3052:
1061:
and generally do not touch the ground, and greatly reduced in some lineages. They also lack a digit V on their hands and have developed a furcula which is otherwise known as a wishbone. Early neotheropods like the coelophysoids have a noticeable kink in the upper jaw known as a subnarial gap. Averostrans are some of the most derived theropods and contain the
Tetanurae and Ceratosauria. While some used to consider coelophysoids and ceratosaurs to be within the same group due to features such as a fused hip, later studies showed that it is more likely that these were features ancestral to neotheropods and were lost in basal tetanurans. Averostrans and their close relatives are united via the complete loss of any digit V remnants, fewer teeth in the maxilla, the movement of the tooth row further down the maxilla and a lacrimal fenestra. Averostrans also share features in their hips and teeth.
1555:
1322:
1526:
Studies of limb bone articulation and the relative absence of trackway evidence for tail dragging suggested that, when walking, the giant, long-tailed theropods would have adopted a more horizontal posture with the tail held parallel to the ground. However, the orientation of the legs in these species while walking remains controversial. Some studies support a traditional vertically oriented femur, at least in the largest long-tailed theropods, while others suggest that the knee was normally strongly flexed in all theropods while walking, even giants like the tyrannosaurids. It is likely that a wide range of body postures, stances, and gaits existed in the many extinct theropod groups.
1453:
measurement as a function of body weight, as the proportions of long bones like the femur grow proportionately with body mass. The method of using extant animal bone proportion to body mass ratios to make predictions about extinct animals is known as the extant-scaling (ES) approach. A second method, known as the volumetric-density (VD) approach, uses full-scale models of skeletons to make inferences about potential mass. The ES approach is better for wide-range studies including many specimens and doesn't require as much of a complete skeleton as the VD approach, but the VD approach allows scientists to better answer more physiological questions about the animal, such as
1704:. Coelurosaurs showed a shift in the use of the forearm, with greater flexibility at the shoulder allowing the arm to be raised towards the horizontal plane, and to even greater degrees in flying birds. However, in coelurosaurs, such as ornithomimosaurs and especially dromaeosaurids, the hand itself had lost most flexibility, with highly inflexible fingers. Dromaeosaurids and other maniraptorans also showed increased mobility at the wrist not seen in other theropods, thanks to the presence of a specialized half-moon shaped wrist bone (the semi-lunate carpal) that allowed the whole hand to fold backward towards the forearm in the manner of modern birds.
9389:
2396:
3002:
11521:
237:
169:
2940:
283:
9382:
2971:
1298:
7886:
8711:
1492:
2880:
215:
2909:
191:
1806:
8697:
3349:
2144:
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901:
10177:
7277:
2409:
10959:
7266:
261:
8690:
10966:
2370:
1797:. The study described and analyzed four complete natural molds of theropod foot prints that are now stored at the Huaxia Dinosaur Tracks Research and Development Center (HDT). These dinosaur footprints were in fact claw marks, which suggest that this theropod was swimming near the surface of a river and just the tips of its toes and claws could touch the bottom. The tracks indicate a coordinated, left-right, left-right progression, which supports the proposition that theropods were well-coordinated swimmers.
7892:
9396:
314:
8704:
11534:
10195:
2715:
1691:(the two bones of the forearm). In saurischian dinosaurs, however, the end of the radius near the elbow was actually locked into a groove of the ulna, preventing any movement. Movement at the wrist was also limited in many species, forcing the entire forearm and hand to move as a single unit with little flexibility. In theropods and prosauropods, the only way for the palm to face the ground would have been by lateral splaying of the entire forelimb, as in a bird raising its wing.
1070:
3031:
2852:
1651:
1201:. The morphology of the teeth is distinct enough to tell the major families apart, which indicate different diet strategies. An investigation in July 2015 discovered that what appeared to be "cracks" in their teeth were actually folds that helped to prevent tooth breakage by strengthening individual serrations as they attacked their prey. The folds helped the teeth stay in place longer, especially as theropods evolved into larger sizes and had more force in their bite.
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13118:
7312:
10202:
2357:
11528:
1210:
13142:
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1514:, with the forelimbs reduced in length and specialized for a wide variety of tasks (see below). In modern birds, the body is typically held in a somewhat upright position, with the upper leg (femur) held parallel to the spine and with the forward force of locomotion generated at the knee. Scientists are not certain how far back in the theropod family tree this type of posture and locomotion extends.
3335:
2348:(also named by Gauthier in 1986). These new developments also came with a recognition among most scientists that birds arose directly from maniraptoran theropods and, on the abandonment of ranks in cladistic classification, with the re-evaluation of birds as a subset of theropod dinosaurs that survived the Mesozoic extinctions and lived into the present.
1472:
which had a body mass of 200 grams, grew at a rate of approximately 0.33 grams per day. A comparable reptile of the same size grows at half of this rate. The growth rates of medium-sized non-avian theropods (100–1000 kg) approximated those of precocial birds, which are much slower than
1056:
Instead, taxa with a higher probability of being within the
Theropoda may share more specific traits, such as a prominent promaxillary fenestra, cervical vertebrae with pleurocoels in the anterior part of the centrum leading to a more pneumatic neck, five or more sacral vertebrae, enlargement of the
1052:
suggests that theropods are characterized by traits such as an ectopterygoid fossa (a depression around the ectopterygoid bone), an intramandibular joint located within the lower jaw, and extreme internal cavitation within the bones. However, since taxa like
Herrerasaurus may not be theropods, these
1460:
The current consensus is that non-avian theropods didn't exhibit a group wide growth rate, but instead had varied rates depending on their size. However, all non-avian theropods had faster growth rates than extant reptiles, even when modern reptiles are scaled up to the large size of some non-avian
1060:
Most theropods belong to the clade
Neotheropoda, characterized by the reduction of several foot bones, thus leaving three toed footprints on the ground when they walk (tridactyl feet). Digit V was reduced to a remnant early in theropod evolution and was gone by the late Triassic. Digit I is reduced
1448:
and extant animal growth rates as proxies are used to make predictions. Fossilized bones exhibit growth rings that appear as a result of growth or seasonal changes, which can be used to approximate age at the time of death. However, the amount of rings in a skeleton can vary from bone to bone, and
1730:
from 10 families. Pathologies were found in theropods of all body size although they were less common in fossils of small theropods, although this may be an artifact of preservation. They are very widely represented throughout the different parts of theropod anatomy. The most common sites of
2069:
Thus, during the late
Jurassic, there were no fewer than four distinct lineages of theropods—ceratosaurs, megalosaurs, allosaurs, and coelurosaurs—preying on the abundance of small and large herbivorous dinosaurs. All four groups survived into the Cretaceous, and three of those—the ceratosaurs,
1760:, which tended to be confined only to small regions of the animal's body. Evidence for congenital malformities have also been found in theropod remains. Such discoveries can provide information useful for understanding the evolutionary history of the processes of biological development. Unusual
1525:
were thought to have walked with vertical femurs and spines in an upright, nearly erect posture, using their long, muscular tails as additional support in a kangaroo-like tripodal stance. Beginning in the 1970s, biomechanical studies of extinct giant theropods cast doubt on this interpretation.
1452:
Body mass is harder to determine as bone mass only represents a small proportion of the total body mass of animals. One method is to measure the circumference of the femur, which in non-avian theropod dinosaurs has been shown to be a relatively proportional to quadrupedal mammals, and use this
1247:
The coelurosaur lineages most distant from birds had feathers that were relatively short and composed of simple, possibly branching filaments. Simple filaments are also seen in therizinosaurs, which also possessed large, stiffened "quill"-like feathers. More fully feathered theropods, such as
1083:
Theropods exhibit a wide range of diets, from insectivores to herbivores and carnivores. Strict carnivory has always been considered the ancestral diet for theropods as a group, and a wider variety of diets was historically considered a characteristic exclusive to the avian theropods (birds).
1542:
software. These finds are of evolutionary significance because they help document the emergence of the neurology of modern birds from that of earlier reptiles. An increase in the proportion of the brain occupied by the cerebrum seems to have occurred with the advent of the
Coelurosauria and
1057:
carpal bone, and a distally concave portion of the tibia, among a few other traits found throughout the skeleton. Like the early sauropodomorphs, the second digit in a theropod's hand is enlarged. Theropods also have a very well developed ball and socket joint near their neck and head.
1788:
in
Sichuan. These new swim tracks support the hypothesis that theropods were adapted to swimming and capable of traversing moderately deep water. Dinosaur swim tracks are considered to be rare trace fossils, and are among a class of vertebrate swim tracks that also include those of
1755:
and forelimb, with injuries occurring in about equal frequency at each site. Most pathologies preserved in theropod fossils are the remains of injuries like fractures, pits, and punctures, often likely originating with bites. Some theropod paleopathologies seem to be evidence of
2057:
were primarily Middle
Jurassic to Early Cretaceous predators, and their spinosaurid relatives' remains are mostly from Early and Middle Cretaceous rocks. Avetheropoda, as their name indicates, were more closely related to birds and are again divided into the
1088:. Fossilized specimens of early theropods known to scientists in the 19th and early 20th centuries all possessed sharp teeth with serrated edges for cutting flesh, and some specimens even showed direct evidence of predatory behavior. For example, a
2095:), the bird-like troodontids and oviraptorosaurs, the ornithomimosaurs (or "ostrich Dinosaurs"), the strange giant-clawed herbivorous therizinosaurs, and the avialans, which include modern birds and is the only dinosaur lineage to survive the
1234:, feathers may have been confined to the young, smaller species, or limited parts of the animal. Many larger theropods had skin covered in small, bumpy scales. In some species, these were interspersed with larger scales with bony cores, or
2420:
The following is a simplified classification of theropod groups based on their evolutionary relationships, and organized based on the list of
Mesozoic dinosaur species provided by Holtz. A more detailed version can be found at
1670:
Contrary to the way theropods have often been reconstructed in art and the popular media, the range of motion of theropod forelimbs was severely limited, especially compared with the forelimb dexterity of humans and other
3487:
Martínez, Ricardo N.; Sereno, Paul C.; Alcober, Oscar A.; Colombi, Carina E.; Renne, Paul R.; Montañez, Isabel P.; Currie, Brian S. (2011). "A basal dinosaur from the dawn of the dinosaur era in
Southwestern Pangaea".
2284:
re-classified the Order Saurischia into two suborders, Theropoda and Sauropoda. This basic division has survived into modern palaeontology, with the exception of, again, the Prosauropoda, which Romer included as an
2259:
became the first paleontologists to exclude prosauropods from the carnivorous dinosaurs, and attempted to revive the name "Goniopoda" for that group, but other scientists did not accept either of these suggestions.
2343:
for one branch of a basic theropod split with another group, the Ceratosauria. As more information about the link between dinosaurs and birds came to light, the more bird-like theropods were grouped in the clade
3894:
Hendrickx, C; Mateus, O (2014). "Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth".
1629:
The forelimbs' scope of use is also believed to have also been different among different families. The spinosaurids could have used their powerful forelimbs to hold fish. Some small maniraptorans such as
1427:
Recent theories propose that theropod body size shrank continuously over a period of 50 million years, from an average of 163 kilograms (359 lb) down to 0.8 kilograms (1.8 lb), eventually
1137:
theropods and their relationships showed that therizinosaurs were not the only early members of this group to abandon carnivory. Several other lineages of early maniraptorans show adaptations for an
4011:
5507:
Nesbitt, S.J.; Smith, N.D.; Irmis, R.B.; Turner, A.H.; Downs, A. & Norell, M.A. (11 December 2009). "A complete skeleton of a Late Triassic saurischian and the early evolution of dinosaurs".
1084:
However, discoveries in the late 20th and early 21st centuries showed that a variety of diets existed even in more basal lineages. All early finds of theropod fossils showed them to be primarily
1440:
In order to estimate the growth rates of theropods, scientists need to calculate both age and body mass of a dinosaur. Both of these measures can only be calculated through fossilized bone and
1400:
to be the heaviest theropods known to science. There is still no clear explanation for why these animals grew so heavy and bulky compared to the land predators that came before and after them.
1342:
was for many decades the largest known theropod and best known to the general public. Since its discovery, however, a number of other giant carnivorous dinosaurs have been described, including
1604:
The hands are also very different among the different groups. The most common form among non-avian theropods is an appendage consisting of three fingers; the digits I, II and III (or possibly
5696:"A comprehensive anatomical and phylogenetic evaluation of Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda) with descriptions of new specimens from the Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona"
1432:. This was based on evidence that theropods were the only dinosaurs to get continuously smaller, and that their skeletons changed four times as fast as those of other dinosaur species.
1966:, which includes almost all theropods except the most primitive species. Dilophosauridae was formerly considered a small clade within Neotheropoda, but was later considered to be
4102:), the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia (Report). Contributions in Science. Vol. 416. Los Angeles County, CA: Natural History Museum.
2070:
coelurosaurs, and allosaurs—survived to end of the period, where they were geographically separate, the ceratosaurs and allosaurs in Gondwana, and the coelurosaurs in Laurasia.
3673:"Four-toed theropod footprints and a paleomagnetic age from the Whetstone Falls Member of the Harebell Formation (Upper Cretaceous : Maastrichtian), northwestern Wyoming"
3989:
1751:. The lack of preserved injuries in these bones suggests that they were selected by evolution for resistance to breakage. The least common sites of preserved injury are the
1538:
are known from fossils. Theropod endocrania can also be reconstructed from preserved brain cases without damaging valuable specimens by using a computed tomography scan and
5893:
Lee, MichaelS.Y.; Cau, Andrea; Naish, Darren; Dyke, Gareth J. (1 August 2014). "Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds".
2073:
Of all the theropod groups, the coelurosaurs were by far the most diverse. Some coelurosaur groups that flourished during the Cretaceous were the tyrannosaurids (including
1517:
Non-avian theropods were first recognized as bipedal during the 19th century, before their relationship to birds was widely accepted. During this period, theropods such as
1858:
of primitive and advanced features. Some paleontologists have in the past considered the herrerasaurians to be members of Theropoda, while other theorized the group to be
1683:
their hands—that is, they could not rotate the forearm so that the palms faced the ground or backwards towards the legs. In humans, pronation is achieved by motion of the
1264:
may have been predominantly scaly with some simple filaments interspersed. On the other hand, some theropods were completely covered with feathers, such as the troodontid
2231:. Huene placed most of the small theropod groups into Coelurosauria, and the large theropods and prosauropods into Pachypodosauria, which he considered ancestral to the
1226:
theropods were also very diverse in terms of skin texture and covering. Feathers or feather-like structures (filaments) are attested in most lineages of theropods (see
1407:, up to 2.74 m (9 ft) tall and weighing between 90 and 130 kg (200 - 290 lb). The smallest non-avialan theropod known from adult specimens is the
1197:
The majority of theropod teeth are blade-like, with serration on the edges, called ziphodont. Others are pachydont or folidont depending on the shape of the tooth or
3051:
2200:(subsequently revealed as relatives of crocodilians). Due to the scope of Marsh's Order Theropoda, it came to replace a previous taxonomic group that Marsh's rival
3833:, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae".
2099:. While the roots of these various groups are found in the Middle Jurassic, they only became abundant during the Early Cretaceous. A few palaeontologists, such as
1546:
Studies show that theropods had very sensitive snouts. It is suggested they might have been used for temperature detection, feeding behavior, and wave detection.
1510:
As a hugely diverse group of animals, the posture adopted by theropods likely varied considerably between various lineages through time. All known theropods are
4864:
1591:). This trait was, however, not universal: spinosaurids had well developed forelimbs, as did many coelurosaurs. The relatively robust forelimbs of one genus,
1473:
altricial birds. Large theropods (1500–3500 kg) grew even faster, similar to rates displayed by eutherian mammals. The largest non-avian theropods, like
1999:. It represents the only group of post-Early Jurassic theropods. One important diagnostic feature of Averostra is the absence of the fifth metacarpal. Other
1638:. The wings of modern birds are used primarily for flight, though they are adapted for other purposes in certain groups. For example, aquatic birds such as
4015:
1273:
Based on a relationships between tooth size and skull length and also a comparison of the degree of wear of the teeth of non-avian theropods and modern
5745:"The oldest ceratosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Lower Jurassic of Italy, sheds light on the evolution of the three-fingered hand of birds"
2689:
The following family tree illustrates a synthesis of the relationships of the major theropod groups based on various studies conducted in the 2010s.
1739:. Despite being abundant in ribs and vertebrae, injuries seem to be "absent... or very rare" on the bodies' primary weight supporting bones like the
4200:(Reptilia, Theropoda) ein nuer Raubdinosaurier aus dem Oberjura der Suedlichen Frankenalb (Sueddeutschland): Skelettanatomie und Wiechteilbefunde".
3222:
and all its descendants. Mickey Mortimer commented that Paul's original apomorphy-based definition may make Averostra a much broader clade than the
12030:
3868:
Holtz, T. R. Jr.; Brinkman, D. L.; Chandler, C. L. (1998). "Dental morphometrics and a possibly omnivorous feeding habit for the theropod dinosaur
3453:
2305:
in 1969, neither of which could be classified easily as "carnosaurs" or "coelurosaurs". In light of these and other discoveries, by the late 1970s
3743:"Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution"
13310:
13259:
3599:
Novas, Fernando E.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Temp Müller, Rodrigo; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Langer, Max C. (1 October 2021).
3203:
1700:, the hand itself retained a relatively high degree of flexibility, with mobile fingers. This was also true of more basal theropods, such as
1461:
theropods. As body mass increases, the relative growth rate also increases. This trend may be due to the need to reach the size required for
5049:
Padian, K.; Olsen, P.E. (1989). "Ratite footprints and the stance and gait of Mesozoic theropods". In Gillette, D.D.; Lockley, M.G. (eds.).
1854:). They were found in North America and South America and possibly also India and Southern Africa. The herrerasaurs were characterised by a
13315:
1879:. The coelophysoids were a group of widely distributed, lightly built and potentially gregarious animals. They included small hunters like
4323:
Therrien, F.; Henderson, D. M. (2007). "My theropod is bigger than yours...or not: estimating body size from skull length in theropods".
1393:
1903:
and considered a side-branch of more advanced theropods, they may have been ancestral to all other theropods (which would make them a
6345:
2096:
6173:
4266:
Cullen, Thomas M.; Larson, Derek William; Witton, Mark P.; Scott, Diane; Maho, Tea; Brink, Kirstin S.; et al. (30 March 2023).
1048:
Various synapomorphies for Theropoda have been proposed based on which taxa are included in the group. For example, a 1999 paper by
12025:
2215:, no longer considered carnivorous dinosaurs to have formed a natural group. Huene abandoned the name "Theropoda", instead using
1277:, it is concluded that theropods had lips that protected their teeth from the outside. Visually, the snouts of such theropods as
3267:
and suggested that the hypercarnivore morphologies that are observed in specimens of theropods and herrerasaurids were acquired
2103:, have suggested that some or all of these advanced theropods were actually descended from flying dinosaurs or proto-birds like
5667:(1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria". Abhandlungen.
1929:
1768:
in the same are probably evidence that one is examining the fossils of an extremely old individual rather than a diseased one.
1554:
6014:
Anderson, Ted R. (2006). Biology of the Ubiquitous House Sparrow: from Genes to Populations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6230:
6091:
6052:
4632:
3725:
3655:
1449:
old rings can also be lost at advanced age, so scientists need to properly control these two possibly confounding variables.
9388:
9381:
7369:
1483:, which is characterized by a rapid period of growth until maturity, subsequently followed by slowing growth in adulthood.
984:
that is characterized by hollow bones and three toes and claws on each limb. Theropods are generally classed as a group of
11520:
4358:
dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Buffetaut, E.; Mendez, M. A. (2005). "New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod
7348:
2332:
in the 1980s, and their development in the 1990s and 2000s, a clearer picture of theropod relationships began to emerge.
2110:
The evolution of birds from other theropod dinosaurs has also been reported, with some of the linking features being the
4029:
Brink, K. S.; Reisz, R. R.; Leblanc, A. R. H.; Chang, R. S.; Lee, Y. C.; Chiang, C. C.; Huang, T.; Evans, D. C. (2015).
13305:
4516:
6032:
Hendrickx, C.; Hartman, S.A.; Mateus, O. (2015). "An overview of non-avian theropod discoveries and classification".
6019:
5877:
5837:
5468:"A new Early Cretaceous dinosaur track assemblage and the first definite non-avian theropod swim trackway from China"
5287:
4222:
Xu, X.; Zhao, Q.; Norell, M.; Sullivan, C.; Hone, D.; Erickson, G.; Wang, X.; Han, F. & Guo, Y. (February 2009).
5305:"The evolution of the manus of early theropod dinosaurs is characterized by high inter- and intraspecific variation"
13264:
6301:
1321:
10176:
3271:. However, this phylogeny remains controversial and additional work is being done to clarify these relationships.
11569:
8710:
4490:
8696:
5619:
4375:
10958:
4336:
1948:. However, most later researchers have used it to denote a broader group. Neotheropoda was first defined as a
1252:, usually retain scales only on the feet. Some species may have mixed feathers elsewhere on the body as well.
11399:
8689:
7885:
6338:
6132:
4175:
1053:
traits may have been more widely distributed among early saurischians rather than being unique to theropods.
10194:
7891:
7276:
1416:, at 110 grams in weight and 34 centimeters (1 ft) in length. When modern birds are included, the
10972:
6147:
5448:
Molnar, R.E. (2001). "Theropod paleopathology: A literature survey". In Tanke, D.H.; Carpenter, K. (eds.).
3432:
9395:
13158:
12015:
3194:) which can also be referred to as a maxillary fenestra, an extra opening in the front outer side of the
1601:
to suggest that the animal might have been quadrupedal. However, this is no longer thought to be likely.
8703:
7265:
6252:
Langer, M.C.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Rauhut, O.W.M.; Benton, M.J.; Knoll, F.; McPhee, B.W.; et al. (2017).
5125:
Barker, Chris Tijani; Naish, Darren; Newham, Elis; Katsamenis, Orestis L.; Dyke, Gareth (16 June 2017).
1829:, a number of primitive proto-theropod and theropod dinosaurs existed and evolved alongside each other.
11797:
10965:
7315:
5064:
Paul, G.S. (1998). "Limb design, function and running performance in ostrich-mimics and tyrannosaurs".
2507:(A group of medium to large Orionides with unknown affinities, quite common in the southern hemisphere)
2395:
2235:(prosauropods were still thought of as carnivorous at that time, owing to the incorrect association of
42:
10201:
7283:
3601:"Review of the fossil record of early dinosaurs from South America, and its phylogenetic implications"
3600:
2026:. They competed alongside their more anatomically advanced tetanuran relatives and—in the form of the
313:
11712:
11702:
11533:
6451:
6288:
2329:
1577:
Shortened forelimbs in relation to hind legs was a common trait among theropods, most notably in the
1100:
38:
12038:
12020:
7436:
7194:
6366:
6331:
1198:
1129:
theropods. Therizinosaurs possessed large abdomens for processing plant food, and small heads with
17:
3782:"A new North American therizinosaurid and the role of herbivory in 'predatory' dinosaur evolution"
236:
12043:
11527:
10182:
7341:
6238:
3208:
3001:
2422:
1713:
1163:
11717:
5572:. Berkeley, CA / Los Angeles, CA / Oxford, UK: University of California Press. pp. 151–168.
1891:. These successful animals continued from the Late Carnian (early Late Triassic) through to the
1605:
168:
13277:
13176:
13134:
12010:
11822:
11772:
6888:
5996:(1922). "The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta".
3695:
3301:
2157:
coined the name Theropoda (meaning "beast feet") in 1881. Marsh initially named Theropoda as a
1106:
1090:
1075:
7259:
5352:
4185:. The Dinosaur Museum Journal. Vol. 1. Blanding, UT: The Dinosaur Museum. pp. 63–95.
282:
13272:
11847:
9907:
9819:
6978:
4224:"A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin"
3942:
3741:
SMITH, NATHAN D.; MAKOVICKY, PETER J.; HAMMER, WILLIAM R.; CURRIE, PHILIP J. (October 2007).
2147:
2115:
1859:
1785:
389:
4268:"Theropod dinosaur facial reconstruction and the importance of soft tissues in paleobiology"
3780:
Zanno, Lindsay E.; Gillette, David D.; Albright, L. Barry; Titus, Alan L. (25 August 2010).
3550:
2446:(generally elaborately horned, the dominant southern carnivores of the Cretaceous; includes
13233:
12475:
11485:
9596:
9564:
7270:
6716:
6267:
6188:
5955:
5904:
5707:
5518:
5479:
5373:
Carpenter, K. (2002). "Forelimb biomechanics of nonavian theropod dinosaurs in predation".
5203:
5138:
5083:
Farlow, J. O.; Gatesy, S. M.; Holtz, T. R. Jr.; Hutchinson, J. R.; Robinson, J. M. (2000).
4985:
4805:
4578:
4435:
4279:
4235:
4129:
4042:
3954:
3842:
3612:
3497:
3268:
3219:
1500:
1175:
1161:
and advanced troodontids were likely omnivorous as well, and some early theropods (such as
10952:
8:
13214:
12005:
11897:
11837:
11782:
11562:
9920:
9707:
6424:
3376:
3214:
2970:
2628:
2576:
2496:
2212:
2063:
1675:. Most notably, theropods and other bipedal saurischian dinosaurs (including the bipedal
1635:
1445:
1350:
1313:
10189:
6271:
6192:
5959:
5908:
5711:
5606:, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar".
5522:
5483:
5207:
5142:
4989:
4809:
4582:
4439:
4283:
4239:
4133:
4046:
3958:
3846:
3672:
3616:
3501:
2908:
13300:
12788:
11852:
11812:
11777:
11392:
9896:
9756:
9612:
9552:
8987:
8897:
8780:
7644:
7334:
7217:
6212:
5971:
5928:
5892:
5779:
5744:
5725:
5645:
5623:
5542:
5390:
5329:
5304:
5227:
5167:
5126:
5035:
4937:
4904:
4837:
4766:
4731:
4712:
4648:
4610:
4471:
4379:
4340:
4305:
4153:
4114:
4076:
4063:
4030:
3970:
3920:
3806:
3781:
3531:
3467:
3447:
2621:
2066:) and the Coelurosauria (a very large and diverse dinosaur group including the birds).
1863:
1631:
1429:
1292:
1227:
588:
537:
308:
214:
5127:"Complex neuroanatomy in the rostrum of the Isle of Wight theropod Neovenator salerii"
4970:
2939:
2143:
1862:
saurischians, and may even have evolved prior to the saurischian-ornithischian split.
13141:
12914:
12861:
12811:
11954:
11944:
11887:
11687:
11682:
11622:
11274:
11191:
11165:
11004:
10991:
10869:
10410:
10362:
9194:
8544:
7623:
6293:
6216:
6204:
6108:
6087:
6015:
5975:
5920:
5895:
5873:
5833:
5784:
5766:
5729:
5534:
5509:
5334:
5283:
5231:
5219:
5172:
5154:
4942:
4924:
4856:
4829:
4821:
4771:
4753:
4716:
4704:
4696:
4652:
4602:
4594:
4463:
4309:
4297:
4145:
4068:
3912:
3811:
3762:
3758:
3721:
3718:
Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages
3651:
3628:
3578:
3570:
3523:
3440:
Dinosaurs: The most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages
3354:
3293:
3047:
2879:
2590:
2541:
2318:
1539:
1491:
1454:
273:
5946:
Marsh, O.C. (1881). "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part V.".
5932:
5680:
5627:
5394:
4383:
4344:
4080:
4031:"Developmental and evolutionary novelty in the serrated teeth of theropod dinosaurs"
3974:
3924:
3535:
2293:(which he also ranked as infraorders). This dichotomy was upset by the discovery of
2041:
are more specialised again than the ceratosaurs. They are subdivided into the basal
1872:, another Triassic dinosaur, suggests the herrerasaurs likely were early theropods.
12780:
11922:
11594:
11378:
11135:
11045:
10834:
10750:
10612:
10531:
10503:
10463:
10344:
10314:
9832:
9585:
9449:
9306:
9206:
9055:
8962:
8920:
8487:
7797:
6872:
6632:
6436:
6283:
6275:
6258:
6196:
6128:
5963:
5912:
5774:
5756:
5715:
5676:
5641:
5615:
5568:(1990). "Ceratosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P. & Osmólska, H. (eds.).
5565:
5546:
5526:
5487:
5428:
5382:
5324:
5316:
5211:
5162:
5146:
5096:
5031:
4993:
4932:
4916:
4885:
4877:
4848:
4841:
4813:
4761:
4743:
4686:
4644:
4614:
4586:
4475:
4453:
4443:
4397:
4371:
4332:
4287:
4243:
4157:
4137:
4058:
4050:
3962:
3904:
3850:
3801:
3793:
3754:
3742:
3687:
3620:
3562:
3513:
3505:
3326:
3239:
2997:
2652:
2583:
2562:
2333:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2162:
2022:) appeared during the Early Jurassic and continued through to the Late Jurassic in
1933:
1855:
1696:
1480:
1441:
1186:
1158:
1008:
926:
824:
526:
227:
190:
5215:
3854:
3566:
13012:
12840:
12310:
11832:
11817:
11755:
11654:
11582:
11441:
11179:
11142:
11074:
10929:
10922:
10734:
10676:
10649:
10639:
10598:
10433:
10292:
10276:
10094:
10066:
10044:
9931:
9776:
9483:
9257:
9140:
9118:
9039:
8868:
8845:
8838:
8816:
8802:
8795:
8756:
8607:
8454:
8381:
8370:
8306:
8194:
8081:
7658:
7567:
7421:
7396:
7305:
7183:
7126:
6737:
6515:
6493:
6463:
6354:
6081:
6077:
3966:
3624:
3472:
3402:
3392:
3381:
3368:
3260:
3256:
3234:
3183:
3175:
3025:
2935:
2875:
2814:
2710:
2597:
2569:
2528:
2521:
2478:
2369:
2286:
2228:
2193:
2177:
2169:
2158:
2100:
2042:
1868:
1794:
1719:
1462:
1417:
1326:
1254:
1154:
1150:
1012:
864:
854:
834:
734:
724:
658:
547:
516:
260:
249:
5191:
1899:). Although in the early cladistic classifications they were included under the
13122:
13052:
13004:
12938:
12877:
12832:
12819:
12693:
12656:
12507:
12281:
12118:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11842:
11827:
11722:
11697:
11692:
11674:
11555:
11406:
11369:
11350:
11312:
11301:
11098:
10811:
10770:
10761:
10743:
10723:
10619:
10333:
10078:
9940:
9767:
9749:
9577:
9544:
9530:
9491:
9265:
9126:
9083:
9076:
8998:
8974:
8927:
8886:
8823:
8809:
8537:
8522:
8349:
8183:
8047:
8015:
8004:
7981:
7943:
7804:
7774:
7698:
7637:
7536:
7300:
7156:
6657:
6570:
6536:
5150:
4997:
4736:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3252:
3199:
2846:
2659:
2635:
2430:
2408:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2054:
2046:
1971:
1945:
1896:
1876:
1839:
1832:
The earliest and most primitive of the theropod dinosaurs were the carnivorous
1736:
1593:
1559:
1522:
1404:
1389:
1356:
1279:
1249:
1118:
1016:
900:
884:
648:
618:
475:
203:
6253:
5967:
5492:
5467:
5433:
5412:
4448:
4423:
4254:
4248:
4223:
3908:
1178:, tooth marks on bones of the prey, and gut contents. Some theropods, such as
13294:
13199:
13060:
13044:
12967:
12959:
12793:
12591:
12441:
12328:
12286:
12086:
12078:
12000:
11964:
11882:
11806:
11634:
11448:
11294:
11255:
11234:
11113:
11106:
11033:
10827:
10800:
10658:
10574:
10552:
10545:
10538:
10481:
10398:
10261:
10233:
10220:
10144:
10021:
9861:
9695:
9626:
9512:
9499:
9244:
9222:
9215:
9179:
9152:
9104:
9028:
8764:
8555:
8529:
8445:
8426:
8419:
8356:
8335:
8314:
8299:
8285:
8244:
8210:
8203:
8122:
7974:
7861:
7854:
7781:
7751:
7740:
7630:
7601:
7594:
7520:
7149:
7142:
7098:
7077:
7032:
6895:
6686:
6323:
5989:
5870:
Dinosaurs of the Air: The evolution and loss of flight in dinosaurs and birds
5770:
5248:(1984). "A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan Basin".
5223:
5158:
4928:
4825:
4757:
4700:
4656:
4598:
3766:
3632:
3574:
2983:
2966:
2789:
2533:
2510:
2485:
2460:
2454:
2413:
2252:
2247:
2224:
2189:
2123:
2091:
2059:
1811:
1701:
1684:
1662:
1618:
1475:
1364:
specimens (as well as newer fossils described in 2006) support the idea that
1338:
1032:
956:
764:
714:
704:
557:
453:
289:
267:
221:
121:
79:
5916:
5584:
5530:
4748:
4292:
4267:
3509:
13146:
12890:
12735:
12551:
12389:
12337:
12209:
12170:
11939:
11927:
11917:
11907:
11604:
11420:
11358:
11328:
11248:
11241:
11219:
11211:
11091:
11083:
11063:
10778:
10689:
10627:
10517:
10488:
10440:
10269:
10254:
10029:
9961:
9889:
9868:
9847:
9663:
9619:
9427:
9414:
9344:
9297:
9172:
9062:
9014:
9007:
8944:
8913:
8906:
8787:
8614:
8466:
8363:
8265:
8258:
8153:
8137:
8073:
8024:
7956:
7733:
7616:
7609:
7580:
7543:
7512:
7171:
7090:
7022:
6967:
6902:
6860:
6853:
6845:
6803:
6694:
6641:
6585:
6561:
6297:
6208:
5993:
5924:
5788:
5538:
5338:
5245:
5176:
5101:
5084:
4946:
4920:
4860:
4833:
4793:
4792:
Erickson, Gregory M.; Rogers, Kristina Curry; Yerby, Scott A. (July 2001).
4775:
4732:"Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models"
4708:
4675:"The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non-avian dinosaurs"
4606:
4566:
4467:
4301:
4149:
4072:
3916:
3815:
3797:
3691:
3582:
3527:
3340:
3288:
3248:
3244:
3030:
2952:
2904:
2851:
2604:
2443:
2361:
2301:
2281:
2256:
2241:
2216:
2197:
2165:
2079:
2050:
2012:
1992:
1967:
1937:
1918:
1904:
1900:
1609:
1598:
1578:
1408:
1274:
1231:
1168:
1122:
1111:
1069:
874:
774:
754:
669:
577:
567:
442:
181:
2565:(small insectivores with reduced forelimbs each bearing one enlarged claw)
1035:
theropods, and are today represented by about 11,000 living species.
13246:
13225:
13208:
12951:
12798:
12604:
12583:
12572:
12537:
12404:
12394:
12352:
12243:
12110:
11912:
11737:
11732:
11664:
11649:
11617:
11474:
11455:
11385:
11335:
11321:
11263:
11204:
11149:
11026:
10820:
10696:
10665:
10581:
10567:
10299:
10247:
10115:
10037:
10000:
9882:
9854:
9807:
9727:
9605:
9462:
9313:
9286:
9186:
9133:
9069:
9048:
9021:
8772:
8585:
8578:
8564:
8390:
8237:
8228:
8130:
8101:
8031:
7996:
7989:
7789:
7767:
7760:
7719:
7711:
7687:
7672:
7651:
7559:
7551:
7135:
7114:
7106:
7063:
6916:
6909:
6881:
6824:
6817:
6778:
6672:
6665:
6615:
6592:
6578:
6547:
6174:"A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution"
5802:
5664:
4115:"A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen archipelago"
3407:
3397:
2551:
2504:
2481:(early group of large carnivores including the semi-aquatic spinosaurids)
2448:
2435:
2400:
2345:
2295:
2290:
2289:
of theropods. Romer also maintained a division between Coelurosauria and
2154:
2085:
2018:
2007:
1958:
1953:
1887:
1881:
1765:
1723:
1676:
1656:
1583:
1479:
had similar growth dynamics to the largest living land animal today, the
1467:
1344:
1307:
1260:
1240:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1085:
1049:
989:
909:
904:
In the modern fauna, theropods are represented by over 11,000 species of
744:
638:
628:
598:
496:
485:
431:
420:
295:
197:
175:
96:
6279:
6200:
5743:
Sasso, Cristiano Dal; Maganuco, Simone; Cau, Andrea (19 December 2018).
5720:
5695:
4874:
has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace
4852:
4565:
Padian, Kevin; de Ricqlès, Armand J.; Horner, John R. (July 2001).
4547:
4141:
2714:
1805:
1650:
1125:, these enigmatic dinosaurs were later proven to be highly specialized,
13068:
12930:
12869:
12848:
12680:
12664:
12599:
12544:
12516:
12448:
12413:
12291:
12139:
11974:
11949:
11707:
11413:
11342:
11287:
10908:
10707:
10524:
10510:
10495:
10447:
10381:
10307:
10129:
10122:
10108:
10014:
9947:
9875:
9839:
9792:
9734:
9720:
9687:
9679:
9672:
9653:
9476:
9441:
9229:
8830:
8621:
8571:
8508:
8479:
8434:
8412:
8405:
8397:
8321:
8217:
8176:
8169:
8161:
8145:
8065:
7936:
7812:
7665:
7528:
7387:
7042:
7012:
6995:
6930:
6923:
6838:
6768:
6758:
6679:
6650:
6599:
6409:
6384:
5761:
5386:
4458:
3518:
3264:
2764:
2641:
2490:
2387:
2356:
2325:
2268:
2236:
2220:
2201:
2000:
1936:
in 1986 as a group including the relatively derived theropod subgroups
1834:
1777:
1761:
1623:
1613:
1567:
1543:"continued throughout the evolution of maniraptorans and early birds."
1535:
1518:
1412:
1330:
1283:
had more similarities with lizards than crocodilians, which lack lips.
1266:
1215:
1191:
1138:
1020:
985:
784:
608:
464:
409:
371:
141:
106:
13251:
11547:
5602:
Carrano, M.T.; Sampson, S.D.; Forster, C.A. (2002). "The osteology of
5320:
4691:
4674:
4054:
2172:
to include a wide array of "carnivorous" dinosaur families, including
1209:
13028:
12983:
12772:
12565:
12482:
12466:
12455:
12365:
12301:
12260:
11959:
11747:
11727:
11627:
11434:
11427:
11127:
11120:
10793:
10785:
10716:
10369:
10087:
9633:
9537:
9272:
8857:
8742:
8729:
8656:
8592:
8515:
8494:
8251:
8114:
7922:
7909:
7827:
7679:
6831:
6705:
6393:
4817:
4590:
2921:
2467:
2374:
2340:
2263:
2232:
2038:
2027:
1996:
1988:
1941:
1925:
1843:
1790:
1757:
1726:
in theropod dinosaur bone. He found pathological features in 21
1397:
1235:
1015:) and included the majority of large terrestrial carnivores from the
993:
814:
676:
507:
325:
243:
146:
90:
63:
13170:
5015:
4633:"Long-bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs"
4012:"Special Serrations Gave Carnivorous Dinosaurs an Evolutionary Edge"
2820:
2382:
2107:
that lost the ability to fly and returned to a terrestrial habitat.
1297:
1117:
The first confirmed non-carnivorous fossil theropods found were the
932:
13193:
12996:
12726:
12701:
12647:
12558:
12530:
12420:
12384:
12376:
12358:
12253:
12238:
12222:
11969:
11932:
11765:
11018:
10426:
10419:
10391:
10284:
9784:
9165:
8501:
8328:
8089:
7726:
7405:
7381:
7052:
6950:
6789:
6378:
5855:
The Mistaken Extinction: Dinosaur evolution and the origin of birds
3943:"A proposed terminology of theropod teeth (Dinosauria, Saurischia)"
3648:
The mistaken extinction: Dinosaur evolution and the origin of birds
3387:
3198:, the bone that makes up the upper jaw. It was later re-defined by
2739:
2425:. The dagger (†) is used to signify groups with no living members.
2119:
2031:
2023:
1985:
1922:
1892:
1826:
1817:
1302:
1223:
1180:
1146:
1024:
1005:
997:
978:
844:
794:
358:
345:
136:
131:
116:
111:
101:
83:
6086:. Baltimore, MD / London, UK: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
12906:
12759:
12638:
12523:
12489:
12427:
12248:
12102:
12094:
11787:
11659:
11644:
10559:
10321:
10051:
9954:
9279:
8600:
4871:
4521:
3195:
3187:
2610:
2545:
2309:
had created a new series of theropod infraorders: Coelurosauria,
2127:
2111:
2089:, which are remarkably similar in form to the oldest known bird,
1847:
1752:
1680:
1672:
1639:
1571:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1001:
913:
151:
126:
13238:
5280:
The Interrelationships and Evolution of Basal Theropod Dinosaurs
4357:
3941:
Hendrickx, Christophe; Mateus, Octávio; Araújo, Ricardo (2015).
2416:, an avian, is the world's most widespread extant wild theropod.
2280:
containing the carnivorous dinosaurs and their descendants—when
1846:. The herrerasaurs existed during the early late Triassic (Late
13036:
12975:
12751:
12743:
12672:
12612:
12496:
12434:
12317:
11984:
11979:
11857:
11227:
10915:
8342:
7375:
6372:
1851:
1776:
The trackway of a swimming theropod, the first in China of the
1740:
1727:
1095:
804:
335:
5192:"Complex neurovascular system in the dentary of Tyrannosaurus"
5053:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–241.
3598:
2548:-mimics"; mostly toothless; carnivores to possible herbivores)
1875:
The earliest and most primitive unambiguous theropods are the
12922:
12709:
12272:
10058:
9799:
9741:
5809:, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana".
4787:
4785:
3243:
suggested that Theropoda is actually more closely related to
3179:
2337:
2277:
2239:
skulls and teeth with prosauropod bodies, in animals such as
1981:
1949:
1914:
1748:
1744:
1563:
981:
967:
960:
7326:
5466:
Xing, L.D.; Lockley, M.G.; Zhang, J.P.; et al. (2013).
4626:
4624:
3486:
2513:(feathered theropods, with a range of body sizes and niches)
2003:
retained this bone, albeit in a significantly reduced form.
1244:, which has been preserved with extensive skin impressions.
929:
12898:
12265:
12228:
12198:
11612:
11578:
11491:
10101:
7223:
5620:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0510:TOOMKA]2.0.CO;2
5124:
5082:
4376:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0888:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2
3829:
Longrich, Nicholas R.; Currie, Philip J. (February 2009). "
2666:
2336:
named several major theropod groups in 1986, including the
1963:
1732:
1731:
preserved injury and disease in theropod dinosaurs are the
1688:
1424:) is smallest at 1.9 g and 5.5 cm (2.2 in) long.
1130:
1028:
947:
941:
905:
5413:"Range of motion in the forelimb of the theropod dinosaur
4794:"Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates"
4782:
4630:
4421:
4195:
3779:
3740:
2586:(mostly toothless; their diet and lifestyle are uncertain)
2572:(bipedal herbivores with large hand claws and small heads)
2211:
By the early 20th century, some palaeontologists, such as
935:
13020:
11877:
11639:
6251:
6117:
from the Triassic-Jurassic outcrops of Normandy (France)"
4621:
4551:
4337:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[108:MTIBTY]2.0.CO;2
3594:
3592:
3233:
A large study of early dinosaurs by Dr Matthew G. Baron,
1204:
992:, although a number of theropod groups evolved to become
6231:"New study shakes the roots of the dinosaur family tree"
6133:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[73:TCLAGN]2.0.CO;2
4196:
Goehlich, U.B.; Tischlinger, H.; Chiappe, L.M. (2006). "
2272:
was one of the first dinosaurs classified as a theropod.
1121:, originally known as "segnosaurs". First thought to be
5653:. New York, NY: William Morrow – via doc.rero.ch.
5506:
4631:
Anderson, J.F.; Hall-Martin, A.; Russell, D.A. (1985).
4265:
1928:, and is the only group of theropods that survived the
1465:. For example, one of the smallest known theropods was
6031:
4668:
4666:
4564:
4028:
3589:
2554:("hand snatchers"; had long, slender arms and fingers)
6025:
5601:
5559:
5557:
3940:
3867:
2579:(small, arboreal maniraptors with long third fingers)
1608:), with sharp claws. Some basal theropods, like most
1258:
preserved scales near the underside of the tail, and
7180:
7074:
7059:
7048:
7038:
7028:
7018:
7008:
6964:
6800:
6785:
6774:
6764:
6754:
6629:
6558:
6543:
6532:
4903:
Horner, John R.; Padian, Kevin (22 September 2004).
4493:. The Trustees of The Natural History Museum, London
4422:
Brusatte SL, O'Connor JK, Jarvis ED (October 2015).
4221:
3889:
3887:
3316:
3237:
and Paul M. Barrett (2017) published in the journal
3230:
node, potentially including all of Avepoda or more.
2168:, but later expanded its scope, re-ranking it as an
1974:, all non-averostran neotheropods had gone extinct.
1238:. This type of skin is best known in the ceratosaur
944:
938:
880:
870:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
810:
800:
790:
780:
770:
760:
750:
740:
730:
720:
710:
700:
665:
644:
634:
624:
614:
604:
594:
584:
573:
563:
553:
543:
533:
513:
503:
492:
481:
471:
460:
449:
438:
427:
416:
405:
12169:
10900:
4791:
4663:
4093:
2204:had created in 1866 for the carnivorous dinosaurs:
6171:
5998:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
5554:
5302:
4730:Lee, Andrew H.; Werning, Sarah (15 January 2008).
4517:"Study traces dinosaur evolution into early birds"
3990:"One tough bite: T. rex's teeth had secret weapon"
3936:
3934:
2670:(modern, beaked birds and their extinct relatives)
6172:Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017).
5872:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
5303:Barta, D.E.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Norell, M.A. (2017).
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4322:
3884:
3190:with (an ancestor with) a promaxillary fenestra (
1430:evolving into over 11,000 species of modern birds
13292:
11002:
10868:
6628:
5742:
5465:
5441:
5368:
5366:
1666:(right) forelimbs illustrating wing-like posture
1270:, which even had feathers on the feet and toes.
1190:, ornithomimosaurs, and birds, are known to use
10342:
5595:
5576:
5500:
5190:Kawabe, Soichiro; Hattori, Soki (3 July 2022).
5109:
4541:
4539:
4176:"An arboreal maniraptoran from northeast China"
3931:
3893:
2030:lineage—lasted to the end of the Cretaceous in
1329:, the smallest known theropod and the smallest
1171:) appear to have specialized in catching fish.
8866:
7420:
6513:
6353:
6165:
4953:
4905:"Age and growth dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex"
4673:Campione, Nicolás E.; Evans, David C. (2020).
4548:"Dinosaurs 'shrank' regularly to become birds"
4510:
4508:
4351:
4169:
4167:
4113:Göhlich, U.B.; Chiappe, L.M. (16 March 2006).
4112:
3828:
2150:, who coined the name Theropoda. Photo c. 1870
11563:
7342:
6339:
6034:PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology
5669:Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie
5452:. Indiana University Press. pp. 337–363.
5406:
5404:
5363:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5189:
5009:
5007:
4672:
4362:, with remarks on its sizes and affinities".
4087:
3861:
3773:
2276:In 1956, "Theropoda" came back into use—as a
2245:). Describing the first known dromaeosaurid (
1634:are believed to have used their forelimbs to
12077:
10231:
6963:
6113:, gen. nov.: A review of the systematics of
6053:"Osteology VIII: The antorbital cavity"
6008:
5988:
5886:
5563:
5410:
4902:
4536:
4189:
4183:Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight
3452:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2138:
1529:
1079:, with seeds preserved in the stomach region
9425:
9343:
8465:
6106:
5461:
5459:
5417:, and implications for predatory behaviour"
5048:
5042:
4971:"The evolution of locomotion in archosaurs"
4567:"Dinosaurian growth rates and bird origins"
4505:
4173:
4164:
3426:
3424:
2537:and close relatives; had reduced forelimbs)
2524:(early coelurosaurs with reduced forelimbs)
1301:Size comparison of selected giant theropod
1104:specimen was found locked in combat with a
23:
11570:
11556:
7349:
7335:
6346:
6332:
5852:
5795:
5401:
5260:
5076:
5004:
4968:
4729:
4514:
3645:
1534:Although rare, complete casts of theropod
1219:, showing large preserved feather imprints
24:
6408:
6289:1983/d088dae2-c7fa-4d41-9fa2-aeebbfcd2fa3
6287:
5939:
5778:
5760:
5719:
5694:Marsh, Adam D.; Rowe, Timothy B. (2020).
5693:
5491:
5432:
5372:
5328:
5166:
5100:
5057:
5024:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
4936:
4765:
4747:
4690:
4545:
4491:"Are birds the only surviving dinosaurs?"
4457:
4447:
4424:"The origin and diversification of birds"
4291:
4247:
4062:
3805:
3747:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3517:
3206:in 2007 as a node-based clade containing
2223:, which Huene divided into the suborders
8740:
8655:
7920:
7496:
6245:
6145:
5948:The American Journal of Science and Arts
5861:
5821:
5582:
5456:
5238:
3720:(1st ed.). New York: Random House.
3715:
3605:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
3421:
2470:("stiff tails"; includes most theropods)
2407:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2262:
2142:
1804:
1649:
1553:
1490:
1320:
1296:
1208:
1133:and leaf-shaped teeth. Further study of
1068:
899:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
11577:
5832:. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster Co.
5811:Peabody Museum Natural History Bulletin
5736:
3716:Holtz, Thomas R.; Rey, Luis V. (2007).
2638:(primitive tree-dwelling, flying birds)
1984:within Neotheropoda that includes most
1800:
14:
13311:Extant Late Triassic first appearances
13293:
5801:
5663:
5640:
5447:
5411:Senter, P.; Robins, J.H. (July 2005).
5277:
5013:
4888:|...|checked=yes}}
4488:
3987:
3670:
3646:Dingus, Lowell; Rowe, Timothy (1998).
3548:
2317:, Carnosauria, Ornithomimosauria, and
1612:, had four digits, and also a reduced
1549:
1205:Integument (skin, scales and feathers)
1000:. Theropods first appeared during the
13175:
13174:
12062:
11551:
10990:
10989:
10218:
9412:
8727:
7907:
7483:
7368:
7330:
6365:
6327:
6254:"Untangling the dinosaur family tree"
6146:Mortimer, Mickey (15 November 2010).
5945:
5016:"Stance and gait in the flesh-eating
4969:Hutchinson, J.R. (March–April 2006).
4217:
4215:
3431:Holtz, Thomas R., Jr. (Winter 2011).
3430:
3255:. This new hypothesis also recovered
2097:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
1174:Diet is largely deduced by the tooth
13129:
6076:
6050:
5867:
5827:
5353:"The first single-fingered dinosaur"
5244:
5115:"Abstract", in Chure (2001). Pg. 19.
5063:
4415:
4316:
3822:
2624:(large, early short-tailed avialans)
1645:
1626:had three, but some had even fewer.
13316:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
13153:
4482:
3182:defined as the group including the
1403:The largest extant theropod is the
56:
6121:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5608:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5036:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1970.tb01707.x
4649:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x
4364:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4325:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4212:
3947:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3786:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2662:(specialized aquatic diving birds)
2655:(toothed Cretaceous Chinese birds)
2433:(small, early theropods; includes
2126:, and (in coelurosaurs, at least)
1930:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
1587:) and the tyrannosaurids (such as
1486:
1376:was possibly 3 meters longer than
1141:diet, including seed-eating (some
57:
13327:
12031:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
10219:
6319:
5591:. Dinosaur Mailing List Archives.
4515:Borenstein, Seth (31 July 2014).
2600:(small to medium-sized theropods)
2133:
2077:), the dromaeosaurids (including
1707:
1384:could still be more massive than
1064:
988:dinosaurs. They were ancestrally
13152:
13140:
13128:
13117:
13116:
13007:(New World vultures and condors)
11532:
11526:
11519:
10971:
10964:
10957:
10951:
10200:
10193:
10188:
10181:
10175:
9413:
9394:
9387:
9380:
8709:
8702:
8695:
8688:
7890:
7884:
7311:
7310:
7282:
7275:
7269:
7264:
7258:
6304:from the original on 9 July 2023
6107:Ezcurra, M.D.; Cuny, G. (2007).
6051:Carr, Thomas (22 October 2013).
5830:Predatory Dinosaurs of the World
4909:Proceedings of the Royal Society
4174:Czerkas, S.A.; Yuan, C. (2002).
4094:Bonaparte; Novas; Coria (1990).
4014:. 17 August 2015. Archived from
3759:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00325.x
3549:Sereno, Paul C. (25 June 1999).
3361:
3347:
3333:
3319:
3291:, however, had four digits, see
3050:
3029:
3000:
2969:
2938:
2907:
2878:
2850:
2819:
2713:
2684:
1019:until at least the close of the
925:
312:
281:
259:
235:
213:
189:
167:
94:
6223:
6139:
6100:
6070:
6044:
5982:
5846:
5687:
5657:
5634:
5345:
5296:
5183:
5118:
4896:
4723:
4558:
4390:
4259:
4106:
4022:
4004:
3981:
3281:
2351:
1913:(meaning "new theropods") is a
1435:
1031:evolved from small specialized
692:Theropods of uncertain affinity
12063:
3988:Geggel, Laura (28 July 2015).
3734:
3709:
3664:
3639:
3542:
3480:
3473:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3460:
3178:in 2002 as an apomorphy-based
1011:231.4 million years ago (
13:
1:
8728:
7908:
7484:
7356:
6135:– via researchgate.net.
5853:Dingus, L.; Rowe, T. (1998).
5216:10.1080/08912963.2021.1965137
3855:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.07.005
3567:10.1126/science.284.5423.2137
3415:
2613:(birds and extinct relatives)
2192:(now known to be herbivorous
1642:use their wings as flippers.
1314:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus
5583:Mortimer, M. (4 July 2001).
3967:10.1080/02724634.2015.982797
3625:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103341
3551:"The evolution of dinosaurs"
3274:
1932:. Neotheropoda was named by
7:
13071:(woodpeckers and relatives)
4402:African Wildlife Foundation
3312:
2006:The somewhat more advanced
1866:following the discovery of
1771:
1073:Specimen of the troodontid
1023:, about 66 Ma. In the
973:whose members are known as
912:theropods within the clade
10:
13332:
12933:(cormorants and relatives)
12026:Extinct species since 1500
6355:Avemetatarsalia / Pan-Aves
6152:The Theropod Database Blog
6115:"Liliensternus" airelensis
5427:(3). London, UK: 307–318.
5415:Acrocanthosaurus atokensis
5151:10.1038/s41598-017-03671-3
5051:Dinosaur Tracks and Traces
4998:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.09.002
4911:. B: Biological Sciences.
4546:Zoe Gough (31 July 2014).
4181:. In Czerkas, S.J. (ed.).
3650:. New York: W.H. Freeman.
2607:(small, gracile theropods)
2593:(small, winged protobirds)
2494:and close relatives, like
2452:and close relatives, like
1711:
1290:
1145:) and insect-eating (many
1038:
968:
961:
61:
13306:Carnian first appearances
13183:
13112:
13063:(kingfishers and rollers)
12995:
12950:
12917:(albatrosses and petrels)
12889:
12860:
12831:
12810:
12801:(swifts and hummingbirds)
12783:(nightjars and relatives)
12771:
12734:
12725:
12692:
12655:
12646:
12637:
12633:
12607:(pheasants and relatives)
12582:
12506:
12465:
12403:
12375:
12351:
12327:
12300:
12221:
12208:
12165:
12138:
12134:
12073:
12069:
12058:
12054:
11993:
11896:
11796:
11746:
11673:
11603:
11590:
11516:
11473:
11368:
11311:
11282:
11273:
11199:
11190:
11174:
11163:
11073:
11058:
11054:
11043:
11013:
10998:
10985:
10949:
10896:
10864:
10810:
10760:
10733:
10706:
10684:
10675:
10648:
10637:
10607:
10596:
10476:
10472:
10461:
10409:
10380:
10357:
10353:
10331:
10242:
10227:
10214:
10173:
10143:
10077:
10009:
9999:
9995:
9930:
9915:
9906:
9827:
9818:
9766:
9715:
9706:
9662:
9651:
9595:
9572:
9563:
9525:
9521:
9510:
9471:
9460:
9436:
9421:
9408:
9377:
9339:
9296:
9252:
9243:
9205:
9160:
9151:
9113:
9102:
9038:
8997:
8982:
8973:
8957:
8953:
8942:
8896:
8881:
8877:
8855:
8751:
8736:
8723:
8685:
8651:
8554:
8474:
8444:
8380:
8294:
8283:
8227:
8193:
8109:
8100:
8060:
8056:
8045:
8014:
7969:
7965:
7954:
7931:
7916:
7903:
7881:
7846:
7826:
7750:
7706:
7697:
7589:
7578:
7507:
7492:
7479:
7447:
7429:
7416:
7364:
7295:
7256:
7205:
7179:
7170:
7125:
7085:
7073:
7004:
6993:
6959:
6948:
6871:
6812:
6799:
6750:
6746:
6735:
6704:
6640:
6624:
6613:
6557:
6528:
6524:
6509:
6490:
6462:
6444:
6435:
6417:
6404:
6361:
6111:Lophostropheus airelensis
6096:– via Google books.
5968:10.2475/ajs.s3-21.125.417
5681:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41
5493:10.1007/s11434-013-5802-6
5434:10.1017/S0952836905006989
4449:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.003
4249:10.1007/s11434-009-0009-6
3909:10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1
3300:. Department of Geology.
3247:, to which it formed the
3045:
3022:
3015:
2994:
2987:
2963:
2956:
2932:
2925:
2901:
2894:
2872:
2865:
2843:
2836:
2834: Neotheropoda
2810:
2803:
2785:
2778:
2760:
2753:
2735:
2728:
2707:
2700:
2330:phylogenetic nomenclature
2248:Dromaeosaurus albertensis
2139:History of classification
1530:Nervous system and senses
1101:Velociraptor mongoliensis
1043:
402:
397:
309:Scientific classification
307:
161:
73:
12962:(seriemas and relatives)
12941:(pelicans and relatives)
6057:Tyrannosauroidea central
5450:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life
5282:. Blackwell Publishing.
4366:(Submitted manuscript).
4228:Chinese Science Bulletin
4160:– via doc.rero.ch.
3949:(Submitted manuscript).
1980:(or "bird snouts") is a
1784:, was discovered at the
1305:– the longest (left) is
1230:). However, outside the
1094:fossil was found with a
62:Not to be confused with
39:latest accepted revision
13055:(hornbills and hoopoes)
12970:(falcons and relatives)
6239:University of Cambridge
6148:"Averostra and Avepoda"
5917:10.1126/science.1252243
5807:Deinonychus antirrhopus
5700:Journal of Paleontology
5604:Masiakasaurus knopfleri
5531:10.1126/science.1180350
5375:Senckenbergiana Lethaea
4749:10.1073/pnas.0708903105
4293:10.1126/science.abo7877
3698:, St. George, UT.
3510:10.1126/science.1198467
3294:""Theropoda I" on
3259:as the sister group to
3209:Ceratosaurus nasicornis
3174:Averostra was named by
2644:(advanced flying birds)
2631:(small toothless birds)
2423:dinosaur classification
2391:, a carcharodontosaurid
2049:) and the more derived
1764:in cranial elements or
1714:Theropod paleopathology
1457:and center of gravity.
1308:Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
1286:
1164:Masiakasaurus knopfleri
908:, which are a group of
13039:(trogons and quetzals)
12851:(cranes and relatives)
12121:(emus and cassowaries)
12011:Glossary of bird terms
11823:Confuciusornithiformes
5805:(1969). "Osteology of
5250:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
4978:Comptes Rendus Palevol
4921:10.1098/rspb.2004.2829
3798:10.1098/rspb.2009.1029
3696:Dixie State University
3692:10.1006/cres.1996.0053
3386:Other major clades of
3302:University of Maryland
3192:fenestra promaxillaris
2417:
2405:
2392:
2379:
2366:
2273:
2151:
1822:
1722:published a survey of
1667:
1574:
1507:
1334:
1318:
1311:, shortest (right) is
1220:
1107:Protoceratops andrewsi
1098:in its stomach, and a
1091:Compsognathus longipes
1080:
1076:Jinfengopteryx elegans
917:
13273:Paleobiology Database
12880:(kagu and sunbittern)
12843:(gulls and relatives)
11848:Songlingornithiformes
11813:Omnivoropterygiformes
9908:Carcharodontosaurinae
9820:Carcharodontosauridae
5647:The Dinosaur Heresies
5278:Rauhut, O.W. (2003).
5085:"Theropod locomotion"
5014:Newman, B.H. (1970).
4880:|...}}
4489:Hendry, Lisa (2023).
3831:Albertonykus borealis
3671:Harris, J.D. (1997).
2411:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2359:
2266:
2148:Othniel Charles Marsh
2146:
1809:Possible early forms
1808:
1786:Feitianshan Formation
1653:
1557:
1499:walking on a road in
1494:
1468:Microraptor zhaoianus
1463:reproductive maturity
1324:
1300:
1212:
1194:, or gizzard-stones.
1072:
903:
12702:Phoenicopteriformes
10901:Dubious coelurosaurs
9597:Metriacanthosaurinae
9565:Metriacanthosauridae
7847:Dubious neotheropods
6083:Dinosaurs of the Air
5102:10.1093/icb/40.4.640
3953:(e982797): e982797.
3220:last common ancestor
2439:and close relatives)
1801:Evolutionary history
1562:wing (of an unknown
1501:Etosha National Park
1388:. Specimens such as
66:, marine gastropods.
12673:Mesitornithiformes
12667:(doves and pigeons)
12001:Families and orders
11863:Ichthyornithiformes
11838:Patagopterygiformes
9921:Carcharodontosaurus
9708:Carcharodontosauria
6280:10.1038/nature24011
6272:2017Natur.551E...1L
6201:10.1038/nature21700
6193:2017Natur.543..501B
5960:1881AmJS...21..417M
5909:2014Sci...345..562L
5868:Paul, G.S. (2002).
5828:Paul, G.S. (1988).
5721:10.1017/jpa.2020.14
5712:2020JPal...94S...1M
5523:2009Sci...326.1530N
5517:(5959): 1530–1533.
5484:2013ChSBu..58.2370X
5208:2022HBio...34.1137K
5143:2017NatSR...7.3749B
4990:2006CRPal...5..519H
4915:(1551): 1875–1880.
4853:10.1038/nature16488
4810:2001Natur.412..429E
4583:2001Natur.412..405P
4440:2015CBio...25.R888B
4284:2023Sci...379.1348C
4278:(6639): 1348–1352.
4240:2009SciBu..54..430X
4142:10.1038/nature04579
4134:2006Natur.440..329G
4096:Carnotaurus sastrei
4047:2015NatSR...512338B
3959:2015JVPal..35E2797H
3847:2009CrRes..30..239L
3835:Cretaceous Research
3792:(1672): 3505–3511.
3702:Saurexallopus lovei
3680:Cretaceous Research
3617:2021JSAES.11003341N
3561:(5423): 2137–2147.
3502:2011Sci...331..206M
3377:Feathered dinosaurs
3287:Some genera within
3215:Allosaurus fragilis
2629:Confuciusornithidae
2577:Scansoriopterygidae
2497:Carcharodontosaurus
2324:With the advent of
2213:Friedrich von Huene
1838:and, possibly, the
1694:In carnosaurs like
1622:). The majority of
1550:Forelimb morphology
1446:regression analysis
1351:Carcharodontosaurus
29:Page version status
13015:(eagles and hawks)
12915:Procellariiformes
12820:Opisthocomiformes
12789:Steatornithiformes
12016:List by population
11853:Hongshanornithidae
11778:Evolution of birds
11393:Archaeornithomimus
9897:Veterupristisaurus
9757:Veterupristisaurus
9613:Metriacanthosaurus
9553:Piatnitzkysauridae
8988:Eustreptospondylus
8898:Piatnitzkysauridae
8781:Chuandongocoelurus
7645:Notatesseraeraptor
6109:"The coelophysoid
5762:10.7717/peerj.5976
5421:Journal of Zoology
5387:10.1007/BF03043773
5309:Journal of Anatomy
5196:Historical Biology
5131:Scientific Reports
4679:Biological Reviews
4637:Journal of Zoology
4198:Juraventaor starki
4035:Scientific Reports
4018:on 18 August 2015.
3476:. Merriam-Webster.
2622:Omnivoropterygidae
2418:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2367:
2274:
2152:
2064:carcharodontosaurs
1921:and more advanced
1864:Cladistic analysis
1823:
1668:
1632:scansoriopterygids
1575:
1508:
1413:Anchiornis huxleyi
1335:
1319:
1228:feathered dinosaur
1221:
1081:
918:
589:Notatesseraeraptor
538:Chuandongocoelurus
86:, including birds
59:Clade of dinosaurs
35:
13288:
13287:
13177:Taxon identifiers
13168:
13167:
13108:
13107:
13104:
13103:
13100:
13099:
13096:
13095:
13092:
13091:
13088:
13087:
13084:
13083:
13080:
13079:
12901:(loons or divers)
12870:Phaethontiformes
12862:Phaethontimorphae
12812:Opisthocomiformes
12781:Caprimulgiformes
12721:
12720:
12710:Podicipediformes
12629:
12628:
12625:
12624:
12621:
12620:
12347:
12346:
12130:
12129:
12087:Struthioniformes
11955:Waterfowl hunting
11888:Gastornithiformes
11883:Aepyornithiformes
11873:Lithornithiformes
11545:
11544:
11541:
11540:
11514:
11513:
11510:
11509:
11506:
11505:
11502:
11501:
11469:
11468:
11465:
11464:
11275:Macrocheiriformes
11192:Ornithomimosauria
11166:Maniraptoriformes
11159:
11158:
11005:Maniraptoromorpha
10992:Maniraptoromorpha
10981:
10980:
10947:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10939:
10938:
10892:
10891:
10888:
10887:
10870:Maniraptoromorpha
10860:
10859:
10856:
10855:
10852:
10851:
10848:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10592:
10591:
10457:
10456:
10411:Proceratosauridae
10363:Chingkankousaurus
10210:
10209:
10171:
10170:
10167:
10166:
10163:
10162:
10139:
10138:
9991:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9983:
9982:
9979:
9978:
9975:
9974:
9971:
9970:
9647:
9646:
9643:
9642:
9404:
9403:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9367:
9366:
9363:
9362:
9335:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9327:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9239:
9238:
9195:Vallibonavenatrix
9098:
9097:
9094:
9093:
8938:
8937:
8719:
8718:
8683:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8647:
8646:
8643:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8631:
8630:
8279:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8041:
8040:
7899:
7898:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7822:
7821:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7324:
7323:
7291:
7290:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7166:
7165:
6989:
6988:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6609:
6608:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6237:. Cambridge, UK:
6187:(7646): 501–506.
6093:978-0-8018-6763-7
5903:(6196): 562–566.
5585:"Rauhut's Thesis"
5478:(19): 2370–2378.
5321:10.1111/joa.12719
4804:(6845): 429–433.
4692:10.1111/brv.12638
4577:(6845): 405–408.
4128:(7082): 329–332.
4055:10.1038/srep12338
3727:978-0-375-82419-7
3657:978-0-7167-2944-0
3496:(6014): 206–210.
3442:(published 2012).
3355:Amphibians portal
3263:in the redefined
3251:within the clade
3171:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3048:Maniraptoriformes
2591:Archaeopterygidae
2542:Ornithomimosauria
2404:, a dromaeosaurid
2319:Deinocheirosauria
2208:("angled feet").
1646:Forelimb movement
1540:3D reconstruction
1476:Tyrannosaurus rex
1422:Mellisuga helenae
898:
897:
893:
892:
662:
530:
393:
47:25 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
13323:
13281:
13280:
13268:
13267:
13255:
13254:
13242:
13241:
13229:
13228:
13219:
13218:
13217:
13204:
13203:
13202:
13172:
13171:
13156:
13155:
13144:
13132:
13131:
13120:
13119:
13072:
13064:
13056:
13048:
13045:Leptosomiformes
13040:
13032:
13024:
13016:
13013:Accipitriformes
13008:
12987:
12986:(perching birds)
12979:
12971:
12963:
12942:
12934:
12926:
12918:
12910:
12907:Sphenisciformes
12902:
12881:
12873:
12852:
12844:
12841:Charadriiformes
12823:
12802:
12784:
12763:
12755:
12752:Musophagiformes
12747:
12732:
12731:
12713:
12705:
12684:
12676:
12668:
12653:
12652:
12644:
12643:
12635:
12634:
12608:
12595:
12373:
12372:
12369:
12362:
12275:
12268:
12232:
12219:
12218:
12215:
12206:
12205:
12202:
12167:
12166:
12163:
12162:
12136:
12135:
12122:
12114:
12106:
12098:
12090:
12075:
12074:
12071:
12070:
12060:
12059:
12056:
12055:
11923:Bird collections
11878:Dinornithiformes
11783:Darwin's finches
11773:Origin of flight
11713:Seabird breeding
11703:Sexual selection
11572:
11565:
11558:
11549:
11548:
11536:
11530:
11523:
11379:Aepyornithomimus
11280:
11279:
11197:
11196:
11172:
11171:
11136:Sinocalliopteryx
11056:
11055:
11052:
11051:
11046:Neocoelurosauria
11011:
11010:
11000:
10999:
10987:
10986:
10975:
10968:
10961:
10955:
10898:
10897:
10866:
10865:
10835:Zhuchengtyrannus
10751:Thanatotheristes
10682:
10681:
10646:
10645:
10613:Appalachiosaurus
10605:
10604:
10474:
10473:
10470:
10469:
10464:Pantyrannosauria
10355:
10354:
10351:
10350:
10345:Tyrannosauroidea
10340:
10339:
10315:Xinjiangovenator
10240:
10239:
10229:
10228:
10216:
10215:
10204:
10197:
10192:
10185:
10179:
10007:
10006:
9997:
9996:
9913:
9912:
9833:Acrocanthosaurus
9825:
9824:
9713:
9712:
9660:
9659:
9586:Yangchuanosaurus
9570:
9569:
9523:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9469:
9468:
9450:Lourinhanosaurus
9434:
9433:
9423:
9422:
9410:
9409:
9398:
9391:
9384:
9341:
9340:
9307:Sigilmassasaurus
9250:
9249:
9207:Ceratosuchopsini
9158:
9157:
9111:
9110:
9056:Dubreuillosaurus
8980:
8979:
8963:Streptospondylus
8955:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8921:Piatnitzkysaurus
8879:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8864:
8863:
8749:
8748:
8738:
8737:
8725:
8724:
8713:
8706:
8699:
8692:
8653:
8652:
8488:Ekrixinatosaurus
8472:
8471:
8463:
8462:
8292:
8291:
8107:
8106:
8058:
8057:
8054:
8053:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7929:
7928:
7918:
7917:
7905:
7904:
7894:
7888:
7798:Procompsognathus
7704:
7703:
7587:
7586:
7505:
7504:
7494:
7493:
7481:
7480:
7427:
7426:
7418:
7417:
7411:
7410:
7366:
7365:
7351:
7344:
7337:
7328:
7327:
7314:
7313:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7273:
7268:
7262:
7182:
7177:
7176:
7083:
7082:
7076:
7061:
7050:
7040:
7030:
7020:
7010:
7002:
7001:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6873:Sulcimentisauria
6810:
6809:
6802:
6787:
6776:
6766:
6756:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6638:
6637:
6633:Pterosauromorpha
6631:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6560:
6545:
6534:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6511:
6510:
6452:Archosauromorpha
6442:
6441:
6437:Archosauromorpha
6415:
6414:
6406:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6363:
6362:
6348:
6341:
6334:
6325:
6324:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6291:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6241:. 22 March 2017.
6227:
6221:
6220:
6178:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6029:
6023:
6012:
6006:
6005:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5954:(125): 417–423.
5943:
5937:
5936:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5782:
5764:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5723:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5561:
5552:
5550:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5463:
5454:
5453:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5332:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5275:
5258:
5257:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5202:(7): 1137–1145.
5187:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4984:(3–4): 519–530.
4975:
4966:
4951:
4950:
4940:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4881:
4866:Retraction Watch
4845:
4818:10.1038/35086558
4789:
4780:
4779:
4769:
4751:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4694:
4685:(6): 1759–1797.
4670:
4661:
4660:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4591:10.1038/35086500
4562:
4556:
4555:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4461:
4451:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4295:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4161:
4119:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4066:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3809:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3677:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3521:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3428:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3327:Dinosaurs portal
3324:
3323:
3322:
3306:
3305:
3285:
3054:
3034:
3033:
3018:
3017:
3004:
2998:Tyrannosauroidea
2990:
2989:
2973:
2959:
2958:
2942:
2928:
2927:
2911:
2897:
2896:
2882:
2868:
2867:
2854:
2839:
2838:
2824:
2823:
2806:
2805:
2781:
2780:
2756:
2755:
2731:
2730:
2717:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2653:Yanornithiformes
2584:Oviraptorosauria
2563:Alvarezsauroidea
2365:, a ceratosaurid
2334:Jacques Gauthier
2315:Oviraptorosauria
2311:Deinonychosauria
2307:Rinchen Barsbold
1944:, and excluding
1934:R.T. Bakker
1825:During the late
1697:Acrocanthosaurus
1687:relative to the
1481:African elephant
1187:Lourinhanosaurus
1159:ornithomimosaurs
1004:age of the late
972:
971:
970:
965:
964:
963:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
882:
872:
862:
852:
842:
832:
825:Orthogoniosaurus
822:
812:
802:
792:
782:
772:
762:
752:
742:
732:
722:
712:
702:
688:
687:
667:
657:
646:
636:
626:
616:
606:
596:
586:
575:
565:
555:
545:
535:
525:
515:
505:
494:
483:
473:
462:
451:
440:
429:
418:
407:
388:
317:
316:
285:
263:
239:
217:
193:
171:
156:
93:
77:Temporal range:
71:
70:
21:
13331:
13330:
13326:
13325:
13324:
13322:
13321:
13320:
13291:
13290:
13289:
13284:
13276:
13271:
13263:
13258:
13250:
13245:
13237:
13232:
13224:
13222:
13213:
13212:
13207:
13198:
13197:
13192:
13179:
13169:
13164:
13076:
13070:
13062:
13054:
13053:Bucerotiformes
13047:(cuckoo-roller)
13046:
13038:
13030:
13022:
13014:
13006:
13005:Cathartiformes
12991:
12985:
12977:
12976:Psittaciformes
12969:
12961:
12946:
12940:
12939:Pelecaniformes
12932:
12924:
12916:
12908:
12900:
12885:
12879:
12878:Eurypygiformes
12871:
12856:
12850:
12842:
12827:
12821:
12806:
12800:
12782:
12767:
12761:
12753:
12745:
12717:
12711:
12703:
12688:
12682:
12681:Pterocliformes
12674:
12666:
12617:
12606:
12593:
12578:
12502:
12461:
12399:
12364:
12363:
12356:
12355:
12343:
12323:
12296:
12273:
12266:
12226:
12225:
12213:
12212:
12196:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12188:
12186:
12184:
12182:
12180:
12178:
12176:
12174:
12172:
12157:
12155:
12153:
12151:
12149:
12147:
12145:
12143:
12141:
12126:
12120:
12119:Casuariiformes
12112:
12111:Apterygiformes
12104:
12096:
12088:
12065:
12050:
12021:Lists by region
11989:
11899:
11892:
11833:Chaoyangiformes
11818:Jeholornithidae
11792:
11756:Origin of birds
11742:
11723:Brood parasites
11669:
11599:
11586:
11576:
11546:
11537:
11524:
11498:
11461:
11442:Sinornithomimus
11364:
11307:
11269:
11186:
11180:Compsognathidae
11168:
11155:
11143:Sinosauropteryx
11075:Compsognathidae
11069:
11048:
11039:
11007:
10994:
10977:
10976:
10962:
10935:
10930:Shanyangosaurus
10923:Phaedrolosaurus
10884:
10840:
10806:
10756:
10735:Daspletosaurini
10729:
10702:
10677:Tyrannosaurinae
10671:
10650:Albertosaurinae
10642:
10640:Tyrannosauridae
10633:
10601:
10599:Eutyrannosauria
10588:
10466:
10453:
10434:Proceratosaurus
10405:
10376:
10347:
10336:
10327:
10293:Richardoestesia
10277:Chilantaisaurus
10236:
10223:
10206:
10205:
10186:
10159:
10135:
10095:Australovenator
10073:
10067:Chilantaisaurus
10045:Phuwiangvenator
9967:
9932:Giganotosaurini
9926:
9902:
9814:
9777:Chilantaisaurus
9762:
9702:
9656:
9639:
9591:
9559:
9515:
9506:
9484:Monolophosaurus
9465:
9456:
9430:
9417:
9400:
9399:
9385:
9359:
9319:
9292:
9258:Camarillasaurus
9235:
9201:
9147:
9141:Ostafrikasaurus
9119:Camarillasaurus
9107:
9090:
9040:Afrovenatorinae
9034:
8993:
8969:
8947:
8934:
8892:
8871:
8869:Megalosauroidea
8860:
8851:
8846:Vectaerovenator
8839:Szechuanosaurus
8817:Monolophosaurus
8803:Kaijiangosaurus
8796:Cryolophosaurus
8757:Calamospondylus
8745:
8732:
8715:
8714:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8671:
8627:
8608:Pycnonemosaurus
8550:
8461:
8455:Majungasaurinae
8440:
8382:Majungasaurinae
8376:
8371:Xenotarsosaurus
8307:Dryptosauroides
8288:
8271:
8223:
8195:Elaphrosaurinae
8189:
8096:
8082:Ornithomimoides
8050:
8037:
8010:
7959:
7950:
7925:
7912:
7895:
7889:
7867:
7842:
7818:
7746:
7693:
7659:Shuangbaisaurus
7583:
7574:
7501:
7488:
7463:
7443:
7437:Avemetatarsalia
7422:Avemetatarsalia
7412:
7397:Avemetatarsalia
7371:
7370:
7360:
7355:
7325:
7320:
7306:Phytodinosauria
7287:
7274:
7230:
7201:
7195:Sauropodomorpha
7184:Sauropodomorpha
7162:
7127:Herrerasauridae
7121:
7069:
6998:
6985:
6953:
6936:
6867:
6795:
6740:
6738:Dinosauromorpha
6723:
6700:
6618:
6605:
6553:
6518:
6516:Avemetatarsalia
6497:
6494:Avemetatarsalia
6478:
6464:Avemetatarsalia
6458:
6431:
6400:
6368:
6367:
6357:
6352:
6322:
6317:
6307:
6305:
6266:(7678): E1–E3.
6250:
6246:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6176:
6170:
6166:
6156:
6154:
6144:
6140:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6075:
6071:
6061:
6059:
6049:
6045:
6030:
6026:
6013:
6009:
5987:
5983:
5944:
5940:
5891:
5887:
5880:
5866:
5862:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5826:
5822:
5800:
5796:
5741:
5737:
5692:
5688:
5662:
5658:
5650:
5639:
5635:
5600:
5596:
5581:
5577:
5564:Rowe, T. &
5562:
5555:
5505:
5501:
5464:
5457:
5446:
5442:
5409:
5402:
5371:
5364:
5359:. January 2011.
5351:
5350:
5346:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5276:
5261:
5243:
5239:
5188:
5184:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5081:
5077:
5062:
5058:
5047:
5043:
5012:
5005:
4973:
4967:
4954:
4901:
4897:
4883:
4875:
4869:
4847:(Erratum:
4846:
4790:
4783:
4728:
4724:
4671:
4664:
4629:
4622:
4563:
4559:
4544:
4537:
4527:
4525:
4513:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4487:
4483:
4434:(19): R888–98.
4428:Current Biology
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4356:
4352:
4321:
4317:
4264:
4260:
4220:
4213:
4194:
4190:
4178:
4172:
4165:
4117:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4092:
4088:
4027:
4023:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3986:
3982:
3939:
3932:
3892:
3885:
3866:
3862:
3827:
3823:
3778:
3774:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3714:
3710:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3644:
3640:
3597:
3590:
3547:
3543:
3485:
3481:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3445:
3444:
3435:
3429:
3422:
3418:
3403:Sauropodomorpha
3393:Marginocephalia
3382:Origin of birds
3369:Reptiles portal
3367:
3362:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3304:. 14 July 2006.
3292:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3261:Sauropodomorpha
3257:Herrerasauridae
3184:Dromaeosauridae
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3028:
3026:Compsognathidae
2936:Megalosauroidea
2876:Dilophosauridae
2818:
2711:Herrerasauridae
2687:
2598:Dromaeosauridae
2570:Therizinosauria
2529:Tyrannosauridae
2522:Compsognathidae
2479:Megalosauroidea
2378:, a spinosaurid
2354:
2229:Pachypodosauria
2194:sauropodomorphs
2178:Compsognathidae
2161:to include the
2141:
2136:
2101:Gregory S. Paul
2043:Megalosauroidea
1803:
1795:crocodylomorphs
1774:
1720:Ralph E. Molnar
1716:
1710:
1648:
1599:D. Zhiming
1560:enantiornithean
1552:
1532:
1489:
1487:Stance and gait
1438:
1418:bee hummingbird
1372:, showing that
1368:is longer than
1360:. The original
1327:bee hummingbird
1295:
1289:
1255:Scansoriopteryx
1207:
1155:Oviraptorosaurs
1067:
1046:
1041:
977:, is an extant
966:
959:
928:
924:
894:
865:Szechuanosaurus
855:Shuangbaisaurus
835:Ostafrikasaurus
735:Chilantaisaurus
725:Camarillasaurus
693:
548:Cryolophosaurus
517:Herrerasauridae
387:
311:
303:
302:
301:
300:
299:
293:
286:
278:
277:
274:ornithomimosaur
271:
264:
255:
254:
253:
247:
240:
232:
231:
225:
218:
209:
208:
207:
201:
194:
186:
185:
179:
172:
157:
155:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
88:
87:
78:
75:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13329:
13319:
13318:
13313:
13308:
13303:
13286:
13285:
13283:
13282:
13269:
13256:
13243:
13230:
13220:
13205:
13189:
13187:
13181:
13180:
13166:
13165:
13163:
13162:
13150:
13138:
13126:
13113:
13110:
13109:
13106:
13105:
13102:
13101:
13098:
13097:
13094:
13093:
13090:
13089:
13086:
13085:
13082:
13081:
13078:
13077:
13075:
13074:
13066:
13061:Coraciiformes
13058:
13050:
13042:
13037:Trogoniformes
13034:
13026:
13018:
13010:
13001:
12999:
12993:
12992:
12990:
12989:
12984:Passeriformes
12981:
12973:
12968:Falconiformes
12965:
12960:Cariamiformes
12956:
12954:
12948:
12947:
12945:
12944:
12936:
12928:
12923:Ciconiiformes
12920:
12912:
12904:
12895:
12893:
12887:
12886:
12884:
12883:
12875:
12866:
12864:
12858:
12857:
12855:
12854:
12846:
12837:
12835:
12833:Cursorimorphae
12829:
12828:
12826:
12825:
12816:
12814:
12808:
12807:
12805:
12804:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12777:
12775:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12765:
12757:
12749:
12740:
12738:
12729:
12723:
12722:
12719:
12718:
12716:
12715:
12707:
12698:
12696:
12694:Mirandornithes
12690:
12689:
12687:
12686:
12678:
12670:
12665:Columbiformes
12661:
12659:
12657:Columbimorphae
12650:
12641:
12631:
12630:
12627:
12626:
12623:
12622:
12619:
12618:
12616:
12615:
12610:
12602:
12597:
12592:Meleagridinae
12588:
12586:
12580:
12579:
12577:
12576:
12569:
12562:
12555:
12548:
12541:
12534:
12527:
12520:
12512:
12510:
12508:Odontophoridae
12504:
12503:
12501:
12500:
12493:
12486:
12479:
12471:
12469:
12463:
12462:
12460:
12459:
12452:
12445:
12438:
12431:
12424:
12417:
12409:
12407:
12401:
12400:
12398:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12381:
12379:
12370:
12349:
12348:
12345:
12344:
12342:
12341:
12333:
12331:
12325:
12324:
12322:
12321:
12314:
12306:
12304:
12298:
12297:
12295:
12294:
12289:
12287:Stictonettinae
12284:
12282:Dendrocygninae
12279:
12278:
12277:
12270:
12258:
12257:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12235:
12233:
12216:
12203:
12160:
12132:
12131:
12128:
12127:
12125:
12124:
12116:
12108:
12100:
12092:
12083:
12081:
12067:
12066:
12052:
12051:
12049:
12048:
12047:
12046:
12041:
12035:Notable birds
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11997:
11995:
11991:
11990:
11988:
11987:
11985:Egg collecting
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11936:
11935:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11904:
11902:
11894:
11893:
11891:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11868:Hesperornithes
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11843:Ambiortiformes
11840:
11835:
11830:
11828:Enantiornithes
11825:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11802:
11800:
11794:
11793:
11791:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11769:
11768:
11763:
11752:
11750:
11744:
11743:
11741:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11679:
11677:
11671:
11670:
11668:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11631:
11630:
11620:
11615:
11609:
11607:
11601:
11600:
11598:
11597:
11591:
11588:
11587:
11575:
11574:
11567:
11560:
11552:
11543:
11542:
11539:
11538:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11511:
11508:
11507:
11504:
11503:
11500:
11499:
11497:
11496:
11495:
11494:
11488:
11479:
11477:
11471:
11470:
11467:
11466:
11463:
11462:
11460:
11459:
11452:
11445:
11438:
11431:
11424:
11417:
11410:
11407:Dromiceiomimus
11403:
11396:
11389:
11382:
11374:
11372:
11370:Ornithomimidae
11366:
11365:
11363:
11362:
11355:
11351:Paraxenisaurus
11347:
11339:
11332:
11325:
11317:
11315:
11313:Deinocheiridae
11309:
11308:
11306:
11305:
11302:Shenzhousaurus
11298:
11291:
11283:
11277:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11267:
11260:
11252:
11245:
11238:
11231:
11224:
11216:
11208:
11200:
11194:
11188:
11187:
11185:
11184:
11175:
11169:
11164:
11161:
11160:
11157:
11156:
11154:
11153:
11146:
11139:
11132:
11124:
11117:
11110:
11103:
11099:Beipiaognathus
11095:
11088:
11079:
11077:
11071:
11070:
11068:
11067:
11059:
11049:
11044:
11041:
11040:
11038:
11037:
11030:
11023:
11014:
11008:
11003:
10996:
10995:
10983:
10982:
10979:
10978:
10970:
10956:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10944:
10941:
10940:
10937:
10936:
10934:
10933:
10926:
10919:
10912:
10904:
10902:
10894:
10893:
10890:
10889:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10874:
10872:
10862:
10861:
10858:
10857:
10854:
10853:
10850:
10849:
10846:
10845:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10838:
10831:
10824:
10816:
10814:
10812:Tyrannosaurini
10808:
10807:
10805:
10804:
10797:
10790:
10782:
10775:
10771:Bistahieversor
10766:
10764:
10762:Teratophoneini
10758:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10747:
10744:Daspletosaurus
10739:
10737:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10727:
10724:Qianzhousaurus
10720:
10712:
10710:
10704:
10703:
10701:
10700:
10693:
10685:
10679:
10673:
10672:
10670:
10669:
10662:
10654:
10652:
10643:
10638:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10631:
10624:
10620:Bistahieversor
10616:
10608:
10602:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10590:
10589:
10587:
10586:
10578:
10571:
10564:
10556:
10549:
10542:
10535:
10528:
10521:
10514:
10507:
10500:
10492:
10485:
10477:
10467:
10462:
10459:
10458:
10455:
10454:
10452:
10451:
10444:
10437:
10430:
10423:
10415:
10413:
10407:
10406:
10404:
10403:
10395:
10387:
10385:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10374:
10366:
10358:
10348:
10343:
10337:
10334:Tyrannoraptora
10332:
10329:
10328:
10326:
10325:
10318:
10311:
10304:
10296:
10289:
10281:
10273:
10266:
10258:
10251:
10243:
10237:
10232:
10225:
10224:
10212:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10199:
10180:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10168:
10165:
10164:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10157:
10156:
10155:
10149:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10137:
10136:
10134:
10133:
10126:
10119:
10112:
10105:
10098:
10091:
10083:
10081:
10079:Megaraptoridae
10075:
10074:
10072:
10071:
10063:
10055:
10048:
10041:
10034:
10026:
10018:
10010:
10004:
9993:
9992:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9981:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9973:
9972:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9965:
9958:
9951:
9944:
9941:Giganotosaurus
9936:
9934:
9928:
9927:
9925:
9924:
9916:
9910:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9900:
9893:
9886:
9879:
9872:
9865:
9858:
9851:
9844:
9836:
9828:
9822:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9812:
9804:
9796:
9789:
9781:
9772:
9770:
9768:Neovenatoridae
9764:
9763:
9761:
9760:
9753:
9750:Ulughbegsaurus
9746:
9738:
9731:
9724:
9716:
9710:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9700:
9692:
9684:
9676:
9668:
9666:
9657:
9652:
9649:
9648:
9645:
9644:
9641:
9640:
9638:
9637:
9630:
9623:
9616:
9609:
9601:
9599:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9589:
9582:
9578:Xuanhanosaurus
9573:
9567:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9557:
9549:
9545:Xuanhanosaurus
9541:
9534:
9531:Asfaltovenator
9526:
9516:
9511:
9508:
9507:
9505:
9504:
9496:
9492:Megalosauridae
9488:
9480:
9472:
9466:
9461:
9458:
9457:
9455:
9454:
9446:
9437:
9431:
9426:
9419:
9418:
9406:
9405:
9402:
9401:
9393:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9365:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9356:
9355:
9349:
9347:
9337:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9325:
9324:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9310:
9302:
9300:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9290:
9283:
9276:
9269:
9266:Ichthyovenator
9262:
9253:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9233:
9226:
9219:
9211:
9209:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9199:
9191:
9183:
9176:
9169:
9161:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9145:
9137:
9130:
9127:Cristatusaurus
9123:
9114:
9108:
9103:
9100:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9088:
9084:Poekilopleuron
9080:
9077:Piveteausaurus
9073:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9044:
9042:
9036:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9025:
9018:
9011:
9003:
9001:
8999:Megalosaurinae
8995:
8994:
8992:
8991:
8983:
8977:
8975:Megalosauridae
8971:
8970:
8968:
8967:
8958:
8948:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8935:
8933:
8932:
8928:Xuanhanosaurus
8924:
8917:
8910:
8902:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8887:Yunyangosaurus
8882:
8872:
8867:
8861:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8849:
8842:
8835:
8827:
8824:Pandoravenator
8820:
8813:
8810:Kayentavenator
8806:
8799:
8792:
8784:
8777:
8769:
8761:
8752:
8746:
8741:
8734:
8733:
8721:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8708:
8701:
8694:
8687:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8669:
8668:
8667:
8661:
8659:
8649:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8633:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8625:
8618:
8611:
8604:
8597:
8589:
8582:
8575:
8568:
8560:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8548:
8541:
8538:Skorpiovenator
8534:
8526:
8519:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8475:
8469:
8460:
8459:
8450:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8431:
8423:
8416:
8409:
8402:
8394:
8386:
8384:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8367:
8360:
8353:
8350:Spectrovenator
8346:
8339:
8332:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8303:
8295:
8289:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8262:
8255:
8248:
8241:
8233:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8214:
8207:
8199:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8184:Spinostropheus
8180:
8173:
8166:
8158:
8150:
8142:
8134:
8127:
8119:
8110:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8086:
8078:
8070:
8061:
8051:
8048:Abelisauroidea
8046:
8043:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8028:
8020:
8018:
8016:Ceratosauridae
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8005:Saltriovenator
8001:
7993:
7986:
7982:Fosterovenator
7978:
7970:
7960:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7944:Lophostropheus
7940:
7932:
7926:
7921:
7914:
7913:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7858:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7838:
7832:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7809:
7805:Pterospondylus
7801:
7794:
7786:
7778:
7775:Lucianovenator
7771:
7764:
7756:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7737:
7730:
7723:
7716:
7707:
7701:
7699:Coelophysoidea
7695:
7694:
7692:
7691:
7684:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7638:Lophostropheus
7634:
7627:
7620:
7613:
7606:
7598:
7590:
7584:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7564:
7556:
7548:
7540:
7537:Erythrovenator
7533:
7525:
7517:
7508:
7502:
7497:
7490:
7489:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7453:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7430:
7424:
7414:
7413:
7409:
7408:
7399:
7390:
7384:
7378:
7362:
7361:
7354:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7331:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7308:
7303:
7301:Ornithoscelida
7296:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7220:
7211:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7188:
7186:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7157:Staurikosaurus
7153:
7146:
7139:
7131:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7111:
7103:
7095:
7086:
7080:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7057:
7046:
7036:
7026:
7016:
7005:
6999:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6972:
6970:
6954:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6877:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6857:
6850:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6821:
6813:
6807:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6783:
6772:
6762:
6751:
6741:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6710:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6691:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6658:Faxinalipterus
6654:
6646:
6644:
6635:
6619:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6571:Incertovenator
6566:
6564:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6541:
6537:Incertovenator
6529:
6519:
6514:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6418:
6412:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6359:
6358:
6351:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6328:
6321:
6320:External links
6318:
6316:
6315:
6244:
6222:
6164:
6138:
6099:
6092:
6069:
6043:
6024:
6007:
5981:
5938:
5885:
5878:
5860:
5845:
5838:
5820:
5794:
5735:
5706:(S78): 1–103.
5686:
5656:
5633:
5614:(3): 510–534.
5594:
5575:
5570:The Dinosauria
5553:
5499:
5455:
5440:
5400:
5362:
5344:
5295:
5288:
5259:
5237:
5182:
5117:
5108:
5095:(4): 640–663.
5075:
5056:
5041:
5030:(2): 119–123.
5003:
4952:
4895:
4781:
4742:(2): 582–587.
4722:
4662:
4620:
4557:
4535:
4504:
4481:
4414:
4389:
4370:(4): 888–896.
4350:
4331:(1): 108–115.
4315:
4258:
4234:(3): 430–435.
4211:
4188:
4163:
4105:
4086:
4021:
4003:
3980:
3930:
3883:
3860:
3841:(1): 239–252.
3821:
3772:
3753:(2): 377–421.
3733:
3726:
3708:
3663:
3656:
3638:
3588:
3541:
3479:
3459:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3358:
3344:
3330:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3253:Ornithoscelida
3200:Martin Ezcurra
3176:G.S. Paul
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3138:
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3133:
3132:
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3128:
3124:
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3120:
3119:
3115:
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3110:
3106:
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3101:
3097:
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3021:
3016:
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3007:
3006:
2993:
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2962:
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2931:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2847:Coelophysoidea
2842:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2759:
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2724:
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2706:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2686:
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2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2660:Hesperornithes
2656:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2636:Enantiornithes
2632:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2538:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2501:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2440:
2431:Coelophysoidea
2353:
2350:
2186:Plateosauridae
2182:Ornithomimidae
2174:Megalosauridae
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Classification
2132:
2055:Megalosauridae
2047:Spinosauroidea
1972:Early Jurassic
1917:that includes
1897:Early Jurassic
1877:Coelophysoidea
1840:herrerasaurids
1802:
1799:
1773:
1770:
1737:tail vertebrae
1712:Main article:
1709:
1708:Paleopathology
1706:
1647:
1644:
1636:climb in trees
1610:Ceratosaurians
1606:II, III and IV
1594:Xuanhanosaurus
1551:
1548:
1531:
1528:
1523:tyrannosaurids
1488:
1485:
1437:
1434:
1405:common ostrich
1357:Giganotosaurus
1325:An adult male
1291:Main article:
1288:
1285:
1280:Daspletosaurus
1250:dromaeosaurids
1206:
1203:
1119:therizinosaurs
1066:
1065:Diet and teeth
1063:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:coelurosaurian
1017:Early Jurassic
896:
895:
891:
890:
889:
888:
885:Xuanhanosaurus
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
828:
818:
808:
798:
788:
778:
768:
758:
748:
738:
728:
718:
708:
695:
694:
691:
686:
685:
684:
683:
682:
681:
680:
673:
652:
649:Coelophysoidea
642:
632:
622:
619:Spinostropheus
612:
602:
592:
582:
571:
561:
551:
541:
520:
511:
501:
490:
479:
476:Erythrovenator
469:
458:
447:
436:
425:
414:
400:
399:
395:
394:
382:
375:
374:
369:
362:
361:
356:
349:
348:
343:
339:
338:
333:
329:
328:
323:
319:
318:
305:
304:
287:
280:
279:
265:
258:
257:
256:
241:
234:
233:
228:tyrannosauroid
219:
212:
211:
210:
195:
188:
187:
173:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
76:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13328:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13298:
13296:
13279:
13274:
13270:
13266:
13261:
13257:
13253:
13248:
13244:
13240:
13235:
13231:
13227:
13221:
13216:
13210:
13206:
13201:
13195:
13191:
13190:
13188:
13186:
13182:
13178:
13173:
13161:
13160:
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13149:
13148:
13143:
13139:
13137:
13136:
13127:
13125:
13124:
13115:
13114:
13111:
13073:
13067:
13065:
13059:
13057:
13051:
13049:
13043:
13041:
13035:
13033:
13027:
13025:
13021:Strigiformes
13019:
13017:
13011:
13009:
13003:
13002:
13000:
12998:
12994:
12988:
12982:
12980:
12974:
12972:
12966:
12964:
12958:
12957:
12955:
12953:
12949:
12943:
12937:
12935:
12929:
12927:
12921:
12919:
12913:
12911:
12905:
12903:
12897:
12896:
12894:
12892:
12888:
12882:
12876:
12874:
12872:(tropicbirds)
12868:
12867:
12865:
12863:
12859:
12853:
12847:
12845:
12839:
12838:
12836:
12834:
12830:
12824:
12818:
12817:
12815:
12813:
12809:
12803:
12797:
12795:
12794:Podargiformes
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12779:
12778:
12776:
12774:
12770:
12764:
12758:
12756:
12750:
12748:
12744:Cuculiformes
12742:
12741:
12739:
12737:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12724:
12714:
12708:
12706:
12700:
12699:
12697:
12695:
12691:
12685:
12679:
12677:
12671:
12669:
12663:
12662:
12660:
12658:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12636:
12632:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12590:
12589:
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12574:
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12553:
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12525:
12521:
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12518:
12514:
12513:
12511:
12509:
12505:
12499:
12498:
12494:
12492:
12491:
12487:
12485:
12484:
12480:
12478:
12477:
12473:
12472:
12470:
12468:
12464:
12458:
12457:
12453:
12451:
12450:
12446:
12444:
12443:
12442:Macrocephalon
12439:
12437:
12436:
12432:
12430:
12429:
12425:
12423:
12422:
12418:
12416:
12415:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12406:
12402:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12382:
12380:
12378:
12374:
12371:
12367:
12360:
12354:
12350:
12340:
12339:
12335:
12334:
12332:
12330:
12329:Anseranatidae
12326:
12320:
12319:
12315:
12313:
12312:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12303:
12299:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12276:
12271:
12269:
12264:
12263:
12262:
12259:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12241:
12240:
12237:
12236:
12234:
12230:
12224:
12220:
12217:
12211:
12207:
12204:
12200:
12194:
12168:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12137:
12133:
12123:
12117:
12115:
12109:
12107:
12103:Tinamiformes
12101:
12099:
12093:
12091:
12085:
12084:
12082:
12080:
12079:Palaeognathae
12076:
12072:
12068:
12061:
12057:
12053:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12036:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11998:
11996:
11992:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11965:Pigeon racing
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11934:
11931:
11930:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11901:
11895:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11808:
11807:Archaeopteryx
11804:
11803:
11801:
11799:
11795:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11758:
11757:
11754:
11753:
11751:
11749:
11745:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11680:
11678:
11676:
11672:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11629:
11626:
11625:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11610:
11608:
11606:
11602:
11596:
11593:
11592:
11589:
11584:
11580:
11573:
11568:
11566:
11561:
11559:
11554:
11553:
11550:
11535:
11531:
11529:
11522:
11493:
11489:
11487:
11483:
11482:
11481:
11480:
11478:
11476:
11472:
11458:
11457:
11453:
11451:
11450:
11449:Struthiomimus
11446:
11444:
11443:
11439:
11437:
11436:
11432:
11430:
11429:
11425:
11423:
11422:
11418:
11416:
11415:
11411:
11409:
11408:
11404:
11402:
11401:
11400:"Coelosaurus"
11397:
11395:
11394:
11390:
11388:
11387:
11383:
11381:
11380:
11376:
11375:
11373:
11371:
11367:
11361:
11360:
11356:
11353:
11352:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11340:
11338:
11337:
11333:
11331:
11330:
11326:
11324:
11323:
11319:
11318:
11316:
11314:
11310:
11304:
11303:
11299:
11297:
11296:
11295:Pelecanimimus
11292:
11290:
11289:
11285:
11284:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11272:
11266:
11265:
11261:
11258:
11257:
11256:Thecocoelurus
11253:
11251:
11250:
11246:
11244:
11243:
11239:
11237:
11236:
11235:Kinnareemimus
11232:
11230:
11229:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11209:
11207:
11206:
11202:
11201:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11189:
11182:
11181:
11177:
11176:
11173:
11170:
11167:
11162:
11152:
11151:
11147:
11145:
11144:
11140:
11138:
11137:
11133:
11130:
11129:
11125:
11123:
11122:
11118:
11116:
11115:
11114:Huaxiagnathus
11111:
11109:
11108:
11107:Compsognathus
11104:
11101:
11100:
11096:
11094:
11093:
11089:
11086:
11085:
11081:
11080:
11078:
11076:
11072:
11066:
11065:
11061:
11060:
11057:
11053:
11050:
11047:
11042:
11036:
11035:
11034:Ornitholestes
11031:
11029:
11028:
11024:
11021:
11020:
11016:
11015:
11012:
11009:
11006:
11001:
10997:
10993:
10988:
10984:
10974:
10969:
10967:
10960:
10954:
10932:
10931:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10913:
10911:
10910:
10906:
10905:
10903:
10899:
10895:
10878:
10877:
10876:
10875:
10873:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10837:
10836:
10832:
10830:
10829:
10828:Tyrannosaurus
10825:
10823:
10822:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10813:
10809:
10803:
10802:
10801:Teratophoneus
10798:
10796:
10795:
10791:
10788:
10787:
10783:
10781:
10780:
10776:
10773:
10772:
10768:
10767:
10765:
10763:
10759:
10753:
10752:
10748:
10746:
10745:
10741:
10740:
10738:
10736:
10732:
10726:
10725:
10721:
10719:
10718:
10714:
10713:
10711:
10709:
10705:
10699:
10698:
10694:
10692:
10691:
10687:
10686:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10674:
10668:
10667:
10663:
10661:
10660:
10659:Albertosaurus
10656:
10655:
10653:
10651:
10647:
10644:
10641:
10636:
10630:
10629:
10625:
10622:
10621:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10610:
10609:
10606:
10603:
10600:
10595:
10584:
10583:
10579:
10577:
10576:
10575:Xiongguanlong
10572:
10570:
10569:
10565:
10562:
10561:
10557:
10555:
10554:
10553:Suskityrannus
10550:
10548:
10547:
10546:Stokesosaurus
10543:
10541:
10540:
10539:Santanaraptor
10536:
10534:
10533:
10529:
10527:
10526:
10522:
10520:
10519:
10515:
10513:
10512:
10508:
10506:
10505:
10501:
10498:
10497:
10493:
10491:
10490:
10486:
10484:
10483:
10482:Alectrosaurus
10479:
10478:
10475:
10471:
10468:
10465:
10460:
10450:
10449:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10438:
10436:
10435:
10431:
10429:
10428:
10424:
10422:
10421:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10412:
10408:
10401:
10400:
10399:Tanycolagreus
10396:
10394:
10393:
10389:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10379:
10372:
10371:
10367:
10365:
10364:
10360:
10359:
10356:
10352:
10349:
10346:
10341:
10338:
10335:
10330:
10324:
10323:
10319:
10317:
10316:
10312:
10310:
10309:
10305:
10302:
10301:
10297:
10295:
10294:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10274:
10272:
10271:
10267:
10264:
10263:
10262:Bahariasaurus
10259:
10257:
10256:
10252:
10250:
10249:
10245:
10244:
10241:
10238:
10235:
10234:Coelurosauria
10230:
10226:
10222:
10221:Coelurosauria
10217:
10213:
10203:
10198:
10196:
10191:
10184:
10178:
10153:
10152:
10151:
10150:
10148:
10146:
10145:Coelurosauria
10142:
10132:
10131:
10127:
10125:
10124:
10120:
10118:
10117:
10113:
10111:
10110:
10106:
10104:
10103:
10099:
10097:
10096:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10080:
10076:
10070:
10068:
10064:
10062:
10060:
10056:
10054:
10053:
10049:
10047:
10046:
10042:
10040:
10039:
10035:
10032:
10031:
10027:
10024:
10023:
10022:Bahariasaurus
10019:
10017:
10016:
10012:
10011:
10008:
10005:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9964:
9963:
9959:
9957:
9956:
9952:
9950:
9949:
9945:
9943:
9942:
9938:
9937:
9935:
9933:
9929:
9923:
9922:
9918:
9917:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9905:
9899:
9898:
9894:
9892:
9891:
9887:
9885:
9884:
9880:
9878:
9877:
9873:
9871:
9870:
9866:
9864:
9863:
9862:Kelmayisaurus
9859:
9857:
9856:
9852:
9850:
9849:
9845:
9842:
9841:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9830:
9829:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9817:
9810:
9809:
9805:
9802:
9801:
9797:
9795:
9794:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9774:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9765:
9759:
9758:
9754:
9752:
9751:
9747:
9744:
9743:
9739:
9737:
9736:
9732:
9730:
9729:
9725:
9723:
9722:
9718:
9717:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9705:
9698:
9697:
9696:Saurophaganax
9693:
9690:
9689:
9685:
9682:
9681:
9677:
9675:
9674:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9665:
9661:
9658:
9655:
9650:
9636:
9635:
9631:
9629:
9628:
9627:Siamotyrannus
9624:
9622:
9621:
9617:
9615:
9614:
9610:
9608:
9607:
9603:
9602:
9600:
9598:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9583:
9580:
9579:
9575:
9574:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9562:
9555:
9554:
9550:
9547:
9546:
9542:
9540:
9539:
9535:
9533:
9532:
9528:
9527:
9524:
9520:
9517:
9514:
9513:Allosauroidea
9509:
9502:
9501:
9500:Spinosauridae
9497:
9494:
9493:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9481:
9479:
9478:
9474:
9473:
9470:
9467:
9464:
9459:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9444:
9443:
9439:
9438:
9435:
9432:
9429:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9411:
9407:
9397:
9392:
9390:
9383:
9353:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9316:
9315:
9311:
9309:
9308:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9295:
9289:
9288:
9284:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9275:
9274:
9270:
9268:
9267:
9263:
9260:
9259:
9255:
9254:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9245:Spinosaurinae
9242:
9232:
9231:
9227:
9225:
9224:
9223:Riparovenator
9220:
9218:
9217:
9216:Ceratosuchops
9213:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9204:
9197:
9196:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9184:
9182:
9181:
9180:Riojavenatrix
9177:
9175:
9174:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9163:
9162:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9153:Baryonychinae
9150:
9143:
9142:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9131:
9129:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9116:
9115:
9112:
9109:
9106:
9105:Spinosauridae
9101:
9086:
9085:
9081:
9079:
9078:
9074:
9072:
9071:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9053:
9051:
9050:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9029:Wiehenvenator
9026:
9024:
9023:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9012:
9010:
9009:
9005:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8985:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8972:
8965:
8964:
8960:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8941:
8930:
8929:
8925:
8923:
8922:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8909:
8908:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8889:
8888:
8884:
8883:
8880:
8876:
8873:
8870:
8865:
8862:
8859:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8828:
8826:
8825:
8821:
8819:
8818:
8814:
8812:
8811:
8807:
8805:
8804:
8800:
8798:
8797:
8793:
8790:
8789:
8785:
8783:
8782:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8765:Chienkosaurus
8762:
8759:
8758:
8754:
8753:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8726:
8722:
8712:
8705:
8698:
8691:
8665:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8624:
8623:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8612:
8610:
8609:
8605:
8603:
8602:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8590:
8588:
8587:
8583:
8581:
8580:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8557:
8556:Furileusauria
8553:
8547:
8546:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8535:
8532:
8531:
8530:Rahiolisaurus
8527:
8525:
8524:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8499:
8497:
8496:
8492:
8490:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8477:
8476:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8464:
8457:
8456:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8446:Carnotaurinae
8443:
8437:
8436:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8427:Rahiolisaurus
8424:
8422:
8421:
8420:Majungasaurus
8417:
8415:
8414:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8357:Tarascosaurus
8354:
8352:
8351:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8315:Eoabelisaurus
8312:
8309:
8308:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8300:Chenanisaurus
8297:
8296:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8286:Abelisauridae
8282:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8261:
8260:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8249:
8247:
8246:
8245:Masiakasaurus
8242:
8240:
8239:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8220:
8219:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8211:Huinculsaurus
8208:
8206:
8205:
8204:Elaphrosaurus
8201:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8192:
8186:
8185:
8181:
8179:
8178:
8174:
8172:
8171:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8140:
8139:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8123:Austrocheirus
8120:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8111:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8092:
8091:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8049:
8044:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8017:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7975:Berberosaurus
7972:
7971:
7968:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7953:
7946:
7945:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7934:
7933:
7930:
7927:
7924:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7906:
7902:
7893:
7887:
7864:
7863:
7862:Halticosaurus
7859:
7857:
7856:
7855:Teinurosaurus
7852:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7825:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7782:Megapnosaurus
7779:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7752:Coelophysidae
7749:
7743:
7742:
7741:Powellvenator
7738:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7631:Liliensternus
7628:
7626:
7625:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7602:Dolichosuchus
7599:
7597:
7596:
7595:Dilophosaurus
7592:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7577:
7570:
7569:
7568:Herrerasauria
7565:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7521:Daemonosaurus
7518:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7478:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7438:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7383:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7352:
7347:
7345:
7340:
7338:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7317:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7298:
7297:
7294:
7285:
7281:
7278:
7272:
7267:
7261:
7225:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7159:
7158:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7150:Sanjuansaurus
7147:
7145:
7144:
7143:Herrerasaurus
7140:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7117:
7116:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7099:Daemonosaurus
7096:
7093:
7092:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7078:Herrerasauria
7072:
7066:
7065:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7033:Daemonosaurus
7027:
7025:
7024:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7007:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6992:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6947:
6933:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6896:Eucoelophysis
6893:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6863:
6862:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6734:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6687:Scleromochlus
6684:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6612:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6512:
6508:
6496:
6495:
6489:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6342:
6337:
6335:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6248:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6103:
6095:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6020:0-19-530411-X
6017:
6011:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5990:Matthew, W.D.
5985:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5889:
5881:
5879:0-8018-6763-0
5875:
5871:
5864:
5856:
5849:
5841:
5839:0-671-61946-2
5835:
5831:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5790:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5558:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5503:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5472:Chin Sci Bull
5469:
5462:
5460:
5451:
5444:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5407:
5405:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5315:(1): 80–104.
5314:
5310:
5306:
5299:
5291:
5289:0-901702-79-X
5285:
5281:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5256:(3): 213–218.
5255:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5121:
5112:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5052:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5018:Tyrannosaurus
5010:
5008:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4887:
4879:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4786:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4667:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4625:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4216:
4207:
4203:
4202:Archaeopteryx
4199:
4192:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4168:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3935:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3593:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3449:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3359:
3356:
3345:
3342:
3331:
3328:
3317:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2984:Coelurosauria
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:Allosauroidea
2961:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:Daemonosaurus
2783:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2685:Relationships
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:Tyrannosaurus
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:Coelurosauria
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2486:Allosauroidea
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:Chenanisaurus
2457:
2456:
2455:Majungasaurus
2451:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2414:house sparrow
2410:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2253:W. D. Matthew
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:Coelurosauria
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:Anchisauridae
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2105:Archaeopteryx
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2092:Archaeopteryx
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2075:Tyrannosaurus
2071:
2067:
2065:
2062:(the diverse
2061:
2060:Allosauroidea
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:(alternately
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:coelophysoids
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:coelophysoids
1916:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1812:Herrerasaurus
1807:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1663:Archaeopteryx
1659:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:Dilophosaurus
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1589:Tyrannosaurus
1586:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:Tyrannosaurus
1379:
1378:Tyrannosaurus
1375:
1371:
1370:Tyrannosaurus
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1339:Tyrannosaurus
1332:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1293:Dinosaur size
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1213:Fossil of an
1211:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1112:ornithischian
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:
976:
958:
957:ancient Greek
952:
922:
915:
911:
907:
902:
887:
886:
879:
877:
876:
869:
867:
866:
859:
857:
856:
849:
847:
846:
839:
837:
836:
829:
827:
826:
819:
817:
816:
809:
807:
806:
799:
797:
796:
789:
787:
786:
779:
777:
776:
769:
767:
766:
765:Dandakosaurus
759:
757:
756:
749:
747:
746:
739:
737:
736:
729:
727:
726:
719:
717:
716:
715:Bahariasaurus
709:
707:
706:
705:Austrocheirus
699:
698:
697:
696:
690:
689:
679:
678:
674:
672:
671:
664:
663:
660:
656:
653:
651:
650:
643:
641:
640:
633:
631:
630:
623:
621:
620:
613:
611:
610:
603:
601:
600:
593:
591:
590:
583:
580:
579:
572:
570:
569:
562:
560:
559:
558:Dilophosaurus
552:
550:
549:
542:
540:
539:
532:
531:
528:
524:
521:
518:
512:
510:
509:
502:
499:
498:
491:
488:
487:
480:
478:
477:
470:
467:
466:
459:
456:
455:
454:Daemonosaurus
448:
445:
444:
437:
434:
433:
426:
423:
422:
415:
412:
411:
404:
403:
401:
396:
391:
386:
383:
380:
377:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
341:
340:
337:
334:
331:
330:
327:
324:
321:
320:
315:
310:
306:
297:
292:
291:
290:Archaeopteryx
284:
275:
270:
269:
268:Struthiomimus
262:
251:
250:megalosauroid
246:
245:
238:
229:
224:
223:
222:Tyrannosaurus
216:
205:
200:
199:
192:
183:
178:
177:
170:
160:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
92:
89:233.2–0
85:
81:
80:Late Triassic
72:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
13184:
13157:
13145:
13133:
13121:
13031:(mousebirds)
13029:Coliiformes
12899:Gaviiformes
12891:Aequornithes
12799:Apodiformes
12760:Otidiformes
12736:Otidimorphae
12683:(sandgrouse)
12605:Phasianinae
12571:
12564:
12557:
12552:Odontophorus
12550:
12543:
12536:
12529:
12522:
12515:
12495:
12488:
12481:
12474:
12454:
12447:
12440:
12433:
12426:
12419:
12412:
12390:Oreophasinae
12336:
12316:
12309:
12214:(waterfowls)
12210:Anseriformes
11960:Cockfighting
11945:Conservation
11940:Bird feeding
11928:Birdwatching
11918:Ornithomancy
11858:Gansuiformes
11805:
11798:Fossil birds
11760:
11688:Intelligence
11525:
11454:
11447:
11440:
11433:
11426:
11421:Ornithomimus
11419:
11412:
11405:
11398:
11391:
11384:
11377:
11359:Tyrannomimus
11357:
11349:
11341:
11334:
11329:Deinocheirus
11327:
11320:
11300:
11293:
11286:
11262:
11254:
11249:Nqwebasaurus
11247:
11242:Nedcolbertia
11240:
11233:
11226:
11220:Calamosaurus
11218:
11212:Aviatyrannis
11210:
11203:
11178:
11148:
11141:
11134:
11126:
11119:
11112:
11105:
11097:
11092:Aristosuchus
11090:
11084:Aniksosaurus
11082:
11064:Aniksosaurus
11062:
11032:
11025:
11017:
10963:
10928:
10921:
10914:
10907:
10833:
10826:
10819:
10799:
10792:
10784:
10779:Dynamoterror
10777:
10769:
10749:
10742:
10722:
10715:
10695:
10690:Asiatyrannus
10688:
10664:
10657:
10628:Dryptosaurus
10626:
10618:
10611:
10580:
10573:
10566:
10558:
10551:
10544:
10537:
10530:
10523:
10518:Jinbeisaurus
10516:
10509:
10502:
10494:
10489:Aviatyrannis
10487:
10480:
10446:
10441:Sinotyrannus
10439:
10432:
10425:
10418:
10397:
10390:
10368:
10361:
10320:
10313:
10306:
10298:
10291:
10283:
10275:
10270:Bicentenaria
10268:
10260:
10255:Asiamericana
10253:
10246:
10187:
10128:
10121:
10114:
10107:
10100:
10093:
10086:
10065:
10057:
10050:
10043:
10036:
10030:Deltadromeus
10028:
10020:
10013:
9962:Tyrannotitan
9960:
9953:
9946:
9939:
9919:
9895:
9890:Taurovenator
9888:
9881:
9874:
9869:Lajasvenator
9867:
9860:
9853:
9848:Concavenator
9846:
9838:
9831:
9806:
9798:
9791:
9783:
9775:
9755:
9748:
9740:
9733:
9726:
9719:
9694:
9686:
9678:
9671:
9664:Allosauridae
9632:
9625:
9620:Shidaisaurus
9618:
9611:
9604:
9584:
9576:
9551:
9543:
9536:
9529:
9498:
9490:
9482:
9475:
9448:
9440:
9428:Avetheropoda
9415:Avetheropoda
9386:
9345:Avetheropoda
9312:
9305:
9298:Spinosaurini
9285:
9278:
9271:
9264:
9256:
9228:
9221:
9214:
9193:
9185:
9178:
9173:Protathlitis
9171:
9164:
9139:
9132:
9125:
9117:
9082:
9075:
9068:
9063:Leshansaurus
9061:
9054:
9047:
9027:
9020:
9015:Megalosaurus
9013:
9008:Duriavenator
9006:
8986:
8961:
8945:Megalosauria
8926:
8919:
8914:Marshosaurus
8912:
8907:Condorraptor
8905:
8885:
8844:
8837:
8829:
8822:
8815:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8788:Cruxicheiros
8786:
8779:
8771:
8763:
8755:
8620:
8615:Quilmesaurus
8613:
8606:
8599:
8591:
8584:
8577:
8570:
8563:
8543:
8536:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8486:
8478:
8467:Brachyrostra
8453:
8433:
8425:
8418:
8411:
8404:
8396:
8389:
8369:
8364:Tralkasaurus
8362:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8334:
8327:
8320:
8313:
8305:
8298:
8266:Vespersaurus
8264:
8259:Velocisaurus
8257:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8216:
8209:
8202:
8182:
8175:
8168:
8160:
8154:Deltadromeus
8152:
8144:
8138:Compsosuchus
8136:
8129:
8121:
8113:
8088:
8080:
8074:Lametasaurus
8072:
8064:
8030:
8025:Ceratosaurus
8023:
8003:
7995:
7988:
7980:
7973:
7957:Ceratosauria
7942:
7935:
7860:
7853:
7811:
7803:
7796:
7788:
7780:
7773:
7766:
7759:
7739:
7734:Podokesaurus
7732:
7725:
7718:
7710:
7686:
7678:
7671:
7664:
7657:
7650:
7643:
7636:
7629:
7622:
7617:Gojirasaurus
7615:
7610:Dracovenator
7608:
7600:
7593:
7581:Neotheropoda
7566:
7558:
7550:
7544:Guaibasaurus
7542:
7535:
7527:
7519:
7513:Chindesaurus
7511:
7498:
7485:
7448:
7401:
7392:
7357:
7263:
7206:
7172:Eusaurischia
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7113:
7105:
7097:
7091:Chindesaurus
7089:
7062:
7051:
7041:
7031:
7023:Chindesaurus
7021:
7011:
6979:Ornithischia
6968:Ornithischia
6929:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6903:Ignotosaurus
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6861:Technosaurus
6859:
6854:Soumyasaurus
6852:
6846:Pisanosaurus
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6804:Silesauridae
6788:
6777:
6767:
6757:
6695:Venetoraptor
6693:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6656:
6649:
6642:Lagerpetidae
6598:
6591:
6586:Spondylosoma
6584:
6577:
6569:
6562:Aphanosauria
6546:
6535:
6492:
6389:
6306:. Retrieved
6263:
6257:
6247:
6234:
6225:
6184:
6180:
6167:
6155:. Retrieved
6151:
6141:
6127:(1): 73–86.
6124:
6120:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6082:
6072:
6060:. Retrieved
6056:
6046:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6010:
6001:
5997:
5984:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5869:
5863:
5854:
5848:
5829:
5823:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5803:Ostrom, J.H.
5797:
5752:
5748:
5738:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5672:
5668:
5659:
5646:
5642:Bakker, R.T.
5636:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5589:dml.cmnh.org
5588:
5578:
5569:
5566:Gauthier, J.
5514:
5508:
5502:
5475:
5471:
5449:
5443:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5381:(1): 59–76.
5378:
5374:
5356:
5347:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5279:
5253:
5249:
5240:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5111:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5050:
5044:
5027:
5023:
5017:
4981:
4977:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4884:{{
4876:{{
4865:
4863:,
4801:
4797:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4682:
4678:
4643:(1): 53–61.
4640:
4636:
4574:
4570:
4560:
4526:. Retrieved
4520:
4495:. Retrieved
4484:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4401:
4392:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4231:
4227:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4182:
4125:
4121:
4108:
4095:
4089:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4016:the original
4006:
3994:. Retrieved
3983:
3950:
3946:
3900:
3896:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3717:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3694:– via
3683:
3679:
3666:
3647:
3641:
3608:
3604:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3471:
3462:
3439:
3341:Birds portal
3296:Avetheropoda
3295:
3289:Avetheropoda
3283:
3269:convergently
3249:sister group
3245:Ornithischia
3238:
3235:David Norman
3232:
3227:
3224:Ceratosaurus
3223:
3213:
3207:
3191:
3173:
3046:
3023:
2995:
2964:
2953:Avetheropoda
2933:
2905:Ceratosauria
2902:
2873:
2844:
2813:
2811:
2788:
2786:
2763:
2761:
2738:
2736:
2708:
2696:
2688:
2665:
2605:Troodontidae
2532:
2495:
2489:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2444:Ceratosauria
2434:
2419:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2362:Ceratosaurus
2360:
2352:Major groups
2323:
2302:Deinocheirus
2300:
2294:
2282:Alfred Romer
2275:
2267:
2257:Barnum Brown
2246:
2242:Teratosaurus
2240:
2217:Harry Seeley
2210:
2205:
2198:Hallopodidae
2166:Allosauridae
2153:
2114:(wishbone),
2109:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2080:Velociraptor
2078:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2051:Avetheropoda
2036:
2017:
2013:Ceratosaurus
2011:
2005:
2001:saurischians
1993:Ceratosauria
1977:
1976:
1968:paraphyletic
1962:plus modern
1957:
1938:Ceratosauria
1911:Neotheropoda
1910:
1909:
1905:paraphyletic
1901:Ceratosauria
1886:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1833:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1815:(large) and
1810:
1782:Characichnos
1781:
1775:
1717:
1702:herrerasaurs
1695:
1693:
1679:) could not
1677:prosauropods
1669:
1661:
1655:
1628:
1617:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:abelisaurids
1576:
1545:
1533:
1516:
1509:
1474:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1439:
1436:Growth rates
1426:
1421:
1411:
1402:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1312:
1306:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:coelurosaurs
1222:
1214:
1196:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1169:spinosaurids
1162:
1151:alvarezsaurs
1135:maniraptoran
1123:prosauropods
1116:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1059:
1055:
1047:
974:
920:
919:
910:maniraptoran
883:
875:Wakinosaurus
873:
863:
853:
843:
833:
823:
813:
803:
793:
783:
775:Deltadromeus
773:
763:
755:Compsosuchus
753:
743:
733:
723:
713:
703:
675:
670:Ceratosauria
668:
654:
647:
637:
627:
617:
607:
597:
587:
578:Gojirasaurus
576:
568:Dracovenator
566:
556:
546:
536:
523:Neotheropoda
522:
506:
495:
484:
474:
463:
452:
443:Chindesaurus
441:
430:
419:
408:
384:
378:
365:
352:
296:maniraptoran
288:
266:
242:
220:
204:coelophysoid
198:Coelophysis
196:
174:
68:
46:
37:This is the
31:
13247:iNaturalist
13209:Wikispecies
13159:WikiProject
13069:Piciformes
12952:Australaves
12931:Suliformes
12849:Gruiformes
12704:(flamingos)
12613:Tetraoninae
12584:Phasianidae
12573:Rhynchortyx
12538:Dactylortyx
12405:Megapodidae
12395:Penelopinae
12353:Galliformes
12095:Rheiformes
12089:(ostriches)
12039:individuals
11913:Ornithology
11900:interaction
11655:Preen gland
11486:Maniraptora
11475:Maniraptora
11456:Tototlmimus
11386:Anserimimus
11336:Garudimimus
11322:Beishanlong
11264:Valdoraptor
11205:Arkansaurus
11150:Xunmenglong
11027:Juravenator
10821:Tarbosaurus
10697:Nanuqsaurus
10666:Gorgosaurus
10582:Megaraptora
10568:Timurlengia
10300:Sciurumimus
10248:Aratasaurus
10116:Murusraptor
10038:Fukuiraptor
10001:Megaraptora
9883:Shaochilong
9855:Eocarcharia
9808:Megaraptora
9728:Lusovenator
9606:Alpkarakush
9463:Carnosauria
9314:Spinosaurus
9287:Siamosaurus
9187:Suchosaurus
9134:Iberospinus
9070:Magnosaurus
9049:Afrovenator
9022:Torvosaurus
8773:Chilesaurus
8586:Carnotaurus
8579:Caletodraco
8565:Abelisaurus
8391:Arcovenator
8238:Laevisuchus
8229:Noasaurinae
8131:Berthasaura
8102:Noasauridae
8032:Genyodectes
7997:Lukousaurus
7990:Jubbulpuria
7790:Panguraptor
7768:Coelophysis
7761:Camposaurus
7720:Panguraptor
7712:Dracoraptor
7688:Zupaysaurus
7673:Tachiraptor
7652:Sarcosaurus
7552:Nhandumirim
7136:Gnathovorax
7115:Caseosaurus
6917:Lutungutali
6910:Kwanasaurus
6882:Amanasaurus
6825:Asilisaurus
6818:Agnosphitys
6779:Nyasasaurus
6717:Pterosauria
6706:Pterosauria
6673:Kongonaphon
6666:Ixalerpeton
6616:Ornithodira
6593:Teleocrater
6579:Dongusuchus
6548:Mambachiton
6394:Archosauria
6157:6 September
5137:(1): 3749.
4459:10161/11144
4360:Spinosaurus
3519:11336/69202
3468:"Theropoda"
3408:Thyreophora
3398:Ornithopoda
3204:Gilles Cuny
2552:Maniraptora
2505:Megaraptora
2449:Carnotaurus
2436:Coelophysis
2401:Microraptor
2346:Maniraptora
2296:Deinonychus
2291:Carnosauria
2251:) in 1922,
2237:rauisuchian
2155:O. C. Marsh
2116:pneumatized
2086:Deinonychus
2019:Carnotaurus
2010:(including
2008:ceratosaurs
1959:Coelophysis
1956:in 1998 as
1954:Paul Sereno
1888:Camposaurus
1882:Coelophysis
1766:asymmetries
1724:pathologies
1660:(left) and
1657:Deinonychus
1654:Diagram of
1584:Carnotaurus
1570:amber from
1386:Spinosaurus
1374:Spinosaurus
1366:Spinosaurus
1362:Spinosaurus
1345:Spinosaurus
1275:lepidosaurs
1261:Juravenator
1241:Carnotaurus
1192:gastroliths
1143:troodontids
1127:herbivorous
1114:dinosaur).
1110:(a type of
1086:carnivorous
1050:Paul Sereno
990:carnivorous
986:saurischian
745:Coeluroides
639:Zupaysaurus
629:Tachiraptor
599:Sarcosaurus
486:Nyasasaurus
432:Chilesaurus
421:Caseosaurus
176:Carnotaurus
13295:Categories
12909:(penguins)
12762:(bustards)
12600:Perdicinae
12545:Dendrortyx
12517:Callipepla
12449:Megapodius
12414:Aepypodius
12292:Tadorninae
12274:true geese
12105:(tinamous)
12064:Neornithes
11975:Pheasantry
11950:Aviculture
11718:Incubation
11708:Lek mating
11414:Gallimimus
11343:Harpymimus
11288:Harpymimus
10909:Iliosuchus
10879:see below↓
10708:Alioramini
10525:Juratyrant
10511:Eotyrannus
10496:Bagaraatan
10448:Yutyrannus
10382:Coeluridae
10308:Vayuraptor
10154:see below↓
10130:Tratayenia
10123:Orkoraptor
10109:Megaraptor
10015:Aoniraptor
9948:Mapusaurus
9876:Sauroniops
9840:Altispinax
9793:Neovenator
9735:Siamraptor
9721:Datanglong
9688:Epanterias
9680:Antrodemus
9673:Allosaurus
9654:Allosauria
9477:Altispinax
9442:Gasosaurus
9354:see below↓
9230:Suchomimus
8831:Sinosaurus
8666:see below↓
8622:Viavenator
8572:Aucasaurus
8509:Ilokelesia
8480:Dahalokely
8435:Rajasaurus
8413:Indosaurus
8406:Genusaurus
8398:Dahalokely
8322:Indosuchus
8218:Limusaurus
8177:Ligabueino
8170:Kiyacursor
8162:Genusaurus
8146:Dahalokely
8066:Betasuchus
7937:Dornraptor
7837:see below↓
7813:Segisaurus
7666:Sinosaurus
7529:Eodromaeus
7458:see below↓
7406:Dinosauria
7388:Sauropsida
7299:See also:
7043:Eodromaeus
7013:Alwalkeria
6996:Saurischia
6951:Dinosauria
6931:Silesaurus
6924:Sacisaurus
6839:Lewisuchus
6769:Marasuchus
6759:Lagosuchus
6680:Lagerpeton
6651:Dromomeron
6600:Yarasuchus
6473:see below↓
6425:Sauropsida
6410:Sauropsida
6385:Sauropsida
6078:Paul, G.S.
6040:(1): 1–73.
6004:: 367–385.
5857:. Freeman.
5671:(annual).
5665:Sereno, P.
5072:: 257–270.
4407:28 October
3992:. Fox News
3880:: 159–166.
3686:(1): 139.
3611:: 103341.
3433:"Appendix"
3416:References
3265:Saurischia
3228:Allosaurus
3186:and other
2892:Averostra
2765:Eodromaeus
2642:Euornithes
2491:Allosaurus
2388:Mapusaurus
2326:cladistics
2287:infraorder
2269:Allosaurus
2221:Saurischia
2202:E. D. Cope
1835:Eodromaeus
1791:pterosaurs
1778:ichnogenus
1758:infections
1624:tetanurans
1614:metacarpal
1568:Cenomanian
1558:Mummified
1536:endocrania
1519:carnosaurs
1455:locomotion
1409:troodontid
1267:Anchiornis
1236:osteoderms
1216:Anchiornis
1176:morphology
1139:omnivorous
1021:Cretaceous
994:herbivores
785:Dornraptor
609:Sinosaurus
465:Eodromaeus
410:Alwalkeria
398:Subgroups
372:Saurischia
359:Dinosauria
182:ceratosaur
13301:Theropods
13215:Theropoda
13185:Theropoda
12978:(parrots)
12822:(hoatzin)
12773:Strisores
12754:(turacos)
12746:(cuckoos)
12675:(mesites)
12594:(turkeys)
12566:Philortyx
12483:Agelastes
12476:Acryllium
12467:Numididae
12456:Talegalla
12366:gamebirds
12359:landfowls
12338:Anseranas
12302:Anhimidae
12261:Anserinae
12044:fictional
11766:dinosaurs
11761:Theropoda
11748:Evolution
11693:Migration
11675:Behaviour
11490:includes
11435:Rativates
11428:Qiupalong
11128:Scipionyx
11121:Mirischia
10794:Lythronax
10786:Labocania
10717:Alioramus
10370:Labocania
10088:Aerosteon
9634:Sinraptor
9538:Erectopus
9273:Irritator
8858:Orionides
8743:Tetanurae
8730:Tetanurae
8657:Tetanurae
8593:Elemgasem
8516:Llukalkan
8495:Elemgasem
8252:Noasaurus
8115:Afromimus
7923:Averostra
7910:Averostra
7828:Averostra
7680:Velocipes
7499:Theropoda
7486:Theropoda
7449:Theropoda
7374:Kingdom:
7358:Theropoda
7222:includes
7218:Theropoda
7207:Theropoda
6832:Gamatavus
6371:Kingdom:
6235:cam.ac.uk
6217:205254710
5994:Brown, B.
5976:219234316
5771:2167-8359
5755:: e5976.
5730:220601744
5675:: 41–83.
5232:238728702
5224:0891-2963
5159:2045-2322
4929:0962-8452
4870:. If the
4826:1476-4687
4758:1091-6490
4717:221404013
4701:1469-185X
4657:1469-7998
4599:1476-4687
4398:"Ostrich"
4310:257836765
4100:Bonaparte
4041:: 12338.
3767:1096-3642
3633:0895-9811
3575:0036-8075
3448:cite book
3275:Footnotes
2922:Tetanurae
2697:Theropoda
2468:Tetanurae
2375:Irritator
2341:Tetanurae
2233:Sauropoda
2219:'s Order
2206:Goniopoda
2039:Tetanurae
2028:abelisaur
1997:Tetanurae
1991:, namely
1989:dinosaurs
1978:Averostra
1970:. By the
1942:Tetanurae
1926:dinosaurs
1850:to Early
1844:Argentina
1718:In 2001,
1581:(such as
1398:estimated
1396:are both
1380:, though
1303:dinosaurs
1199:denticles
998:omnivores
975:theropods
921:Theropoda
815:Labocania
677:Tetanurae
655:Averostra
508:Velocipes
385:Theropoda
332:Kingdom:
326:Eukaryota
244:Irritator
74:Theropoda
64:Pteropoda
13223:BioLib:
13194:Wikidata
13123:Category
12997:Afroaves
12925:(storks)
12727:Passerea
12712:(grebes)
12648:Columbea
12559:Oreortyx
12531:Cyrtonyx
12421:Alectura
12385:Cracinae
12377:Cracidae
12254:Oxyurini
12244:Aythyini
12239:Anatinae
12223:Anatidae
11970:Falconry
11933:big year
11788:Seabirds
11698:Foraging
11645:Feathers
11019:Coelurus
10427:Kileskus
10420:Guanlong
10392:Coelurus
10285:Gualicho
9785:Gualicho
9166:Baryonyx
8502:Guemesia
8329:Kryptops
8090:Ozraptor
7727:Pendraig
7382:Chordata
7380:Phylum:
7376:Animalia
7316:Category
7053:Saltopus
6889:Diodorus
6790:Saltopus
6379:Chordata
6377:Phylum:
6373:Animalia
6302:Archived
6298:29094688
6209:28332513
6080:(2002).
5933:37866029
5925:25082702
5817:: 1–165.
5789:30588396
5644:(1986).
5628:85655323
5539:20007898
5395:84702973
5357:phys.org
5339:29114853
5246:Dong, Z.
5177:28623335
5089:Am. Zool
4947:15347508
4861:26675731
4834:11473315
4776:18195356
4709:32869488
4607:11473307
4528:3 August
4497:14 April
4468:26439352
4384:85702490
4345:86025320
4302:36996202
4255:Abstract
4150:16541071
4081:17247595
4073:26216577
3996:1 August
3975:85774247
3925:12650231
3917:24869965
3903:: 1–74.
3816:19605396
3583:10381873
3536:33506648
3528:21233386
3388:dinosaur
3313:See also
3218:, their
2740:Eoraptor
2159:suborder
2128:feathers
2120:brooding
2032:Gondwana
2024:Laurasia
1986:theropod
1923:theropod
1907:group).
1893:Toarcian
1827:Triassic
1818:Eoraptor
1772:Swimming
1673:primates
1640:penguins
1616:V (e.g.
1333:dinosaur
1224:Mesozoic
1181:Baryonyx
1167:and the
1147:avialans
1025:Jurassic
1006:Triassic
979:dinosaur
845:Ozraptor
795:Gualicho
346:Chordata
342:Phylum:
336:Animalia
322:Domain:
43:reviewed
18:Theropod
13239:4531545
13200:Q188438
13135:Commons
12639:Neoaves
12524:Colinus
12490:Guttera
12428:Eulipoa
12249:Mergini
12113:(kiwis)
12097:(rheas)
11908:Ringing
11733:Hybrids
11728:Nesting
11683:Singing
11660:Plumage
11635:Dactyly
11605:Anatomy
11595:Outline
11585:: Aves)
10560:Timimus
10322:Zuolong
10052:Rapator
9955:Meraxes
9280:Oxalaia
8601:Koleken
7624:Lepidus
7386:Class:
6383:Class:
6268:Bibcode
6189:Bibcode
6062:2 April
5956:Bibcode
5905:Bibcode
5896:Science
5780:6304160
5708:Bibcode
5547:8349110
5519:Bibcode
5510:Science
5480:Bibcode
5330:5735062
5204:Bibcode
5168:5473926
5139:Bibcode
4986:Bibcode
4938:1691809
4886:erratum
4878:erratum
4872:erratum
4842:4319534
4806:Bibcode
4767:2206579
4615:4335246
4579:Bibcode
4522:AP News
4476:3099017
4436:Bibcode
4280:Bibcode
4272:Science
4236:Bibcode
4208:: 1–26.
4158:4427002
4130:Bibcode
4064:4648475
4043:Bibcode
3955:Bibcode
3897:Zootaxa
3870:Troodon
3843:Bibcode
3807:2817200
3613:Bibcode
3555:Science
3498:Bibcode
3490:Science
3196:maxilla
3188:Avepoda
2849:
2845: †
2611:Avialae
2546:ostrich
2122:of the
2118:bones,
2112:furcula
1848:Carnian
1821:(small)
1762:fusions
1753:cranium
1681:pronate
1572:Myanmar
1566:) from
1512:bipedal
1505:Namibia
1497:ostrich
1039:Biology
1002:Carnian
955:; from
914:Avialae
84:Present
13265:436491
13252:490948
13147:Portal
13023:(owls)
12497:Numida
12435:Leipoa
12318:Chauna
12311:Anhima
12006:Genera
11980:Imping
11898:Human
11738:Colony
11665:Vision
11650:Flight
11228:Hexing
10916:Kakuru
10504:Dilong
8545:Thanos
8523:Niebla
8343:Rugops
8336:Kurupi
6308:8 July
6296:
6259:Nature
6215:
6207:
6181:Nature
6090:
6018:
5974:
5931:
5923:
5876:
5836:
5787:
5777:
5769:
5728:
5626:
5545:
5537:
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5337:
5327:
5286:
5230:
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5175:
5165:
5157:
4945:
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4859:
4855:,
4840:
4832:
4824:
4798:Nature
4774:
4764:
4756:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4655:
4613:
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4597:
4571:Nature
4474:
4466:
4382:
4343:
4308:
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4156:
4148:
4122:Nature
4079:
4071:
4061:
3973:
3923:
3915:
3814:
3804:
3765:
3724:
3654:
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3573:
3534:
3526:
3240:Nature
2196:) and
2163:family
1895:(late
1856:mosaic
1852:Norian
1780:named
1747:, and
1741:sacrum
1728:genera
1685:radius
1597:, led
1442:tissue
1394:Scotty
1354:, and
1331:living
1096:lizard
1044:Traits
1009:period
962:θηρίο-
805:Kakuru
661:, 2002
529:, 1986
527:Bakker
392:, 1881
13278:91970
13226:18688
12267:swans
12229:ducks
12199:fowls
11994:Lists
11618:Brain
11583:class
11579:Birds
11492:birds
10532:Moros
10059:Siats
9800:Siats
9742:Siats
7402:Clade
7393:Clade
7224:birds
6390:Clade
6213:S2CID
6177:(PDF)
5972:S2CID
5950:. 3.
5929:S2CID
5749:PeerJ
5726:S2CID
5651:(PDF)
5624:S2CID
5543:S2CID
5391:S2CID
5228:S2CID
4974:(PDF)
4882:with
4838:S2CID
4713:S2CID
4611:S2CID
4472:S2CID
4380:S2CID
4341:S2CID
4306:S2CID
4179:(PDF)
4154:S2CID
4118:(PDF)
4077:S2CID
3971:S2CID
3921:S2CID
3676:(PDF)
3532:S2CID
3436:(PDF)
3180:clade
2338:clade
2278:taxon
2170:order
1982:clade
1964:birds
1950:clade
1915:clade
1860:basal
1749:tibia
1745:femur
1564:genus
1444:, so
1131:beaks
1029:birds
982:clade
969:ποδός
906:birds
390:Marsh
379:Clade
366:Clade
353:Clade
13260:NCBI
11640:Eggs
11628:milk
11623:Crop
11613:Beak
11484:see
10102:Maip
7560:Tawa
7435:see
7216:see
7193:see
7107:Tawa
7064:Tawa
6977:see
6715:see
6450:see
6423:see
6310:2023
6294:PMID
6205:PMID
6159:2020
6088:ISBN
6064:2024
6016:ISBN
5921:PMID
5874:ISBN
5834:ISBN
5785:PMID
5767:ISSN
5535:PMID
5335:PMID
5284:ISBN
5220:ISSN
5173:PMID
5155:ISSN
5066:Gaia
4943:PMID
4925:ISSN
4857:PMID
4830:PMID
4822:ISSN
4772:PMID
4754:ISSN
4705:PMID
4697:ISSN
4653:ISSN
4603:PMID
4595:ISSN
4530:2014
4499:2023
4464:PMID
4409:2020
4298:PMID
4146:PMID
4069:PMID
3998:2015
3913:PMID
3901:3759
3874:GAIA
3812:PMID
3763:ISSN
3722:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3629:ISSN
3579:PMID
3571:ISSN
3524:PMID
3454:link
3202:and
2815:Tawa
2667:Aves
2458:and
2412:The
2328:and
2299:and
2255:and
2227:and
2188:and
2124:eggs
2083:and
2037:The
2016:and
1995:and
1940:and
1885:and
1869:Tawa
1793:and
1735:and
1733:ribs
1689:ulna
1521:and
1392:and
1287:Size
1149:and
996:and
933:ɪəˈr
659:Paul
497:Tawa
272:(an
97:PreꞒ
13234:EoL
6284:hdl
6276:doi
6264:551
6197:doi
6185:543
6129:doi
5964:doi
5913:doi
5901:345
5775:PMC
5757:doi
5716:doi
5677:doi
5673:210
5616:doi
5527:doi
5515:326
5488:doi
5429:doi
5425:266
5383:doi
5325:PMC
5317:doi
5313:232
5212:doi
5163:PMC
5147:doi
5097:doi
5032:doi
4994:doi
4933:PMC
4917:doi
4913:271
4849:doi
4814:doi
4802:412
4762:PMC
4744:doi
4740:105
4687:doi
4645:doi
4641:207
4587:doi
4575:412
4552:BBC
4454:hdl
4444:doi
4372:doi
4333:doi
4288:doi
4276:379
4244:doi
4138:doi
4126:440
4059:PMC
4051:doi
3963:doi
3905:doi
3872:".
3851:doi
3802:PMC
3794:doi
3790:276
3755:doi
3751:151
3688:doi
3621:doi
3609:110
3563:doi
3559:284
3514:hdl
3506:doi
3494:331
1952:by
1842:of
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1390:Sue
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