1205:
712:
1031:
they sought
Soreyya-Revata, and together they consulted SabbakÄmi at VÄlikÄrÄma. In the Council that followed the Ten Points were declared invalid, and this decision was conveyed to the monks. Soon after was held a recital of the Doctrine in which seven hundred monks took part under the leadership of Soreyya-Revata. The recital lasted eight months. The Vajjiputtakas refused to accept the finding of Revataās Council and formed a separate sect, the MahÄsanghikas, numbering ten thousand monks, who held a recital of their own. Accordingly, TheravÄda Buddhism suggests that MahÄsÄį¹ghikas tried to change the traditional Vinaya by adding the above ten points to it.
970:. While inevitably disagreeing on points of details, these schools nevertheless agree that the bhikkhus at Vaisali were accepting monetary donations and following other lax practices (which led to a controversy when other monks discovered this). The lax practices are often described as "ten points". The main issue though was accepting money from laypersons. These practices were first noticed by a monk named Yasa KÄkandakaputta, who alerted other elders and called out the monks. In response, both the monks of VaiÅÄlÄ« and Yasa gathered senior members of the Sangha from the region to consult in order to fully settle the issue. This dispute about
1220:
814:
sources state that
Mahakasyapa criticized Ananda in various ways. Analayo quotes one passage from a Chinese parallel to the MahÄparinibbÄna-sutta (T 1428 at T XXII 966b18), in which MahÄkassapa says: "Änanda is a lay person. I am afraid that, being with covetousness in his mind, he will not recite the discourses completely." Analayo writes there may have been "actual conflict between two contending factions in the monastic community after the Buddhaās decease, with the more ascetically inclined faction emerging as the winning party in the accounts of the first saį¹
gīti".
1266:) which had only joined because they were attracted by the royal patronage of the sangha. Due to the increased royal support of the sangha, large numbers of faithless, greedy men espousing wrong views tried to join the order improperly and caused many divisions in the sangha. Because of this the third council of one thousand monks were convened, led by Moggaliputtatissa. The emperor himself was in attendance and asked the suspect monks what the Buddha taught. They claimed he taught wrong views such as eternalism, etc., which are condemned in the canonical
1703:
1321:
1840:
51:
6504:
6515:
2196:
3913:
3900:
3890:
1075:). The king considered that were both the work of the Buddha, and since their preferences were not the same, should not live together. As those who studied the old Vinaya were in the majority, they were called the MahÄsÄį¹ghika; those who studied the new were in the minority, but they were all Sthaviras; thus they were named Sthavira.
1030:
The orthodox monks refused to agree to these points, and one of their leaders, Yasa KÄkandakaputta, publicly condemned the action of the
Vajjiputtakas. Yasa then left KosambÄ«, and, having summoned monks from PÄvÄ in the west and Avanti in the south, sought SambhÅ«ta SÄnavÄsi in Ahoganga. On his advice
1653:
The
Dipavamsa states that during the reign of Valagamba (Vattagamani Abhaya) (29ā17 BCE) the monks who had previously remembered the Tipitaka and its commentary orally, wrote them down in books, because of the threat posed by famine and war. The Mahavamsa also refers briefly to the writing down of
2022:
and its allied literature in all the scripts were painstakingly examined and their differences noted down and the necessary corrections made and all the versions were then collated. It was found that there was not much difference in the content of any of the texts. Finally, after the council had
1133:
According to the
Sthavira accounts, the majority (MahÄsaį¹gha) sided with MahÄdeva, and a minority of righteous elders (Sthaviras) were opposed to it, thus causing the first schism in the Buddhist community. According to this account, Mahadeva was criticized and opposed by Sthavira elders, and he
813:
Numerous
Vinayas also depict various disagreements in the first council. Various monks disagreed on whether to keep or get rid of some of the minor rules (since the Buddha had told Ananda that this may be done). Some monks even argued all the minor rules should be abolished. Also, numerous early
1195:
sect over 200 years later. Some scholars have concluded that an association of "MahÄdeva" with the first schism was a later sectarian interpolation based on much later events. Jan
Nattier and Charles Prebish argue that the five points of Mahadeva are unlikely to have been the cause of the first
1134:
eventually went on to become the founder of the MahÄsÄį¹ghika school. Mahasamghika sources do not claim
Mahadeva as a founder and do not agree with this account. As such, most scholars think that the MahÄdeva incident was a later event and that it was not the root cause of the first schism.
1961:
As in the case of the preceding councils, its first objective was to affirm and preserve the genuine Dhamma and Vinaya. However it was unique insofar as the monks who took part in it came from eight countries. These two thousand five hundred learned
Theravada monks came from
694:
as having begun immediately following the death of the Buddha and have continued into the modern era. The earliest councils are regarded as real events by every
Buddhist tradition. However, the historicity and details of these councils remains a matter of dispute in modern
810:. Even though the Buddha had said that the Sangha could abolish the minor rules after his passing, the council made the unanimous decision to keep all the rules intact. According to Charles Prebish, almost all scholars have questioned the historicity of this first council.
896:
Several modern scholars doubt whether the entire canon was really recited during the First Council, because the early texts contain different accounts on important subjects such as meditation. It may be, though, that early versions were recited of what is now known as the
865:, which depict PurÄį¹a and another monk, Gavampati which were not present at the council and who worry about what will happen to the Dharma after the death of the Buddha. This account is described in the Chinese versions of the Dharmagupta and MahÄ«sÄsaka Vinayas and in the
1563:
considers the Theravada account of the Third Council and the Sarvastivada account of the Fourth Council "equally tendentious," illustrating the uncertain veracity of much of these histories. The Milindapanho, a non-canonical Pali Buddhist text, is a dialogue between King
1648:
there is a major discrepancy between the sources which cite the death of Valagamba of Anuradhapura as occurring in 77 BCE and his supposed patronization of the effort to commit the Buddhist oral traditions to writing in the period 29 to 17 BCE. Norman
1356:). The fact that the Buddhist sangha was heavily involved in missionary activities across Asia at the time of Ashoka is well supported by the archeological sources, including numerous Indian inscriptions that match the claims of the Theravada sources.
856:
mentions there was an arhat named PurÄį¹a who stated that he and his followers preferred to remember the Buddha's teachings in the manner he had heard it and so did not rely on the textual collections of the council. This figure is also found in the
1101:
as imperfect and fallible. Sthavira sources claim the schism was caused by MahÄdeva, who often depicted as an evil figure (who killed his parents). The "five points" describe an arhat as one still characterized by impurity due to being affected by
1196:
schism and see this event as "emerging in a historical period considerably later than previously supposed and taking his place in the sectarian movement by instigating an internal schism within the already existing MahÄsÄį¹ghika school."
1958:. He authorized the construction of the Maha Passana Guha, the "great cave", an artificial cave very much like India's Sattapanni Cave where the first Buddhist Council had been held. Upon its completion The Council met on 17 May 1954.
1923:
before its recitation. This monumental task was done by the monks and many skilled craftsmen who upon completion of each slab had them housed in beautiful miniature 'pitaka' pagodas on a special site in the grounds of King Mindon's
1693:
reciters), the surviving monks recognized the danger of not writing it down so that even if some of the monks whose duty it was to study and remember parts of the Canon for later generations died, the teachings would not be lost.
1910:
It was presided over by three Elders, the Venerable Mahathera Jagarabhivamsa, the Venerable Narindabhidhaja, and the Venerable Mahathera Sumangalasami in the company of some two thousand four hundred monks (2,400). Their joint
913:
and D.P. Minayeff, thought there must have been assemblies after the Buddha's death, but considered only the main characters and some events before or after the First Council historical. Other scholars, such as Buddhologist
1769:
vice-president. They examined ancient theological literature and created detailed commentaries on the Canon's three main divisions. After the council, these commentaries were inscribed on copper sheets and stored in a
2043:
The Thai Theravada tradition has a different way of counting the history of Buddhist councils and names many other councils besides the ones listed above. A common Thai historical source for the early councils is the
836:, modern academic scholarship holds that it was likely composed at a later date because of its contents and differences in language and style. According to Theravada tradition, the Abhidhamma Pitaka, and the ancient
2014:
who answered all of them learnedly and satisfactorily. By the time this council met, all the participating countries had had the Pali Tripiį¹aka rendered into their native scripts, with the exception of India.
3718:
1855:
The new VaibhÄį¹£ika texts were not accepted by all SarvÄstivÄdins. Some "Western masters" from Gandhara and Bactria had divergent views which disagreed with the new orthodoxy. These disagreements from the
3810:
937:, Indologist E. E. Obermiller and to some extent Indologist Nalinaksha Dutt thought the account of the First Council was authentic, because of the correspondences between the PÄli texts and the
2113:
was written, which explains the PÄli translation by Buddhaghosa of the original Sinhalese commentaries. ParÄkkamabÄhu also unified the Sri Lankan sangha into one single Theravada community.
888:(Collection of the Great Assembly) was compiled by an Arhat named Baspa and his followers. Xuanzang reports visiting a stupa near Rajgir which marked the site of this alternate council.
2110:
2027:. This notable achievement was made possible through the dedicated efforts of the two thousand five hundred monks and numerous lay people. Their work came to an end on the evening of
1149:
that led to the first schism was over the five heretical points of MahÄdeva which degrades the attainment of arhats. These same points are discussed and condemned in the Theravadin
1055:
1637:
1332:
Theravada sources mention that another function of this council was to send Buddhist missionaries to various countries in order to spread Buddhism. These reached as far as the
1038:("Elders") wanted to 'add' more rules to the Vinaya. Vinaya texts associated with the Sthaviras do contain more rules than those of the MahÄsÄį¹ghika Vinaya. The MahÄsÄį¹ghika
840:(commentary) were also included at the first Buddhist council in the Sutta category, but its literature is different from Sutta because the Abhidhamma Pitaka was authored by
995:
The Cullavagga of the Pali Canon of TheravÄda Buddhism holds that the VaiÅÄlÄ« (VajjiputtakÄ) monks practiced ten points (dasa vatthÅ«ni) which were against the Vinaya rules.
1954:(formerly Rangoon) in 1954, 83 years after the fifth one was held in Mandalay. It was sponsored by the Burmese Government led by the then Prime Minister, the Honourable
909:. Nevertheless, many scholars, from the late 19th century onward, have considered the historicity of the First Council improbable. Some scholars, such as orientalists
1527:, they seemed to have been less successful. However, some scholars hold that it is possible some Buddhist communities were established for a limited time in Egyptian
3741:
2132:, which was attended by several monks. The MahÄthera DhammadinnÄ of TÄlavana MahÄvihÄra (Wat PÄ TÄn) presided over the council, which was patronized by the King of
1079:
Due to the conflicting claims from both sects, a clear conclusion cannot be reached on whether the Sthaviras' or the MahÄsÄį¹ghikas' Vinaya was the original Vinaya.
1809:. It is said that during the council three hundred thousand verses and over nine million statements were compiled, a process which took twelve years to complete.
1789:
The Fourth Council of Kashmir is not recognized as authoritative for the Theravadins. Reports of this council can be found in scriptures which were kept in the
1046:
section, while the TheravÄda version has 75 rules. The MahÄsÄį¹ghika Vinaya discusses how the MahÄsÄį¹ghika disagree with the Sthavira 'additions' to the Vinaya (
3411:
Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett. Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien. Brill, 1998, p. XII
3688:
3835:
1292:
responses to them. Only Theravadin sources mention this text. According to this account, this third council also seems to have led to the split between the
4654:
5569:
4044:
958:
The historical records for the Second Buddhist Council derive primarily from the canonical Vinayas of various schools. It was held 100 years after the
2511:
1662:, building the stupa there and offering it to Kuppikala Mahatissa thero. This seems to have caused a dispute between Abhayagiri and the monks of the
2023:
officially approved them, all of the books of the Tipitaka and their commentaries were prepared for printing on modern presses and published in the
1903:. In the Burmese tradition, it is commonly known as the "Fifth Council". The chief objective of this meeting was to recite all the teachings of the
3714:
1749:, troubled by conflicting doctrines among various sects. He advised with the venerable PƔrsva, who organized a general assembly of theologians in
1539:(c. 20 BCE ā 50 CE). Religious scholar Ullrich R. Kleinhempel argues that the most likely candidate for the religion of the Therapeutae is indeed
5573:
1783:
1766:
5797:
1609:
113:
1750:
4014:
1168:. According to this version of events, the king ends up supporting the Mahasanghikas. This version of events emphasizes the purity of the
3137:
1815:
1605:
817:
According to some traditional accounts, following the Buddha's death, 499 of the Buddha's top arhats were chosen to attend the council.
4122:
1601:
1304:). This doctrine seems to have been defended by a certain Katyayaniputra, who is seen as the founder of Sarvastivada. But according to
703:
contain conflicting accounts of these events and the narratives often serve to bolster the authority and prestige of specific schools.
3857:
1204:
3879:
1929:
825:, trained himself until the dawn of day of the council, at which point he attained arahatship and was allowed to join the council.
747:
councils. The story of the First Council seems to be a continuation of the story of the Buddha's final days and death told in the
6389:
5841:
3588:
711:
6044:
4024:
17:
2789:
1572:
from the 2nd century B.C. It remains widely read in Buddhist regions. The Fourth Buddhist Council was held around 100 A.C. in
3705:
3678:
3657:
3605:
3429:
3362:
3335:
3308:
3284:
3072:
2804:
2484:
2361:
2275:
1235:
Theravada sources contain narratives of a Third council of the Theravara school which occurred during the reign of Ashoka at
869:. Gavampati is said to have also maintained a set of eight rules regarding food which are retained by the MahÄ«sÄsaka Vinaya.
3325:
1279:
The Theravadins say that council proceeded to recite the scriptures, adding to the canon Moggaliputta Tissa's own book, the
4207:
4049:
1340:, and possibly even farther according to the inscriptions left on stone pillars by Ashoka). Missionaries were also sent to
1262:. Its objective was to purify the Buddhist movement, particularly from opportunistic factions and heretical non-buddhists (
682:") have periodically convened to settle doctrinal and disciplinary disputes and to revise and correct the contents of the
6384:
2791:
6281:
5831:
3926:
2936:
2214:
2140:(r. 1441ā1487). During this council, the orthography of the Thai Pali Canon was corrected and it was rendered into the
655:
108:
65:
3466:
4127:
3829:
3735:
3247:
2976:
2499:
2059:
1523:
would continue to be major influential traditions for generations after. Regarding the missions to the Mediterranean
6374:
6059:
5804:
3379:
1172:
Sarvastivadins, who are portrayed as descended from the arahants who fled the persecution of MahÄdeva and, led by
1087:
The alternative view of what caused the first schism is found in several Sthavira sources including the Theravada
6451:
6441:
4270:
1301:
2066:. It was supposed to have been held under the presidency of the Venerable Ariį¹į¹ha, the first pupil of the Elder
6396:
6049:
5851:
5742:
5687:
4260:
3727:
2336:
2303:
2155:
and his brother. It was attended by 250 monks and scholars. A new edition of the Pali Canon was published, the
2121:
From this point onwards, the Thai tradition focuses on councils held in Thailand which were patronized by the
2058:
The fourth council is seen by the Thai tradition of Buddhist history as having taken place under the reign of
6545:
6366:
6064:
5747:
4039:
3872:
2790:
Devalegama Medananda Thero; Ganthune Assaji Thero; Mambulgoda Sumanarathana Thero; Uditha Garusinghe (2017).
2219:
591:
286:
2094:, comprises the activities of the PÄli translation of the Sinhalese commentaries, a project that was led by
1797:
in Kashmir, headed by Vasumitra, to systematize the Sarvastivadin canon, which were translated from earlier
910:
5949:
5821:
5792:
5494:
690:, literally meaning "reciting together" or "joint rehearsal"). Accounts of these councils are recorded in
536:
311:
271:
2888:
1872:
1059:
contains an account in which an old monk rearranges and augments the traditional Vinaya. As stated in the
5640:
5549:
5019:
4664:
4177:
4072:
3396:
3115:
2055:
The first three councils are the traditional councils in India (1. RÄjagaha, 2. VesÄlÄ«, 3. PatÄliputta).
982:. But some scholars think that a schism did not occur at this time and instead happened at a later date.
934:
756:
5184:
2422:
1097:. This was called to dispute five points held by a figure named MahÄdeva. The five points generally see
6540:
6489:
5969:
5445:
4931:
4054:
3887:
3697:
3597:
2353:
The First and Second Buddhist Councils: Five Versions : English Translations from PÄli and Chinese
1663:
1246:
According to the TheravÄda commentaries and chronicles, the Third Buddhist Council was convened by the
5379:
3557:
Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World, A Survey of the Buddhist SituationAgainst a Historical Background
3518:
Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World, A Survey of the Buddhist SituationAgainst a Historical Background
3496:
Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World, A Survey of the Buddhist SituationAgainst a Historical Background
3138:
https://www.academia.edu/39841429/Traces_of_Buddhist_Presence_in_Alexandria_Philo_and_the_Therapeutae_
1231:. Three āMinor Pillar Edictsā (at Sarnath, SÄƱchÄ«, and Kosambi) discuss the divisions and unification.
6379:
6192:
6182:
6054:
5037:
4617:
4378:
4353:
1641:
411:
4403:
2761:
1802:
1002:
Eating food when the shadow of the sun had passed two fingers' breadth beyond noon (duvangulakappa).
221:
6484:
5836:
5650:
5628:
5621:
5524:
5057:
4677:
4493:
4438:
4059:
3865:
3159:
3132:
Ullrich R . Kleinhempel, "Traces of Buddhist Presence in Alexandria: Philo and the "Therapeutae"",
1191:
also records a 'MahÄdeva' who seems to be a completely different figure who was the founder of the
1093:. According to these sources, some 35 years after the second council, there was another meeting in
416:
366:
3352:
6421:
6401:
5732:
5712:
5469:
5199:
4443:
2067:
1584:, who wrote many Sanskrit works in the 4th century A.C. Other significant Buddhist teachers from
1552:
1488:
1365:(XII, 1st paragraph), the council and Ashoka sent the following missionaries to various regions:
959:
923:
744:
576:
3216:
2832:
Prebish, Charles S. āÅaikį¹£a-Dharmas Revisited: Further Considerations of MahÄsÄį¹ghika Origins.ā
2715:
2010:
was appointed the noble task of asking the required questions about the Dhamma of the Venerable
1907:
and examine them in minute detail to see if any of them had been altered, distorted or dropped.
1227:
discusses divisions in the sangha and how the sangha was unified through the aid of the emperor
6431:
6271:
5939:
5909:
5682:
5633:
5474:
5422:
5417:
5179:
5000:
4897:
4649:
4644:
4393:
1941:
1890:
1448:
1337:
775:
740:
648:
391:
376:
356:
281:
276:
191:
98:
4761:
3818:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 1: Early History in South and Southeast Asia
3298:
1998:
can only be counted as the nationality of the only two western monks in attendance: Venerable
1915:
recitation lasted for five months. It was also the work of this council to approve the entire
926:, and based on that of the second, since there were not any major problems to solve after the
6436:
6406:
5987:
5919:
5752:
5667:
5662:
5586:
5581:
5499:
4029:
3753:
3103:
2412:
Sri Lanka International Journal of Buddhist Studies (SIJBS) Volume IV (2015), ISSN- 20128878.
2084:
1670:
1633:
1520:
748:
596:
586:
541:
5052:
1499:
Some of these missions were very successful, such as the ones which established Buddhism in
759:
concluded that they had originated from a single narrative that was later split between the
6459:
6426:
6411:
5929:
5826:
5772:
5657:
5596:
5564:
5559:
5544:
5529:
5519:
5484:
5397:
5089:
5012:
4315:
4255:
4004:
3971:
3921:
2122:
2105:
The seventh council is believed to have taken place during the time of the Sri Lankan king
1272:
He asked the virtuous monks, and they replied that the Buddha was a "Teacher of Analysis" (
606:
566:
561:
526:
371:
251:
159:
144:
88:
60:
6299:
4914:
4783:
4709:
4585:
4323:
2083:, when the Pali Canon was first put into writing in Sri Lanka in the first century BCE at
1659:
1219:
1111:
8:
6266:
6145:
5979:
5954:
5944:
5904:
5881:
5764:
5737:
5697:
5616:
5606:
5534:
5461:
4892:
4749:
4530:
4508:
4460:
4280:
4080:
3936:
3916:
3584:
3568:
Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979). Thai Art with Indian Influences, p. 40. Abhinav Publications
1895:
Another Buddhist Council, this time presided by Theravada monks, took place in Mandalay,
1536:
1165:
700:
616:
571:
509:
449:
386:
331:
326:
81:
70:
4240:
4167:
1702:
1268:
1068:
945:
meanwhile holds that "large parts of the Pali Canon" do date back to the first council.
872:
A similar event is described by Chinese sources like the writings of the Indian scholar
783:
752:
6329:
6234:
6076:
6039:
6034:
5964:
5914:
5861:
5856:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5707:
5692:
5677:
5672:
5611:
5591:
5554:
5479:
5284:
4985:
4909:
4787:
4729:
4570:
4470:
4398:
4373:
4019:
3949:
2841:
2209:
2080:
1844:
1512:
1259:
1212:
1103:
1008:
Holding of the uposatha separately by monks dwelling in the same district (ÄvÄsakappa).
673:
601:
581:
521:
516:
404:
306:
299:
226:
216:
123:
6128:
1491:, along with Utthiya, Ittiya, Sambala and Bhaddasala his disciples went to Lankadipa (
6507:
6469:
6165:
6150:
6113:
6098:
5871:
5702:
5539:
5504:
5489:
5216:
5206:
4887:
4734:
4719:
4590:
4513:
4433:
4368:
4300:
4187:
3944:
3825:
3731:
3701:
3674:
3653:
3601:
3425:
3358:
3331:
3304:
3280:
3243:
3068:
2972:
2932:
2800:
2480:
2357:
2332:
2324:
2299:
2291:
2271:
2003:
1429:
979:
963:
919:
829:
641:
546:
531:
336:
211:
154:
118:
34:
5451:
4245:
4145:
3507:
Ellawala, H. (1969). Social History of Early Ceylon. Department of Cultural Affairs.
1821:
6155:
6108:
6103:
5959:
5924:
5899:
5894:
5645:
5601:
5514:
5189:
4845:
4838:
4622:
4612:
4498:
4162:
4034:
3846:
3666:
3641:
2170:
1560:
1305:
1014:
Following a practice because it is so done by one's tutor or teacher (Äcinnakappa).
942:
938:
922:, considered it likely that the account of the First Council was written after the
696:
611:
556:
486:
476:
341:
5234:
1089:
6519:
6464:
6416:
6344:
6214:
6012:
5992:
5934:
5846:
5509:
5407:
5254:
4990:
4973:
4958:
4936:
4488:
4358:
4192:
4172:
3102:
Thai Art with Indian Influences, Promsak Jermsawatdi, Abhinav Publications, 1979
2474:
2351:
2265:
2201:
2141:
2106:
2099:
2072:
1925:
1678:
1674:
1452:
767:. In most schools, the account of the First Council is located at the end of the
629:
551:
351:
261:
206:
5264:
4418:
4408:
1820:
dates to the time of Kanishka. This massive text became the central text of the
1320:
1309:
1297:
1288:
915:
201:
6474:
6177:
6027:
5809:
5389:
5369:
5289:
4978:
4968:
4902:
4739:
4225:
4088:
2180:(1925ā1935). This council saw a new edition of the Pali Canon published in the
2024:
2011:
2007:
1920:
1904:
1516:
1473:
1349:
1312:
lineage of Moggaliputta were already present during the time of Emperor AÅoka.
1247:
1039:
1017:
Eating of sour milk by one who has already had his midday meal (amathitakappa).
691:
496:
426:
381:
239:
2018:
The traditional recitation of the Buddhist Scriptures took two years, and the
1932:, stands to this day. This council is not generally recognized outside Burma.
1857:
6534:
6244:
6093:
5402:
5304:
5162:
4963:
4941:
4877:
4548:
4343:
4338:
4230:
3899:
2964:
2924:
2162:
2019:
1919:
inscribed for posterity on seven hundred and twenty-nine marble slabs in the
1719:
1715:
1402:
1208:
899:
852:
The various Vinayas also recount another curious event during this time. The
799:
764:
728:
683:
321:
316:
256:
4702:
4692:
4064:
3085:
3041:
Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 45.
3029:
Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 44.
2394:
Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 43.
1839:
1011:
Carrying out an official act when the assembly is incomplete (anumatikappa).
686:. These gatherings are often termed Buddhist "councils" (PÄli and Sanskrit:
461:
266:
6334:
6319:
6289:
6239:
6229:
6071:
5866:
5359:
5194:
5072:
4860:
4855:
4682:
4553:
4428:
3889:
2331:, Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, pp. 42ā45,
2298:. Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. pp. 42ā45.
1861:
1825:
1810:
1711:
1645:
1613:
1293:
1255:
1156:
1142:
1035:
905:
795:
760:
361:
246:
164:
50:
5117:
5102:
5062:
4759:
4423:
3999:
3354:
Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh, Up to 8th Century A.D.
3300:
Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh, Up to 8th Century A.D.
1625:
822:
6304:
6133:
5274:
5259:
5042:
4850:
4778:
4558:
4388:
4290:
4137:
4009:
2383:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History, and Practices (2nd ed.).
2181:
2177:
2166:
2095:
2032:
1999:
1734:. The exact location of the vihara is presumed to be around Harwan, near
1555:, Buddhism had splintered into different schools in different regions of
1532:
1500:
1469:
1433:
1341:
1281:
1236:
1160:
1151:
1094:
927:
791:
779:
431:
6294:
4754:
2070:. This is not usually counted as a council in other traditions, but the
6249:
6207:
6083:
5889:
5814:
5428:
5412:
5374:
5354:
5249:
5224:
5132:
5067:
5047:
4793:
4724:
4595:
4478:
4448:
4383:
4333:
3991:
3981:
3954:
3148:
Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Snellgrove, David. Shambhala. Boston:2003. p. 46
2845:
2267:
A Buddhist Approach to International Relations: Radical Interdependence
2129:
1900:
1829:
1581:
1573:
1528:
1439:
Maharakkhita (Maharaksita Thera) led the mission to the country of the
1391:
1082:
873:
837:
436:
196:
93:
5269:
4265:
2173:) and the canon was published in modern book form for the first time.
6224:
6197:
5364:
5239:
4951:
4867:
4744:
4634:
4607:
4600:
4563:
4520:
4483:
4250:
4215:
4182:
4157:
4112:
3821:
3649:
2799:(in Sinhala). Educational Publications Department. pp. 120ā123.
2137:
2063:
1983:
1916:
1762:
1739:
1738:. An alternate theory places its location in the Kuvana monastery in
1682:
1629:
1597:
1589:
1508:
1492:
1414:
1384:
1361:
1345:
967:
841:
786:, one of his most senior disciples, at a cave near RÄjagį¹ha (today's
724:
481:
456:
5997:
4833:
4687:
4453:
4235:
4104:
4096:
3480:
History of Pali Scriptures: Sangitiyavamsa by Somdet Phra Phonnarat.
2109:
and presided over by Kassapa Thera in 1176. During this council the
1727:
1067:
He copied and rearranged our Vinaya, developing and augmenting what
1005:
Eat once and then go again to the village for alms (gÄmantarakappa).
6514:
6354:
6309:
6254:
6219:
6123:
5782:
5349:
5344:
5294:
5229:
5147:
5112:
5107:
4768:
4639:
4627:
4538:
4197:
3894:
2195:
2151:
from November 13, 1788, to April 10, 1789, under the aegis of King
1971:
1967:
1947:
1833:
1806:
1790:
1775:
1754:
1746:
1735:
1723:
1569:
1559:. Scholars have also questioned the historicity of these councils.
1540:
1524:
1504:
1481:
1462:
1406:
1374:
1333:
1263:
1181:
1173:
881:
833:
720:
491:
471:
466:
346:
42:
5339:
5329:
5314:
5137:
5007:
4275:
3646:
How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings
2270:. Springer International Publishing, Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan.
1793:
tradition. It is said that emperor Kanishka gathered five hundred
1071:
had codified and which was called "Vinaya of the Great Assembly" (
6259:
6202:
6187:
5334:
5324:
5299:
5174:
5169:
5127:
5097:
5029:
4995:
4882:
4823:
4818:
4672:
4575:
4413:
4363:
4150:
3976:
3424:,p. 57. Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong.
3067:,p. 55. Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong.
3005:
NÄgÄrjuna in Context: MahÄyÄna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
2992:
NÄgÄrjuna in Context: MahÄyÄna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
2148:
2049:
1995:
1979:
1963:
1798:
1794:
1779:
1758:
1731:
1628:
school had a Fourth Buddhist Council in the first century BCE in
1565:
1477:
1410:
1370:
1353:
1224:
1192:
1177:
1169:
171:
4946:
4714:
3191:
Sihalavatthu Pakarana: Book of ancient Sinhala religious stories
1669:
Whatever the case, the sources state that a council was held at
755:. Based on correlations and continuity between these two texts,
6339:
6324:
6160:
6022:
6002:
5777:
5439:
5319:
5309:
5244:
4872:
4828:
4813:
4803:
4773:
4697:
4580:
4348:
4220:
3964:
3959:
2152:
2133:
2031:, 24 May 1956, exactly two and a half millennia after Buddha's
1951:
1912:
1848:
1690:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1444:
1418:
1380:
1325:
1300:
schools on the issue of the existence of the three times (i.e.
1251:
1240:
1228:
975:
971:
877:
818:
803:
787:
736:
716:
678:
669:
186:
181:
176:
139:
3720:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From ÅÄkyamuni to Early MahÄyÄna
2176:
The next Thai council was held in Bangkok during the reign of
1457:
Majjhima Thera led the mission to the Himavant area (northern
1215:
at the Third Buddhist Council, at the Nava Jetavana, Shravasti
1020:
Use of the strong drink before it has fermented (jalogikappa).
6479:
6314:
6172:
6138:
6118:
6088:
6017:
5434:
5279:
5157:
5152:
5122:
5077:
4924:
4919:
4798:
4503:
4328:
4295:
4285:
3690:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
3634:
The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature
3457:, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1975, pp. 276ff
2889:
MahÄsÄį¹ghika Origins: The Beginnings of Buddhist Sectarianism
2329:
The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature
2296:
The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature
2028:
1991:
1987:
1896:
1771:
1556:
1458:
1422:
1146:
1098:
884:. According to these sources, an alternative canon named the
807:
421:
3851:
Mahasamghika Origins History of Religions, pp. 237ā272.
2683:
2161:
The third Thai council was held in 1878 during the reign of
2006:. They both were invited from Sri Lanka. The late Venerable
1576:, Punjab. Notable Buddhist philosophers from Punjab include
1369:
Elder Majjhantika (Sanskrit: Mahyantika) led the mission to
1164:
develops this story into against the Mahasanghika founder,
778:
is traditionally said to have been held just after Buddha's
6349:
5142:
4808:
4305:
3018:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 2.
2875:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 2.
2751:
Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2004. p. 48
2498:
DÄ«.A. (sumaį¹
gala.1) Sumaį¹
galavilÄsinÄ« dÄ«ghanikÄyaį¹į¹hakathÄ
2239:
2038:
1975:
1955:
1440:
1398:
2620:
1658:
Valagamba is also associated with patronizing the site of
1286:
a discussion of various dissenting Buddhist views and the
1122:), reaching enlightenment through the guidance of others (
1023:
Use of blankets which have unstitched hem (nisīdanakappa).
974:, according to traditional sources, resulted in the first
6007:
4543:
2969:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
2929:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
699:. This is because various sources belonging to different
2733:
2632:
2596:
2560:
2169:
was used to make copies of the Pali Canon (instead of a
1928:
at the foot of Mandalay Hill where it and the so-called
1199:
743:
contain accounts, in whole or in part, of the first and
3444:(Kuiper Festschrift), pub Mouton, The Hague/Paris, 1968
3327:
Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history
2444:
2442:
2128:
The first of these was held in the MahÄĀbĀoĀdhÄrÄma at
1677:. Because at this time the Pali texts were strictly an
1276:), an answer that was confirmed by Moggaliputta Tissa.
794:. Its objective was to preserve the Buddha's sayings (
2644:
2608:
2584:
2572:
2240:"The Tradition Of Saį¹
gÄ«ti And PÄįø·i Literature | IATBU"
1546:
2454:
2385:
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 88ā90.
1531:, and this may have been the origin of the so-called
3790:
3781:
3206:, Volume VII, page 10, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
2893:
History of Religions Volume 16, Number 3. Feb., 1977
2439:
2191:
3381:
The Indian Empire its peoples, history and products
3161:
Buddhism in the Punjab Haryana and Himachal Pradesh
3050:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2950:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2905:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2860:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2662:Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (1998)
2423:"Life of Buddha: The 1st Buddhist Council (Part 2)"
1828:are no longer extant as an independent school, its
1026:
Accepting of gold and silver (jÄtarÅ«parajatakappa).
930:, or any other need to organize the First Council.
3533:p. 42. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
2062:(247ā207 BCE), when Buddhism was first brought to
948:
715:A mural depicting the first Buddhist Council near
2098:and involved numerous bhikkhus of the Sri Lankan
2035:, according to the traditional Theravada dating.
1761:. All 500 members were from the HinƔyana School.
1379:Elder Mahadeva led the mission to Mahisamandala (
1324:Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of
771:section of the Vinaya but before any appendices.
6532:
3394:
1879:
1710:Another Fourth Buddhist Council was held by the
1935:
1884:
1126:), and speaking of suffering while in samÄdhi (
3398:Early Hindu India A Dynastic Study - Vol - Iii
2666:pp. 40, 43. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2319:
2317:
2315:
2184:which was distributed throughout the country.
1847:and monastery ruins, a major Buddhist site in
3873:
3555:Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P. A. Payutto) (2000).
3516:Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P. A. Payutto) (2000).
3494:Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P. A. Payutto) (2000).
2909:pp. 45-46. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2087:under the presidency of MahÄtthera Rakkhita.
649:
4655:Basic points unifying TheravÄda and MahÄyÄna
3811:"Review of Scholarship on Buddhist Councils"
3582:
2472:
2466:
2410:The First Saį¹
gÄ«ti and TheravÄda Monasticism.
2116:
1782:to the church before returning home via the
1654:the canon and the commentaries at this time.
1535:sect mentioned by some ancient sources like
1468:Sona Thera and Uttara Thera led missions to
1390:Elder Rakkhita led the mission to Vanavasi (
3636:, Buddhist Studies Review, 18 (2), 131ā182.
3631:
3627:, Buddhist Studies Review, 18 (2), 131ā182.
3202:Gonda, Jane (editor), Norman, K.R. (1983).
2323:
2312:
2290:
1860:" can be seen in later works, such as the *
1718:, and is said to have been convened by the
1336:in the West (in particular the neighboring
3880:
3866:
3350:
3323:
3296:
3275:Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald S. (2013).
2284:
1851:, one of the capitals of the Kushan empire
1409:("Western border", consisting of Northern
1083:The MahÄdeva episode and the "five points"
656:
642:
3754:"The Riddle of the First Buddhist Council
3751:
3237:
3116:"Clement of Alexandria: Stromata, Book 1"
3054:p. 56. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2954:p. 46. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2864:p. 45. Brill, Handbuch Der Orientalistik.
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2638:
2626:
2602:
1813:sources also claim that the encyclopedic
1745:The 4th Buddhist Council was convened by
706:
3713:
3665:
3640:
3193:The Island, Thursday 07th December, 2001
3174:
2650:
2578:
2566:
2460:
2039:Theravada Councils in the Thai tradition
1838:
1701:
1697:
1319:
1218:
1203:
999:Storing salt in a horn (singilonakappa).
798:) and the monastic discipline or rules (
710:
5842:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
3808:
3772:
2614:
2590:
2510:Saį¹
gaį¹i.A. (aį¹į¹hasÄlinÄ«) Dhammasaį¹
giį¹Ä«
2048:(c. 1789) by Somdet Wannarat, abbot of
1315:
27:Convention of Buddhist monastic leaders
14:
6533:
6045:List of Buddhist architecture in China
3686:
3478:Santi Pakdeekham (Translator) (2020).
3377:
3351:Handa, O. C.; HÄį¹įøÄ, Omacanda (1994).
3324:Handa, O. C.; HÄį¹įøÄ, Omacanda (2001).
3297:Handa, O. C.; HÄį¹įøÄ, Omacanda (1994).
2963:
2923:
2785:
2783:
2762:"Dhamma Sangayana (Buddhist Councils)"
2747:
2745:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2669:
2479:, Oxford University Press, p. 2,
2448:
1619:
3861:
3490:
3488:
3277:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism,
3083:
3037:
3035:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2901:
2899:
2856:
2854:
2549:
2547:
2533:
2531:
2076:does mention a recital at this time.
1726:(c. 158ā176), in 78 AD at Kundalvana
1636:(Aloka Leį¹a) during the time of King
1258:), under the leadership of the elder
1200:Theravada accounts of a third council
1034:However, MahÄsÄį¹ghikas hold that the
847:
3791:de La VallƩe Poussin, Louis (1976),
3782:de La VallƩe Poussin, Louis (1905),
3622:
3279:p. 200. Princeton University Press.
3266:p. 63. Vikas Publishing House, 1997.
3242:. Dayawansa Jayakodi & Company.
3157:
3052:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
3016:Williams, Jane, and Williams, Paul.
2952:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2907:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2873:Williams, Jane, and Williams, Paul.
2862:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2836:, vol. 35, no. 3, 1996, pp. 258ā70.
2664:SarvÄstivÄda Buddhist Scholasticism,
2500:sÄ«lakkhandhavaggavaį¹į¹anÄ nidÄnakathÄ
2404:
2402:
2400:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2263:
2144:. This council was held in 1477 CE.
2090:The sixth council, according to the
1042:(list of rules) has 67 rules in the
3845:
3799:
3613:
2780:
2742:
2701:
1824:tradition in Kashmir. Although the
1308:, the Sarvastivada lineage and the
24:
5832:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3536:
3485:
3231:
3168:
3096:
3032:
2912:
2896:
2886:Nattier, Jan; Prebish, Charles S.
2851:
2544:
2528:
2415:
2215:Index of Buddhism-related articles
2147:A second Thai council was held in
2079:The fifth council is that of King
832:, the third major division of the
676:, Buddhist monastic communities ("
668:Since the death of the historical
114:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
109:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
6557:
3618:, Motilal Banarsidass (New Delhi)
3590:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.
3384:. W.H. Allen,London. p. 192.
3179:. Department of Cultural Affairs.
2512:Abhidhamma-AtthakathÄ NidÄnakathÄ
2397:
2370:
1778:then renewed Asoka's donation of
1666:(the ancient Theravada lineage).
990:
953:
933:On the other hand, archaeologist
6513:
6503:
6502:
6060:Thai temple art and architecture
5805:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4045:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3911:
3898:
3888:
3544:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
3330:. Indus Publishing. p. 38.
2541:, pp. 38-39. Motilal Banarsidass
2194:
1946:The Sixth Council was called at
1832:tradition were inherited by the
806:, and the Vinaya was recited by
49:
3912:
3575:
3562:
3549:
3523:
3510:
3501:
3482:Fragile Palm Leaves Foundation.
3472:
3460:
3447:
3434:
3414:
3405:
3388:
3378:Hunter, William Wilson (1893).
3371:
3357:Indus Publishing. p. 142.
3344:
3317:
3290:
3269:
3256:
3209:
3196:
3183:
3151:
3142:
3126:
3108:
3077:
3057:
3044:
3023:
3010:
2997:
2984:
2957:
2944:
2880:
2867:
2826:
2813:
2754:
2656:
2516:
2504:
2492:
1899:, in 1871 in the reign of King
1818:("Great Abhidharma Commentary")
1432:led the mission to Maharattha (
985:
966:and was patronised by the king
949:Second council and first schism
6050:Japanese Buddhist architecture
5852:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
4932:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4123:Places where the Buddha stayed
3728:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
3303:Indus Publishing. p. 50.
3204:A History of Indian Literature
3177:Social History of Early Ceylon
3120:www.earlychristianwritings.com
2821:A Concise History of Buddhism.
2388:
2344:
2257:
2232:
1801:vernacular languages (such as
1145:source) claims the dispute in
1050:T.1425, p. 493a28-c22.).
891:
802:). The Suttas were recited by
13:
1:
6065:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
3809:Prebish, Charles S. (2005) ,
3542:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
2225:
2220:World Fellowship of Buddhists
1880:Theravada Councils in Myanmar
1816:Abhidharma MahÄvibhÄį¹£Ä ÅÄstra
1742:, though this is improbable.
1671:the cave temple of Alu VihÄra
5822:Buddhism and the Roman world
5798:Decline of Buddhism in India
5793:History of Buddhism in India
3893: Topics in
3795:, Calcutt : K.P. Bagchi
2163:King Chulalongkorn (Rama V).
2012:Bhadanta Vicittasarabhivamsa
1936:Sixth Burmese Council (1954)
1885:Fifth Burmese Council (1871)
1176:, established themselves in
312:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
5020:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4760:
3816:, in Williams, Paul (ed.),
3546:p. 37. Abhinav Publications
3529:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
3262:De Silva, Chandra Richard.
3134:ŠŠ°ŃŃŠ½Š¾-ŃŠµŠ¾ŃŠµŃŠøŃŠµŃŠŗŠøŠ¹ Š¶ŃŃŠ½Š°Š»
2739:Harvey, Peter (2013) p. 89.
2555:History of Indian Buddhism,
2187:
1930:'largest book in the world'
1765:was elected president, and
790:) with the support of king
751:and its equivalents in the
10:
6562:
5970:The unanswerable questions
3775:History of Indian Buddhism
3762:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal
3698:Cambridge University Press
3696:(2nd ed.), New York:
3598:Princeton University Press
1939:
1888:
1447:), which likely refers to
1223:The minor pillar edict of
911:Louis de La VallƩe-Poussin
6498:
6450:
6365:
6280:
6055:Buddhist temples in Korea
5978:
5880:
5763:
5460:
5388:
5215:
5088:
5028:
4663:
4618:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4529:
4521:Three planes of existence
4469:
4314:
4206:
4136:
4128:Buddha in world religions
3990:
3935:
3907:
3773:Lamotte, Etienne (1976),
3455:Sangha and State in Burma
3420:Dhammajoti, K.L. (2009).
3395:A.kumar Mazumdar (1917).
3238:Siriweera, W. I. (2004).
3189:D. Amarasiri Weeraratne,
3063:Dhammajoti, K.L. (2009).
2971:, Santipada, p. 78,
2553:Lamotte, Etienne (1988),
2537:Dutt, Nalinaksha (1978).
2356:. Chi Lin Nunnery. 2008.
2264:Long, William J. (2021).
2165:During this council, the
2117:Councils held in Thailand
1547:The two "fourth councils"
1352:(possibly to neighboring
735:All six of the surviving
719:, Nava. Jetavana temple,
5837:Persecution of Buddhists
5058:Four stages of awakening
4439:Three marks of existence
4025:Physical characteristics
3784:Les conciles bouddhiques
3632:Frauwallner, E. (1956),
3583:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.;
3531:The History of Thailand,
2476:A Dictionary of Buddhism
2157:Tipitaka Chabab Tongyai.
2002:Mahathera and Venerable
1870:a (T no. 1550), and the
1608:(3rd century A.C.), and
1553:Fourth Buddhist Councils
1254:at PÄtaliputra (today's
1189:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
1139:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
5200:Ten principal disciples
4083:(aunt, adoptive mother)
3777:, Paris: Peeters Press.
3625:Buddhist Sects in India
3422:SarvÄstivÄda Abhidharma
3065:SarvÄstivÄda Abhidharma
2848:. Accessed 6 July 2023.
2539:Buddhist Sects In India
2522:Barman, Sibani (2017).
1461:, the foothills of the
782:, and presided over by
332:Philosophical reasoning
5910:Buddhism and democracy
5423:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5418:Chinese Buddhist canon
4650:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4645:Early Buddhist schools
3802:The Debates Commentary
3752:Mukherjee, B. (1994),
3687:Harvey, Peter (2013),
2381:Harvey, Peter (2013).
1942:Sixth Buddhist council
1891:Fifth Buddhist council
1852:
1707:
1681:maintained in several
1656:
1338:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1329:
1232:
1216:
1077:
776:first Buddhist council
741:early Buddhist schools
732:
707:First Buddhist council
99:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
18:Third Buddhist Council
5920:Eight Consciousnesses
4030:Life of Buddha in art
3793:The Buddhist Councils
3786:, Louvain, J.B. Istas
3616:On the Vibhajjavadins
3264:Sri Lanka, a History,
3219:. Sacred Destinations
3175:Ellawala, H. (1969).
2524:A Study of Dipavamsa.
2473:Damien Keown (2004),
2171:modified Khmer script
2060:King DevÄnampiyatissa
1842:
1705:
1698:Kashmiri SarvÄstivÄda
1651:
1323:
1222:
1207:
1065:
962:in the Valukarama of
960:parinirvana of Buddha
749:Mahaparinibbana Sutta
714:
367:Aids to Enlightenment
192:Dependent Origination
6546:Buddhist monasticism
6397:East Asian religions
5827:Buddhism in the West
5398:Early Buddhist texts
5013:Four Right Exertions
4479:Ten spiritual realms
3972:Noble Eightfold Path
3804:, Pali Text Society.
3747:on 11 September 2015
3585:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
3240:History of Sri Lanka
3158:Ahir, D. C. (1971).
2834:History of Religions
1873:AbhidharmakoÅakÄrikÄ
1664:Mahavihara monastery
1616:(7th century A.C.).
1604:(1st century A.C.),
1525:Hellenistic kingdoms
1334:Hellenistic kingdoms
1316:The Ashokan missions
863:Tibetan DulvÄ Vinaya
337:Devotional practices
160:Noble Eightfold Path
6520:Religion portal
6267:Temple of the Tooth
6146:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5185:UpÄsaka and UpÄsikÄ
4678:BodhipakkhiyÄdhammÄ
4461:Two truths doctrine
4281:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4081:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3847:Prebish, Charles S.
3824:, pp. 224ā43,
2096:Äcariya Buddhaghosa
1863:Tattvasiddhi-ÅÄstra
1774:built by Kanishka.
1620:Sinhalese TheravÄda
1551:By the time of the
1537:Philo of Alexandria
1405:led the mission to
1302:temporal eternalism
1104:nocturnal emissions
1061:ÅÄriputraparipį¹cchÄ
1056:ÅÄriputraparipį¹cchÄ
1048:MahÄsÄį¹ghikavinaya,
939:Sanskrit traditions
867:VinayamÄtrika SÅ«tra
739:sources of various
510:Buddhism by country
272:Sanskrit literature
6442:Western philosophy
6040:Dzong architecture
5862:Vipassana movement
5857:Buddhist modernism
5285:Emperor Wen of Sui
5053:PratyekabuddhayÄna
4986:Threefold Training
4788:Vipassana movement
4504:Hungry Ghost realm
4324:AvidyÄ (Ignorance)
4271:Puį¹į¹a MantÄnÄ«putta
4020:Great Renunciation
4015:Eight Great Events
3897:
3841:on 20 October 2015
3800:Law, B.C. (1940),
2408:AnÄlayo, Bhikkhu.
2325:Frauwallner, Erich
2292:Frauwallner, Erich
2210:Ecumenical council
2081:VattagÄmanÄ« Abhaya
1853:
1845:Dharmarajika Stupa
1708:
1706:Emperor Kanishka I
1638:Vattagamani-Abhaya
1521:Sinhalese Buddhism
1513:Gandharan Buddhism
1330:
1260:Moggaliputta Tissa
1233:
1217:
1213:Moggaliputta-Tissa
1108:asucisukhavisaį¹į¹hi
886:Mahasamghikanikaya
880:, and the pilgrim
848:Alternative groups
733:
721:Nava Jetavana Park
674:Siddhartha Gautama
124:Buddhist modernism
6541:Buddhist councils
6528:
6527:
6166:Om mani padme hum
5872:Women in Buddhism
5788:Buddhist councils
5658:Western countries
5446:MadhyamakÄlaį¹kÄra
5207:Shaolin Monastery
4784:Samatha-vipassanÄ
4394:PratÄ«tyasamutpÄda
4198:Metteyya/Maitreya
4116:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
3945:Four Noble Truths
3707:978-0-521-85942-4
3680:978-0-9934770-4-1
3673:, Mud Pie Books,
3671:Buddhism and Pali
3659:978-0-415-37123-0
3642:Gombrich, Richard
3623:Dutt, N. (1998),
3607:978-0-691-15786-3
3467:Chattha Sangayana
3430:978-988-99296-5-7
3364:978-81-85182-99-5
3337:978-81-7387-124-5
3310:978-81-85182-99-5
3285:978-0-691-15786-3
3073:978-988-99296-5-7
2819:Skilton, Andrew.
2806:978-955-25-0358-0
2629:, pp. 454ā6.
2486:978-0-19-157917-2
2427:www.buddhanet.net
2363:978-962-7714-42-2
2277:978-3-030-68043-5
2004:Nyanaponika Thera
1714:tradition in the
1430:Mahadharmaraksita
1359:According to the
1269:Brahmajala Sutta.
1053:The MahÄsÄį¹ghika
920:Hermann Oldenberg
830:Abhidhamma Pitaka
666:
665:
155:Four Noble Truths
16:(Redirected from
6553:
6518:
6517:
6506:
6505:
6345:Sacred languages
6193:Maya Devi Temple
6156:Mahabodhi Temple
5960:Secular Buddhism
5925:Engaged Buddhism
4765:
4613:Tibetan Buddhism
4564:Vietnamese Thiį»n
4163:MahÄsthÄmaprÄpta
4114:
4106:
4098:
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3858:
3853:
3842:
3840:
3834:, archived from
3815:
3805:
3796:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3758:A Retrospection"
3757:
3748:
3746:
3740:, archived from
3725:
3710:
3695:
3683:
3662:
3648:(2nd ed.),
3637:
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3021:
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3008:
3003:Walser, Joseph.
3001:
2995:
2990:Walser, Joseph.
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2830:
2824:
2823:2004. pp. 49, 64
2817:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2793:Buddhism Grade 9
2787:
2778:
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2569:, pp. 96ā7.
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2199:
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1561:David Snellgrove
1073:MahÄsÄį¹ghavinaya
943:Richard Gombrich
701:Buddhist schools
697:Buddhist studies
658:
651:
644:
362:Sublime abidings
53:
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6013:Ordination hall
5974:
5876:
5847:Buddhist crisis
5759:
5456:
5408:Mahayana sutras
5384:
5380:ThĆch Nhįŗ„t Hįŗ”nh
5211:
5084:
5024:
4974:Bodhisattva vow
4659:
4525:
4465:
4424:Taį¹hÄ (Craving)
4359:Five hindrances
4310:
4202:
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3931:
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3715:Hirakawa, Akira
3708:
3693:
3681:
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3614:Cousins, L.S.,
3608:
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2994:2005. pp. 49ā50
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2233:
2228:
2202:Religion portal
2200:
2193:
2190:
2119:
2111:Atthavaį¹Āį¹ĀaĀnÄ
2107:ParÄkkamabÄhu I
2073:SamantapÄsÄdikÄ
2041:
1944:
1938:
1926:Kuthodaw Pagoda
1893:
1887:
1882:
1876:of Vasubandhu.
1868:Abhidharmahį¹day
1730:(Kundalban) in
1700:
1679:oral literature
1675:Beminitiya Seya
1673:in response to
1644:. According to
1622:
1549:
1318:
1306:K.L. Dhammajoti
1202:
1085:
993:
988:
956:
951:
918:and Indologist
894:
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709:
684:Buddhist canons
662:
630:Buddhism Portal
622:
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262:Mahayana Sutras
242:
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172:Five Aggregates
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119:Later Buddhists
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4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4379:Mental factors
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4231:MahamoggallÄna
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4146:AvalokiteÅvara
4142:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3855:
3854:
3843:
3830:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3749:
3736:
3711:
3706:
3684:
3679:
3663:
3658:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3606:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3561:
3548:
3535:
3522:
3509:
3500:
3484:
3471:
3469:pariyatti.org
3459:
3446:
3433:
3413:
3404:
3401:. p. 656.
3387:
3370:
3363:
3343:
3336:
3316:
3309:
3289:
3268:
3255:
3248:
3230:
3217:"Anuradhapura"
3208:
3195:
3182:
3167:
3150:
3141:
3125:
3107:
3095:
3076:
3056:
3043:
3031:
3022:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2977:
2965:Sujato, Bhante
2956:
2943:
2938:978-1921842085
2937:
2925:Sujato, Bhante
2911:
2895:
2879:
2866:
2850:
2825:
2812:
2805:
2779:
2753:
2741:
2732:
2716:"VajjiputtakÄ"
2700:
2684:"SuttaCentral"
2668:
2655:
2643:
2641:, p. 457.
2639:Mukherjee 1994
2631:
2627:Mukherjee 1994
2619:
2617:, p. 231.
2607:
2603:Mukherjee 1994
2595:
2593:, p. 226.
2583:
2571:
2559:
2543:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2485:
2465:
2453:
2438:
2414:
2396:
2387:
2369:
2362:
2343:
2337:
2311:
2304:
2283:
2276:
2256:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2189:
2186:
2118:
2115:
2092:Saį¹
gÄ«tiyavaį¹sa
2046:Saį¹
gÄ«tiyavaį¹sa
2040:
2037:
2025:Burmese script
2008:Mahasi Sayadaw
1940:Main article:
1937:
1934:
1921:Burmese script
1889:Main article:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1699:
1696:
1640:also known as
1621:
1618:
1568:and Venerable
1548:
1545:
1517:Greco-Buddhism
1497:
1496:
1485:
1474:Southeast Asia
1472:(somewhere in
1466:
1455:
1453:Seleucid realm
1451:and maybe the
1437:
1426:
1401:(Greek) elder
1395:
1388:
1377:
1350:Southeast Asia
1317:
1314:
1201:
1198:
1084:
1081:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
992:
991:Vinaya dispute
989:
987:
984:
955:
954:Second council
952:
950:
947:
928:Buddha's death
924:Second Council
893:
890:
849:
846:
828:Regarding the
708:
705:
692:Buddhist texts
664:
663:
661:
660:
653:
646:
638:
635:
634:
633:
632:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
513:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
453:
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
434:
429:
427:Pratyekabuddha
424:
419:
414:
408:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
389:
384:
382:Buddhist chant
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
303:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
240:Buddhist texts
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
168:
167:
157:
151:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
85:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:
73:
68:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6558:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6509:
6501:
6500:
6497:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6282:Miscellaneous
6279:
6273:
6272:Vegetarianism
6270:
6268:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:Buddha in art
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5748:United States
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:Padmasambhava
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5217:Major figures
5214:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5163:Western tulku
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:Five precepts
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Dhamma vicaya
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:BuddhÄbhiį¹£eka
4708:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4354:Enlightenment
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Dhamma theory
4342:
4340:
4339:Buddha-nature
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Samantabhadra
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3831:0-415-33227-3
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3750:
3743:
3739:
3737:9788120809550
3733:
3729:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3565:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3251:
3249:955-551-257-4
3245:
3241:
3234:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3086:"Chapter XII"
3080:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2978:9781921842085
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2931:, Santipada,
2930:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2784:
2768:. 28 May 2008
2767:
2766:The Mahavamsa
2763:
2757:
2748:
2746:
2736:
2721:
2720:palikanon.com
2717:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2653:, p. 73.
2652:
2651:Gombrich 2018
2647:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2581:, p. 69.
2580:
2579:Hirakawa 1993
2575:
2568:
2567:Gombrich 2006
2563:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2462:
2461:Gombrich 2006
2457:
2451:, p. 88.
2450:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2142:Lan Na script
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2123:Thai monarchy
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1836:tradition.
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1784:Baramula Pass
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:Kushan empire
1713:
1704:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:dhammabhÄį¹aka
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:The Southern
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:Greco-Bactria
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:Dharmaraksita
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1289:VibhajjavÄdin
1285:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1274:VibhajjavÄdin
1271:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1209:Emperor Asoka
1206:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:Åaikį¹£a-dharma
1041:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
946:
944:
941:. Indologist
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
908:
907:
902:
901:
900:Vinaya-piį¹aka
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
855:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:final nirvana
777:
772:
770:
766:
765:Vinaya Pitaka
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
730:
729:Uttar Pradesh
726:
722:
718:
713:
704:
702:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
659:
654:
652:
647:
645:
640:
639:
637:
636:
631:
628:
627:
626:
625:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
511:
506:
505:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
451:
446:
445:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:
393:
392:Vegetarianism
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Recollections
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:Five precepts
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
301:
296:
295:
288:
285:
283:
282:Chinese canon
280:
278:
277:Tibetan canon
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
241:
236:
235:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
166:
163:
162:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
133:
132:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
83:
78:
77:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
6460:Bodhisattvas
6380:Christianity
6375:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
6240:Dharmachakra
6230:Prayer wheel
6220:Prayer beads
5988:Architecture
5867:969 Movement
5787:
5651:Saudi Arabia
5629:Central Asia
5622:South Africa
5444:
5427:
5360:Panchen Lama
5265:BuddhapÄlita
4861:Satipatthana
4856:Mindful Yoga
4769:Recollection
4683:Brahmavihara
4554:Japanese Zen
4549:Chinese Chan
4509:Animal realm
4316:Key concepts
4138:Bodhisattvas
3950:Three Jewels
3850:
3836:the original
3817:
3801:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3765:
3761:
3742:the original
3719:
3689:
3670:
3667:Gombrich, R.
3645:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3589:
3576:Bibliography
3564:
3556:
3551:
3543:
3538:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3503:
3495:
3479:
3474:
3462:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3421:
3416:
3407:
3397:
3390:
3380:
3373:
3353:
3346:
3326:
3319:
3299:
3292:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3239:
3233:
3221:. Retrieved
3211:
3203:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3176:
3170:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3133:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3098:
3089:
3079:
3064:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3025:
3020:2005. p. 188
3017:
3012:
3004:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2968:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2928:
2906:
2887:
2882:
2877:2005. p. 189
2874:
2869:
2861:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2815:
2792:
2770:. Retrieved
2765:
2756:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:
2691:. Retrieved
2688:SuttaCentral
2687:
2663:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2615:Prebish 2005
2610:
2598:
2591:Prebish 2005
2586:
2574:
2562:
2554:
2538:
2523:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2475:
2468:
2463:, p. 4.
2456:
2430:, retrieved
2426:
2417:
2409:
2390:
2382:
2352:
2346:
2328:
2295:
2286:
2266:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2175:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2127:
2120:
2104:
2091:
2089:
2078:
2071:
2057:
2054:
2045:
2042:
2017:
1960:
1945:
1909:
1894:
1871:
1867:
1866:(ęåƦč«), the *
1862:
1858:Sautrantikas
1854:
1826:Sarvastivada
1814:
1811:Sarvastivada
1788:
1744:
1712:Sarvastivada
1709:
1686:
1668:
1657:
1652:
1646:K. R. Norman
1623:
1614:Chandravarma
1610:Vinitiprabha
1550:
1498:
1470:Suvannabhumi
1360:
1358:
1331:
1310:VibhajyavÄda
1298:VibhajjavÄda
1294:Sarvastivada
1287:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1245:
1234:
1188:
1186:
1159:
1157:SarvÄstivÄda
1155:. The later
1150:
1143:SarvÄstivÄda
1138:
1137:Vasumitra's
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:paravitÄraį¹a
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1029:
994:
986:First Schism
957:
932:
916:AndrƩ Bareau
906:Sutta-piį¹aka
904:
898:
895:
885:
871:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
827:
816:
812:
773:
768:
761:Sutta Pitaka
734:
687:
677:
667:
342:Merit making
307:Three Jewels
247:Buddhavacana
177:Impermanence
165:Dharma wheel
103:
6305:Dharma talk
6134:Asalha Puja
5930:Eschatology
5733:Switzerland
5713:New Zealand
5641:Middle East
5550:Philippines
5470:Afghanistan
5275:Bodhidharma
5260:Buddhaghosa
5180:Householder
5090:Monasticism
5043:Bodhisattva
4898:Prostration
4851:Mindfulness
4779:Anapanasati
4762:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
4559:Korean Seon
4499:Asura realm
4494:Human realm
4434:Ten Fetters
4389:Parinirvana
4291:Uppalavanna
4256:MahÄkaccana
4241:MahÄkassapa
4173:Kį¹£itigarbha
4168:ÄkÄÅagarbha
4065:SuddhodÄna
4010:Four sights
3937:Foundations
3453:Mendelson,
3090:lakdiva.org
3084:Mahavamsa.
3007:2005. p. 50
2449:Harvey 2013
2432:30 December
2182:Thai script
2167:Thai script
2102:tradition.
2033:Parinibbana
2000:Nyanatiloka
1751:Kundalabana
1533:Therapeutae
1501:Afghanistan
1476:, possibly
1434:Maharashtra
1342:South India
1282:Kathavatthu
1237:Pataliputra
1161:Mahavibhasa
1152:Kathavatthu
1147:PÄtaliputra
1095:PÄį¹aliputra
935:Louis Finot
892:Historicity
859:AÅokÄvadÄna
792:Ajatashatru
784:MahÄkÄÅyapa
757:Louis Finot
577:New Zealand
432:Bodhisattva
417:Four Stages
372:Monasticism
352:Mindfulness
322:Perfections
252:Early Texts
6535:Categories
6422:Psychology
6402:Gnosticism
6390:Comparison
6385:Influences
6367:Comparison
6250:Bhavacakra
6208:Kushinagar
6183:Pilgrimage
6129:MÄgha PÅ«jÄ
6084:Bodhi Tree
5900:Buddhology
5890:Abhidharma
5882:Philosophy
5815:Menander I
5683:Costa Rica
5634:Uzbekistan
5475:Bangladesh
5429:Dhammapada
5413:Pali Canon
5375:Ajahn Chah
5355:Dalai Lama
5255:KumÄrajÄ«va
5250:Vasubandhu
5225:The Buddha
5133:Zen master
5068:Sakadagami
5048:Buddhahood
4979:Pratimokį¹£a
4794:Shikantaza
4750:Meditation
4725:Deity yoga
4596:Madhyamaka
4489:Deva realm
4384:Mindstream
4334:Bodhicitta
4246:Aį¹
gulimÄla
4113:Devadatta
4089:YaÅodharÄ
3992:The Buddha
3982:Middle Way
3442:Pratidanam
3440:BollƩe in
2693:14 January
2338:8857526798
2305:8857526798
2226:References
2130:Chiang Mai
2100:Mahavihara
1830:Abhidharma
1822:VaibhÄį¹£ika
1724:Kanishka I
1683:recensions
1660:Abhayagiri
1634:Alu VihÄra
1582:Vasubandhu
1574:Jalandhara
1529:Alexandria
1487:The elder
1407:Aparantaka
1392:Tamil Nadu
1239:, emperor
1118:), doubt (
1040:PrÄtimokį¹£a
874:Paramartha
854:Cullavagga
838:AtthakathÄ
450:Traditions
387:Pilgrimage
327:Meditation
287:Post-canon
267:PÄli Canon
197:Middle Way
94:The Buddha
6490:Festivals
6470:Buddhists
6432:Theosophy
6235:Symbolism
6225:Hama yumi
6198:Bodh Gaya
5965:Socialism
5940:Evolution
5915:Economics
5753:Venezuela
5668:Australia
5663:Argentina
5587:Sri Lanka
5582:Singapore
5500:Indonesia
5462:Countries
5403:Tripiį¹aka
5365:Ajahn Mun
5240:Nagarjuna
5235:AÅvaghoį¹£a
5118:AnagÄrika
5113:ÅrÄmaį¹erÄ«
5108:ÅrÄmaį¹era
5103:Bhikkhunī
5063:SotÄpanna
4952:Passaddhi
4893:Offerings
4868:Nekkhamma
4745:Iddhipada
4665:Practices
4635:Theravada
4608:Vajrayana
4601:Yogachara
4571:Pure Land
4484:Six Paths
4471:Cosmology
4251:Anuruddha
4226:SÄriputta
4216:Kaundinya
4208:Disciples
4183:VajrapÄį¹i
4035:Footprint
4000:TathÄgata
3822:Routledge
3650:Routledge
2772:25 August
2725:25 August
2249:28 August
2138:Tilokaraj
2085:ÄluvihÄra
2064:Sri Lanka
2020:Tripiį¹aka
1984:Sri Lanka
1917:Tripitaka
1767:Asvaghoį¹£a
1763:Vasumitra
1740:Jalandhar
1642:Valagamba
1630:Sri Lanka
1626:TheravÄda
1606:Kumarlata
1598:Vasumitra
1590:Katyayana
1509:Sri Lanka
1493:Sri Lanka
1463:Himalayas
1415:Kathiawar
1385:Karnataka
1362:Mahavamsa
1346:Sri Lanka
1264:tirthikas
1243:capital.
1128:vacibheda
1112:ignorance
1090:Dipavamsa
1036:Sthaviras
968:Kalashoka
842:SÄriputta
823:sotapanna
821:, then a
769:Skandhaka
725:Shravasti
597:Sri Lanka
587:Singapore
542:Indonesia
482:VajrayÄna
457:TheravÄda
412:Awakening
300:Practices
257:Tripiį¹aka
227:Cosmology
202:Emptiness
182:Suffering
6508:Category
6437:Violence
6407:Hinduism
6355:Sanskrit
6310:Hinayana
6295:AmitÄbha
6255:Swastika
6124:Uposatha
6114:Holidays
6099:Calendar
5945:Humanism
5783:Kanishka
5773:Timeline
5597:Thailand
5565:Kalmykia
5560:Buryatia
5545:Pakistan
5530:Mongolia
5525:Maldives
5520:Malaysia
5485:Cambodia
5350:Shamarpa
5345:Nichiren
5295:Xuanzang
5230:Nagasena
5148:Rinpoche
4878:PÄramitÄ
4720:Devotion
4640:Navayana
4628:Dzogchen
4591:Nichiren
4539:Mahayana
4531:Branches
4409:Saį¹
khÄra
4158:MaƱjuÅrÄ«
4115:(cousin)
4107:(cousin)
4075:(mother)
4067:(father)
4055:Miracles
4005:Birthday
3922:Glossary
3895:Buddhism
3768:: 452ā73
3717:(1993),
3669:(2018),
3644:(2006),
3587:(2013),
3559:, p. 28.
3498:, p. 38.
2967:(2012),
2927:(2012),
2327:(1956),
2294:(1956).
2244:atbu.org
2188:See also
2178:Rama VII
1972:Cambodia
1968:Thailand
1948:Kaba Aye
1834:Mahayana
1807:Sanskrit
1803:Gandhari
1795:Bhikkhus
1791:Mahayana
1776:Kanishka
1755:Srinagar
1747:Kanishka
1736:Srinagar
1722:emperor
1602:Manortha
1588:include
1570:Nagasena
1541:Buddhism
1505:Gandhara
1482:Thailand
1375:Gandhara
1296:and the
1241:Ashoka's
1182:Gandhara
1174:Upagupta
1166:MahÄdeva
882:Xuanzang
861:and the
834:Tipitaka
717:Rajagaha
607:Thailand
567:Mongolia
562:Malaysia
527:Cambodia
492:Navayana
472:Hinayana
467:MahÄyÄna
377:Lay life
207:Morality
187:Not-self
145:Concepts
104:Councils
89:Timeline
61:Glossary
43:Buddhism
35:a series
33:Part of
6485:Temples
6465:Buddhas
6427:Science
6417:Judaism
6412:Jainism
6330:Lineage
6290:AbhijƱÄ
6260:Thangka
6203:Sarnath
6188:Lumbini
6109:Funeral
6104:Cuisine
5980:Culture
5955:Reality
5905:Creator
5895:Atomism
5765:History
5738:Ukraine
5698:Germany
5617:Senegal
5607:Vietnam
5535:Myanmar
5335:Shinran
5325:Karmapa
5300:Shandao
5270:DignÄga
5195:ÅrÄvaka
5175:Donchee
5170:Kappiya
5128:Sayadaw
5098:Bhikkhu
5073:AnÄgÄmi
5030:Nirvana
4996:Samadhi
4883:Paritta
4824:Tonglen
4819:Mandala
4774:Smarana
4755:Mantras
4703:Upekkha
4673:Bhavana
4623:Shingon
4576:Tiantai
4429:TathÄtÄ
4419:ÅÅ«nyatÄ
4414:Skandha
4404:Saį¹sÄra
4399:Rebirth
4374:Kleshas
4364:Indriya
4266:Subhūti
4151:Guanyin
4105:Änanda
4097:RÄhula
3977:Nirvana
3917:Outline
3520:, p. 26
3223:17 July
2846:1062815
2557:p. 138.
2149:Bangkok
2068:Mahinda
2050:Wat Pho
1996:Germany
1980:Vietnam
1964:Myanmar
1805:) into
1799:Prakrit
1780:Kashmir
1759:Kashmir
1732:Kashmir
1649:writes:
1566:Milinda
1489:Mahinda
1478:Myanmar
1411:Gujarat
1371:Kashmir
1248:Mauryan
1225:Sarnath
1193:Caitika
1178:Kashmir
1170:Kasmiri
1069:KÄÅyapa
978:in the
964:VaiÅÄlÄ«
688:saį¹
gīti
617:Vietnam
572:Myanmar
487:Tibetan
477:Chinese
405:NirvÄį¹a
222:Saį¹sÄra
217:Rebirth
82:History
71:Outline
6480:Sutras
6475:Suttas
6340:Siddhi
6325:Koliya
6300:BrahmÄ
6215:Poetry
6161:Mantra
6151:Kasaya
6023:Pagoda
6003:Kyaung
5998:VihÄra
5993:Temple
5935:Ethics
5778:Ashoka
5728:Sweden
5723:Poland
5718:Norway
5708:Mexico
5693:France
5678:Canada
5673:Brazil
5612:Africa
5592:Taiwan
5555:Russia
5480:Bhutan
5440:Vinaya
5320:Naropa
5310:Saraha
5245:Asanga
5001:PrajƱÄ
4910:Refuge
4873:Nianfo
4834:Tertƶn
4829:Tantra
4814:Ganana
4804:Tukdam
4730:DhyÄna
4698:Mudita
4693:Karuį¹Ä
4586:Risshū
4581:Huayan
4514:Naraka
4454:AnattÄ
4449:Dukkha
4444:Anicca
4349:Dharma
4301:Channa
4236:Änanda
4221:Assaji
4188:Skanda
4091:(wife)
4060:Family
4040:Relics
3965:Sangha
3960:Dharma
3955:Buddha
3828:
3734:
3704:
3677:
3656:
3604:
3428:
3361:
3334:
3307:
3283:
3246:
3104:p.10ff
3071:
2975:
2935:
2844:
2803:
2483:
2360:
2335:
2302:
2274:
2153:RÄma I
2134:Lan Na
1990:, and
1952:Yangon
1913:Dhamma
1905:Buddha
1901:Mindon
1849:Taxila
1728:vihara
1720:Kushan
1691:dharma
1600:, and
1594:Parsva
1586:Punjab
1578:Asanga
1445:Greeks
1428:Elder
1419:Kachch
1381:Mysore
1326:Ashoka
1252:Ashoka
1229:Ashoka
1120:kaį¹
khÄ
1116:aƱƱÄį¹a
1099:arhats
980:Sangha
976:schism
972:vinaya
878:Jizang
819:Ananda
804:Ananda
800:Vinaya
796:suttas
788:Rajgir
753:Agamas
745:second
737:Vinaya
679:sangha
670:Buddha
602:Taiwan
582:Russia
522:Brazil
517:Bhutan
437:Buddha
357:Wisdom
140:Dharma
6452:Lists
6320:Kalpa
6315:Iddhi
6178:Music
6173:Mudra
6139:Vassa
6119:Vesak
6089:Budai
6035:Candi
6018:Stupa
5950:Logic
5703:Italy
5602:Tibet
5540:Nepal
5510:Korea
5505:Japan
5495:India
5490:China
5435:Sutra
5390:Texts
5340:DÅgen
5330:HÅnen
5315:AtiÅa
5280:Zhiyi
5190:Achar
5158:Tulku
5153:Geshe
5138:RÅshi
5123:Ajahn
5078:Arhat
5038:Bodhi
5008:VÄ«rya
4925:Sacca
4920:Satya
4915:SÄdhu
4903:Music
4846:Merit
4839:Terma
4799:Zazen
4735:Faith
4688:MettÄ
4369:Karma
4329:Bardo
4296:Asita
4286:Khema
4276:UpÄli
4261:Nanda
4099:(son)
4073:MÄyÄ
4050:Films
3927:Index
3839:(PDF)
3814:(PDF)
3745:(PDF)
3724:(PDF)
3694:(PDF)
3594:(PDF)
3136:2019
2842:JSTOR
2838:JSTOR
2797:(PDF)
2029:Vesak
1992:Nepal
1988:India
1897:Burma
1772:stupa
1753:near
1557:India
1459:Nepal
1423:Sindh
1354:Burma
1256:Patna
1250:king
808:Upali
612:Tibet
552:Korea
547:Japan
537:India
532:China
497:Newar
422:Arhat
212:Karma
66:Index
6350:PÄįø·i
6335:MÄra
6245:Flag
5646:Iran
5570:Tuva
5515:Laos
5143:Lama
4991:ÅÄ«la
4959:ÅÄ«la
4947:PÄ«ti
4937:Sati
4888:Puja
4809:Koan
4715:DÄna
4306:Yasa
4193:TÄrÄ
3826:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3702:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3654:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3426:ISBN
3359:ISBN
3332:ISBN
3305:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3225:2009
3069:ISBN
2973:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2774:2023
2727:2023
2695:2024
2481:ISBN
2434:2017
2358:ISBN
2333:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2251:2024
1976:Laos
1956:U Nu
1843:The
1612:and
1580:and
1519:and
1507:and
1441:Yona
1421:and
1399:Yona
1397:The
1373:and
1348:and
1211:and
1187:The
1180:and
903:and
774:The
763:and
557:Laos
462:PÄli
6072:Art
6008:Wat
4544:Zen
1950:in
1689:s (
1685:by
1632:at
1480:or
1141:(a
1130:).
1110:),
6537::
5574:ru
3849:,
3820:,
3764:,
3760:,
3730:,
3726:,
3700:,
3652:,
3600:,
3596:,
3487:^
3118:.
3088:.
3034:^
2914:^
2898:^
2853:^
2840:,
2782:^
2764:.
2744:^
2718:.
2703:^
2686:.
2671:^
2546:^
2530:^
2441:^
2425:,
2399:^
2372:^
2314:^
2242:.
2136:,
2125:.
2052:.
1994:.
1986:,
1982:,
1978:,
1974:,
1970:,
1966:,
1786:.
1757:,
1596:,
1592:,
1543:.
1515:,
1511:.
1503:,
1425:).
1417:,
1413:,
1383:,
1344:,
1184:.
1063::
876:,
844:.
727:,
723:,
672:,
592:US
37:on
5576:)
5572:(
4790:)
4786:(
3881:e
3874:t
3867:v
3766:7
3756:ā
3367:.
3340:.
3313:.
3287:.
3252:.
3227:.
3164:.
3122:.
3092:.
2891:,
2809:.
2776:.
2729:.
2697:.
2366:.
2308:.
2280:.
2253:.
1856:"
1495:)
1484:)
1465:)
1443:(
1436:)
1394:)
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