15280:
14162:
13309:
11924:
11793:
11719:
11595:
11333:
10734:
8295:"Scriptural Authenticity and the Śrāvaka Schools: An Essay towards an Indian Perspective."
7487:
3565:). Since no dhamma exists independently, every single dhamma of consciousness, known as a
3120:
Theravāda Abhidhamma holds that insight into the four noble truths happens in one moment (
2890:
2505:(right) (c. 5th century), shown here presenting three copies of his influential doctrinal
1756:
8:
18510:
18485:
18465:
18442:
18369:
18319:
18299:
18214:
18204:
18159:
18119:
18074:
18069:
18059:
18049:
18044:
18039:
18029:
18014:
18009:
18004:
17999:
17994:
17971:
17881:
17856:
17734:
17724:
17686:
17656:
17641:
17626:
17616:
17606:
17571:
17566:
17516:
17461:
17436:
17380:
17237:
17220:
17108:
17103:
17093:
16961:
16762:
16675:
16620:
16596:
16483:
16368:
16326:
16121:
15970:
15598:
15390:
15265:
15044:
14831:
14716:
14644:
14534:
14455:
14282:
13935:
13759:
13605:
13276:
13155:
12989:
12964:
12954:
12914:
12891:
12774:
12747:
12707:
12626:
12616:
12544:
12471:
11902:
11759:
11540:
11518:
11470:
11290:
11090:
10946:
10926:
10786:
9785:
6521:
6486:
6328:
6252:
6235:
6183:
6100:
5872:
5867:
5617:
5591:
5555:
5431:
5253:. Forest monks tend to be the minority among Theravāda sanghas and also tend to focus on
5012:
4888:
4383:
4334:
Moral conduct (Sīla); Keeping the five precepts and generally refraining from doing harm.
4237:
4017:). The modern encounter with Christian missionaries also led to new debates (such as the
4014:
4010:
3998:
3982:
3898:) are quite rare. While in Mahayana, bodhisattas refers to beings who have developed the
3624:
3445:
3197:) of the defilements or non-existence of the five aggregates, as was held by some in the
2685:
2439:
1268:
1223:
1161:
1101:
1038:
983:
978:
733:
722:
94:
54:
18587:
11250:
11177:
10442:
9399:
Bhikkhu Khantipalo, Lay Buddhist Practice The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence
4236:
emerging because of the practice. This part shows a great analytical effort specific to
3866:
3486:
3360:" is not meant literally (it can also mean "essence", "core"), but refers to the entire
2816:
2391:
1883:
1561:
of all of these groups, as well as converts around the world, also embrace and practice
18572:
18490:
18470:
18437:
18334:
18324:
18269:
18264:
18194:
18174:
18164:
18149:
18144:
18124:
18094:
18089:
18064:
18054:
17986:
17951:
17936:
17841:
17814:
17804:
17764:
17749:
17744:
17696:
17691:
17631:
17586:
17546:
17441:
17428:
17230:
17210:
17135:
17008:
16831:
16505:
16463:
16304:
16272:
16247:
16174:
16154:
15975:
15923:
15911:
15889:
15481:
15439:
15312:
15137:
15132:
15127:
14926:
14710:
14686:
14065:
13989:
13737:
13683:
13339:
13244:
13086:
13049:
13044:
12974:
12924:
12871:
12866:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12717:
12702:
12687:
12682:
12621:
12601:
12564:
12489:
12294:
11995:
11919:
11797:
11739:
11580:
11480:
11408:
11383:
11029:
10959:
9992:
9945:
9906:
9030:
8341:
8148:
Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins
6695:
6277:
5687:
5655:
5647:
5447:
5443:
5423:
5321:
4990:
for a future birth), and Nibbanic Buddhism (concerned with attaining the liberation of
4840:
Laypersons and monks also perform various types of religious practices daily or during
4818:
4787:
4770:
4709:
4669:
4665:
4585:
4417:
4343:
Rejoicing in merit of good deeds done by others, this is common in communal activities.
4257:
4049:
3945:
3816:
3729:
3544:
3271:
3189:
3130:
3085:
2662:
2658:
2221:
The Vietnamese Theravāda movement, led by figures such as Ven. Hộ-Tông (Vansarakkhita).
2195:
2187:
2148:
2121:
1993:
1906:
1879:
1855:
1791:
1729:
1664:
1573:
1569:
1253:
1233:
1173:
1168:
1056:
958:
951:
878:
868:
775:
546:
481:
411:
334:
325:
262:
257:
36:
15593:
15142:
14738:
14468:
13138:
10320:
Mindful America: The Mutual Transformation of Buddhist Meditation and American Culture
6551:
5046:, have begun teaching meditation retreats outside of the monastery for lay disciples.
3208:
Theravāda exegetical works, mental phenomena last for a very short moment or instant (
2363:
1656:
1615:
451:
18547:
18541:
18475:
18432:
18422:
18412:
18402:
18309:
18229:
18189:
18114:
18084:
17976:
17931:
17911:
17886:
17861:
17824:
17809:
17784:
17759:
17671:
17621:
17576:
17561:
17541:
17531:
17506:
17446:
17390:
17150:
16926:
16522:
16493:
16417:
16412:
16373:
16311:
16267:
16252:
16235:
16230:
16225:
16164:
15899:
15785:
15551:
15521:
15501:
15322:
15117:
15098:
15093:
15007:
14970:
14691:
14606:
14529:
14427:
14417:
14385:
14373:
14341:
14318:
14300:
14196:
14051:
13959:
13945:
13908:
13896:
13725:
13644:
13596:
13517:
13479:
13175:
13160:
13123:
13108:
12881:
12797:
12712:
12549:
12514:
12499:
12226:
12216:
11897:
11744:
11729:
11600:
11523:
11443:
11378:
11310:
11197:
10954:
10637:
10589:
10347:
10295:
10252:
10195:
10157:
10017:
9984:
9937:
9910:
9898:
8963:
8837:
8664:
8321:
8262:
8236:
8103:(Ecole Fransaise d'Extreme-Orient, 1955), Chapitre I 'Les Mahasanghika', pp. 212-240.
8070:
8001:
7975:
7671:
7650:
7525:
7416:
7307:
7214:
The Many Lives of Insight: The Abhidhamma and transformations in Theravada meditation
7146:
7038:
7006:
6965:
6915:
6847:
6712:
6702:
6490:
6318:
6293:
6225:
6224:(in peninsular Malaysia especially north-western parts of Malaysia, primarily by the
6188:
6179:
5515:
5399:
5383:
5367:
4978:
traditions, overlapping though still distinct. Most prominently, the anthropologist
4879:
in front of their shrine. Chanting may also be part of the practice of recollection (
4868:
4841:
4578:, morality, giving up worldly thoughts and desires. The practitioner then engages in
4559:
4426:
4366:
4350:
4305:
4294:
4264:
4253:
4221:
4069:
3978:
3783:
3672:
3549:. The 81 conditioned dhammas are divided into three broad categories: consciousness (
3492:
3461:
3334:) and is the material support for consciousness. Some later Theravāda works like the
3201:
school for example. In Theravāda scholasticism, nibbana is defined as the cessation (
2934:
2930:
2922:
2853:
2648:
2596:
2470:
2454:
2430:. For example, while the Theravāda Vinaya contains a total of 227 monastic rules for
2403:
2358:
2311:
2307:
2249:, most of which have not survived the humid climate of South Asia and Southeast Asia.
1950:
1942:
1822:
1401:
1300:
1198:
1183:
988:
863:
806:
770:
755:
686:
591:
566:
426:
383:
373:
239:
214:
99:
84:
16005:
15603:
15253:
14975:
12461:
11255:
11155:
10090:
Insight Meditation in the United States: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness
10047:
6610:
6542:
Theravada (Pali: "Way of the Elders"; Sanskrit, Sthaviravada) emerged as one of the
6119:
Theravāda Buddhism is practiced in the following countries and by people worldwide:
5551:
2071:
The 20th-century Nepalese Theravāda movement which introduced Theravāda Buddhism to
1963:
and controlled by the state after a series of reforms promoted by Thai kings of the
18500:
18382:
18279:
17891:
17851:
17799:
17794:
17711:
17681:
17591:
17481:
17345:
17297:
17292:
16851:
16816:
16789:
16547:
16532:
16407:
16331:
16181:
16159:
16067:
15928:
15707:
15670:
15526:
15511:
15459:
15243:
15223:
15191:
15186:
15157:
15152:
15064:
15054:
14863:
14827:
14819:
14790:
14703:
14623:
14618:
14581:
14571:
14497:
14435:
14277:
14114:
13964:
13622:
13165:
13118:
13113:
12969:
12934:
12909:
12904:
12655:
12611:
12524:
12199:
11855:
11848:
11632:
11622:
11508:
11172:
11044:
10717:
10242:
10234:
10230:
9976:
9890:
9806:
9656:
9216:
8333:
7939:"Brahamanism and Buddhism: Two Antithetic Conceptions of Society in Ancient India."
7703:
6650:
6380:
6372:
6215:
6126:
5737:
5722:
5712:
5692:
5587:
5466:
A Buddhist Monk chants evening prayers inside a monastery located near the town of
5273:
Today there are forest based traditions in most Theravāda countries, including the
5239:
5185:
5171:
5059:
4999:
4987:
4833:
4798:
4692:
The practice of Theravāda meditation can be traced back to the 5th century exegete
4324:
4290:
4045:
4030:
3865:
A Burmese illustrated manuscript depicting Sumedha (the future Buddha Gautama) and
3472:
2893:
and ending in birth, old age and death) and how suffering can be brought to an end.
2315:
1714:
1335:
1263:
1208:
1138:
1128:
993:
586:
571:
556:
551:
169:
89:
16144:
12244:
10181:
Reexamining Jhana: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology
8692:, Department of Continuing Education, Oxford University, p. 8, archived from
8226:
5495:
to adults and children in addition to providing social services to the community.
5249:
Scholar monks generally undertake the path of studying and preserving Theravāda's
5074:
4145:
The Noble Eightfold Path can also be summarized as the Three Noble Disciplines of
3249:
18551:
17175:
17155:
16645:
16537:
16527:
16196:
15864:
15655:
15635:
15566:
15531:
15464:
15248:
15174:
15147:
15122:
15059:
15022:
14810:
14753:
14524:
14041:
13842:
13768:
13708:
13663:
13632:
13529:
13474:
13426:
13354:
13224:
13022:
13002:
12944:
12856:
12519:
12417:
12264:
12000:
11983:
11968:
11946:
11498:
11368:
11202:
11182:
10695:
10557:
10430:
10407:
10357:
10217:
9833:
9405:
9068:
8773:
8619:
8465:
8256:
8134:
8028:
7995:
7965:
7494:
7384:
6909:
6751:
6517:
6476:
6472:
5717:
5451:
5250:
5160:
5140:
4892:
4883:), which refers to contemplating various topics such as the sublime qualities of
4845:
4590:
4278:
4081:
4057:
4053:
3787:
3688:
3368:
3023:
2828:
2803:
2795:
2720:
2493:
2375:
2207:
1803:
1784:
1467:
1421:
1288:
1203:
1003:
913:
858:
626:
526:
446:
431:
358:
132:
12274:
11428:
11418:
9573:
9483:
Swearer, Donald K. The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia: Second Edition, p. 178.
8789:
Swearer, Donald K. The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia: Second Edition, p. 164.
8067:
The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya
4205:
for the list of the forty traditional objects). It mentions different stages of
3609:
3480:
3439:
3352:
2807:
2295:
of the Tipiṭaka which survives today is that of the Sri Lankan Mahavihara sect.
1652:
853:
17302:
17190:
17130:
16846:
16821:
16606:
16510:
16392:
16336:
16289:
15702:
15650:
15546:
15516:
15496:
15491:
15486:
15469:
15365:
15285:
15258:
15211:
15201:
14213:
13876:
13859:
13678:
13658:
13627:
13484:
13187:
13037:
12819:
12399:
12379:
12299:
11988:
11978:
11912:
11749:
11235:
11098:
10619:
8088:
Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D
6795:
6525:
6414:
6396:
6260:
5754:
5480:
5419:
5375:
5043:
5035:
4864:
4802:
4761:
4738:
4538:, which are seen as being universally applicable to all constructed phenomena (
4313:
4096:
4013:
is another modern Theravāda scholar who studied philosophy in the west (at the
3851:
3720:
3582:
3361:
3253:
2926:
2619:
2602:
Most Theravāda Buddhists generally consider Mahāyāna Buddhist scriptures to be
2481:
work which made use of doctrinal lists which can be seen in the suttas, called
2203:
2180:
2139:
The introduction of Theravāda to other Southeast Asian nations like Singapore,
1964:
1934:
1859:
1760:
1589:
1396:
1148:
1078:
1033:
891:
516:
501:
14478:
9894:
9850:"First Theravada Ordination of Bhikkhunis in Indonesia After a Thousand Years"
9220:
8966:, The Heart of Buddhist meditation, Buddhist publication Society, 2005, p. 40.
6950:
Historical Geography of Burma: Creation of enduring patterns in the Pyu period
4956:
traditions, with monastic life being hailed as a superior method of achieving
4658:
3724:
3581:. In Abhidhamma, all awareness events are thus seen as being characterized by
3198:
2666:
18566:
17225:
16779:
16660:
16052:
16047:
15995:
15832:
15770:
15665:
15556:
15454:
15385:
15317:
15307:
15270:
15206:
15103:
15069:
14987:
14883:
14846:
14765:
14673:
14124:
14075:
13780:
13254:
13103:
12412:
12314:
12172:
11973:
11951:
11887:
11558:
11353:
11348:
11240:
10909:
10256:
10238:
9988:
9941:
9902:
9152:
Gethin, Rupert, The Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, p. 234.
8777:, Paper presented at the XVIII the IABS Congress, Toronto 2017, Updated 2019.
8361:, Paper presented at the XVIII the IABS Congress, Toronto 2017, Updated 2019.
7340:
Buddhist Studies Review, UK Association for Buddhist Studies, 18 (I): 73–106.
6998:
6431:
6388:
6150:
5642:
5559:
5415:
5407:
5395:
5107:
5047:
5039:
4979:
4876:
4776:
4721:
Regarding post Visuddhimagga Theravāda meditation, according to Kate Crosby,
4705:
4309:
4172:
4166:
4077:
4038:
3468:
3457:
3144:
3056:
2956:
2728:
2530:
2511:
2458:
2435:
2350:
2342:
2262:
2102:
in Berlin (1957) and the Washington Buddhist Vihara in Washington, DC (1965).
2012:
2008:
1980:
1972:
1811:
1744:
1640:
1593:
1432:
1426:
973:
968:
908:
601:
596:
461:
310:
164:
15894:
11712:
11702:
11074:
10688:
5151:
4118:
3907:
3263:
Theravāda traditionally defends the idea that the Buddha himself taught the
3046:
2639:. These basic Buddhist ideas are shared by the other Early Buddhist schools
1926:
1842:
1406:
1113:
918:
441:
17365:
17267:
17123:
16811:
16806:
16784:
16774:
16655:
16087:
16022:
15965:
15950:
15916:
15541:
15449:
14445:
14336:
14331:
14182:
14152:
14026:
13994:
13742:
13713:
13700:
13344:
13329:
13299:
13249:
13239:
13081:
12876:
12369:
12204:
12082:
11870:
11865:
11692:
11563:
11438:
10899:
10106:
Theravāda Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
9660:
9426:
8054:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
7852:
Theravada Buddhism, a social history from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
6818:
Theravada Buddhism, a social history from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
6716:
6655:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
6419:
6343:
6154:
5707:
5547:
5363:
5359:
5267:
4814:
4782:
4757:
4563:
4282:
4101:
3917:
3912:
3842:
3715:
These various planes of existence can be found in countless world systems (
3711:) and those who attain these meditations are reborn in these divine realms.
3677:) which are devoid of happiness, the realms of animals, the hungry ghosts (
3656:
3623:
The Pāli Tipiṭaka outlines a hierarchical cosmological system with various
3513:
3412:
3373:
3298:
3279:
3031:
3014:
2839:
2811:
2777:
2592:
2354:
2327:
2215:
2191:
1954:
1946:
1914:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1489:
literature developed. From Sri Lanka the Theravāda tradition subsequently
1013:
898:
816:
702:
576:
511:
486:
388:
368:
219:
209:
159:
15588:
14233:
12127:
12112:
12072:
11769:
11433:
11009:
10349:
Meditation en masse. How colonialism sparked the global Vipassana movement
10287:
The Society and Its Environment. (Religion: Historical Background section)
10285:
9561:
Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study
4454:
4388:
4229:
3092:, the view that only present moment phenomena (dhamma) exist, against the
3051:
2864:
1438:
335:
326:
17287:
17262:
17081:
17049:
17040:
16986:
16916:
16901:
16794:
16685:
16346:
16294:
16082:
15800:
15780:
15620:
15561:
15299:
15295:
15108:
14596:
14544:
14514:
14351:
14205:
14097:
14021:
13886:
13822:
13773:
13314:
13143:
12284:
12269:
12052:
11860:
11788:
11568:
11398:
11300:
11147:
11019:
10247:
8375:
The Whole Body, Not Heart, as 'Seat of Consciousness': The Buddha's View.
6249:(by 90% of the population, 94% of the population that practices religion)
6142:
6134:
6130:
5801:
5770:
5582:
5543:
5467:
5411:
5403:
5243:
4910:
4872:
4768:-meditation and developed simplified meditation techniques, based on the
4693:
4580:
4458:
4356:
4183:
4065:
3961:
3924:
3893:
3874:
3320:
3238:
3230:
Theravāda holds that there is a ground level of consciousness called the
3073:
2747:
2577:
2539:
2521:
2502:
2323:
2319:
1960:
1831:
1776:
1669:
1620:
1542:
1534:
1083:
636:
606:
581:
436:
421:
16601:
16542:
15645:
15039:
14858:
14407:
13304:
11764:
10172:
Het hart van boeddhistische meditatie (The heart of Buddhist Meditation)
9021:
Majjhima Nikaya, Sutta No. 118, Section No. 2, translated from the Pali.
6844:
Sacred Sites of Burma: Myth and Folklore in an Evolving Spiritual Realm,
5309:
Candidates for the Buddhist monkhood being ordained as monks in Thailand
4637:
4359:; the gift of Dhamma is seen as a form of highest gift. (Dhammapada 354)
3916:
is a Theravāda text which focuses on the path of the Buddhas, while the
3723:. This entire cyclical multiverse of constant birth and death is called
3408:
3312:) and is different from the five aggregates which are 'with condition' (
2704:
Descriptions of various meditative practices or states, namely the four
1996:, a new education and examination system was introduced for Thai monks.
1930:
1755:
Over time, two other sects split off from the Mahāvihāra tradition, the
1673:, an important work which lays out the Vibhajjavāda doctrinal position.
496:
17253:
17248:
17118:
17113:
17076:
17054:
16911:
16891:
16886:
16727:
16717:
16680:
16284:
16062:
16010:
15750:
15395:
15375:
14911:
14836:
14775:
14539:
14519:
14440:
14092:
14060:
14031:
13810:
13805:
13790:
13259:
13217:
13093:
12899:
12824:
12438:
12422:
12384:
12364:
12259:
12234:
12142:
12077:
12057:
11803:
11734:
11605:
11488:
11458:
11393:
11343:
11001:
10991:
10964:
10191:
Buddhist Nuns and Gendered Practice: In Search of the Female Renunciant
9996:
9964:
9949:
9925:
8942:
Henepola Gunaratana, The Jhanas in Theravada Buddhist Meditation, 1995.
8345:
7963:
7364:
Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal,
6353:
6338:
6256:
6138:
5844:
5680:
5672:
5567:
5371:
5355:
5254:
5218:
5214:
5051:
5031:
5023:
5004:
4884:
4715:
4681:
4034:
3899:
3837:
3794:
3420:
3180:. Such a dual nirvana theory is absent in the suttas. According to the
2897:
2857:
2535:
2525:
2506:
2478:
2450:
2337:
2331:
2236:
2114:
2048:
2004:
1894:
1827:
1780:
1764:
1644:
1522:
1486:
1385:
1088:
848:
745:
631:
531:
521:
348:
295:
149:
139:
16092:
14931:
12279:
11275:
7927:
In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon.
4764:
during the 19th and 20th centuries. These Burmese figures re-invented
4475:
3877:, there are three main soteriological paths: the path of the Buddhas (
2996:
2680:
are a divine authority. Any form of sacrifices to the gods (including
17195:
16991:
16906:
16896:
16767:
16722:
16707:
16640:
16488:
15955:
15877:
15837:
15827:
15790:
15765:
15745:
15640:
15506:
15360:
15350:
15112:
15032:
15027:
14938:
14748:
14733:
14698:
14681:
14576:
14356:
14272:
14251:
14246:
14223:
14218:
14177:
14172:
14109:
14046:
13969:
13940:
13891:
13832:
13785:
13234:
13207:
12374:
12249:
11961:
11877:
11754:
11617:
11610:
11573:
11530:
11493:
11260:
11225:
11192:
11167:
11122:
9676:
Socially Engaged Buddhism in Thailand: Ordination of Thai Women Monks
9612:
9084:
8823:, pp. 206-216. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.
8308:
Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana
8200:
Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana
8187:
Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana
8174:
Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana
7461:
6478:
In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon
6146:
6112:
5982:
5730:
5631:
5391:
5351:
5167:
5119:
who himself established the International Meditation Center (IMC) in
5083:
5030:
A number of senior monastics in the Thai Forest Tradition, including
5018:
5008:
4953:
4752:. The practice was revived in Myanmar (Burma) in the 18th century by
4673:
4574:
4393:
4146:
3964:
and science, and opposed to superstition and certain folk practices.
3778:
3157:
2978:
2862:(suffering, unease); (2) There is a cause of dukkha, mainly craving (
2603:
2572:
2566:
2406:, as well as the various non-Theravāda Vinayas. On this basis, these
2292:
2284:
2140:
2129:
2028:
1938:
1910:
1807:
1795:
1772:
1724:
1681:
1628:
1546:
1498:
1448:
1133:
506:
456:
234:
229:
14628:
14157:
13007:
11843:
11697:
11463:
11245:
11114:
11106:
9980:
8337:
7700:
Tse-Fu Kuan. Mindfulness in similes in Early Buddhist literature in
7378:
The Revival of Buddhism in Indo-Bangla Territory: A New Perspective.
7190:
Rescued from the Nation: Anagarika Dharmapala and the Buddhist World
5836:
5832:
5462:
4786:
and bare insight. These techniques were globally popularized by the
4499:
4485:
4308:
in the Triple Gems, lay Theravādin Buddhists traditionally take the
3008:
2799:
2786:
2653:
2117:
Mahasthavir, which were key events in the Bengali Theravāda revival.
300:
16998:
16742:
16732:
16587:
16077:
16057:
15884:
15760:
15615:
15179:
14901:
14841:
14760:
14668:
14655:
14633:
14613:
14591:
14586:
14566:
14506:
14473:
14412:
14256:
14241:
14119:
14080:
14036:
13827:
13764:
13668:
13571:
13524:
13364:
13319:
13264:
13229:
13133:
12792:
12359:
12354:
12304:
12239:
12157:
12122:
12117:
11778:
11649:
11637:
11548:
11207:
10904:
10277:
Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand
8559:
Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition
8511:
Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition
8442:
Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition
6568:
6543:
6104:
6024:
5898:
5578:
5259:
5100:
5078:
The ceremony walks with lighted candles in hand around a temple on
4949:
4899:
4880:
4794:
4599:
4317:
4316:, which includes chastity during sacred days of observance such as
3855:
3822:
3810:
3651:, the formless or incorporeal plane. These are associated with the
3602:
3539:
3509:
3498:
3382:
3231:
3220:
2544:
2474:
2395:
2144:
1768:
1635:
1558:
1550:
1514:
1506:
1375:
1143:
1123:
1118:
998:
694:
12349:
12339:
12324:
12147:
12017:
11285:
10849:
10126:
Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought
10115:
How Buddhism Began. The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings
6611:"Pali word for "Theravada Buddhist" - Dhamma Wheel Buddhist Forum"
5202:) on the other. The ascetic focused monks were known by the names
2962:
2790:), which holds that all the constituents of a person, namely, the
2383:
1999:
1631:, dating back to the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa (247–207 BCE)
1412:
The Pāli Canon is the most complete Buddhist canon surviving in a
17272:
16871:
16836:
16757:
16670:
16611:
16515:
16218:
16072:
15822:
15775:
15660:
15536:
15355:
14780:
14743:
14554:
14104:
14070:
13913:
13614:
13269:
13212:
13197:
12344:
12334:
12309:
12184:
12179:
12137:
12107:
12039:
12005:
11892:
11833:
11828:
11682:
11585:
11423:
11373:
11160:
10986:
9826:
8929:
Vajiranāṇa Mahathera (author), Allan R. Bomhard (editor) (20100,
6308:
6303:
6095:
5940:
5700:
5627:
5315:
5124:
5106:
It is also possible for a lay disciple to become enlightened. As
5091:
4991:
4957:
4945:
4734:
4555:
4551:
4469:
4450:
4446:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4198:
4150:
3953:
3802:
3696:
3476:
3428:
3424:
3364:(including the brain), which is dependent on the heart and blood.
2988:
2915:
2870:
2791:
2734:
2431:
2399:
2277:
2211:
2133:
2110:
1968:
1847:
1815:
1747:. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, more than 10,000 temples,
1538:
1502:
823:
641:
611:
476:
11956:
11724:
8639:
Cosmology and Meditation: From the Aggañña-Sutta to the Mahāyāna
5528:
4836:
around a temple or a stupa is also a common devotional practice.
4461:, they also referred to two distinct meditation types or paths (
4449:(mental cultivation) are categorized into two broad categories:
3828:
2968:
1417:
17180:
17059:
17044:
16863:
16752:
16737:
16695:
16473:
16351:
15625:
15380:
15370:
14982:
14943:
14785:
14393:
14363:
14087:
13349:
13334:
13170:
13032:
13012:
12787:
12449:
12329:
12319:
12254:
11882:
11838:
11823:
11813:
11783:
11707:
11590:
11358:
11230:
10974:
10969:
10271:(from author website at Dept. of Buddhist Studies, UC Berkeley)
10226:
6404:
6333:
6158:
5840:
5664:
5574:
5120:
4753:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4594:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4480:. In traditional Theravāda it is considered to be the base for
4431:
4249:
3743:
3684:
3288:
2588:
of Theravāda literature in vernacular languages than in Pāli."
2387:
2299:
2288:
1748:
1677:
1554:
1454:
1283:
838:
833:
828:
791:
393:
15571:
10210:"Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience"
8065:Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) & Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2001).
6911:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
6878:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
5784:
Waturawila (or Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya)
3847:), such as the ability to read minds and fly through the air.
3759:
According to Theravāda doctrine, release from suffering (i.e.
3308:, nibbana, the unconstructed element, is 'without condition' (
1374:'School of the Elders') is the most commonly accepted name of
1344:
16876:
16650:
16630:
16615:
16191:
16017:
15812:
15675:
15630:
15610:
14770:
14167:
14013:
13795:
13489:
13324:
13182:
13148:
13128:
13098:
13027:
12444:
12289:
12167:
12162:
12132:
12087:
11934:
11929:
11808:
11513:
11338:
11305:
11295:
10423:
Into the Stream A Study Guide on the First Stage of Awakening
9754:
Thai monks oppose West Australian ordination of Buddhist nuns
8785:
8783:
8459:
The Dhamma Theory Philosophical Cornerstone of the Abhidhamma
6563:
6515:
6108:
5328:
5079:
4970:
Ron Epstein, "Clearing Up Some Misconceptions about Buddhism"
4927:
4397:
4178:
4133:, one of the most widely used frameworks in Theravāda is the
3678:
3636:
3551:
3389:
3339:
3283:
3138:
3067:
The orthodox standpoints of Theravāda in comparison to other
3004:
2756:
2677:
2555:
a summary of Buddhaghosa's Vinaya commentary and Anuruddha's
2473:, also hold that the early Abhidhamma texts developed out of
2072:
1922:
1740:
1624:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1356:
1073:
305:
10836:– See the citations under 'Theravāda Buddhism – World'.
9600:
Popularizing Buddhism: Preaching as Performance in Sri Lanka
8623:
The Wheel Publication No. 462. Buddhist Publication Society.
6935:
The Advent of Theravada Buddhism to Mainland South-east Asia
6831:
Sinhalese Monastic Architecture: The Viháras of Anurádhapura
4935:
4572:
practice begins with the preparatory stage, the practice of
3960:. They promoted a form of Buddhism that was compatible with
3790:
of self, doubt/indecision, and clinging to ethics and vows);
3215:
Theravāda holds that the Buddha resided in the human realm (
2253:
16801:
16690:
14601:
13540:
13359:
12152:
11818:
11315:
9628:
6991:
6066:
5116:
4645:, is widely considered to have been an Arahant in Thailand.
4346:
Rendering service to others; looking after others or needy.
4232:(insight) through the development of wisdom. It emphasizes
4212:
The third section (parts 3–7) is a description of the five
3957:
3668:
2821:
2606:, meaning that they are not authentic words of the Buddha.
2283:
An early form of the Tipiṭaka may have been transmitted to
2269:
1806:
school. The patronage of monarchs such as the Burmese king
1510:
1389:
1362:
1347:
491:
9274:
9272:
9259:
9257:
8780:
8022:
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/buddha/
7634:
History, Buddhism, and New Religious Movements in Cambodia
7391:
7304:
The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets,
5577:
authorities as to whether such ordinations are valid. The
5230:) while the forest monks leaning more towards meditation (
4593:
to any arising mental or physical phenomenon, engaging in
3814:(lit. "honorable" or "worthies"): Those who have realized
3356:
or life faculty. W. F. Jayasuriya meanwhile, argues that "
1779:
focused on the exegesis of the Pali scriptures and on the
1378:'s oldest existing school. The school's adherents, termed
16700:
16665:
15340:
14677:
13017:
11553:
9352:
9350:
7003:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
6857:
6558:
was the other) that supposedly formed in the wake of the
4484:("insight"). In the Theravāda-tradition, as early as the
3733:(lit. "vanishing, quenching, blowing out"), a deathless (
3106:) of a Buddha is unique and not common to the disciples (
3047:
Main doctrinal differences with other Buddhist traditions
2318:, 1954–56) and the Thai Tipiṭaka edited and published in
1627:
after Theravada Buddhism became the official religion in
9330:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9317:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9304:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9249:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9200:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9182:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9134:
9122:
8990:
8925:
8923:
8921:
8261:, State University of New York Press, pp. 123–126,
7689:
A textual and Historical Analysis of the Khuddaka Nikaya
6701:, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press,
6633:
6631:
5213:
The Mahavamsa mentions forest monks associated with the
3928:
are also Theravāda texts which discuss the Buddha path.
1992:
were seen as irrational. Under the leadership of Prince
1721:, who saw themselves as the protectors of the religion.
1706:("The Golden Land"), which may refer to Southeast Asia.
1584:
which reemphasized forest monasticism and the spread of
10147:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
10138:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
10129:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
10082:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
10071:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity
9706:, Thebuddhadharma.com, 28 February 2003, archived from
9453:
Vajra Bodhi Sea: A Monthly Journal of Orthodox Buddhism
9284:
9269:
9254:
8570:
Karunadasa, Y. Buddhist Analysis of Matter, pp. 14, 172
7093:
The Journal of Burma Studies Volume 9, 2004, pp. 95-99.
6639:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity
3134:) are also abandoned in a single moment, not gradually.
3036:(establishments of mindfulness) and the 16 elements of
2889:), which explains how suffering arises (beginning with
1717:
and its temples and monasteries were patronized by the
13583:
10856:
The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Theory and Practice
10117:, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
9347:
8409:
7837:
7835:
6946:
4613:
and other Buddhist teachings, leading to insight into
4584:, mindfulness of breathing, which is described in the
4084:
is another recent development in the Theravāda world.
2727:
including the ten courses of wholesome action and the
2672:
A rejection of other doctrines and practices found in
1568:
During the modern era, new developments have included
9811:"Ordination of Bhikkhunis in the Theravada Tradition"
9335:
8969:
8918:
8659:
Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2013),
7775:
7763:
7752:
Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2013).
7058:
p. 37-38. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
6628:
6268:
Theravāda has also recently gained popularity in the
5189:
5175:
4687:
4566:, the development of loving-kindness and compassion.
4293:. It is primarily understood through the doctrine of
4170:
as the basic outline of the path to be followed. The
3431:
or khandha and the eighteen elements of cognition or
3385:") and that Mahayana texts are somehow more advanced.
3302:) is also a constructed phenomenon. According to the
2015:(rear and left of Sumedho) and other monastics (1980)
1925:
1954 to Vesak 1956) to create a new redaction of the
1909:", which focused on reviving Buddhist meditation and
1751:
and monasteries were constructed in the Bagan plains.
1338:
9965:"The Status of the Individual in Theravāda Buddhism"
9784:, Dhammasara.org.au, 22 October 2009, archived from
9727:
9602:, State University of New York Press, Albany, 2006.
8490:
8255:
Bruce Mathews (1986), Ronald Wesley Neufeldt (ed.),
8215:, Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D. p. 95.
7291:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
7278:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
7239:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
7069:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4657:
wisdom refers to that which transcends the world of
3642:
The main categories of the planes of existence are:
3338:
locate this physical basis for consciousness at the
2515:, to the elders of the Sri Lankan Mahavihara school.
2245:
Pre-modern copies of the Tipiṭaka were preserved in
1359:
1353:
1341:
8767:
Mahāyāna Sūtras and Opening of the Bodhisattva Path
8613:
The Four Planes of Existence in Theravada Buddhism.
8359:
Mahāyāna Sūtras and Opening of the Bodhisattva Path
8128:
Rebirth and the in-between state in early Buddhism.
7957:
7832:
6876:Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (translator) (2007).
6692:
6408:
5637:
4913:by monks or teachers are also important practices.
4023:
A Buddhist critique of the Christian concept of God
3525:from the earlier epistemic and practical concerns.
3388:Theravādins traditionally believe that an awakened
1893:In Burma, an influential modernist figure was king
1659:, one of the two major orders that arose after the
1350:
9362:
9061:Vipassana as taught by The Mahasi Sayadaw of Burma
8945:
7964:Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921),
7351:"Religion, state and society in contemporary Laos"
7254:p. 77. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
6694:
5973:
5135:of Colombo, the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress, the
3479:or independent particulars, since they are empty (
3113:Theravāda Abhidhamma holds that a single thought (
2261:According to Kate Crosby, for Theravāda, the Pāli
1680:, this school spread throughout India and reached
1509:, and the main dominant Buddhist variant found in
10578:
10576:
9926:"Theravāda Buddhism: Ethical Theory and Practice"
7353:in "Religion, State and Society" 26:1, pp. 31–38.
7179:The University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 63–64.
7166:The University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 35–36.
6015:
5889:
5662:Theravāda monks typically belong to a particular
5350:Some of the more well-known Theravādin monks are
3326:In Theravāda, there is a physical sensory organ (
3252:schools which held that the all acts done by the
3128:), as was held by Sarvastivada. The defilements (
2310:edition (published in Roman script), the Burmese
1763:. While the Abhayagiri sect became known for the
1446:tends to be conservative in matters of doctrine (
18564:
10393:
10391:
10389:
10290:, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
9694:
9449:"Clearing Up Some Misconceptions about Buddhism"
8469:, Buddhist Publication Society Kandy, Sri Lanka.
8282:Kathavatthu: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies
8228:Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions
8218:
7993:
7970:, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 355, Article on
7857:
7330:
7145:Oxford University Press. pp. 5–7, 32–33, 43–52.
6970:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5931:
3521:) do show a doctrinal shift towards ontological
2868:); (3) The removal of craving leads to the end (
2760:), such as the corruption of sensual pleasures (
1834:, were transformed into Theravādin monasteries.
10532:The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary
10505:The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary
10478:The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary
10460:"Magga-vibhanga Sutta: An Analysis of the Path"
8855:The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary
8393:(Colombo, YMBA Press), Appendix A, pp. 288-292.
8224:
7706:. Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness, page 267
5491:accepting alms, officiating funerals, teaching
4641:Ajahn Mun, a key figure in the founding of the
3438:Theravāda traditionally promotes itself as the
2584:" (that is, commentaries on the commentaries).
2349:The Pāli Tipitaka consists of three parts: the
2190:around the world by the efforts of people like
1810:(Pali: Aniruddha, 1044–1077) and the Thai king
10573:
10013:The Routledge Companion to Mindfulness at Work
9844:
9842:
9827:Bhikkhuni Happenings – Alliance for Bhikkhunis
9194:
9192:
9190:
8809:Buddhadasa and His Interpretation of Buddhism.
8452:
8450:
8258:Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments
6907:
6259:in the south and central parts of Vietnam and
5524:Criticism of Buddhism § Women in Buddhism
4281:, meaning moral conduct, is mainly defined as
3491:) and conditioned. This is spelled out in the
2390:show considerable overlap in content with the
13556:
10883:
10862:What are the teachings of Theravada Buddhism?
10585:"The Jhanas in Theravada Buddhist Meditation"
10386:
9041:
9039:
8284:, Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.
8254:
8225:James McDermott (1980), Wendy Doniger (ed.),
7325:Contemporary Lao Buddhism. Ruptured histories
7117:A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between,
6057:
4365:Having right view or Sammādiṭṭhi; mainly the
4300:Several sets of precepts or moral trainings (
3754:
3741:reality, which is a total and final release (
3234:, which conditions the rebirth consciousness.
2373:(possibly c. 3rd to 1st century BCE) and the
1684:through the efforts of missionary monks like
1676:Aided by the patronage of Mauryan kings like
1308:
663:
11665:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
10684:
10682:
10680:
10678:
10676:
9962:
8069:, pp. 1129–36 Boston: Wisdom Publications.
7399:The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism
6758:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6505:
5127:(who was also the Accountant General of the
3639:, there is still death, loss and suffering.
3330:) that conditions the mental consciousness (
1897:(1808–1878), known for his patronage of the
1690:Tambapaṇṇiya (and later as Mahāvihāravāsins)
10864:on Tricycle's Buddhism for Beginners Series
10400:The Jhanas in Theravāda Buddhist Meditation
10342:
10340:
10338:
10169:
9839:
9757:, Wa.buddhistcouncil.org.au, archived from
9721:
9187:
9128:
8447:
8332:(3), University of Hawai'i Press: 399–415,
8231:, University of California Press, pp.
7937:Tola, Fernando. Dragonetti, Carmen (2009).
7610:(Third Edition), p. 382. Pali Text Society.
7567:
7565:
7074:
6735:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6052:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6010:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5968:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5926:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5884:
5809:
5320:in Myanmar, in order to ordain as novices (
5090:In Pāli the word for a male lay devotee is
4445:Theravāda Buddhist meditation practices or
3782:: Those who have destroyed the first three
3601:Sakka in Tavatimsa Heaven, Wat Yang Thong,
2487:
2322:after the council held during the reign of
1371:
13563:
13549:
10890:
10876:
10582:
10274:
10142:
10133:
9799:
9036:
8931:Buddhist Meditation in Theory and Practice
8678:
8676:
8404:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today
8391:The Psychology and Philosophy of Buddhism.
6755:, Buddhist Studies Review 18 (2), 131–182.
6554:school, one of the two major schools (the
5139:of A. T. Ariyaratne, the NGO's founded by
4201:(calming) practice, object by object (see
3619:Buddhist cosmology of the Theravada school
3561:) and materiality, or physical phenomena (
2643:. They include central concepts such as:
2109:(1892) and the Dharmankur Vihar (1900) in
1315:
1301:
670:
656:
10781:
10779:
10755:
10753:
10673:
10283:
10246:
9805:
8686:Buddhist Meditation Practices in the West
7954:p. 117-122. Buddhist Publication Society.
7545:, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 3.
7366:pp. 37, 48, 50. Harvard University Press.
7362:LeVine, Sarah; Gellner, David N. (2009).
7130:Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice,
7037:Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–116.
6516:Reynolds, Frank E.; Kitagawa, Joseph M.;
6502:
5289:. In Thailand, forest monks are known as
5159:(hut) in the Sri Lankan forest monastery
4944:and the practices undertaken by ordained
4936:Distinction between lay and monastic life
4909:) of the Buddhist texts and listening to
4756:(1728–1816) and by later figures such as
4704:", "workplaces") in his magnum opus, the
4104:with eight spokes usually symbolizes the
3497:, which states that dhammas are empty of
2874:) of suffering, and (4) there is a path (
2846:), also known as the four immeasurables (
2075:and was led by prominent figures such as
1821:Burmese and Thai kings saw themselves as
16120:
10335:
10112:
10103:
10086:
10010:Dhiman, Satinder K. (8 September 2020).
9836:. Bhikkhuni.net. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
9646:
9140:
8975:
8377:Vol. 45, No. 3 (Jul. 1995), pp. 409-430.
8101:Les sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule
7562:
6792:Mahavamsa: The great chronicle of Ceylon
6094:
5813:
5641:
5527:
5461:
5304:
5150:
5073:
5017:
4926:
4916:
4828:
4790:in the second half of the 20th century.
4733:
4636:
4387:
4095:
3956:, and the first prime minister of Burma
3860:
3608:
3596:
3543:), while one is unconditioned, which is
3407:
3397:
3050:
2613:
2497:
2336:
2252:
2240:
2054:
1998:
1841:
1735:
1723:
1634:
1614:
17417:
12852:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
10313:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
10187:
10151:
10059:
9876:
9679:, Warren Wilson College, archived from
9672:
9634:
9446:
9290:
9278:
9263:
9231:Andrew Skilton; Phibul ChoomPolPaisal.
9086:The Art of Living: Vipassana Meditation
9079:
9077:
8760:
8758:
8673:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8369:
8367:
8319:
7575:
7524:Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 2–3.
7306:pp. 84-88. Cambridge University Press.
7204:
6467:
6465:
6463:
5586:leading figures in the Siam Nikaya and
4793:Similar revival movements developed in
4087:
3727:. Outside of this system of samsara is
3022:Various frameworks for the practice of
2618:Painting of Buddha's first sermon from
1688:. In Sri Lanka, it became known as the
1651:The Theravāda school descends from the
1580:meditation practice, the growth of the
14:
18565:
13055:List of Buddhist architecture in China
10776:
10750:
10642:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
10317:
10308:
10068:
10009:
9479:
9477:
9475:
9394:
9392:
9390:
9388:
9386:
9356:
9243:
9241:
8996:
8606:
8604:
8594:
8592:
8578:
8576:
8415:
8385:
8383:
7854:, Routledge; 2 edition (2006), p. 154.
7781:
7769:
7589:
7587:
7466:Theravada Buddhist Council of Malaysia
7132:pp. 35-36. University of Hawaii Press.
6997:
6908:Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (1993),
6798:. Pali Text Society, 1912, pp. 82, 86.
6471:
6182:, traditional Theravāda mainly in the
4891:. This may be done as part of a daily
4197:The second section (part 2) describes
3931:
3881:); the way of the individual Buddhas (
3274:is the only unconstructed phenomenon (
2856:, which state, in brief: (1) There is
17416:
16569:
16119:
13582:
13544:
10871:
10207:
10188:Salgado, Nirmala S. (November 2013),
10178:
10121:
10045:
9368:
9341:
8951:
8663:, pp. 589-590. Princeton University,
8402:Karen Pechilis, Selva J. Raj (2013).
7754:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.
7280:, p. 156. University of Hawaii Press.
6778:
6776:
6774:
6585:"Theravādin, Theravādan, Theravādist"
6413:
5457:
5184:) on one end and rural forest monks (
4632:
4520:), especially the characteristics of
3997:), going on to write modern works on
3948:trends can be traced to figures like
3452:) which it sees as being composed of
3193:) referring to the mere destruction (
2599:is one of the most popular of these.
10077:
9923:
9731:Bhikkhunis: Ordaining Buddhist Women
9728:Rita C. Larivee, SSA (14 May 2003),
9494:The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia
9306:John Wiley & Sons, pp. 160, 166.
9074:
8957:
8755:
8661:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
8626:
8364:
8119:
7912:Bodhi, In the Buddha's words, p. 13.
7636:, p. 77. University of Hawaii Press.
7410:
7404:
7293:, p. 76. University of Hawaii Press.
7241:, p. 69. University of Hawaii Press.
7192:, p. 6. University of Chicago Press.
7071:, p. 60. University of Hawaii Press.
6914:, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 126,
6460:
6172:(by 2% of the population) mainly in
5146:
4889:five subjects for daily recollection
3683:), the realm of humans, and various
3467:According to the Sri Lankan scholar
3151:). Some Theravāda scholars (such as
2695:A set of major teachings called the
2524:(4th–5th century CE), known for his
2453:by numerous modern scholars such as
1903:Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda
10808:
10698:. data accessed on 7 September 2012
10535:, Dsal.uchicago.edu, archived from
10508:, Dsal.uchicago.edu, archived from
10481:, Dsal.uchicago.edu, archived from
9472:
9469:, Wisdom Publications 2005; p. 376.
9383:
9238:
8858:, Dsal.uchicago.edu, archived from
8601:
8589:
8573:
8396:
8380:
8213:Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies
8116:, p. 252, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7584:
7283:
7270:
7231:
7061:
4430:('ancient practices'), the Burmese
4304:) guide right action. After taking
3613:A Burmese depiction of a hell scene
3059:, who is identifiable by his dark (
2553:Pālimuttakavinayavinicchayasaṅgaha,
1517:. It is practiced by minorities in
1395:), have preserved their version of
24:
17386:Religions and spiritual traditions
13585:Religious groups and denominations
12842:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
10268:University of California, Berkeley
10038:
9883:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
9235:Buddhist Studies Review 0256-2897.
9215:J Indian Philos (2012) 40:177–198
8161:The Literature of the Personalists
7302:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1984).
7244:
6771:
6681:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
6670:p. 189. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
5066:, another disciple of Ajahn Chah.
4824:
4688:Historical development and sources
4546:is also described as insight into
4153:(meditation or concentration) and
4003:Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge
3276:asankhata-dhamma, asankhatadhatu).
3248:Theravāda rejects the view of the
3088:, the Theravāda tradition follows
2923:taking refuge in the "Triple Gems"
2910:, one of the main outlines of the
2367:('Minor Collection'), such as the
766:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
761:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
18604:
10843:
10208:Sharf, Robert H. (October 1995),
9423:Buddhist Art and the Trade Routes
7500:University of Sri Jayewardenepura
7437:"Awal Sangha Theravada Indonesia"
7434:
7210:
7143:The Making of Buddhist Modernism.
6807:De Silva, K. M. (2005), pp. 9-12.
5538:A few years after the arrival of
4252:. Understanding destroys the ten
3885:); and the way of the disciples (
3381:is incomplete or inferior (i.e. "
3367:Theravādins generally reject the
3212:), but physical phenomena do not.
2701:(factors conducive to awakening).
2641:as well as by Mahayana traditions
2626:
1971:(r. 1851–1868) and his successor
1837:
18546:
18537:
18536:
18350:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
17492:Democratic Republic of the Congo
13523:
13513:
13512:
13070:Thai temple art and architecture
12815:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
11055:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
10921:
10908:
10898:
10852:– Readings in Theravāda Buddhism
10827:
10802:
10727:
10701:
10650:
10603:
10550:
10523:
10496:
10469:
10452:
10435:
10413:
10363:
10154:The Making of Buddhist Modernism
10145:A history of Buddhist philosophy
10136:The Path of Serenity and Insight
10108:, London and New York: Routledge
10003:
9956:
9917:
9870:
9820:
9772:
9745:
9666:
9640:
9605:
9592:
9583:
9566:
9553:
9544:
9535:
9526:
9517:
9508:
9499:
9486:
9459:
9440:
9411:
9374:
9322:
9309:
9296:
9225:
9205:
9174:
9164:
9155:
9146:
9113:
9108:Practical Vipassana Instructions
9100:
9052:
9047:Practical Vipassana Instructions
9024:
9015:
9002:
8981:
8936:
8909:
8900:
8891:
8882:
8873:
8846:
8826:
8821:A history of Buddhist philosophy
8813:
8801:
8792:
8746:
8737:
8728:
8719:
8710:
8682:
8653:
8644:
8564:
8551:
8538:
8525:
8516:
8503:
8481:
8472:
8434:
8421:
8351:
8313:
8300:
8287:
8274:
8248:
8205:
8192:
8179:
8166:
8153:
8140:
8106:
8093:
8080:
8059:
8046:
8033:
7702:Edo Shonin, William Van Gordon,
7621:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
7267:pp. 38-39. Abhinav Publications.
7265:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
7104:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
6657:, Routledge; 2nd edition, p. 37.
6440:
6059:
6017:
5975:
5933:
5891:
5843:), and the nature of suffering (
5638:Monastic orders within Theravāda
5133:Young Men's Buddhist Association
4270:
4182:written in the fifth century by
4176:, a Sinhala Theravāda doctrinal
4112:
2878:) to follow to bring this about.
2651:), which is based on intention (
2230:
2173:Birken Forest Buddhist Monastery
2040:École française d'Extrême-Orient
1466:rejects the authenticity of the
1334:
1282:
701:
53:
16952:Evolutionary origin of religion
10922:
9614:Resources on Women's Ordination
8561:, p. 118. Taylor & Francis.
8429:South Asian Buddhism: A Survey,
8090:, see entry on the Kathavatthu.
8014:
7987:
7944:
7931:
7915:
7906:
7893:
7884:
7875:
7866:
7844:
7823:
7814:
7805:
7796:
7787:
7746:
7737:
7724:
7711:
7694:
7681:
7670:New York: Routledge. pp. 91-2.
7660:
7649:Oxford University Press. p. 2.
7639:
7626:
7613:
7600:
7548:
7535:
7514:
7505:
7479:
7454:
7428:
7369:
7356:
7343:
7338:"Sangha Groupings in Cambodia",
7317:
7296:
7257:
7201:De Silva, K. M. (1981), p. 341.
7195:
7182:
7169:
7156:
7135:
7122:
7109:
7096:
7083:
7048:
7027:
7018:
6978:
6940:
6927:
6901:
6892:
6883:
6870:
6836:
6823:
6810:
6801:
6785:
6722:
6697:Buddhism – a modern perspective
6686:
6673:
5850:
5590:, and the governing council of
5520:Ordination of women in Buddhism
5297:(wandering ascetic meditator).
4780:, and other texts, emphasizing
4392:Theravādin monks meditating in
4357:Preaching or sharing the Dhamma
4149:(moral conduct or discipline),
4052:. Thinkers such as Buddhadasa,
3117:) cannot last as long as a day.
1643:stupa, built by the Sri Lankan
1420:, which serves as the school's
17308:Separation of church and state
15961:Polytheistic reconstructionism
13060:Japanese Buddhist architecture
12862:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
11942:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
11133:Places where the Buddha stayed
10328:
10284:Tuchrello, William P. (n.d.),
9734:, Nationalcatholicreporter.org
9332:John Wiley & Sons, p. 164.
9319:John Wiley & Sons, p. 146.
9251:John Wiley & Sons, p. 157.
9202:John Wiley & Sons, p. 145.
9184:John Wiley & Sons, p. 141.
8513:, p. 41. Taylor & Francis.
8444:, p. 42. Taylor & Francis.
8320:Samuels, Jeffrey (July 1997),
7488:Theravāda Buddhism in Vietnam.
6898:De Silva, K. M. (1981), p. 73.
6889:De Silva, K. M. (2005), p. 63.
6766:South Asian Buddhism: A Survey
6660:
6644:
6603:
6577:
6475:(2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.),
6366:
6101:three major Buddhist divisions
5740:has many Sub orders including
5123:. Modern lay teachers such as
5069:
5062:under the present guidance of
4160:Theravāda orthodoxy takes the
3003:and a corresponding theory of
2775:The doctrine of impermanence (
2676:, including the idea that the
2580:, poetry, Pāli grammars, and "
2379:(c. 1st and 2nd century BCE).
2268:The language of the Tipiṭaka,
2031:(1870–1949) and his students.
1858:". In the British colonies of
13:
1:
14917:Traditional Sabahan religions
13075:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
10811:"What is Theravāda Buddhism?"
10583:Gunaratana, Henepola (1995),
10559:A Sketch of the Buddha's Life
10143:Kalupahana, David J. (1994),
10134:Gunaratana, Henepola (1994),
10113:Gombrich, Richard F. (1997),
10104:Gombrich, Richard F. (1996),
10060:Buswell, Robert, ed. (2004),
9930:Journal of Bible and Religion
9673:Sommer, PhD, Jeanne Matthew,
8819:Kalupahana, David J. (1994),
8427:Berkwitz, Stephen C. (2010).
8189:, pp. 62, 75, 105. Routledge.
8052:Gombrich, Richard F. (2006).
7619:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
7556:"What Is Literature in Pali?"
7263:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
7119:pp. 15-16. Allen & Unwin.
7102:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
6764:Berkwitz, Stephen C. (2012).
6730:A Concise History of Buddhism
6546:(Sanskrit: "Lesser Vehicle")
6454:
5763:Sri Kalyani Yogasrama Samstha
5509:
5300:
5293:(ascetic wandering monks) or
4377:
2768:), and ignorance-corruption (
2754:The corruptions or influxes (
2710:(meditative absorptions) and
2157:Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery
1876:Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera
1667:is said to have compiled the
1610:
1606:History of Theravāda Buddhism
1471:
13570:
12832:Buddhism and the Roman world
12808:Decline of Buddhism in India
12803:History of Buddhism in India
10903: Topics in
10279:, University of Hawaii Press
9963:Malalasekera, G. P. (1964).
7903:, 2004 (Volume Two), p. 756.
7719:The Foundations of Buddhism,
7623:p. 40. Abhinav Publications.
7520:Norman, Kenneth Roy (1983).
7106:p. 33. Abhinav Publications.
7033:Lieberman, Victor B (2003).
6947:Professor Janice Stargardt,
6842:Stadtner, Donald M. (2011).
6693:Prebish, Charles S. (1975),
5746:Kanduboda (or Swejin Nikaya)
5438:, Bhante Yogavacara Rahula,
5056:Amaravati Buddhist Monastery
5009:Study of the Pāli scriptures
4844:. One of these is keeping a
4234:different forms of knowledge
4162:seven stages of purification
3850:The Theravāda canon depicts
3635:) in the higher realms like
3592:
2657:) and a related doctrine of
2561:(a "Manual of Abhidhamma").
2169:Amaravati Buddhist Monastery
2161:Chithurst Buddhist Monastery
2038:, French indologists of the
1872:Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera
1497:is the official religion of
964:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
18593:History of Buddhism in Asia
17161:National religiosity levels
16386:Nauruan Indigenous religion
15941:Hellenism (modern religion)
12030:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
11770:
10156:, Oxford University Press,
9913:– via Cambridge Core.
8610:Sunthorn Na-Rangsi (2011).
8498:Buddhist Analysis of Matter
7925:and Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005).
7760:Princeton University Press.
7687:Abeynayake, Oliver (1984).
7668:Early Buddhist Metaphysics.
7397:Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.)
7388:Buddhistdoor International.
7336:Harris, Ian (August 2001),
7250:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
7080:Harvey (1925), pp. 172–173.
7054:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
6409:
6287:
5370:, Ajahn Plien Panyapatipo,
5275:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
5190:
5176:
5038:, Ajahn Plien Panyapatipo,
4887:, Dhamma and Sangha or the
4849:salutation with the hands (
4418:Burmese Vipassana tradition
4157:(understanding or wisdom).
3042:(mindfulness of breathing).
2912:Buddhist path to awakening.
2609:
2326:(1925–35). There is also a
2107:Bengal Buddhist Association
2021:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
1846:A Burmese man meditates in
1452:) and monastic discipline (
336:
327:
273:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
10:
18609:
16570:
12980:The unanswerable questions
10152:McMahan, David L. (2008),
10033:
8584:Early Buddhist Metaphysics
8546:Early Buddhist Metaphysics
8533:Early Buddhist Metaphysics
8373:Suwanda H. J. Sugunasiri.
7952:The Message of the Buddha.
7950:Jayatilleke, K.N. (2000).
7375:Ven. BD Dipananda (2013).
7175:Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah,
7162:Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah,
6816:Gombrich, Richard (2006),
6679:Buswell, Robert E (2004).
6324:Buddhism in Southeast Asia
6238:(by 89% of the population)
6218:(by 66% of the population)
6207:(by 97% of the population)
6196:(by 70% of the population)
5856:
5749:Tapovana (or Kalyanavamsa)
5513:
4920:
4865:Buddhist forms of chanting
4381:
4129:) of Buddhist practice is
3755:Soteriology and Buddhology
3616:
3401:
3124:), rather than gradually (
2784:The doctrine of not-self (
2491:
2234:
1603:
1599:
278:Southern Esoteric Buddhism
18532:
18451:
18368:
18240:
17985:
17710:
17427:
17423:
17412:
17321:
17246:
17017:
16925:
16862:
16580:
16576:
16565:
16128:
16115:
16040:
15863:
15845:Transcendental Meditation
15738:
15725:
15690:
15438:
15415:
15404:
15331:
15294:
14996:
14892:
14874:
14818:
14809:
14726:
14654:
14505:
14496:
14454:
14426:
14384:
14317:
14308:
14299:
14265:
14232:
14204:
14195:
14145:
14012:
13699:
13613:
13604:
13595:
13591:
13578:
13508:
13460:
13375:
13290:
13065:Buddhist temples in Korea
12988:
12890:
12773:
12470:
12398:
12225:
12098:
12038:
11673:
11628:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
11539:
11531:Three planes of existence
11479:
11324:
11216:
11146:
11138:Buddha in world religions
11000:
10945:
10917:
10322:, Oxford University Press
10078:Dutt, Nalinaksha (1998),
9895:10.1017/S0022463400007128
9877:Schober, Juliane (2009).
9496:: Second Edition, p. 187.
9221:10.1007/s10781-011-9151-y
8743:Crosby (2013), pp. 34-35.
8725:Crosby (2013), pp. 22-23.
8650:Crosby (2013), pp. 15-16.
8389:Jayasuriya, W. F. (1963)
8159:Thích Thiện Châu (1984),
8000:, Routledge, p. 47,
7994:Richard Gombrich (2006),
7734:Curzon Press, 1995, p. 9.
7647:A Dictionary of Buddhism.
7493:24 September 2021 at the
7141:David L. McMahan (2008).
7005:, Santipada, p. 72,
6483:Somerville, Massachusetts
6435:
6423:
6400:
6392:
6384:
6376:
6282:Buddhist revival in India
5340:caste system in Sri Lanka
4131:described in various ways
3993:(who received his Phd at
3836:In Theravāda Buddhism, a
3653:four formless meditations
3555:), associated mentality (
3153:Balangoda Ananda Maitreya
2764:), existence-corruption (
2712:the formless dimensions (
2635:surviving in a classical
2386:and some portions of the
1694:Great Vihara (Mahavihara)
1414:classical Indian language
17477:Central African Republic
14464:Vietnamese folk religion
13855:Charismatic Christianity
12847:Persecution of Buddhists
12068:Four stages of awakening
11449:Three marks of existence
11035:Physical characteristics
10788:CIA – The World Factbook
10762:CIA – The World Factbook
10443:"Opening the Dhamma Eye"
10239:10.1163/1568527952598549
10179:Polak, Grzegorz (2011),
10062:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
9969:Philosophy East and West
9924:Love, Thomas T. (1965).
8834:A History of Mindfulness
8464:25 February 2021 at the
8326:Philosophy East and West
8114:Buddhist Insight: Essays
8039:Rahula, Walpola (1974).
7901:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7597:JOCBS. 2019(16): 98–148.
7543:Introduction to Buddhism
7413:Buddhism in Modern India
7323:Ladwig, Patrice (2017).
7252:The History of Thailand,
7056:The History of Thailand,
6728:Skilton, Andrew (2004).
6538:Encyclopaedia Britannica
6359:
6157:ethnic groups mainly in
5810:Impact on modern society
5765:(or 'Galduwa Tradition')
5646:Thai monks blessing the
4651:three marks of existence
4411:
4371:three marks of existence
4246:three marks of existence
3348:Suwanda H. J. Sugunasiri
3090:philosophical presentism
3055:A statue of the arahant
2908:The Noble Eightfold Path
2814:), are empty of a self (
2488:Non-canonical literature
2225:
2077:Dharmaditya Dharmacharya
1977:Sangha Council of Elders
1655:, a division within the
1491:spread to Southeast Asia
1409:for over two millennia.
27:Major branch of Buddhism
17371:New religious movements
17004:Theories about religion
16957:Evolutionary psychology
15986:Modern Finnish paganism
13931:Independent Catholicism
12210:Ten principal disciples
11093:(aunt, adoptive mother)
10464:www.accesstoinsight.org
10356:31 October 2018 at the
10275:Tiyavanich, K. (1997),
10122:Gomez, Luis O. (1991),
10080:Buddhist Sects in India
9649:Buddhist Studies Review
8832:Sujato, Bhante (2012),
8807:S. Payulpitack (1991),
8150:, pp. 83-84. Routledge.
8133:8 November 2020 at the
8125:Bhikkhu Sujato (2008).
8041:What the Buddha Taught,
7967:Pali-English Dictionary
7923:What the Buddha Taught,
7383:17 January 2021 at the
7219:Harvard Divinity School
6846:p. 216. Bangkok: 2011.
6768:, Routledge, pp. 44-45.
6741:Cousins, Lance (2001).
5481:eight Buddhist precepts
5440:Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro
5206:(rag robe wearers) and
4453:bhavana (calming), and
4353:, and sometimes bowing.
4009:, 1987 respectively).
3512:" in contrast with the
2942:Seven Aids to Awakening
2147:. Especially with Ven.
2060:Global Vipassana Pagoda
1862:(modern Sri Lanka) and
1711:Kingdom of Anuradhapura
1692:which was based at the
1458:). One element of this
984:Philosophical reasoning
617:Varanggana Vanavichayen
354:Seven Aids to Awakening
18583:Early Buddhist schools
18020:Bosnia and Herzegovina
16001:Erzyan native religion
15850:Unitarian Universalism
15229:Native American Church
13975:Oneness Pentecostalism
12920:Buddhism and democracy
12433:Tibetan Buddhist canon
12428:Chinese Buddhist canon
11660:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
11655:Early Buddhist schools
10710:Retrieved 8 July 2010.
10087:Fronsdal, Gil (1998),
10049:The Insight Revolution
9661:10.1558/bsrv.v24i2.226
9419:"Glossary of Buddhism"
8915:Crosby, 2013, 139–140.
8897:Crosby, 2013, 118–119.
8496:Karunadasa, Y (2015).
8456:Y. Karunadasa (1996),
8306:Hwang, Soonil (2006),
8198:Hwang, Soonil (2006),
8185:Hwang, Soonil (2006),
8172:Hwang, Soonil (2006),
7721:OUP Oxford, pp. 42-43.
7717:Rupert Gethin (1998),
7632:Marston, John (2004).
7606:Warder, A. K. (2001),
7485:Huynh Kim Lan (2015).
7188:Kemper, Steven (2015)
7024:Gombrich (2006), p. 3.
6745:On the Vibhajjavādins"
6589:Discuss & Discover
6415:[tʰeːreaʔʋiət]
6176:and Kuwakata, Barishal
6174:Chittagong Hill Tracts
6116:
5878:Importance of religion
5827:
5659:
5554:of the nun's order in
5535:
5471:
5310:
5295:phra thudong kammathan
5196:araññavasi, nagaravasi
5163:
5143:such as Santi Pracha.
5087:
5027:
4973:
4932:
4837:
4821:meditation movements.
4741:
4728:
4678:psychological benefits
4646:
4401:
4228:, and the practise of
4143:
4109:
3971:What the Buddha Taught
3943:
3900:wish to become Buddhas
3870:
3747:) from all suffering (
3614:
3606:
3573:) with at least seven
3535:
3416:
3237:Theravāda rejects the
3064:
2692:are divinely ordained.
2647:A doctrine of action (
2623:
2516:
2428:early Buddhist schools
2412:pre-sectarian Buddhism
2382:The main parts of the
2346:
2330:edition, published in
2258:
2250:
2165:Metta Forest Monastery
2100:Das Buddhistische Haus
2096:London Buddhist Vihara
2063:
2016:
1919:Sixth Buddhist council
1899:Fifth Buddhist council
1851:
1752:
1733:
1648:
1632:
1475: 1st century BCE
751:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
200:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
175:Abhidhammattha-sangaha
18340:Saint Kitts and Nevis
17637:São Tomé and Príncipe
17497:Republic of the Congo
15698:Aboriginal Australian
14327:Chinese folk religion
12930:Eight Consciousnesses
11040:Life of Buddha in art
10429:24 March 2019 at the
10398:Henepola Gunaratana,
10318:Wilson, Jeff (2014),
10309:Warder, A.K. (2000),
10069:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9467:In the Buddha's Words
9447:Epstein, Ron (1999),
9328:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9315:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9302:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9247:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9198:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9180:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9161:Crosby, 2013, p. 156.
9067:24 March 2019 at the
8987:Crosby, 2013, p. 149.
8906:Crosby, 2013, p. 138.
8888:Crosby, 2013, p. 116.
8879:Crosby, 2013, p. 113.
8836:, Santipada, p. 332,
8752:Crosby (2013), p. 35.
8734:Crosby (2013), p. 23.
8716:Crosby (2013), p. 16.
8146:Langer, Rita (2007).
8112:Wayman, Alex (1984).
8027:13 March 2021 at the
7890:Crosby, 2013, p. 109.
7743:Crosby, 2013, p. 175.
7645:Damien Keown (2004).
7595:Did the Buddha exist?
7115:Evans, Grant (2002).
6750:11 April 2019 at the
6637:Crosby, Kate (2013),
6349:Sambuddhatva jayanthi
6278:take root in the West
6098:
5825:
5792:Thailand and Cambodia
5645:
5607:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
5533:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
5531:
5465:
5388:Preah Maha Ghosananda
5380:Nyanatiloka Mahathera
5308:
5279:Thai Forest Tradition
5154:
5077:
5026:in their orange robes
5021:
4962:
4930:
4917:Lay and monastic life
4853:), and the five-limb
4832:
4737:
4723:
4643:Thai Forest Tradition
4640:
4548:dependent origination
4436:Dhammakaya meditation
4422:Thai Forest Tradition
4391:
4337:Meditation (Bhāvanā).
4226:dependent origination
4139:
4099:
3991:Hammalawa Saddhatissa
3938:
3864:
3612:
3600:
3569:, arises associated (
3530:
3411:
3398:Abhidhamma philosophy
3071:are presented in the
3054:
3013:) and consciousness (
2854:The Four Noble Truths
2617:
2558:Abhidhammaṭṭhasaṅgaha
2534:. Other figures like
2501:
2463:Alexander Piatigorsky
2340:
2274:middle-Indic language
2256:
2247:palm-leaf manuscripts
2244:
2089:Dhammalok Mahasthavir
2058:
2025:Thai Forest Tradition
2002:
1845:
1743:, the capital of the
1739:
1727:
1638:
1618:
1582:Thai Forest Tradition
1019:Aids to Enlightenment
844:Dependent Origination
622:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
268:Thai Forest Tradition
17962:United Arab Emirates
16748:Religious experience
16122:Historical religions
15082:Four Mothers Society
14484:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
13816:Schwenkfelder Church
13407:East Asian religions
12837:Buddhism in the West
12408:Early Buddhist texts
12023:Four Right Exertions
11489:Ten spiritual realms
10982:Noble Eightfold Path
10694:7 April 2020 at the
10421:Thanissaro Bhikkhu,
10300:: CS1 maint: year (
10170:Nyanaponika (1998),
10046:Braun, Eric (2018),
9832:29 June 2015 at the
9781:Bhikkhuni Ordination
9058:Bhante Bodhidhamma,
8772:5 March 2021 at the
8557:Ronkin, Noa (2005).
8509:Ronkin, Noa (2005).
8440:Ronkin, Noa (2005).
8406:, p. 115. Routledge.
8280:James P. McDermott,
8211:James P. McDermott,
8086:James P. McDermott.
7881:Crosby, 2013, p. 91.
7872:Crosby, 2013, p. 71.
7841:Crosby, 2013, p. 86.
7666:Ronkin, Noa (2005).
7608:Introduction to Pali
7289:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
7276:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
7237:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
7128:Harris, Ian (2008).
7067:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
6829:Bandaranayake, S.D.
6820:, p. 152. Routledge.
6263:in northern Vietnam)
5797:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
5599:Dhamma Cetiya Vihara
5428:Walpola Rahula Thero
5137:Sarvodaya Shramadana
5011:and the practice of
4984:Buddhism and Society
4923:Buddhist monasticism
4564:four divine abidings
4135:Noble Eightfold Path
4106:Noble Eightfold Path
4062:Neville Karunatilake
3950:Anagarika Dhammapala
3826:) and subtle pride (
3404:Theravāda Abhidhamma
3030:), mainly, the four
2674:Brahmanical Hinduism
2633:Early Buddhist Texts
2414:by modern scholars.
2408:Early Buddhist texts
2287:during the reign of
2177:Bodhinyana Monastery
2126:Anagarika Dharmapala
2120:The founding of the
2113:by the Bengali monk
2105:The founding of the
2003:Thai Forest teacher
1868:Anagarika Dhammapala
1623:Stupa, the earliest
1576:which reinvigorated
989:Devotional practices
812:Noble Eightfold Path
472:Anagarika Dharmapala
379:Enlightenment Stages
364:Noble Eightfold Path
18355:Trinidad and Tobago
18250:Antigua and Barbuda
17418:Religion by country
16474:Cult of Magna Mater
14954:Philippine Dayawism
14535:Nimbarka Sampradaya
14283:Chinese Manichaeism
13955:Jehovah's Witnesses
13760:Proto-Protestantism
13530:Religion portal
13277:Temple of the Tooth
13156:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
12195:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
11688:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
11471:Two truths doctrine
11291:Mahapajapati Gotamī
11091:Mahapajapati Gotamī
10562:, Access to Insight
10406:9 July 2018 at the
10375:, Access to Insight
10346:Erik Braun (2014),
9788:on 19 February 2011
9637:, pp. 166–169.
9492:Swearer, Donald K.
9404:15 May 2019 at the
8618:6 July 2021 at the
8310:, p. 67. Routledge.
8202:, p. 72. Routledge.
8176:, p. 68. Routledge.
8056:, p. 63. Routledge.
7511:Crosby, 2013, p. 1.
7411:Ahir, D.C. (1991),
7089:Leider, Jacques P.
6615:www.dhammawheel.com
6560:Council of Vaishali
6487:Wisdom Publications
6447:and North America."
6329:Buddhist pilgrimage
6230:Malaysian Sinhalese
6184:Seven Sister States
5618:Henepola Gunaratana
5592:Buddhism in Myanmar
5556:East Asian Buddhism
5432:Henepola Gunaratana
5210:(forest dwellers).
4384:Buddhist meditation
4362:Listening to Dhamma
4238:Buddhist philosophy
4164:as outlined in the
4015:American University
4011:Henepola Gunaratana
3999:Buddhist philosophy
3932:Modern developments
2698:bodhipakkhiyādhammā
2686:ritual purification
2440:East Asian Buddhism
1289:Buddhism portal
1162:Buddhism by country
924:Sanskrit literature
180:Yogāvacara's manual
145:Paracanonical texts
18290:Dominican Republic
17336:Abrahamic prophets
16425:Proto-Indo-Iranian
14927:Aliran Kepercayaan
14130:Non-denominational
14052:Modernist Salafism
13738:Oriental Orthodoxy
13452:Western philosophy
13050:Dzong architecture
12872:Vipassana movement
12867:Buddhist modernism
12295:Emperor Wen of Sui
12063:Pratyekabuddhayāna
11996:Threefold Training
11798:Vipassana movement
11514:Hungry Ghost realm
11334:Avidyā (Ignorance)
11281:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
11030:Great Renunciation
11025:Eight Great Events
10907:
10858:by Jeffrey Samuels
10736:The World Factbook
10723:on 24 October 2007
10659:The World Factbook
9710:on 6 February 2004
9683:on 4 December 2008
9617:, Lhamo.tripod.com
9598:Mahinda Deegalle,
9380:Crosby, 2013, 142.
9031:Satipatthana Sutta
8598:Crosby, 2013, 187.
8522:Crosby, 2013, 182.
7997:Theravada Buddhism
7732:The Selfless Mind.
7691:, Colombo, p. 113.
7593:Wynne, Alexander.
7349:Morev, L. (1998).
7177:Buddhism Betrayed?
7164:Buddhism Betrayed?
6666:Hay, Jeff (2009).
6572:("Three Baskets").
6117:
6115:and Southeast Asia
5828:
5688:Mahasthabir Nikaya
5660:
5652:Amphoe Sawankhalok
5650:in Wat Nong Wong,
5536:
5472:
5458:Monastic practices
5448:Sayadaw U Tejaniya
5444:K. Sri Dhammananda
5424:Thanissaro Bhikkhu
5311:
5164:
5101:four times a month
5088:
5028:
4933:
4931:Young Burmese monk
4838:
4819:Buddhist modernist
4810:Vipassana movement
4788:Vipassana movement
4771:Satipatthana sutta
4742:
4711:Satipatthana sutta
4698:40 different forms
4680:and psychological
4674:supranormal powers
4647:
4633:Aims of meditation
4586:Satipatthana Sutta
4494:are regarded as a
4440:Insight Meditation
4404:Meditation (Pāli:
4402:
4110:
4050:Buddhist economics
3946:Buddhist modernist
3871:
3615:
3607:
3494:Patisambhidhamagga
3417:
3319:In Theravāda, the
3219:). It rejects the
3149:Kutuhalasāla Sutta
3086:philosophy of time
3065:
2986:, and equanimity (
2954:), investigation (
2840:Four Divine Abodes
2721:Ethical training (
2663:realm of existence
2624:
2517:
2347:
2259:
2251:
2196:Anagarika Munindra
2188:Vipassana movement
2186:The spread of the
2149:K. Sri Dhammananda
2122:Maha Bodhi Society
2064:
2017:
1994:Wachirayan Warorot
1985:Mahāthera Samāgama
1911:doctrinal learning
1907:Vipassana movement
1880:Henry Steel Olcott
1856:Buddhist modernism
1852:
1753:
1734:
1665:Moggaliputta-Tissa
1649:
1633:
1574:Vipassana movement
1570:Buddhist modernism
776:Buddhist modernism
547:K. Sri Dhammananda
482:Vajirananavarorasa
412:Moggaliputta-Tissa
369:Four Divine Abodes
263:Vipassana movement
258:Buddhist modernism
46:Theravāda Buddhism
18560:
18559:
18528:
18527:
18524:
18523:
17512:Equatorial Guinea
17408:
17407:
17404:
17403:
16942:Cognitive science
16561:
16560:
16494:Mysteries of Isis
16268:Frankish paganism
16111:
16110:
16107:
16106:
16103:
16102:
15855:White Brotherhood
15721:
15720:
15686:
15685:
15087:Keetoowah Society
14988:Sundanese Wiwitan
14805:
14804:
14801:
14800:
14530:Brahma Sampradaya
14492:
14491:
14295:
14294:
14291:
14290:
14273:Assianism/Uatsdin
14191:
14190:
13960:British Israelism
13946:Nontrinitarianism
13909:Plymouth Brethren
13904:Nondenominational
13838:Congregationalism
13726:Eastern Orthodoxy
13674:Reconstructionist
13538:
13537:
13176:Om mani padme hum
12882:Women in Buddhism
12798:Buddhist councils
12668:Western countries
12456:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
12217:Shaolin Monastery
11794:Samatha-vipassanā
11404:Pratītyasamutpāda
11208:Metteyya/Maitreya
11126:
11118:
11110:
11102:
11094:
11086:
11078:
10955:Four Noble Truths
10850:Access to Insight
10590:Access to Insight
10447:www.ajahnchah.org
10201:978-0-19-976001-5
10073:, Wiley-Blackwell
10023:978-0-429-53486-7
9857:www.bhikkhuni.net
9807:Boorstein, Sylvia
9761:on 6 October 2018
9010:Manual of Insight
8999:, pp. 54–55.
8669:978-1-4008-4805-8
8431:p. 58. Routledge.
8293:Skilling, Peter.
8268:978-0-87395-990-2
8242:978-0-520-03923-0
8007:978-1-134-90352-8
7981:978-81-208-1144-7
7863:Crosby, 2013, 86.
7655:978-0-19-157917-2
7554:Collins, Steven.
7435:Wowor, Cornelis.
7312:978-0-521-27787-7
7151:978-0-19-988478-0
7043:978-0-521-80496-7
6984:Frasch, Tilman. "
6933:Skilling, Peter.
6921:978-81-208-0955-0
6852:978-974-9863-60-2
6668:"World Religions"
6651:Gombrich, Richard
6496:978-0-86171-491-9
6319:Buddhism in China
6294:Access to Insight
6226:Malaysian Siamese
6093:
6092:
5839:), impermanence (
5823:
5516:Women in Buddhism
5400:Ajahn Khemadhammo
5384:Nyanaponika Thera
5368:Narada Maha Thera
5147:Monastic vocation
4859:pañc'anga-vandana
4842:Buddhist holidays
4560:Four Noble Truths
4427:Borān kammaṭṭhāna
4367:Four Noble Truths
4222:Four Noble Truths
3979:K. N. Jayatilleke
3883:paccekabuddhayāna
3763:) is attained in
3687:realms where the
3462:Nyanaponika Thera
3265:Abhidhamma Pitaka
2997:six sense bases (
2883:Dependent Arising
2881:The framework of
2745:an annihilation (
2682:animal sacrifices
2597:Vessantara Jātaka
2547:of the Tipiṭaka.
2526:Pāli commentaries
2370:Paṭisambhidāmagga
2359:Abhidhamma Pitaka
2308:Pali Text Society
1943:Nyanaponika Thera
1939:Sayadaw U Pandita
1462:is the fact that
1430:. In contrast to
1325:
1324:
807:Four Noble Truths
680:
679:
374:Four Noble Truths
240:Pali Text Society
215:Buddhist councils
16:(Redirected from
18600:
18550:
18540:
18539:
18418:Papua New Guinea
18393:Marshall Islands
18220:Northern Ireland
17425:
17424:
17414:
17413:
17298:Secular theology
17293:Secular humanism
16578:
16577:
16567:
16566:
16442:Ancestral Pueblo
16117:
16116:
15736:
15735:
15413:
15412:
14816:
14815:
14572:Shaiva Siddhanta
14503:
14502:
14436:Korean shamanism
14315:
14314:
14306:
14305:
14202:
14201:
14115:Mahdawi movement
13985:Swedenborgianism
13965:Christadelphians
13611:
13610:
13602:
13601:
13593:
13592:
13580:
13579:
13565:
13558:
13551:
13542:
13541:
13528:
13527:
13516:
13515:
13355:Sacred languages
13203:Maya Devi Temple
13166:Mahabodhi Temple
12970:Secular Buddhism
12935:Engaged Buddhism
11775:
11623:Tibetan Buddhism
11574:Vietnamese Thiền
11173:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
11124:
11116:
11108:
11100:
11092:
11084:
11076:
10925:
10924:
10912:
10902:
10892:
10885:
10878:
10869:
10868:
10837:
10831:
10825:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10806:
10800:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10783:
10774:
10773:
10772:
10770:
10757:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10744:
10731:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10716:, archived from
10715:
10705:
10699:
10689:Gallup WorldView
10686:
10671:
10670:
10669:
10667:
10654:
10648:
10647:
10641:
10633:
10632:
10630:
10624:
10618:, archived from
10617:
10607:
10601:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10580:
10571:
10570:
10569:
10567:
10554:
10548:
10547:
10546:
10544:
10527:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10500:
10494:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10473:
10467:
10466:
10456:
10450:
10449:
10439:
10433:
10417:
10411:
10395:
10384:
10383:
10382:
10380:
10367:
10361:
10344:
10323:
10314:
10305:
10299:
10291:
10280:
10270:
10265:
10263:
10250:
10231:Brill Publishers
10214:
10204:
10184:
10175:
10166:
10148:
10139:
10130:
10118:
10109:
10100:
10099:
10097:
10083:
10074:
10065:
10056:
10028:
10027:
10007:
10001:
10000:
9960:
9954:
9953:
9921:
9915:
9914:
9874:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9863:
9854:
9846:
9837:
9824:
9818:
9817:
9803:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9776:
9770:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9749:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9725:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9715:
9703:Ordained at Last
9698:
9692:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9670:
9664:
9663:
9644:
9638:
9632:
9626:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9609:
9603:
9596:
9590:
9587:
9581:
9580:
9570:
9564:
9557:
9551:
9548:
9542:
9539:
9533:
9530:
9524:
9521:
9515:
9512:
9506:
9503:
9497:
9490:
9484:
9481:
9470:
9463:
9457:
9456:
9444:
9438:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9415:
9409:
9396:
9381:
9378:
9372:
9366:
9360:
9354:
9345:
9339:
9333:
9326:
9320:
9313:
9307:
9300:
9294:
9288:
9282:
9276:
9267:
9261:
9252:
9245:
9236:
9229:
9223:
9209:
9203:
9196:
9185:
9178:
9172:
9168:
9162:
9159:
9153:
9150:
9144:
9138:
9132:
9129:Nyanaponika 1998
9126:
9120:
9117:
9111:
9106:Mahasi Sayadaw,
9104:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9094:
9081:
9072:
9056:
9050:
9045:Mahasi Sayadaw,
9043:
9034:
9028:
9022:
9019:
9013:
9008:Mahāsi Sayādaw,
9006:
9000:
8994:
8988:
8985:
8979:
8973:
8967:
8961:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8940:
8934:
8927:
8916:
8913:
8907:
8904:
8898:
8895:
8889:
8886:
8880:
8877:
8871:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8850:
8844:
8830:
8824:
8817:
8811:
8805:
8799:
8796:
8790:
8787:
8778:
8762:
8753:
8750:
8744:
8741:
8735:
8732:
8726:
8723:
8717:
8714:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8698:
8691:
8680:
8671:
8657:
8651:
8648:
8642:
8637:Gethin, Rupert.
8635:
8624:
8608:
8599:
8596:
8587:
8580:
8571:
8568:
8562:
8555:
8549:
8542:
8536:
8529:
8523:
8520:
8514:
8507:
8501:
8494:
8488:
8485:
8479:
8476:
8470:
8454:
8445:
8438:
8432:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8407:
8400:
8394:
8387:
8378:
8371:
8362:
8355:
8349:
8348:
8317:
8311:
8304:
8298:
8291:
8285:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8222:
8216:
8209:
8203:
8196:
8190:
8183:
8177:
8170:
8164:
8157:
8151:
8144:
8138:
8123:
8117:
8110:
8104:
8097:
8091:
8084:
8078:
8063:
8057:
8050:
8044:
8037:
8031:
8018:
8012:
8010:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7961:
7955:
7948:
7942:
7935:
7929:
7919:
7913:
7910:
7904:
7897:
7891:
7888:
7882:
7879:
7873:
7870:
7864:
7861:
7855:
7848:
7842:
7839:
7830:
7827:
7821:
7818:
7812:
7809:
7803:
7800:
7794:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7750:
7744:
7741:
7735:
7728:
7722:
7715:
7709:
7704:Nirbhay N. Singh
7698:
7692:
7685:
7679:
7664:
7658:
7643:
7637:
7630:
7624:
7617:
7611:
7604:
7598:
7591:
7582:
7579:
7573:
7569:
7560:
7552:
7546:
7539:
7533:
7522:Pali Literature.
7518:
7512:
7509:
7503:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7408:
7402:
7395:
7389:
7373:
7367:
7360:
7354:
7347:
7341:
7334:
7328:
7321:
7315:
7300:
7294:
7287:
7281:
7274:
7268:
7261:
7255:
7248:
7242:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7208:
7202:
7199:
7193:
7186:
7180:
7173:
7167:
7160:
7154:
7139:
7133:
7126:
7120:
7113:
7107:
7100:
7094:
7087:
7081:
7078:
7072:
7065:
7059:
7052:
7046:
7031:
7025:
7022:
7016:
7015:
6995:
6989:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6969:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6944:
6938:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6905:
6899:
6896:
6890:
6887:
6881:
6874:
6868:
6861:
6855:
6840:
6834:
6827:
6821:
6814:
6808:
6805:
6799:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6769:
6762:
6756:
6739:
6733:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6700:
6690:
6684:
6677:
6671:
6664:
6658:
6648:
6642:
6635:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6522:Lopez, Donald S.
6518:Nakamura, Hajime
6513:
6500:
6499:
6469:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6425:
6417:
6412:
6402:
6394:
6386:
6378:
6370:
6201:Southeast Asia:
6099:Map showing the
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6054:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6012:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5970:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5928:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5886:
5855:
5854:
5824:
5738:Amarapura Nikaya
5723:Thudhamma Nikaya
5713:Hngettwin Nikaya
5693:Sangharaj Nikaya
5648:King of Thailand
5588:Amarapura Nikaya
5436:Bhaddanta Āciṇṇa
5240:Island Hermitage
5234:) and practice (
5198:, also known as
5193:
5179:
5060:Aruna Ratanagiri
5050:, a disciple of
4971:
4834:Circumambulation
4606:paṭiccasamuppāda
4540:sankhata-dhammas
4438:and the Western
4291:right livelihood
4248:, which removes
4046:engaged Buddhism
4031:David Kalupahana
3625:planes existence
3575:mental factors (
3503:sabhavena suññam
3450:paramattha-sacca
3294:nirodhasamapatti
3241:doctrine of the
3069:Buddhist schools
2948:): mindfulness (
2921:The practice of
2887:paṭiccasamuppāda
2833:pañca nīvaraṇāni
2582:sub-commentaries
2448:phenomenological
2438:Vinaya (used in
2200:Joseph Goldstein
1953:and his student
1884:Amarapura Nikāya
1719:Sri Lankan kings
1715:Sinhalese people
1476:
1473:
1470:(which appeared
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1287:
1286:
1014:Sublime abidings
705:
682:
681:
672:
665:
658:
557:Asoka Weeraratna
552:Narada Mahathera
339:
330:
170:Abhidhammavatara
155:Sub-commentaries
57:
47:
32:
31:
21:
18608:
18607:
18603:
18602:
18601:
18599:
18598:
18597:
18563:
18562:
18561:
18556:
18520:
18447:
18428:Solomon Islands
18364:
18236:
18140:North Macedonia
17981:
17706:
17419:
17400:
17361:Mass gatherings
17329:
17324:
17317:
17256:
17251:
17242:
17176:Religiocentrism
17156:National church
17024:
17021:
17013:
16928:
16921:
16858:
16780:Bodies of water
16572:
16557:
16342:Jamaican Maroon
16124:
16099:
16036:
15866:
15859:
15730:
15728:
15717:
15682:
15656:Trinidad Orisha
15441:
15434:
15407:
15400:
15327:
15290:
15276:Washat Dreamers
14999:
14992:
14888:
14870:
14797:
14771:Srilankan Vedda
14722:
14650:
14525:Sri Vaishnavism
14488:
14450:
14422:
14380:
14287:
14261:
14228:
14187:
14141:
14066:Twelver Shi'ism
14008:
13870:Neo-charismatic
13843:Presbyterianism
13695:
13587:
13574:
13569:
13539:
13534:
13522:
13504:
13456:
13371:
13286:
13023:Ordination hall
12984:
12886:
12857:Buddhist crisis
12769:
12466:
12418:Mahayana sutras
12394:
12390:Thích Nhất Hạnh
12221:
12094:
12034:
11984:Bodhisattva vow
11669:
11535:
11475:
11434:Taṇhā (Craving)
11369:Five hindrances
11320:
11212:
11142:
10996:
10941:
10913:
10896:
10846:
10841:
10840:
10832:
10828:
10819:
10817:
10809:Bullitt, John,
10807:
10803:
10794:
10792:
10785:
10784:
10777:
10768:
10766:
10759:
10758:
10751:
10742:
10740:
10733:
10732:
10728:
10720:
10713:
10707:
10706:
10702:
10696:Wayback Machine
10687:
10674:
10665:
10663:
10656:
10655:
10651:
10635:
10634:
10628:
10626:
10625:on 16 July 2011
10622:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10604:
10595:
10593:
10581:
10574:
10565:
10563:
10556:
10555:
10551:
10542:
10540:
10539:on 11 July 2012
10529:
10528:
10524:
10515:
10513:
10502:
10501:
10497:
10488:
10486:
10475:
10474:
10470:
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10293:
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10041:
10039:Printed sources
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9981:10.2307/1396982
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6867:. 2000. p. 280.
6865:Indian Buddhism
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6683:(2004), p. 293.
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6129:(mainly by the
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5868:Buddhist %
5853:
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5743:Dharmarakshitha
5718:Shwekyin Nikaya
5640:
5581:chapter of the
5526:
5512:
5460:
5452:Bhikkhu Analayo
5303:
5251:Pāli literature
5226:) or learning (
5161:Na Uyana Aranya
5149:
5141:Sulak Sivaraksa
5072:
4972:
4969:
4938:
4925:
4919:
4846:Buddhist shrine
4827:
4825:Other practices
4803:Rāmañña Nikāyas
4690:
4635:
4552:five aggregates
4424:, the esoteric
4414:
4386:
4380:
4273:
4115:
4094:
4058:Prayudh Payutto
4054:Sulak Sivaraksa
4019:Panadura debate
4007:Buddhist Ethics
3934:
3779:Stream-Enterers
3757:
3751:) and rebirth.
3621:
3595:
3429:five aggregates
3406:
3400:
3369:Mahayana sutras
3321:bodhisatta path
3296:). "Thatness" (
3174:a non-abiding (
3049:
2946:satta bojjhaṅgā
2829:Five hindrances
2792:five aggregates
2629:
2612:
2496:
2494:Pali literature
2490:
2364:Khuddaka Nikāya
2239:
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2228:
2208:Sharon Salzberg
2011:(front right),
1901:(1871) and the
1840:
1785:Parākramabāhu I
1657:Sthāvira nikāya
1645:King Dutugemunu
1613:
1608:
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1468:Mahayana sutras
1422:sacred language
1399:'s teaching or
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824:Five Aggregates
802:
801:
781:
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771:Later Buddhists
736:
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627:Ayya Tathaaloka
527:Maha Ghosananda
467:Sumangala Thera
452:Sāriputta Thera
447:Parakramabahu I
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14961:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14935:
14934:
14929:
14921:
14920:
14919:
14914:
14904:
14902:Batak Parmalim
14898:
14896:
14890:
14889:
14887:
14886:
14880:
14878:
14872:
14871:
14869:
14868:
14867:
14866:
14861:
14851:
14850:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14824:
14822:
14813:
14807:
14806:
14803:
14802:
14799:
14798:
14796:
14795:
14794:
14793:
14788:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14757:
14756:
14751:
14741:
14736:
14730:
14728:
14724:
14723:
14721:
14720:
14713:
14708:
14707:
14706:
14696:
14695:
14694:
14689:
14684:
14666:
14660:
14658:
14652:
14651:
14649:
14648:
14641:
14636:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14610:
14609:
14604:
14599:
14594:
14589:
14584:
14579:
14574:
14564:
14563:
14562:
14557:
14552:
14547:
14542:
14537:
14532:
14527:
14522:
14511:
14509:
14500:
14494:
14493:
14490:
14489:
14487:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14466:
14460:
14458:
14452:
14451:
14449:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14432:
14430:
14424:
14423:
14421:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14404:
14403:
14390:
14388:
14382:
14381:
14379:
14378:
14377:
14376:
14371:
14361:
14360:
14359:
14354:
14344:
14339:
14334:
14329:
14323:
14321:
14312:
14303:
14297:
14296:
14293:
14292:
14289:
14288:
14286:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14269:
14267:
14263:
14262:
14260:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14238:
14236:
14230:
14229:
14227:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14214:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
14210:
14208:
14199:
14193:
14192:
14189:
14188:
14186:
14185:
14180:
14175:
14170:
14165:
14160:
14155:
14149:
14147:
14143:
14142:
14140:
14139:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14102:
14101:
14100:
14090:
14085:
14084:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14068:
14058:
14057:
14056:
14055:
14054:
14049:
14039:
14034:
14029:
14018:
14016:
14010:
14009:
14007:
14006:
13999:
13998:
13997:
13992:
13987:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13951:Bible Students
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13921:Restorationism
13918:
13917:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13900:
13899:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13877:Evangelicalism
13874:
13873:
13872:
13867:
13862:
13852:
13851:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13830:
13825:
13820:
13819:
13818:
13813:
13808:
13803:
13798:
13788:
13778:
13777:
13776:
13771:
13757:
13756:
13755:
13750:
13740:
13735:
13734:
13733:
13723:
13722:
13721:
13716:
13705:
13703:
13697:
13696:
13694:
13693:
13686:
13681:
13676:
13671:
13666:
13661:
13656:
13651:
13650:
13649:
13648:
13647:
13637:
13636:
13635:
13619:
13617:
13608:
13599:
13589:
13588:
13576:
13575:
13568:
13567:
13560:
13553:
13545:
13536:
13535:
13533:
13532:
13520:
13509:
13506:
13505:
13503:
13502:
13497:
13492:
13487:
13482:
13477:
13472:
13466:
13464:
13458:
13457:
13455:
13454:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13404:
13403:
13402:
13397:
13387:
13381:
13379:
13373:
13372:
13370:
13369:
13368:
13367:
13362:
13352:
13347:
13342:
13337:
13332:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13312:
13307:
13302:
13296:
13294:
13288:
13287:
13285:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13273:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13252:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13221:
13220:
13215:
13210:
13205:
13200:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13179:
13178:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13153:
13152:
13151:
13146:
13141:
13136:
13131:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13106:
13101:
13096:
13091:
13090:
13089:
13087:Greco-Buddhist
13079:
13078:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13041:
13040:
13038:Burmese pagoda
13030:
13025:
13020:
13015:
13010:
13005:
12994:
12992:
12986:
12985:
12983:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12896:
12894:
12888:
12887:
12885:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12828:
12827:
12820:Greco-Buddhism
12817:
12812:
12811:
12810:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12779:
12777:
12771:
12770:
12768:
12767:
12766:
12765:
12760:
12755:
12753:United Kingdom
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12700:
12698:Czech Republic
12695:
12690:
12685:
12680:
12675:
12665:
12664:
12663:
12658:
12648:
12647:
12646:
12636:
12635:
12634:
12629:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12588:
12587:
12577:
12572:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12476:
12474:
12468:
12467:
12465:
12464:
12462:Abhidharmadīpa
12459:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12404:
12402:
12396:
12395:
12393:
12392:
12387:
12382:
12380:B. R. Ambedkar
12377:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12300:Songtsen Gampo
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12231:
12229:
12223:
12222:
12220:
12219:
12214:
12213:
12212:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12176:
12175:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12104:
12102:
12096:
12095:
12093:
12092:
12091:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12044:
12042:
12036:
12035:
12033:
12032:
12027:
12026:
12025:
12015:
12014:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11993:
11992:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11979:Eight precepts
11976:
11966:
11965:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11939:
11938:
11937:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11916:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11874:
11873:
11868:
11858:
11853:
11852:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11767:
11757:
11752:
11750:Five Strengths
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11716:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11690:
11685:
11679:
11677:
11671:
11670:
11668:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11641:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11615:
11614:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11577:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11561:
11545:
11543:
11537:
11536:
11534:
11533:
11528:
11527:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11491:
11485:
11483:
11477:
11476:
11474:
11473:
11468:
11467:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11389:Mental factors
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11330:
11328:
11322:
11321:
11319:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11241:Mahamoggallāna
11238:
11233:
11228:
11222:
11220:
11214:
11213:
11211:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11164:
11163:
11156:Avalokiteśvara
11152:
11150:
11144:
11143:
11141:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11129:
11128:
11120:
11112:
11104:
11096:
11088:
11080:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11006:
11004:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10978:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10957:
10951:
10949:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10918:
10915:
10914:
10895:
10894:
10887:
10880:
10872:
10866:
10865:
10859:
10853:
10845:
10844:External links
10842:
10839:
10838:
10826:
10801:
10775:
10749:
10726:
10700:
10672:
10649:
10602:
10572:
10549:
10522:
10512:on 9 July 2012
10495:
10485:on 8 July 2012
10468:
10451:
10434:
10412:
10385:
10362:
10333:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10324:
10315:
10306:
10281:
10272:
10205:
10200:
10185:
10176:
10167:
10162:
10149:
10140:
10131:
10119:
10110:
10101:
10084:
10075:
10066:
10057:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10029:
10022:
10002:
9975:(2): 145–156.
9955:
9936:(4): 303–313.
9916:
9889:(2): 307–325.
9869:
9838:
9819:
9798:
9771:
9744:
9720:
9693:
9665:
9655:(2): 226–244,
9639:
9627:
9604:
9591:
9582:
9565:
9552:
9543:
9534:
9525:
9516:
9507:
9498:
9485:
9471:
9458:
9439:
9410:
9382:
9373:
9361:
9359:, p. 147.
9346:
9344:, p. 242.
9334:
9321:
9308:
9295:
9293:, p. 889.
9283:
9281:, p. 189.
9268:
9266:, p. 890.
9253:
9237:
9224:
9211:Crosby et al.
9204:
9186:
9173:
9163:
9154:
9145:
9143:, p. 133.
9133:
9121:
9112:
9099:
9073:
9051:
9035:
9023:
9014:
9001:
8989:
8980:
8968:
8956:
8944:
8935:
8917:
8908:
8899:
8890:
8881:
8872:
8862:on 8 July 2012
8845:
8825:
8812:
8800:
8791:
8779:
8754:
8745:
8736:
8727:
8718:
8709:
8699:on 4 July 2011
8672:
8652:
8643:
8625:
8600:
8588:
8572:
8563:
8550:
8537:
8524:
8515:
8502:
8489:
8480:
8471:
8446:
8433:
8420:
8418:, p. 283.
8408:
8395:
8379:
8363:
8350:
8312:
8299:
8286:
8273:
8267:
8247:
8241:
8217:
8204:
8191:
8178:
8165:
8163:, pp. 201-202.
8152:
8139:
8118:
8105:
8099:Andre Bareau,
8092:
8079:
8058:
8045:
8032:
8013:
8006:
7986:
7980:
7956:
7943:
7930:
7914:
7905:
7892:
7883:
7874:
7865:
7856:
7843:
7831:
7822:
7813:
7804:
7795:
7786:
7784:, p. 288.
7774:
7772:, p. 217.
7762:
7745:
7736:
7730:Peter Harvey,
7723:
7710:
7693:
7680:
7659:
7638:
7625:
7612:
7599:
7583:
7574:
7561:
7547:
7534:
7513:
7504:
7478:
7453:
7427:
7421:
7403:
7390:
7368:
7355:
7342:
7329:
7316:
7295:
7282:
7269:
7256:
7243:
7230:
7203:
7194:
7181:
7168:
7155:
7134:
7121:
7108:
7095:
7082:
7073:
7060:
7047:
7026:
7017:
7012:978-1921842085
7011:
6999:Sujato, Bhante
6990:
6977:
6939:
6926:
6920:
6900:
6891:
6882:
6880:. pp. 121-124.
6869:
6856:
6835:
6822:
6809:
6800:
6796:Wilhelm Geiger
6784:
6770:
6757:
6734:
6721:
6707:
6685:
6672:
6659:
6643:
6627:
6602:
6591:. 7 March 2018
6576:
6534:britannica.com
6501:
6495:
6489:, p. ix,
6473:Gyatso, Tenzin
6458:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6439:
6428:Munhwaŏ Korean
6364:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6289:
6286:
6274:
6273:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6250:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6219:
6213:
6208:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6191:
6186:
6177:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5873:Buddhist total
5870:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5852:
5849:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5760:
5755:Ramañña Nikaya
5752:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5639:
5636:
5542:, the bhikkhu
5511:
5508:
5459:
5456:
5420:Ajahn Jayasaro
5376:Mahasi Sayadaw
5302:
5299:
5287:Pa Auk Sayadaw
5232:vipassanadhura
5148:
5145:
5129:Union of Burma
5071:
5068:
5054:, founded the
5044:Ajahn Jayasaro
5036:Ajahn Maha Bua
5022:Thai monks on
4967:
4937:
4934:
4918:
4915:
4826:
4823:
4762:Mahāsī Sayadaw
4739:Mahasi Sayadaw
4689:
4686:
4634:
4631:
4591:pays attention
4413:
4410:
4382:Main article:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4314:Eight precepts
4272:
4269:
4242:
4241:
4210:
4195:
4114:
4111:
4093:
4086:
4039:Bhikkhu Sujato
3981:(a student of
3966:Walpola Rahula
3933:
3930:
3852:Gautama Buddha
3834:
3833:
3807:
3799:
3795:Once-Returners
3791:
3767:of awakening (
3756:
3753:
3721:Jain cosmology
3713:
3712:
3700:
3691:live (such as
3660:
3617:Main article:
3594:
3591:
3583:intentionality
3446:ultimate truth
3402:Main article:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3365:
3362:nervous system
3324:
3317:
3278:Unlike in the
3270:In Theravāda,
3268:
3261:
3246:
3235:
3228:
3213:
3206:
3185:
3172:) nirvana and
3166:
3145:Bhikkhu Sujato
3135:
3118:
3111:
3110:) or arahants.
3100:
3097:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3020:
2993:
2938:
2919:
2905:
2894:
2879:
2851:
2836:
2825:
2782:
2773:
2752:
2732:
2718:
2702:
2693:
2670:
2637:Indic language
2628:
2627:Core teachings
2625:
2620:Wat Chedi Liem
2611:
2608:
2492:Main article:
2489:
2486:
2316:Burmese script
2235:Main article:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2204:Jack Kornfield
2184:
2181:Santacittarama
2153:
2137:
2118:
2103:
2092:
1965:Chakri dynasty
1961:bureaucratized
1935:Mahasi Sayadaw
1888:Rāmañña Nikāya
1839:
1838:Modern history
1836:
1612:
1609:
1604:Main article:
1601:
1598:
1590:European Union
1397:Gautama Buddha
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
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1236:
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1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1096:
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1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:Pratyekabuddha
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1034:Buddhist chant
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
955:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
895:
892:Buddhist texts
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
820:
819:
809:
803:
800:
799:
794:
788:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
737:
732:
731:
728:
727:
726:
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720:
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707:
706:
698:
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675:
674:
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660:
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649:
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645:
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639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
562:Walpola Rahula
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Mun Bhuridatta
514:
509:
504:
502:Mahasi Sayadaw
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
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341:
332:
323:
318:
313:
308:
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298:
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289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
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250:
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246:
243:
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232:
227:
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217:
212:
207:
202:
196:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
136:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18605:
18594:
18591:
18589:
18586:
18584:
18581:
18579:
18576:
18574:
18571:
18570:
18568:
18553:
18549:
18545:
18543:
18535:
18534:
18531:
18517:
18514:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18504:
18502:
18499:
18497:
18494:
18492:
18489:
18487:
18484:
18482:
18479:
18477:
18474:
18472:
18469:
18467:
18464:
18462:
18459:
18458:
18456:
18454:
18453:South America
18450:
18444:
18441:
18439:
18436:
18434:
18431:
18429:
18426:
18424:
18421:
18419:
18416:
18414:
18411:
18409:
18406:
18404:
18401:
18399:
18396:
18394:
18391:
18389:
18386:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18376:
18375:
18373:
18371:
18367:
18361:
18360:United States
18358:
18356:
18353:
18351:
18348:
18346:
18343:
18341:
18338:
18336:
18333:
18331:
18328:
18326:
18323:
18321:
18318:
18316:
18313:
18311:
18308:
18306:
18303:
18301:
18298:
18296:
18293:
18291:
18288:
18286:
18283:
18281:
18278:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18256:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18247:
18245:
18243:
18242:North America
18239:
18231:
18228:
18226:
18223:
18221:
18218:
18216:
18213:
18212:
18211:
18208:
18206:
18203:
18201:
18198:
18196:
18193:
18191:
18188:
18186:
18183:
18181:
18178:
18176:
18173:
18171:
18168:
18166:
18163:
18161:
18158:
18156:
18153:
18151:
18148:
18146:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18136:
18133:
18131:
18128:
18126:
18123:
18121:
18118:
18116:
18113:
18111:
18108:
18106:
18103:
18101:
18100:Liechtenstein
18098:
18096:
18093:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18081:
18078:
18076:
18073:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18053:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18041:
18038:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18006:
18003:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17992:
17990:
17988:
17984:
17978:
17975:
17973:
17970:
17968:
17965:
17963:
17960:
17958:
17955:
17953:
17950:
17948:
17945:
17943:
17940:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17928:
17925:
17923:
17920:
17918:
17915:
17913:
17910:
17908:
17905:
17903:
17900:
17898:
17895:
17893:
17890:
17888:
17885:
17883:
17880:
17878:
17875:
17873:
17870:
17868:
17865:
17863:
17860:
17858:
17855:
17853:
17850:
17848:
17845:
17843:
17840:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17827:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17818:
17816:
17813:
17811:
17808:
17806:
17803:
17801:
17798:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17786:
17783:
17781:
17778:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17753:
17751:
17748:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17717:
17715:
17713:
17709:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17668:
17665:
17663:
17660:
17658:
17655:
17653:
17650:
17648:
17645:
17643:
17640:
17638:
17635:
17633:
17630:
17628:
17625:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17610:
17608:
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17560:
17558:
17555:
17553:
17552:Guinea-Bissau
17550:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17508:
17505:
17503:
17500:
17498:
17495:
17493:
17490:
17488:
17485:
17483:
17480:
17478:
17475:
17473:
17470:
17468:
17465:
17463:
17460:
17458:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17438:
17435:
17434:
17432:
17430:
17426:
17422:
17415:
17411:
17397:
17394:
17392:
17389:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17376:Organizations
17374:
17372:
17369:
17367:
17364:
17362:
17359:
17357:
17354:
17352:
17349:
17347:
17344:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17320:
17314:
17311:
17309:
17306:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17289:
17286:
17284:
17281:
17279:
17276:
17274:
17271:
17269:
17266:
17264:
17261:
17260:
17258:
17255:
17250:
17245:
17239:
17236:
17232:
17229:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17213:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17201:Vegetarianism
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17177:
17174:
17172:
17169:
17167:
17164:
17162:
17159:
17157:
17154:
17152:
17149:
17147:
17146:Homosexuality
17144:
17142:
17139:
17137:
17134:
17132:
17129:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17106:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17075:
17073:
17070:
17069:
17068:
17065:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17047:
17046:
17042:
17039:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17029:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17016:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17002:
17000:
16997:
16993:
16990:
16989:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16967:Neurotheology
16965:
16963:
16960:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16940:
16938:
16935:
16934:
16932:
16930:
16924:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16898:
16895:
16893:
16890:
16888:
16885:
16883:
16880:
16878:
16875:
16873:
16870:
16869:
16867:
16865:
16861:
16853:
16850:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16840:
16839:
16838:
16835:
16833:
16830:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16810:
16808:
16805:
16803:
16800:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16777:
16776:
16773:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16755:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16746:
16744:
16741:
16739:
16736:
16734:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16719:
16716:
16714:
16711:
16709:
16706:
16702:
16699:
16697:
16694:
16692:
16689:
16688:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16679:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16664:
16662:
16661:Folk religion
16659:
16657:
16654:
16652:
16649:
16647:
16644:
16642:
16639:
16637:
16634:
16632:
16629:
16627:
16624:
16622:
16619:
16617:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16603:
16600:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16589:
16586:
16585:
16583:
16579:
16575:
16568:
16564:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16517:
16514:
16512:
16509:
16507:
16504:
16503:
16502:
16499:
16495:
16492:
16490:
16487:
16485:
16484:Imperial cult
16482:
16480:
16477:
16475:
16472:
16471:
16470:
16467:
16465:
16462:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16444:
16443:
16440:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16427:
16426:
16423:
16419:
16416:
16414:
16411:
16409:
16406:
16404:
16401:
16400:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16387:
16384:
16383:
16382:
16379:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16367:
16366:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16353:
16350:
16349:
16348:
16345:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16282:
16281:
16278:
16274:
16271:
16269:
16266:
16264:
16261:
16259:
16256:
16255:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16246:
16242:
16239:
16238:
16237:
16234:
16232:
16229:
16227:
16224:
16220:
16217:
16216:
16215:
16212:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16189:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16162:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16146:
16143:
16139:
16136:
16135:
16134:
16131:
16130:
16127:
16123:
16118:
16114:
16094:
16091:
16090:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16081:
16079:
16076:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16053:Discordianism
16051:
16049:
16048:Anthroposophy
16046:
16045:
16043:
16039:
16031:
16030:
16026:
16025:
16024:
16021:
16019:
16016:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16004:
16002:
15999:
15997:
15996:Mari religion
15994:
15992:
15989:
15987:
15984:
15982:
15979:
15978:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15952:
15949:
15947:
15944:
15942:
15939:
15937:
15934:
15930:
15927:
15926:
15925:
15922:
15918:
15915:
15913:
15910:
15909:
15908:
15905:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15892:
15891:
15888:
15886:
15883:
15879:
15876:
15875:
15873:
15872:
15870:
15868:
15862:
15856:
15853:
15851:
15848:
15846:
15843:
15839:
15836:
15834:
15833:Neo-Theosophy
15831:
15830:
15829:
15826:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15816:
15814:
15811:
15809:
15806:
15802:
15799:
15798:
15797:
15794:
15792:
15789:
15787:
15784:
15782:
15779:
15777:
15774:
15772:
15771:New Acropolis
15769:
15767:
15764:
15762:
15759:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15743:
15741:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15724:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15696:
15695:
15693:
15689:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15642:
15639:
15637:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15605:
15602:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15591:
15590:
15587:
15586:
15585:
15583:
15579:
15578:
15573:
15570:
15569:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15553:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15467:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15447:
15445:
15443:
15437:
15429:
15426:
15425:
15424:
15421:
15420:
15418:
15416:North African
15414:
15411:
15409:
15403:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15377:
15374:
15372:
15369:
15367:
15364:
15362:
15359:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15338:
15336:
15334:
15330:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15305:
15303:
15301:
15297:
15293:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15251:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15222:
15218:
15215:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15199:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15181:
15178:
15177:
15176:
15173:
15171:
15170:Kwakwakaʼwakw
15168:
15166:
15163:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15149:
15146:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15135:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15124:
15121:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15079:
15078:
15075:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15052:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15021:
15020:
15019:
15016:
15014:
15011:
15009:
15006:
15005:
15003:
15001:
14995:
14989:
14986:
14984:
14981:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14968:
14967:
14964:
14960:
14957:
14956:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14925:
14924:
14922:
14918:
14915:
14913:
14910:
14909:
14908:
14905:
14903:
14900:
14899:
14897:
14895:
14891:
14885:
14882:
14881:
14879:
14877:
14876:Austroasiatic
14873:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14856:
14855:
14852:
14848:
14847:Vattisen Yaly
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14834:
14833:
14829:
14826:
14825:
14823:
14821:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14808:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14783:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14766:Kirat Mundhum
14764:
14762:
14759:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14746:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14732:
14731:
14729:
14725:
14719:
14718:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14705:
14702:
14701:
14700:
14697:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14679:
14675:
14672:
14671:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14661:
14659:
14657:
14653:
14647:
14646:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14598:
14595:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14580:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14569:
14568:
14565:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14521:
14518:
14517:
14516:
14513:
14512:
14510:
14508:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14495:
14485:
14482:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14461:
14459:
14457:
14453:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14433:
14431:
14429:
14425:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14402:
14401:
14397:
14396:
14395:
14392:
14391:
14389:
14387:
14383:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14366:
14365:
14362:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14349:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14324:
14322:
14320:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14298:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14270:
14268:
14264:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14239:
14237:
14235:
14231:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14211:
14209:
14207:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14194:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14161:
14159:
14156:
14154:
14151:
14150:
14148:
14144:
14138:
14137:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14125:Milah Abraham
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14099:
14096:
14095:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14063:
14062:
14059:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14044:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14024:
14023:
14020:
14019:
14017:
14015:
14011:
14005:
14004:
14000:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13952:
13949:
13948:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13898:
13895:
13894:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13871:
13868:
13866:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13857:
13856:
13853:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13835:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13793:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13783:
13782:
13781:Protestantism
13779:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13766:
13763:
13762:
13761:
13758:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13745:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13732:
13729:
13728:
13727:
13724:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13711:
13710:
13707:
13706:
13704:
13702:
13698:
13692:
13691:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13646:
13643:
13642:
13641:
13638:
13634:
13631:
13630:
13629:
13626:
13625:
13624:
13621:
13620:
13618:
13616:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13594:
13590:
13586:
13581:
13577:
13573:
13566:
13561:
13559:
13554:
13552:
13547:
13546:
13543:
13531:
13526:
13521:
13519:
13511:
13510:
13507:
13501:
13498:
13496:
13493:
13491:
13488:
13486:
13483:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13467:
13465:
13463:
13459:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13401:
13398:
13396:
13393:
13392:
13391:
13388:
13386:
13383:
13382:
13380:
13378:
13374:
13366:
13363:
13361:
13358:
13357:
13356:
13353:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13306:
13303:
13301:
13298:
13297:
13295:
13293:
13292:Miscellaneous
13289:
13283:
13282:Vegetarianism
13280:
13278:
13275:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13247:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13195:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13177:
13174:
13173:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13150:
13147:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13126:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13104:Buddha in art
13102:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13088:
13085:
13084:
13083:
13080:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13039:
13036:
13035:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
13000:
12999:
12996:
12995:
12993:
12991:
12987:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12897:
12895:
12893:
12889:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12826:
12823:
12822:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12809:
12806:
12805:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12780:
12778:
12776:
12772:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12758:United States
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12670:
12669:
12666:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12653:
12652:
12649:
12645:
12642:
12641:
12640:
12637:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12624:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12585:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12567:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12477:
12475:
12473:
12469:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12457:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12440:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12405:
12403:
12401:
12397:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12315:Padmasambhava
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12232:
12230:
12228:
12227:Major figures
12224:
12218:
12215:
12211:
12208:
12207:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12174:
12173:Western tulku
12171:
12170:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12105:
12103:
12101:
12097:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12070:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12045:
12043:
12041:
12037:
12031:
12028:
12024:
12021:
12020:
12019:
12016:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11998:
11997:
11994:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11974:Five precepts
11972:
11971:
11970:
11967:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11952:Dhamma vicaya
11950:
11948:
11945:
11944:
11943:
11940:
11936:
11933:
11932:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11900:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11863:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11799:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11774:
11773:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11762:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11720:Buddhābhiṣeka
11718:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11695:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11680:
11678:
11676:
11672:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11620:
11619:
11616:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11556:
11555:
11552:
11551:
11550:
11547:
11546:
11544:
11542:
11538:
11532:
11529:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11496:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11486:
11484:
11482:
11478:
11472:
11469:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11451:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11364:Enlightenment
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11354:Dhamma theory
11352:
11350:
11349:Buddha-nature
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11323:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11223:
11221:
11219:
11215:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11188:Samantabhadra
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11162:
11159:
11158:
11157:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11149:
11145:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11127:
11121:
11119:
11113:
11111:
11105:
11103:
11097:
11095:
11089:
11087:
11081:
11079:
11073:
11072:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
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10612:Archived copy
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10372:Lohicca Sutta
10366:
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10016:. Routledge.
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9559:Taylor, J.L.
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9141:Gombrich 1997
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8976:Fronsdal 1998
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8683:Shaw, Sarah,
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8582:Ronkin, Noa;
8579:
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8544:Ronkin, Noa;
8541:
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8531:Ronkin, Noa;
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7508:
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7497:
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7457:
7442:
7441:Samaggi Phala
7438:
7431:
7424:
7422:81-7030-254-4
7418:
7414:
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7211:Braun, Erik,
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6923:
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6873:
6866:
6863:Warder, A.K.
6860:
6853:
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6839:
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6819:
6813:
6804:
6797:
6793:
6788:
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6775:
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6754:
6753:
6749:
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6738:
6732:. pp. 49, 64.
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6340:
6337:
6335:
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6327:
6325:
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6320:
6317:
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6314:Buddha Sasana
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6285:
6283:
6279:
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6270:Western world
6267:
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5900:
5888:
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5871:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
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5803:
5800:
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5608:
5602:
5600:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5560:Dharmaguptaka
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5496:
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5490:
5484:
5482:
5476:
5469:
5464:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5416:Ajahn Sucitto
5413:
5409:
5408:Bhikkhu Bodhi
5405:
5401:
5397:
5396:Ajahn Sumedho
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
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5357:
5353:
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5336:
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5307:
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5209:
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5173:
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5158:
5153:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5108:Bhikkhu Bodhi
5104:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5067:
5065:
5064:Ajahn Munindo
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5048:Ajahn Sumedho
5045:
5041:
5040:Ajahn Pasanno
5037:
5033:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4980:Melford Spiro
4975:
4966:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4929:
4924:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4877:Mangala Sutta
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4777:Visuddhimagga
4773:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4706:Visuddhimagga
4703:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4644:
4639:
4630:
4626:
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4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4556:sense spheres
4553:
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4409:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4310:Five precepts
4307:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:Moral conduct
4268:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4256:and leads to
4255:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4173:Visuddhimagga
4169:
4168:
4167:Visuddhimagga
4163:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4113:Textual basis
4107:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4078:Bhikkhu Bodhi
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
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4040:
4036:
4032:
4026:
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4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
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3942:
3937:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:Non-Returners
3800:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
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3650:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
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3626:
3620:
3611:
3604:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3485:) of a self (
3484:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:Y. Karunadasa
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:dhamma theory
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3344:hadaya-vatthu
3341:
3337:
3336:Visuddhimagga
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3305:Dhammasangani
3301:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3250:Lokottaravada
3247:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:satipatthanas
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:dhamma vicaya
2953:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2824:, or essence.
2823:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2812:consciousness
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:physical form
2793:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:five precepts
2726:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2621:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:hagiographies
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2531:Visuddhimagga
2527:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2512:Visuddhimagga
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:Bhikkhu Bodhi
2456:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:Dharmaguptaka
2433:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:Vinaya Pitaka
2344:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:Sixth Council
2309:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2231:Pāli Tipiṭaka
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2027:, founded by
2026:
2022:
2014:
2013:Ajahn Pasanno
2010:
2009:Ajahn Sumedho
2006:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:Dhammayuttika
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:Chulalongkorn
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:Ram Khamhaeng
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1745:Bagan Kingdom
1742:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1641:Ruwanwelisaya
1637:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1594:United States
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1427:lingua franca
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1044:Vegetarianism
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:Recollections
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:Five precepts
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
953:
948:
947:
940:
937:
935:
934:Chinese canon
932:
930:
929:Tibetan canon
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
893:
888:
887:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
818:
815:
814:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
784:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
735:
730:
729:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
708:
704:
700:
699:
696:
693:
692:
688:
684:
683:
673:
668:
666:
661:
659:
654:
653:
651:
650:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:Ajahn Sumedho
600:
598:
597:Bhikkhu Bodhi
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
462:Ram Khamhaeng
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
403:
402:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
338:
333:
331:
329:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
311:Five precepts
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
287:
286:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
249:
248:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
205:Early schools
203:
201:
198:
197:
194:
189:
188:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
165:Visuddhimagga
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
140:Pāli Tipiṭaka
138:
137:
134:
129:
128:
121:
120:Western world
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
17957:Turkmenistan
17917:Saudi Arabia
17662:South Africa
17652:Sierra Leone
17457:Burkina Faso
17366:Names of God
17313:Unaffiliated
17268:Antireligion
17124:Universalism
17072:Assimilation
16937:Anthropology
16812:Supernatural
16807:Spirituality
16775:Sacred space
16763:Purification
16636:Denomination
16590: /
16398:Paleo-Balkan
16364:Mesopotamian
16204:Cook Islands
16175:Old Prussian
16088:UFO religion
16027:
16023:Zalmoxianism
15951:Neoshamanism
15808:Spiritualism
15691:Other ethnic
15580:
15406:Traditional
15366:Bongthingism
15254:Acoma Pueblo
15197:Mesoamerican
14894:Austronesian
14715:
14711:Neo-Buddhism
14663:
14643:
14639:Neo-Hinduism
14560:Swaminarayan
14398:
14347:Salvationist
14332:Confucianism
14183:Samaritanism
14153:Ali-Illahism
14134:
14001:
13995:Unitarianism
13936:Old Catholic
13743:Nestorianism
13701:Christianity
13688:
13654:Conservative
13470:Bodhisattvas
13390:Christianity
13385:Baháʼí Faith
13250:Dharmachakra
13240:Prayer wheel
13230:Prayer beads
12998:Architecture
12877:969 Movement
12661:Saudi Arabia
12639:Central Asia
12632:South Africa
12454:
12437:
12370:Panchen Lama
12275:Buddhapālita
11871:Satipatthana
11866:Mindful Yoga
11779:Recollection
11693:Brahmavihara
11644:
11564:Japanese Zen
11559:Chinese Chan
11519:Animal realm
11326:Key concepts
11148:Bodhisattvas
10960:Three Jewels
10829:
10818:, retrieved
10814:
10804:
10793:, retrieved
10787:
10767:, retrieved
10761:
10741:, retrieved
10735:
10729:
10718:the original
10709:
10703:
10664:, retrieved
10658:
10652:
10627:, retrieved
10620:the original
10611:
10605:
10594:, retrieved
10588:
10564:, retrieved
10558:
10552:
10541:, retrieved
10537:the original
10531:
10525:
10514:, retrieved
10510:the original
10504:
10498:
10487:, retrieved
10483:the original
10477:
10471:
10463:
10454:
10446:
10437:
10422:
10415:
10399:
10377:, retrieved
10371:
10365:
10348:
10319:
10310:
10286:
10276:
10266:– via
10260:, retrieved
10222:
10216:
10190:
10180:
10171:
10153:
10144:
10135:
10127:
10123:
10114:
10105:
10094:, retrieved
10089:
10079:
10070:
10061:
10048:
10012:
10005:
9972:
9968:
9958:
9933:
9929:
9919:
9886:
9882:
9872:
9862:30 September
9860:. Retrieved
9856:
9822:
9814:
9801:
9790:, retrieved
9786:the original
9780:
9774:
9763:, retrieved
9759:the original
9753:
9747:
9736:, retrieved
9730:
9723:
9712:, retrieved
9708:the original
9702:
9696:
9685:, retrieved
9681:the original
9675:
9668:
9652:
9648:
9642:
9635:Salgado 2013
9630:
9619:, retrieved
9613:
9607:
9599:
9594:
9585:
9578:Pa-Auk Tawya
9577:
9568:
9560:
9555:
9546:
9537:
9528:
9519:
9510:
9501:
9493:
9488:
9466:
9461:
9452:
9442:
9433:17 September
9431:, retrieved
9427:Asia Society
9422:
9413:
9376:
9364:
9337:
9329:
9324:
9316:
9311:
9303:
9298:
9291:Buswell 2004
9286:
9279:McMahan 2008
9264:Buswell 2004
9248:
9232:
9227:
9212:
9207:
9199:
9181:
9176:
9166:
9157:
9148:
9136:
9124:
9115:
9110:, pp. 22–27.
9107:
9102:
9091:, retrieved
9089:, Dhamma.org
9085:
9060:
9054:
9046:
9026:
9017:
9012:, Chapter 5.
9009:
9004:
8992:
8983:
8971:
8959:
8947:
8938:
8930:
8911:
8902:
8893:
8884:
8875:
8864:, retrieved
8860:the original
8854:
8848:
8833:
8828:
8820:
8815:
8808:
8803:
8794:
8765:
8748:
8739:
8730:
8721:
8712:
8701:, retrieved
8694:the original
8685:
8660:
8655:
8646:
8638:
8611:
8583:
8566:
8558:
8553:
8545:
8540:
8532:
8527:
8518:
8510:
8505:
8497:
8492:
8483:
8474:
8457:
8441:
8436:
8428:
8423:
8411:
8403:
8398:
8390:
8374:
8358:
8353:
8329:
8325:
8315:
8307:
8302:
8294:
8289:
8281:
8276:
8257:
8250:
8227:
8220:
8212:
8207:
8199:
8194:
8186:
8181:
8173:
8168:
8160:
8155:
8147:
8142:
8126:
8121:
8113:
8108:
8100:
8095:
8087:
8082:
8066:
8061:
8053:
8048:
8040:
8035:
8016:
7996:
7989:
7971:
7966:
7959:
7951:
7946:
7938:
7933:
7926:
7922:
7917:
7908:
7900:
7895:
7886:
7877:
7868:
7859:
7851:
7846:
7825:
7816:
7807:
7798:
7789:
7777:
7765:
7757:
7753:
7748:
7739:
7731:
7726:
7718:
7713:
7701:
7696:
7688:
7683:
7667:
7662:
7646:
7641:
7633:
7628:
7620:
7615:
7607:
7602:
7594:
7577:
7555:
7550:
7542:
7537:
7521:
7516:
7507:
7486:
7481:
7471:13 September
7469:. Retrieved
7465:
7456:
7444:. Retrieved
7440:
7430:
7412:
7406:
7398:
7393:
7376:
7371:
7363:
7358:
7350:
7345:
7337:
7332:
7324:
7319:
7303:
7298:
7290:
7285:
7277:
7272:
7264:
7259:
7251:
7246:
7238:
7233:
7222:, retrieved
7213:
7206:
7197:
7189:
7184:
7176:
7171:
7163:
7158:
7142:
7137:
7129:
7124:
7116:
7111:
7103:
7098:
7090:
7085:
7076:
7068:
7063:
7055:
7050:
7034:
7029:
7020:
7002:
6993:
6985:
6980:
6957:13 September
6955:, retrieved
6949:
6942:
6934:
6929:
6910:
6903:
6894:
6885:
6877:
6872:
6864:
6859:
6843:
6838:
6830:
6825:
6817:
6812:
6803:
6791:
6787:
6765:
6760:
6742:
6737:
6729:
6724:
6696:
6688:
6680:
6675:
6667:
6662:
6654:
6646:
6638:
6618:. Retrieved
6614:
6605:
6593:. Retrieved
6588:
6579:
6567:
6556:Mahasanghika
6552:Sthaviravada
6541:
6533:
6477:
6442:
6436:𑀣𑁂𑀭𑀯𑀸𑀤
6368:
6344:Sacca-kiriya
6275:
6166:South Asia:
6118:
5851:Demographics
5829:
5791:
5729:
5708:Dwara Nikaya
5699:
5679:
5670:
5663:
5661:
5625:
5622:
5615:
5611:
5603:
5596:
5572:
5564:
5548:Anuradhapura
5537:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5364:Webu Sayadaw
5360:Ledi Sayadaw
5349:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5314:
5312:
5294:
5291:phra thudong
5290:
5282:
5272:
5268:Anuradhapura
5265:
5258:
5248:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5212:
5207:
5204:Pamsukulikas
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:aranyawaasii
5181:
5177:khaamawaasii
5165:
5156:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5029:
5000:merit-making
4998:
4996:
4983:
4982:in his work
4976:
4974:
4963:
4939:
4911:Dhamma talks
4906:
4904:
4897:
4863:
4858:
4850:
4839:
4815:superstition
4809:
4807:
4792:
4783:satipatthana
4781:
4775:
4769:
4765:
4758:Ledi Sayadaw
4749:
4745:
4743:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4702:kammaṭṭhānas
4701:
4691:
4663:
4654:
4648:
4627:
4604:
4598:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4500:Pāli Nikayas
4495:
4489:
4486:Pāli Nikayas
4481:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4444:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4351:Añjali Mudrā
4322:
4301:
4299:
4287:right action
4283:right speech
4277:
4274:
4262:
4243:
4192:good teacher
4177:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4144:
4140:
4126:
4122:
4121:, the path (
4116:
4102:Dhamma Wheel
4089:
4043:
4027:
4022:
4006:
4002:
3983:Wittgenstein
3976:
3969:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3923:
3918:
3913:Cariyāpiṭaka
3911:
3903:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3849:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3777:
3768:
3760:
3758:
3748:
3742:
3739:transcendent
3734:
3728:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3679:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3586:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3514:Sarvastivada
3507:
3502:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3466:
3454:all possible
3453:
3449:
3441:Vibhajjavāda
3440:
3437:
3418:
3413:Ledi Sayadaw
3378:
3374:Buddhavacana
3372:
3357:
3353:jīvitindriya
3351:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3280:Sarvāstivāda
3275:
3264:
3257:
3242:
3224:
3221:docetic view
3217:manussa-loka
3216:
3209:
3202:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3176:apratiṣṭhita
3175:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3148:
3139:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3103:
3079:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3038:
3032:
3027:
3015:
3009:
3007:impression (
2998:
2987:
2977:
2976:relaxation (
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2901:
2886:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2858:
2847:
2844:brahmavihārā
2843:
2832:
2815:
2785:
2776:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2722:
2713:
2706:
2696:
2652:
2630:
2601:
2593:Jataka tales
2590:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2529:
2518:
2510:
2482:
2479:catechetical
2467:
2444:
2424:
2420:Peter Harvey
2416:
2384:Sutta Pitaka
2381:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2355:Sutta Pitaka
2348:
2314:edition (in
2305:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2260:
2216:Ruth Denison
2065:
2043:
2033:
2018:
1984:
1958:
1955:S.N. Goenka.
1947:Webu Sayadaw
1915:Ledi Sayadaw
1892:
1853:
1823:Dhamma Kings
1820:
1801:
1789:
1754:
1708:
1703:Suvaṇṇabhūmi
1702:
1698:Anuradhapura
1675:
1668:
1661:first schism
1653:Vibhajjavāda
1650:
1647:(c. 140 BCE)
1585:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1494:
1481:
1479:
1463:
1460:conservatism
1453:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1411:
1400:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1108:
994:Merit making
959:Three Jewels
899:Buddhavacana
829:Impermanence
817:Dharma wheel
577:U Dhammaloka
512:S. N. Goenka
487:Ledi Sayadaw
389:Three Jewels
220:Vibhajjavada
160:Vimuttimagga
150:Commentaries
44:
29:
18408:New Zealand
18345:Saint Lucia
18295:El Salvador
18200:Switzerland
18135:Netherlands
17907:Philippines
17835:South Korea
17830:North Korea
17720:Afghanistan
17667:South Sudan
17557:Ivory Coast
17341:Deification
17288:Objectivism
17263:Agnosticism
17216:Persecution
17206:Video games
17171:Populations
17082:Proselytism
17050:Monasticism
17041:Clericalism
17031:Agriculture
17022:and society
16987:Soteriology
16947:Comparative
16917:Transtheism
16902:Panentheism
16686:Monasticism
16479:Gallo-Roman
16381:Micronesian
16347:Manichaeism
16295:Hermeticism
16263:Continental
16258:Anglo-Saxon
16138:Paleolithic
16133:Prehistoric
16083:Scientology
15946:Italo-Roman
15801:Radha Soami
15781:New Thought
15621:Espiritismo
15562:Waaqeffanna
15502:Fon and Ewe
15440:Sub-Saharan
15323:Satsana Phi
15109:Ghost Dance
15050:Californian
15018:Anishinaabe
14944:Karo Pemena
14923:Indonesian
14597:Lingayatism
14545:Mahanubhava
14515:Vaishnavism
14446:Jeungsanism
14369:Folk Taoism
14352:Xiantiandao
14206:Zoroastrian
13865:Charismatic
13860:Pentecostal
13823:Anglicanism
13774:Waldensians
13709:Catholicism
13315:Dharma talk
13144:Asalha Puja
12940:Eschatology
12743:Switzerland
12723:New Zealand
12651:Middle East
12560:Philippines
12480:Afghanistan
12285:Bodhidharma
12270:Buddhaghosa
12190:Householder
12100:Monasticism
12053:Bodhisattva
11908:Prostration
11861:Mindfulness
11789:Anapanasati
11772:Kammaṭṭhāna
11569:Korean Seon
11509:Asura realm
11504:Human realm
11444:Ten Fetters
11399:Parinirvana
11301:Uppalavanna
11266:Mahākaccana
11251:Mahākassapa
11183:Kṣitigarbha
11178:Ākāśagarbha
11075:Suddhodāna
11020:Four sights
10947:Foundations
10329:Web sources
10233:: 228–283,
10064:, MacMillan
10054:Lion's Roar
9792:19 November
9765:19 November
9738:19 November
9714:19 November
9621:19 November
9357:Crosby 2013
9119:PVI, p. 28.
8997:Wilson 2014
8964:Nyanaponika
8416:Warder 2000
7782:Warder 2000
7770:Warder 2000
7446:18 February
7415:, Satguru,
6530:"Theravada"
6280:and in the
6123:East Asia:
5864:Population
5802:Maha Nikaya
5771:Siam Nikaya
5704:(Myanmar):
5583:Siam Nikaya
5544:Saṅghamittā
5470:, Thailand.
5468:Kantharalak
5412:Ajahn Amaro
5404:Ajahn Brahm
5244:Nyanatiloka
5224:ganthadhura
5217:. The Pāli
5086:, Thailand.
5070:Lay devotee
4907:ganthadhura
4873:Metta Sutta
4855:prostration
4851:añjalikamma
4808:Though the
4700:(known as "
4694:Buddhaghosa
4664:Apart from
4581:anapanasati
4488:, the four
4459:Buddhaghosa
4434:tradition,
4203:Kammaṭṭhāna
4184:Buddhaghosa
4070:Nyanaponika
4066:Nyanatiloka
4005:, 1963 and
3962:rationalism
3925:Buddhavaṃsa
3919:Nidānakathā
3895:bodhisattas
3875:Buddhaghosa
3786:(the false
3765:four stages
3648:Arūpa-bhava
3332:manovinñāna
3239:Pudgalavada
3199:Sautrantika
3182:Kathāvatthu
3170:pratiṣṭhita
3163:antarabhāva
3140:antarabhāva
3102:The power (
3074:Kathāvatthu
3039:anapanasati
3024:mindfulness
2960:), energy (
2804:perceptions
2714:arupāyatana
2622:in Thailand
2540:Buddhadatta
2522:Buddhaghosa
2503:Buddhaghosa
2471:Frauwallner
2455:Nyanaponika
2376:Buddhavaṃsa
2334:(1931–69).
2320:Thai script
2192:S.N. Goenka
2124:in 1891 by
2085:Pragyananda
2036:French Rule
1832:Angkor Thom
1777:Buddhaghosa
1670:Kathavatthu
1621:Thuparamaya
1592:and in the
1543:Philippines
1535:North Korea
1381:Theravādins
1229:New Zealand
1084:Bodhisattva
1069:Four Stages
1024:Monasticism
1004:Mindfulness
974:Perfections
904:Early Texts
637:Kee Nanayon
607:Ajahn Brahm
592:Nyanaponika
582:Nyanatiloka
567:Jayatilleke
542:Pragyananda
437:Buddhadatta
432:Buddhaghoṣa
422:Sanghamitta
406:Key figures
359:Mindfulness
321:Kammaṭṭhāna
18567:Categories
18398:Micronesia
18275:Costa Rica
18170:San Marino
18130:Montenegro
18110:Luxembourg
17967:Uzbekistan
17942:Tajikistan
17847:Kyrgyzstan
17820:Kazakhstan
17770:East Timor
17740:Bangladesh
17730:Azerbaijan
17647:Seychelles
17612:Mozambique
17597:Mauritania
17582:Madagascar
17472:Cape Verde
17254:irreligion
17249:Secularism
17151:Minorities
17119:Toleration
17114:Syncretism
17099:Fanaticism
17089:Disability
17077:Missionary
17067:Conversion
17055:Ordination
16977:Psychology
16972:Philosophy
16912:Polytheism
16892:Monotheism
16887:Henotheism
16728:Orthopraxy
16718:Ordination
16681:Meditation
16676:Indigenous
16641:Entheogens
16626:Conversion
16452:Pueblo III
16369:Babylonian
16359:Melanesian
16285:Gnosticism
16170:Lithuanian
16063:Fourth Way
15917:Circassian
15895:Dievturība
15818:Tensegrity
15751:Falun Gong
15396:Sanamahism
15376:Donyi-Polo
14966:Polynesian
14912:Kaharingan
14837:Burkhanism
14776:Ravidassia
14754:Śvetāmbara
14540:Pushtimarg
14520:Krishnaism
14456:Vietnamese
14441:Cheondoism
14374:Yao Taoism
14310:East Asian
14076:Isma'ilism
14032:Maturidism
13811:Mennonites
13806:Hutterites
13791:Anabaptism
13684:Humanistic
13432:Psychology
13412:Gnosticism
13400:Comparison
13395:Influences
13377:Comparison
13260:Bhavacakra
13218:Kushinagar
13193:Pilgrimage
13139:Māgha Pūjā
13094:Bodhi Tree
12910:Buddhology
12900:Abhidharma
12892:Philosophy
12825:Menander I
12693:Costa Rica
12644:Uzbekistan
12485:Bangladesh
12439:Dhammapada
12423:Pali Canon
12385:Ajahn Chah
12365:Dalai Lama
12265:Kumārajīva
12260:Vasubandhu
12235:The Buddha
12143:Zen master
12078:Sakadagami
12058:Buddhahood
11989:Pratimokṣa
11804:Shikantaza
11760:Meditation
11735:Deity yoga
11606:Madhyamaka
11499:Deva realm
11394:Mindstream
11344:Bodhicitta
11256:Aṅgulimāla
11123:Devadatta
11099:Yaśodharā
11002:The Buddha
10992:Middle Way
10262:20 January
9687:6 December
9574:"About Us"
9369:Sharf 1995
9342:Sharf 1995
8952:Polak 2011
8043:pp. 16-29.
7899:Macmillan
7850:Gombrich,
6708:0271011858
6455:References
6354:Sangharaja
6339:Mahanayaka
6299:Adhiṭṭhāna
6257:Khmer Krom
6170:Bangladesh
6103:in Tibet,
6041:14,172,455
6031:14,701,717
5999:17,222,844
5989:20,277,597
5957:50,649,200
5947:56,280,000
5915:63,117,265
5905:66,720,153
5778:Malwaththa
5681:Bangladesh
5673:sangharaja
5658:, Thailand
5568:Dalai Lama
5552:prātimokṣa
5514:See also:
5510:Bhikkhunis
5372:Buddhadasa
5356:Ajahn Chah
5301:Ordination
5255:asceticism
5219:Dhammapada
5215:Mahavihara
5052:Ajahn Chah
5032:Buddhadasa
5024:pilgrimage
5013:meditation
5005:Pali Canon
4942:lay person
4921:See also:
4885:the Buddha
4746:vipassana,
4716:Abhidhamma
4682:well-being
4655:lokuttara)
4510:was lost.
4442:movement.
4378:Meditation
4302:sikkhāpada
4125:) or way (
4119:Pāli Canon
4088:Practice (
4035:Buddhadasa
3941:education.
3908:Dhammapala
3904:abhinīhāra
3887:sāvakayāna
3879:buddhayāna
3717:loka-dhatu
3704:Rūpa-bhava
3664:Kāma-bhava
3605:, Thailand
3571:sampayutta
3473:substances
3421:Abhidhamma
3314:sappaccaya
3195:khayamatta
3094:eternalist
3057:Moggallana
2999:saḷāyatana
2966:), bliss (
2898:Middle Way
2808:intentions
2770:avijjāsava
2604:apocryphal
2536:Dhammapala
2507:compendium
2475:exegetical
2451:psychology
2332:Phnom Penh
2237:Pali Canon
2152:countries.
2115:Kripasaran
2081:Mahapragya
2049:Pathet Lao
2005:Ajahn Chah
1927:Pāli Canon
1895:Mindon Min
1828:Angkor Wat
1804:Mahavihara
1792:Sri Ksetra
1781:Abhidhamma
1757:Abhayagiri
1611:Pre-modern
1565:Buddhism.
1523:Bangladesh
1487:commentary
1477:onwards).
1407:Pāli Canon
1386:anglicized
1102:Traditions
1039:Pilgrimage
979:Meditation
939:Post-canon
919:Pāli Canon
849:Middle Way
746:The Buddha
632:Ayya Khema
572:Kalupahana
537:Mahapragya
532:Kripasaran
522:Ajahn Chah
442:Dhammapāla
349:Middle Way
344:Meditation
296:Abhidhamma
225:Mahāvihāra
70:Bangladesh
18573:Theravada
18516:Venezuela
18461:Argentina
18378:Australia
18330:Nicaragua
18305:Guatemala
18105:Lithuania
17927:Sri Lanka
17922:Singapore
17902:Palestine
17790:Indonesia
17780:Hong Kong
17602:Mauritius
17323:Overviews
17278:Criticism
17231:Sectarian
17221:Terrorism
17196:Theocracy
17141:Happiness
17109:Pluralism
17094:Education
17020:Religion
16992:Salvation
16982:Sociology
16927:Religious
16907:Pantheism
16897:Nontheism
16790:Mountains
16768:Sacrifice
16723:Orthodoxy
16713:Mythology
16708:Mysticism
16597:Behaviour
16506:Canaanite
16489:Mithraism
16457:Pueblo IV
16447:Pueblo II
16352:Mazdakism
16327:Hungarian
16300:Mysteries
16209:Dravidian
15991:Hungarian
15907:Caucasian
15878:Godianism
15838:Agni Yoga
15828:Theosophy
15791:Rastafari
15766:Modekngei
15746:Brahmoism
15739:Syncretic
15731:movements
15729:religious
15641:Quimbanda
15589:Candomblé
15582:Diasporic
15361:Bathouism
15351:Benzhuism
15266:Tsimshian
15217:Purépecha
15138:Longhouse
15113:Sun Dance
15045:Blackfoot
15033:Wabunowin
15028:Midewiwin
14949:Malaysian
14939:Kapitayan
14749:Digambara
14734:Ayyavazhi
14699:Vajrayana
14664:Theravada
14577:Ganapatya
14550:Ramanandi
14479:Hoahaoism
14357:Yiguandao
14252:Yarsanism
14247:Shabakism
14234:Yazdânism
14224:Zurvanism
14219:Mazdaznan
14178:Rastafari
14173:Mandaeism
14047:Wahhabism
14027:Ash'arism
13990:Tolstoyan
13980:Spiritual
13970:Mormonism
13941:Judaizers
13914:Quakerism
13892:Methodist
13882:Irvingism
13833:Calvinism
13786:Adventism
13769:Moravians
13606:Abrahamic
13500:Festivals
13480:Buddhists
13442:Theosophy
13245:Symbolism
13235:Hama yumi
13208:Bodh Gaya
12975:Socialism
12950:Evolution
12925:Economics
12763:Venezuela
12678:Australia
12673:Argentina
12597:Sri Lanka
12592:Singapore
12510:Indonesia
12472:Countries
12413:Tripiṭaka
12375:Ajahn Mun
12250:Nagarjuna
12245:Aśvaghoṣa
12128:Anagārika
12123:Śrāmaṇerī
12118:Śrāmaṇera
12113:Bhikkhunī
12073:Sotāpanna
11962:Passaddhi
11903:Offerings
11878:Nekkhamma
11755:Iddhipada
11675:Practices
11645:Theravada
11618:Vajrayana
11611:Yogachara
11581:Pure Land
11494:Six Paths
11481:Cosmology
11261:Anuruddha
11236:Sāriputta
11226:Kaundinya
11218:Disciples
11193:Vajrapāṇi
11045:Footprint
11010:Tathāgata
10820:15 August
10815:BuddhaNet
10795:17 August
10791:, Cia.gov
10769:17 August
10765:, Cia.gov
10743:17 August
10739:, Cia.gov
10666:17 August
10662:, Cia.gov
10543:17 August
10516:17 August
10489:17 August
10257:0029-5973
10096:8 January
9989:0031-8221
9942:0885-2758
9911:146408897
9903:1474-0680
9171:subject."
8933:, p. 270.
8866:17 August
6620:30 August
6595:30 August
6410:Thérôvéat
6242:Singapore
6211:Indonesia
6194:Sri Lanka
6083:4,339,731
6073:6,477,211
5983:Sri Lanka
5731:Sri Lanka
5656:Sukhothai
5632:West Java
5392:U Pandita
5352:Ajahn Mun
5285:) of the
5236:patipatti
5228:pariyatti
5208:Araññikas
5168:Mahavamsa
5125:U Ba Khin
5084:Uttaradit
4954:Vajrayāna
4799:Amarapura
4766:vipassana
4611:causation
4570:Vipassana
4544:Vipassana
4514:Vipassana
4482:vipassanā
4455:Vipassanā
4394:Bodh Gaya
4250:ignorance
4230:Vipassanā
4090:paṭipatti
4074:Nyanamoli
3995:Edinburgh
3987:Cambridge
3867:Dīpankara
3693:Tavatimsa
3593:Cosmology
3577:cetasikas
3310:appaccaya
3258:lokuttara
3190:prajñapti
3178:) nirvana
3158:gandhabba
2979:passaddhi
2891:ignorance
2848:appamaññā
2766:bhavāsava
2573:Mahavamsa
2567:Dipavamsa
2345:versions.
2343:Tripitaka
2293:recension
2285:Sri Lanka
2141:Indonesia
2130:Bodh Gaya
2029:Ajahn Mun
1951:U Ba Khin
1808:Anawrahta
1796:Dvaravati
1773:Vajrayana
1767:study of
1765:syncretic
1730:Sriksetra
1682:Sri Lanka
1629:Sri Lanka
1586:Theravāda
1578:Theravāda
1563:Theravāda
1547:Indonesia
1499:Sri Lanka
1495:Theravāda
1482:Theravāda
1464:Theravāda
1449:pariyatti
1444:Theravāda
1439:Vajrayāna
1393:theravādī
1329:Theravāda
1249:Sri Lanka
1239:Singapore
1194:Indonesia
1134:Vajrayāna
1109:Theravāda
1064:Awakening
952:Practices
909:Tripiṭaka
879:Cosmology
854:Emptiness
834:Suffering
507:U Ba Khin
457:Anawrahta
235:Mahavamsa
230:Dipavamsa
210:Sthaviras
105:Sri Lanka
64:Countries
18:Theravāda
18542:Category
18506:Suriname
18496:Paraguay
18481:Colombia
18388:Kiribati
18315:Honduras
18285:Dominica
18260:Barbados
18225:Scotland
18185:Slovenia
18180:Slovakia
18155:Portugal
18025:Bulgaria
17947:Thailand
17897:Pakistan
17877:Mongolia
17872:Maldives
17867:Malaysia
17755:Cambodia
17702:Zimbabwe
17677:Tanzania
17527:Ethiopia
17522:Eswatini
17502:Djibouti
17467:Cameroon
17452:Botswana
17396:Timeline
17391:Scholars
17351:Founders
17211:Violence
17166:Politics
17036:Business
16999:Theology
16743:Prophecy
16733:Paganism
16621:Covenant
16588:Apostasy
16523:Scythian
16464:Rapa Nui
16418:Thracian
16413:Illyrian
16403:Albanian
16374:Sumerian
16317:Harappan
16253:Germanic
16248:Georgian
16241:Selk'nam
16226:Etruscan
16214:Egyptian
16192:Druidism
16155:Armenian
16078:Satanism
16058:Eckankar
15981:Estonian
15966:Romanian
15956:Ossetian
15936:Germanic
15885:Armenian
15874:African
15867:paganism
15796:Sant Mat
15786:Rajneesh
15761:Meivazhi
15756:Japanese
15713:Siberian
15646:Santería
15616:Convince
15482:Bushongo
15386:Kiratism
15313:Hmongism
15180:Wocekiye
15165:Jivaroan
15133:Iroquois
15128:Ho-Chunk
15077:Cherokee
15000:American
14971:Hawaiian
14884:Sarnaism
14854:Tungusic
14842:Tengrism
14832:Mongolic
14761:Sarnaism
14692:Nichiren
14669:Mahayana
14656:Buddhism
14634:Sant Mat
14624:Sauraism
14619:Smartism
14614:Shaktism
14607:Balinese
14592:Kaumaram
14587:Kapalika
14582:Kashmiri
14567:Shaivism
14507:Hinduism
14474:Caodaism
14418:Ryukyuan
14413:Tenrikyo
14408:Shugendō
14386:Japanese
14257:Yazidism
14242:Ishikism
14120:Quranism
14093:Khawarij
14042:Salafism
14037:Atharism
13926:Esoteric
13897:Holiness
13887:Lutheran
13848:Reformed
13828:Baptists
13801:Brethren
13765:Hussites
13753:Assyrian
13669:Haymanot
13623:Orthodox
13572:Religion
13518:Category
13447:Violence
13417:Hinduism
13365:Sanskrit
13320:Hinayana
13305:Amitābha
13265:Swastika
13134:Uposatha
13124:Holidays
13109:Calendar
12955:Humanism
12793:Kanishka
12783:Timeline
12607:Thailand
12575:Kalmykia
12570:Buryatia
12555:Pakistan
12540:Mongolia
12535:Maldives
12530:Malaysia
12495:Cambodia
12360:Shamarpa
12355:Nichiren
12305:Xuanzang
12240:Nagasena
12158:Rinpoche
11888:Pāramitā
11730:Devotion
11650:Navayana
11638:Dzogchen
11601:Nichiren
11549:Mahayana
11541:Branches
11419:Saṅkhāra
11168:Mañjuśrī
11125:(cousin)
11117:(cousin)
11085:(mother)
11077:(father)
11065:Miracles
11015:Birthday
10932:Glossary
10905:Buddhism
10692:Archived
10638:citation
10596:13 March
10566:26 March
10427:Archived
10404:Archived
10379:27 March
10354:Archived
10296:citation
9830:Archived
9563:, p. 15.
9402:Archived
9065:Archived
8770:Archived
8703:27 March
8616:Archived
8586:, p. 47.
8548:, p. 77.
8535:, p. 92.
8500:, p. 14.
8462:Archived
8131:Archived
8025:Archived
7541:Harvey,
7491:Archived
7401:, p. 41.
7381:Archived
7001:(2012),
6966:citation
6833:, p. 25.
6748:Archived
6653:(2006),
6569:Tipitaka
6562:(now in
6544:Hinayana
6528:(2018),
6430:: 테라바다;
6288:See also
6255:(by the
6247:Thailand
6222:Malaysia
6205:Cambodia
6105:Mongolia
6025:Cambodia
5899:Thailand
5861:Country
5775:Asgiriya
5597:In 1997
5579:Dambulla
5322:sāmaṇera
5260:dhutanga
5200:Tapassin
5194:, Pali:
5182:gāmavasī
5180:, Pāli:
5082:Puja in
4968:—
4950:Mahāyāna
4900:Uposatha
4895:ritual.
4881:anussati
4875:and the
4795:Thailand
4750:Maitreya
4600:skandhas
4558:and the
4406:Bhāvanā,
4400:, India)
4369:and the
4318:Uposatha
4218:ayatanas
4214:khandhas
4127:patipada
4025:(1988).
3922:and the
3856:Metteyya
3823:uddhacca
3811:Arahants
3603:Songkhla
3558:cetasika
3540:sankhata
3510:ontology
3499:svabhava
3477:essences
3425:ayatanas
3383:Hinayana
3379:Tipitaka
3282:school,
3232:bhavaṅga
3126:anupubba
2933:and the
2800:feelings
2762:kāmāsava
2610:Doctrine
2570:and the
2545:exegesis
2483:matikas.
2432:bhikkhus
2396:Sanskrit
2324:Rama VII
2263:Tipiṭaka
2145:Malaysia
2111:Calcutta
2098:(1926),
2023:and the
1931:U Narada
1886:and the
1769:Mahayana
1761:Jetavana
1559:diaspora
1551:Malaysia
1515:Thailand
1507:Cambodia
1433:Mahāyāna
1376:Buddhism
1259:Thailand
1219:Mongolia
1214:Malaysia
1179:Cambodia
1144:Navayana
1124:Hinayana
1119:Mahāyāna
1029:Lay life
859:Morality
839:Not-self
797:Concepts
756:Councils
741:Timeline
713:Glossary
695:Buddhism
687:a series
685:Part of
587:Nanamoli
497:U Nārada
384:Precepts
290:Doctrine
110:Thailand
75:Cambodia
37:a series
35:Part of
18588:Nāstika
18511:Uruguay
18486:Ecuador
18466:Bolivia
18443:Vanuatu
18370:Oceania
18320:Jamaica
18300:Grenada
18255:Bahamas
18215:England
18205:Ukraine
18160:Romania
18120:Moldova
18080:Ireland
18075:Iceland
18070:Hungary
18060:Germany
18050:Finland
18045:Estonia
18040:Denmark
18035:Czechia
18030:Croatia
18015:Belgium
18010:Belarus
18005:Austria
18000:Andorra
17995:Albania
17972:Vietnam
17882:Myanmar
17857:Lebanon
17775:Georgia
17735:Bahrain
17725:Armenia
17687:Tunisia
17657:Somalia
17642:Senegal
17627:Nigeria
17617:Namibia
17607:Morocco
17572:Liberia
17567:Lesotho
17517:Eritrea
17487:Comoros
17462:Burundi
17437:Algeria
17381:Outline
17346:Deities
17273:Atheism
17186:Science
17104:Freedom
16962:History
16929:studies
16882:Dualism
16872:Animism
16837:Worship
16817:Symbols
16758:Liturgy
16671:Goddess
16631:Deities
16612:Laicism
16602:Beliefs
16581:Aspects
16553:Zapotec
16548:Vainakh
16516:Yahwism
16501:Semitic
16430:Iranian
16332:Hurrian
16322:Hittite
16312:Guanche
16305:Orphism
16236:Fuegian
16231:Finnish
16219:Atenism
16165:Latvian
16150:Arabian
16093:Raëlism
16073:Jediism
16068:Goddess
16041:De novo
15929:Druidry
15823:Thelema
15776:New Age
15661:Umbanda
15552:Tumbuka
15537:Odinala
15522:Lugbara
15442:African
15408:African
15356:Bimoism
15346:Burmese
15192:Mapuche
15158:Wyandot
15118:Guarani
15099:Choctaw
15094:Chilote
15013:Alaskan
15008:Abenaki
14959:Tagalog
14932:Kejawèn
14781:Sikhism
14744:Jainism
14704:Tibetan
14687:Amidism
14555:Warkari
14469:Đạo Mẫu
14319:Chinese
14301:Eastern
14278:Roshani
14197:Iranian
14105:Alevism
14098:Ibadism
14071:Zaydism
13748:Ancient
13719:Eastern
13679:Renewal
13664:Karaite
13645:Zionist
13633:Hasidic
13615:Judaism
13597:Western
13495:Temples
13475:Buddhas
13437:Science
13427:Judaism
13422:Jainism
13340:Lineage
13300:Abhijñā
13270:Thangka
13213:Sarnath
13198:Lumbini
13119:Funeral
13114:Cuisine
12990:Culture
12965:Reality
12915:Creator
12905:Atomism
12775:History
12748:Ukraine
12708:Germany
12627:Senegal
12617:Vietnam
12545:Myanmar
12345:Shinran
12335:Karmapa
12310:Shandao
12280:Dignāga
12205:Śrāvaka
12185:Donchee
12180:Kappiya
12138:Sayadaw
12108:Bhikkhu
12083:Anāgāmi
12040:Nirvana
12006:Samadhi
11893:Paritta
11834:Tonglen
11829:Mandala
11784:Smarana
11765:Mantras
11713:Upekkha
11683:Bhavana
11633:Shingon
11586:Tiantai
11439:Tathātā
11429:Śūnyatā
11424:Skandha
11414:Saṃsāra
11409:Rebirth
11384:Kleshas
11374:Indriya
11276:Subhūti
11161:Guanyin
11115:Ānanda
11107:Rāhula
10987:Nirvana
10927:Outline
10629:16 July
10194:, OUP,
10174:, Asoka
10034:Sources
9997:1396982
9950:1459491
9455:: 41–43
8346:1399912
7224:1 April
6717:1103133
6641:, p. 2.
6548:schools
6424:ເຖຣະວາດ
6381:Burmese
6377:ථේරවාදය
6373:Sinhala
6309:Awgatha
6304:Arahant
6261:Tai Dam
6253:Vietnam
6236:Myanmar
5941:Myanmar
5759:Delduwa
5701:Myanmar
5628:Bandung
5558:is the
5540:Mahinda
5316:shinbyu
5283:taw"yar
5186:Sinhala
5172:Sinhala
5155:A cave
5092:Upasaka
5080:Vesakha
4992:Nibbana
4958:Nirvana
4905:Study (
4670:rebirth
4666:nibbana
4659:samsara
4518:dhammas
4496:samatha
4476:Samādhi
4470:Samatha
4451:Samatha
4447:Bhavana
4258:Nibbana
4254:fetters
4207:Samādhi
4199:Samatha
4151:Samādhi
4117:In the
4082:Analayo
3954:Mongkut
3952:, King
3844:abhiññā
3817:Nibbana
3784:fetters
3761:nibbana
3744:vimutti
3730:nibbana
3725:samsara
3587:paccaya
3546:nibbana
3523:realism
3390:arahant
3328:indriya
3299:tathatā
3272:nibbana
3243:pudgala
3225:nirmāṇa
3203:nirodha
3084:On the
3016:viññana
2989:upekkha
2984:samādhi
2916:Samadhi
2871:nirodha
2748:uccheda
2739:nibbana
2737:(Pali:
2735:Nirvana
2667:samsara
2659:rebirth
2404:Tibetan
2400:Prakrit
2300:Nikayas
2278:Magadha
2272:, is a
2212:Dipa Ma
2134:Sarnath
1969:Mongkut
1967:. King
1848:Myanmar
1816:floruit
1749:pagodas
1686:Mahinda
1600:History
1539:Vietnam
1503:Myanmar
1480:Modern
1405:in the
1269:Vietnam
1224:Myanmar
1139:Tibetan
1129:Chinese
1057:Nirvāṇa
874:Saṃsāra
869:Rebirth
734:History
723:Outline
642:Dipa Ma
612:Analayo
477:Mongkut
417:Mahinda
337:Nibbāna
328:Saṃsāra
252:Schools
193:History
115:Vietnam
95:Myanmar
18552:Portal
18491:Guyana
18471:Brazil
18438:Tuvalu
18335:Panama
18325:Mexico
18270:Canada
18265:Belize
18195:Sweden
18175:Serbia
18165:Russia
18150:Poland
18145:Norway
18125:Monaco
18095:Latvia
18090:Kosovo
18065:Greece
18055:France
17987:Europe
17952:Turkey
17937:Taiwan
17842:Kuwait
17815:Jordan
17805:Israel
17765:Cyprus
17750:Brunei
17745:Bhutan
17697:Zambia
17692:Uganda
17632:Rwanda
17587:Malawi
17547:Guinea
17537:Gambia
17442:Angola
17429:Africa
17238:Wealth
17181:Schism
17136:Growth
17060:Priest
17045:Clergy
16864:Theism
16847:Nature
16842:Astral
16785:Groves
16753:Ritual
16738:Prayer
16696:Novice
16646:Ethnic
16571:Topics
16543:Urartu
16538:Tongan
16533:Somali
16528:Slavic
16408:Dacian
16187:Celtic
16182:Basque
16160:Baltic
16011:Udmurt
15976:Uralic
15971:Slavic
15924:Celtic
15912:Abkhaz
15900:Romuva
15890:Baltic
15865:Modern
15708:Papuan
15671:Voodoo
15626:Kumina
15567:Yoruba
15557:Urhobo
15527:Maasai
15512:Lotuko
15460:Baluba
15450:Akamba
15423:Berber
15381:Heraka
15371:Dongba
15249:Pueblo
15244:Pawnee
15234:Navajo
15224:Muisca
15187:Lenape
15175:Lakota
15153:Seneca
15143:Mohawk
15065:Ohlone
15040:Apache
15023:Ojibwe
14998:Native
14864:Manchu
14859:Evenki
14820:Altaic
14811:Ethnic
14786:Khalsa
14739:Kalash
14629:Śrauta
14498:Indian
14428:Korean
14394:Shinto
14364:Taoism
14337:Luoism
14163:Baháʼí
14158:Bábism
14110:Ahmadi
14088:Sufism
14081:Alawis
13731:Church
13659:Reform
13640:Modern
13628:Haredi
13490:Sutras
13485:Suttas
13350:Siddhi
13335:Koliya
13310:Brahmā
13225:Poetry
13171:Mantra
13161:Kasaya
13033:Pagoda
13013:Kyaung
13008:Vihāra
13003:Temple
12945:Ethics
12788:Ashoka
12738:Sweden
12733:Poland
12728:Norway
12718:Mexico
12703:France
12688:Canada
12683:Brazil
12622:Africa
12602:Taiwan
12565:Russia
12490:Bhutan
12450:Vinaya
12330:Naropa
12320:Saraha
12255:Asanga
12011:Prajñā
11920:Refuge
11883:Nianfo
11844:Tertön
11839:Tantra
11824:Ganana
11814:Tukdam
11740:Dhyāna
11708:Mudita
11703:Karuṇā
11596:Risshū
11591:Huayan
11524:Naraka
11464:Anattā
11459:Dukkha
11454:Anicca
11359:Dharma
11311:Channa
11246:Ānanda
11231:Assaji
11198:Skanda
11101:(wife)
11070:Family
11050:Relics
10975:Sangha
10970:Dharma
10965:Buddha
10255:
10227:Leiden
10198:
10183:, UMCS
10160:
10020:
9995:
9987:
9948:
9940:
9909:
9901:
9429:, 2003
9093:30 May
8840:
8667:
8344:
8265:
8239:
8235:–170,
8073:
8004:
7978:
7941:p. 26.
7756:p. 667
7674:
7653:
7528:
7462:"TBCM"
7419:
7310:
7149:
7041:
7009:
6918:
6850:
6715:
6705:
6493:
6405:UNGEGN
6401:ថេរវាទ
6393:เถรวาท
6385:ထေရဝါဒ
6334:Cetiya
6159:Yunnan
6151:Achang
6064:
6022:
5980:
5938:
5896:
5845:dukkha
5841:anicca
5837:anatta
5781:Rohana
5665:nikaya
5575:vinaya
5522:, and
5493:dhamma
5277:, the
5121:Yangon
5042:, and
4871:, the
4869:refuge
4774:, the
4754:Medawi
4623:anicca
4621:, and
4619:anatta
4615:dukkha
4595:vitaka
4554:, the
4550:, the
4535:anicca
4529:anatta
4523:dukkha
4491:jhānas
4432:Weikza
4420:, the
4306:Refuge
4289:, and
4220:, the
4037:, and
3989:) and
3869:Buddha
3838:Buddha
3749:dukkha
3737:) and
3709:jhanas
3697:Tusita
3685:heaven
3674:niraya
3657:kappas
3433:dhatus
3427:, the
3393:state.
3358:hadaya
3254:Buddha
3131:kilesa
3108:savaka
3010:phassa
2963:viriya
2935:Saṅgha
2931:Dhamma
2929:, the
2927:Buddha
2925:: the
2859:dukkha
2787:anatta
2778:anicca
2757:āsavas
2707:jhanas
2690:castes
2684:) and
2654:cetana
2509:, the
2434:, the
2402:, and
2392:Agamas
2388:Vinaya
2289:Ashoka
2214:, and
1860:Ceylon
1678:Ashoka
1572:, the
1557:. The
1555:Taiwan
1553:, and
1541:, the
1505:, and
1455:vinaya
1402:dhamma
1254:Taiwan
1234:Russia
1174:Brazil
1169:Bhutan
1089:Buddha
1009:Wisdom
792:Dharma
394:Vinaya
301:Anattā
18476:Chile
18433:Tonga
18423:Samoa
18413:Palau
18403:Nauru
18310:Haiti
18230:Wales
18190:Spain
18115:Malta
18085:Italy
17977:Yemen
17932:Syria
17912:Qatar
17887:Nepal
17862:Macau
17825:Korea
17810:Japan
17785:India
17760:China
17672:Sudan
17622:Niger
17577:Libya
17562:Kenya
17542:Ghana
17532:Gabon
17507:Egypt
17447:Benin
17356:Index
17327:lists
17191:State
17009:Women
16877:Deism
16852:Place
16832:Water
16827:Truth
16795:Trees
16651:Faith
16616:Laity
16511:Punic
16469:Roman
16435:Vedic
16393:Olmec
16280:Greek
16273:Norse
16197:Irish
16018:Wicca
15813:Subud
15703:Inuit
15676:Winti
15666:Vodou
15631:Obeah
15611:Comfa
15594:Bantu
15547:Serer
15532:Mbuti
15492:Dogon
15487:Dinka
15470:Kongo
15465:Bantu
15391:Qiang
15281:Yaqui
15212:Olmec
15202:Aztec
15123:Haida
15060:Miwok
15055:Kuksu
14976:Māori
14907:Dayak
14828:Turko
14791:Sects
14727:Other
14682:Thiền
14266:Other
14168:Druze
14146:Other
14022:Sunni
14014:Islam
13796:Amish
13714:Latin
13462:Lists
13330:Kalpa
13325:Iddhi
13188:Music
13183:Mudra
13149:Vassa
13129:Vesak
13099:Budai
13045:Candi
13028:Stupa
12960:Logic
12713:Italy
12612:Tibet
12550:Nepal
12520:Korea
12515:Japan
12505:India
12500:China
12445:Sutra
12400:Texts
12350:Dōgen
12340:Hōnen
12325:Atiśa
12290:Zhiyi
12200:Achar
12168:Tulku
12163:Geshe
12148:Rōshi
12133:Ajahn
12088:Arhat
12048:Bodhi
12018:Vīrya
11935:Sacca
11930:Satya
11925:Sādhu
11913:Music
11856:Merit
11849:Terma
11809:Zazen
11745:Faith
11698:Mettā
11379:Karma
11339:Bardo
11306:Asita
11296:Khema
11286:Upāli
11271:Nanda
11109:(son)
11083:Māyā
11060:Films
10937:Index
10721:(PDF)
10714:(PDF)
10623:(PDF)
10616:(PDF)
10225:(3),
10218:Numen
10213:(PDF)
9993:JSTOR
9946:JSTOR
9907:S2CID
9853:(PDF)
8697:(PDF)
8690:(PDF)
8342:JSTOR
7972:Nicca
7559:2020.
6564:Bihar
6397:Khmer
6360:Notes
6189:Nepal
6180:India
6155:Blang
6127:China
6109:Nepal
5858:Rank
5833:metta
5489:bana,
5329:Vassa
4988:merit
4946:monks
4508:jhana
4504:jhana
4412:Forms
4398:Bihar
4325:puñña
4295:kamma
4265:karma
4179:summa
4155:Paññā
4123:magga
3770:bodhi
3735:amata
3689:devas
3669:hells
3637:Indra
3633:devas
3629:bhava
3567:citta
3552:citta
3482:suñña
3340:heart
3289:akasa
3284:space
3210:khaṇa
3122:khaṇa
3115:citta
3005:Sense
2876:magga
2865:tanha
2678:Vedas
2649:karma
2328:Khmer
2226:Texts
2073:Nepal
2007:with
1923:Vesak
1864:Burma
1741:Bagan
1625:stupa
1531:Nepal
1527:China
1519:India
1388:from
1264:Tibet
1204:Korea
1199:Japan
1189:India
1184:China
1149:Newar
1074:Arhat
864:Karma
718:Index
427:Tissa
316:Jhana
306:Arhat
133:Texts
100:Nepal
85:India
80:China
18501:Peru
18383:Fiji
18280:Cuba
17892:Oman
17852:Laos
17800:Iraq
17795:Iran
17712:Asia
17682:Togo
17592:Mali
17482:Chad
17325:and
17252:and
16822:Text
16802:Soul
16691:Monk
16656:Fire
16337:Inca
16145:Ainu
16029:list
16006:Sámi
15636:Palo
15604:Ketu
15599:Jejé
15517:Lozi
15497:Efik
15475:Zulu
15455:Akan
15308:Ahom
15300:Miao
15298:and
15286:Zuni
15259:Hopi
15207:Maya
15104:Crow
15070:Pomo
14717:list
14674:Chan
14645:list
14602:Nath
14400:list
14136:list
14061:Shia
14003:list
13690:list
13360:Pāḷi
13345:Māra
13255:Flag
12656:Iran
12580:Tuva
12525:Laos
12153:Lama
12001:Śīla
11969:Śīla
11957:Pīti
11947:Sati
11898:Puja
11819:Koan
11725:Dāna
11316:Yasa
11203:Tārā
10822:2010
10797:2012
10771:2012
10745:2012
10668:2012
10644:link
10631:2011
10598:2020
10568:2009
10545:2012
10518:2012
10491:2012
10381:2009
10302:link
10264:2016
10253:ISSN
10196:ISBN
10158:ISBN
10098:2017
10018:ISBN
9985:ISSN
9938:ISSN
9899:ISSN
9864:2023
9794:2010
9767:2010
9740:2010
9716:2010
9689:2011
9623:2010
9435:2010
9095:2013
8868:2012
8838:ISBN
8705:2009
8665:ISBN
8263:ISBN
8237:ISBN
8071:ISBN
8002:ISBN
7976:ISBN
7672:ISBN
7651:ISBN
7526:ISBN
7473:2024
7448:2024
7417:ISBN
7308:ISBN
7226:2023
7147:ISBN
7039:ISBN
7007:ISBN
6972:link
6959:2024
6916:ISBN
6848:ISBN
6794:tr.
6713:OCLC
6703:ISBN
6622:2024
6597:2024
6491:ISBN
6432:Pali
6389:Thai
6228:and
6216:Laos
6143:Hani
6131:Shan
6113:East
6067:Laos
6004:100%
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4952:and
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4801:and
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4100:The
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3788:view
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2995:The
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2951:sati
2940:The
2902:atta
2896:The
2838:The
2827:The
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16701:Nun
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15341:Bon
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10235:doi
9977:doi
9891:doi
9657:doi
9217:doi
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6135:Tai
6088:98%
6078:67%
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