116:, the tribal council representing the eleven tribes of Athens. The Ecclesia split into different factions on what the new government should be, with some favoring an oligarchic model while Theramenes became the de facto leader of those who wanted a democratic system. The debate led to deadlock and the Spartans intervened and demanded that the Athenians appoint thirty men to oversee the drafting of new laws and a new constitution. It was determined that Theramenes would choose ten, the five Ephors would choose ten, and the Ecclesia would choose the final ten. The final thirty selected men were tasked with drawing up the laws under which they would govern.
485:(Bk 1, Ch 2), Xenophon reports a contentious confrontation between Socrates and the Thirty, Critias included. Socrates is summoned before the group and ordered not to instruct or speak to anyone, whereupon Socrates mocks the order by asking sarcastically whether he will be allowed to ask to buy food in the marketplace. Xenophon uses the episode to illustrate both Socrates' own critique of the slaughtering of Athenian citizens by the Thirty, as well as make the case that the relationship between Critias and Socrates had significantly deteriorated by the time Critias obtained power.
448:
object being to implicate as many people as possible in their crimes. On this occasion, however, I again made it clear, not by my words but by my actions, that the attention I paid to death was zero (if that is not too unrefined a claim); but that I gave all my attention to avoiding doing anything unjust or unholy. As powerful as it was, the government did not terrify me into doing a wrong action. When we came out of the rotunda, the other four went to
Salamis and arrested Leon, but I simply went home.
293:
Around this time, Thirty members
Aeschines and Aristoteles travelled to Sparta and met with Lysander, requesting that a Spartan garrison be stationed in Athens. Lysander dispatched a garrison to the city, with the Thirty stating that it was a temporary measure until they finished their trials against criminals, but members of the Thirty started using Spartan soldiers as personal bodyguards in the city.
443:, a man known for his justice and upright character, for execution. While the other four men obeyed, Socrates refused, not wanting to partake in the guilt of the executioners. However, he did not attempt to warn or save Leon of Salamis. By disobeying, Socrates may have been placing his own life in jeopardy, and he claimed it was only the disbanding of the oligarchy soon afterward that saved his life.
396:(the authenticity of which is questioned by several modern scholars), recounts the rule of the Thirty Tyrants during his youth. He explains that following the revolution, fifty-one men became rulers of a new government, with a specific group of thirty in charge of the public affairs of Athens. Ten of the fifty-one were to rule the city, and eleven were sent to rule
100:, allow exiles back into the city, and reduce their navy to only twelve vessels, surrendering all remaining ones to the Spartans. The Athenians were also to recraft their government on one dictated by the Spartans and to submit to Sparta in both "peace and war,” recalling their ambassadors from other city states.
330:" because of his cruelty and inhumanity; he evidently aimed to end democracy, regardless of the human cost. The Thirty removed criminals as well as many ordinary citizens whom they considered "unfriendly" to the new regime for expressing support for democracy. One of their targets was one of their own,
300:
They limited citizenship and the right "to share in the government" to only 3,000 selected
Athenians. These hand-selected individuals had the right to carry weapons, to have a jury trial, and to reside within city limits. The list of the selected 3,000 was constantly revised. Although little is known
292:
on behalf of the Thirty, and hired 300 mastigophoroi, whip bearers who would act as a police force. The Thirty oversaw trials in the Boule against
Athenian leaders who had opposed the peace with Sparta and sentenced them to death. They then tried and executed a number of "undesirables" within Athens.
374:
The increased level of opposition ultimately led to the overthrow of the Thirty's regime by
Thrasybulus' rebel forces. After the revolution, Athens needed to decide the best way to govern the liberated city-state and to reconcile the atrocities committed by the Thirty. It was decided to give amnesty
447:
When the oligarchy came into power, the Thirty
Commissioners, in their turn, summoned me and four others to the Round Chamber and instructed us to go and fetch Leon of Salamis from his home for execution. This was, of course, only one of many instances in which they issued such instructions, their
370:
The Thirty
Tyrants' brief reign was characterized by violence and corruption. Historian Sian Lewis argues that the violence and brutality the Thirty carried out in Athens was necessary to transition Athens from a democracy to an oligarchy. However, the more violent the Thirty's regime became, the
429:
Due to their desire to remain in complete control over Athens, the Thirty sought to exile or kill anyone who outwardly opposed their regime. Socrates remained in the city through this period, which caused the public to associate him with the Thirty and may have contributed to his eventual death
462:
They tried to send a friend of mine, the aged
Socrates, whom I should scarcely scruple to describe as the most upright man of that day, with some other persons to carry off one of the citizens by force to execution, in order that, whether he wished it, or not, he might share the guilt of their
91:
for permission to speak with
Lysander, believing that he could get the best possible conditions from the Spartans. His request was granted, and he met with Lysander at Samos, who then sent him to Sparta. Before the Spartan assembly and representatives of the Peloponnesian League, Theramenes
78:
led the
Spartan and Peloponnesian League naval force to Athens for the final destruction of the city. The Athenians prepared for a siege, but without a navy to defend them or import food, many Athenian citizens starved. After the Spartans began cutting them off by occupying
400:. Plato corroborates the general consensus found in other sources: the rule of the Thirty was "reviled as it was by many." The rule of the Thirty made the former democracy resemble a golden age in comparison. Plato also includes an account of the interaction between
345:
The Thirty's regime did not meet with much overt opposition, although many Athenians disliked the new form of government. Those who did not approve of the new laws could either fight, risking exile or execution, or accept the Thirty's rule. Some supporters of
342:. Many wealthy citizens were executed simply so the oligarchs could confiscate their assets, which were then distributed among the Thirty and their supporters. They also hired 300 "lash-bearers,” or whip-bearing men to intimidate Athenian citizens.
95:
While some members of the Peloponnesian League called for Athens to be completely destroyed, the Spartans refused to do so, arguing that Athens was one of the great cities of Greece. The terms agreed on called for Athens to destroy the
471:
has inferred that another of Socrates' students, Xenophon, might have played an important part in the rule of the Thirty, as one of the two commanders of the cavalry, which were the Thirty's militia. Indeed, in his book
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about these 3,000 men, for a complete record was never documented ‒ it is hypothesised that the Thirty appointed these select few as the only men the Thirty could find who were devotedly loyal to their regime.
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to all of the members of the selected 3,000, except for the Thirty themselves, the Eleven (a group of prison magistrates appointed by lot who reported directly to the Thirty), and the ten who ruled in
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58:. Although they maintained power for only eight months, their reign resulted in the killing of 5% of the Athenian population, the confiscation of citizens' property, and the exile of other
600:
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depicts as revolted by Critias' excessive violence and injustice and trying to oppose him. Critias accused Theramenes of conspiracy and treason and then forced him to drink
308:, the Thirty Tyrants presided over a reign of terror in which they executed, murdered, and exiled hundreds of Athenians, seizing their possessions afterward. Both
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476:(Commander of the cavalry), Xenophon mentions just one of the commanders (there were always two), only to revile him, while never mentioning the other.
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the Thirty in 403 BCE was orchestrated by a group of exiles led by Thrasybulus. Critias was killed in the fighting at the doors of Athens.
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conduct; but he would not obey them, risking all consequences in preference to becoming a partner in their iniquitous deeds.
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Kritias und die Dreißig Tyrannen: Untersuchungen zur Politik und Prosopographie der Führungselite in Athen 404/403 v.Chr.
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83:, the Athenians decided to surrender in March 404 BC. After initial negotiations of surrender failed, Athenian general
379:. After the revolution that overthrew the Thirty Tyrants, Athens and its citizens struggled to reconcile and rebuild.
288:, a council composed of 500 members. They appointed other officials, including 10 men who would rule the port town of
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439:, Socrates recounts an incident in which the Thirty once ordered him (and four other men) to bring before them
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Nails, Debra. The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics. Hackett Publishing, 2021.
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With Spartan support, the Thirty established an interim government in Athens. They reestablished the
88:
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Instead of drafting a new constitution, the Thirty ruled Athens themselves, similar to the Spartan
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322:) have reported that the Thirty executed 1,500 people without trial. Critias, a former pupil of
54:, the Thirty became known for their tyrannical rule, first being called "The Thirty Tyrants" by
50:
from 405 BC to 404 BC. Installed into power by the Spartans after the Athenian surrender in the
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Plato, and Hugh Tredennick. "Apology". The Last Days of Socrates. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969.
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876:, ed. Schofield & C. Rowe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 299–302;
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1077:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1966.
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Linder, Doug. "The Trial of Socrates: An Account". N.p., 2002. Web. 1 May 2014.
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This article is about the Greek tyrants. For the later Roman tyrants, see
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Stone, I.F. The Trial of Socrates. Anchor Books, reprinted edition 1989.
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in the Athenian navy and noted supporter of democratic government. The
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To reform their laws as the Spartans instructed, Athens appointed five
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negotiated a final surrender of Athens, ending the Peloponnesian War.
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Remembering Defeat: Civil War and Civic Memory in Ancient Athens
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Remembering Defeat: Civil War and Civic Memory in Ancient Athens
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The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World
810:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 213.
1082:A History of the Classical Greek World: 478-323 BC
1087:Usher, S. "Xenophon, Critias and Theramenes" in:
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918:, "The Intellectual Background," in
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310:Isocrates
298:Gerousia.
270:, son of
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44:oligarchy
986:Archived
944:Archived
859:, 2.4.38
835:. 35.1.
776:Krentz,
754:, 2.3.56
696:Krentz,
683:Krentz,
630:Archived
601:Archived
410:Republic
402:Socrates
336:Xenophon
324:Socrates
263:Theognis
224:Melobius
212:Eumathes
140:Anaetius
126:Xenophon
89:Ecclesia
76:Lysander
1069:Plato.
1007:Apology
1005:Plato,
963:Plato,
780:. p. 69
700:. p. 65
687:. p. 64
658:, 3.4.1
582:2.3.1–2
479:In his
436:Apology
407:In the
398:Piraeus
377:Piraeus
340:hemlock
334:, whom
306:Critias
304:Led by
290:Piraeus
190:Diocles
186:Critias
143:Aresias
81:Decelea
1163:403 BC
1158:404 BC
1109:
1049:
900:
868:e.g.,
839:
814:
729:
713:
598:2.3.2.
530:
509:
415:Lysias
272:Hagnon
244:Pheido
238:Peison
179:Chremo
163:; not
110:ephors
48:Athens
1009:32c-d
767:2.4.1
388:Plato
286:Boule
215:Hiero
202:(not
155:Plato
1107:ISBN
1047:ISBN
898:ISBN
888:and
837:ISBN
812:ISBN
727:ISBN
711:ISBN
528:ISBN
507:ISBN
354:, a
312:and
26:The
1126:in
1089:JHS
157:'s
1139::
984:.
980:.
942:.
927:^
904:;
892:,
798:^
671:,
645:^
628:.
611:^
596:,
580:,
554:^
534:).
128::
38:,
34::
1113:)
1053:)
995:.
953:.
940:"
936:"
845:.
820:.
639:.
513:)
254:)
206:)
137:)
30:(
23:.
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