1101:
482:
1086:
1071:
201:
792:
187:
1124:
47:
2248:
214:
233:
804:
58:
655:. Typical adverse effects are competition with crops and interference with grazing in pastures, where dense growths of spiny vegetation suppress forage plants and repel grazing animals. Some species, although not intensely poisonous, affect the health of animals that ingest them.
576:
Some prairie and wildflower seed production companies supply bulk seed for native North
American thistle species for wildlife habitat restoration, although availability tends to be low. Thistles are particularly valued by bumblebees for their high nectar production.
695:
The Milk
Thistle, also known as silymarin, has been used to treat liver or gallbladder problems. While not confirmed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human services, milk thistle has shown beneficial results in previous studies for people with
156:
Biennial thistles are particularly noteworthy for their high wildlife value, producing copious floral resources for pollinators, nourishing seeds for birds like the goldfinch, foliage for butterfly larvae, and down for the lining of birds' nests.
587:
plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project supported by the UK Insect
Pollinators Initiative. Bull thistle was a top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, ranked third with a production per floral unit of (2323 ± 418μg).
758:
army was attempting to sneak up at night upon a
Scottish army's encampment. One barefoot Norseman stepped on a thistle and cried out in pain, thus alerting Scots to the presence of the invaders. Possibly, this happened in 1263 during the
1775:
Vioque, Montserrat; Gómez, Rafael; Sánchez, Emilia; Mata, Carmen; Tejada, Luis; Fernández-Salguero, José (2000). "Chemical and
Microbiological Characteristics of Ewes' Milk Cheese Manufactured with Extracts from Flowers of
544:. A problem with this approach, at least in North America, is that the introduced weevils may affect native thistles at least as much as the desired targets. Another approach towards controlling thistle growth is using
639:
Thistles, even if one restricts the term to members of the
Asteraceae, are too varied a group for generalisation. Many are troublesome weeds, including some invasive species of
889:
with this motto and a thistle were minted in 1984, 1989, and 2014. The combination of thistle and motto first appeared on the bawbee issued by King
Charles II. In 1826, the
2277:
2032:
555:, have attempted to raise awareness of their benefits to counteract the general agricultural and home garden labeling of thistles as weeds. The monarch butterfly,
1037:), perhaps because of its more imposing appearance, though it is not native and unlikely to have occurred in Scotland in mediaeval times. The spear thistle (
1765:
Watt, John
Mitchell; Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa, 2nd ed., E & S Livingstone 1962
1504:
849:
1100:
1476:
89:. Prickles can also occur all over the plant – on the stem and on the flat parts of the leaves. These prickles protect the plant from
1191:
that the Duke chose the thistle as his emblem not only because it was a
Christian symbol, but also because he associated it with physical love.
1183:
because its white sap would bring to mind the milk falling from the breast of the Mother of God. It was later adopted as a personal symbol by
1002:
The thistle is also used to symbolise connection with
Scotland overseas. For example, in Canada, it is one of the four floral emblems on the
913:. The thistle is also seen as the logo for Scottish Rugby. Many businesses in Scotland choose this symbol to represent their organization.
1607:"Introduced leaf beetles of the Maritime Provinces, 7: Cassida rubiginosa Muller and Cassida flaveola Thunberg (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)"
2256:
2197:
1667:
548:
as a biological control agent; through feeding on thistle plants, thistle tortoise beetles skeletonize the leaves and damage the plant.
2297:
2292:
1989:
1527:
567:, for its migration. Although such organizations focus on the benefits of native thistles, certain non-native thistles, such as
1070:
840:; it showed a crowned thistle. Thistles continued to appear regularly on Scottish and later British coinage until 2008, when a
697:
2337:
2040:
1931:
1750:
1723:
524:. Hummingbirds will feed on the flowers of the biennial species, which feature large flowers, as compared with the perennial
1085:
683:
Other thistles that nominally are weeds are important honey plants, both as bee fodder in general, and as sources of luxury
898:
944:"), briefly Scotland's colony, have since the 17th century featured thistles. Following his ascent to the English throne,
1031:
Which species of thistle is referred to in the original legend is disputed. Popular modern usage favours cotton thistle (
972:
561:
for instance, was highlighted as traditionally relying upon taller large-flowered thistle species such as Tall thistle,
521:
1025:
964:
2160:
2273:
497:
1501:
1225:
1043:), an abundant native species in Scotland, is a more likely candidate. Other species, including dwarf thistle (
983:. This floral combination appears on the present issues of the one pound coin. Beside the Tudor rose and Irish
2223:
1198:, who introduced them in the region. The two symbols became hugely popular among the local people during the
861:
2033:"University of Glasgow - The Hunterian - Visit - Exhibitions - Exhibition Programme - Scotland's Own Coinage"
1480:
1260:
676:
that occur as weeds are cultivated for seeds that yield vegetable oil and pharmaceutical compounds such as
1195:
2342:
1889:"Breeding Objectives and Selection Criteria for Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) Improvement"
924:
of seven of the eight pre-2013 Scottish police services and constabularies, the sole exception being the
2116:
2062:
1355:
1007:
1684:
1308:
1020:
537:, native to Eurasia, have been widely introduced outside their native range. Control measures include
174:
2347:
894:
841:
747:
493:
1923:
The Honey Connoisseur: Selecting, Tasting, and Pairing Honey, With a Guide to More Than 30 Varietals
1187:, together with the Cross of Lorraine, then known as the Cross of Anjou. It seems through his book
31:
17:
1445:
Eckberg, James; Lee-Mäder, Eric; Hopwood, Jennifer; Foltz Jordan, Sarah; Borders, Brianna (2017).
916:
Since 2013, a different stylised thistle, crowned with the Scottish crown, has been the emblem of
551:
Thistles are important nectar sources for pollinators. Some ecological organizations, such as the
2282:
1255:
is a Late Latin word for a place with thistles. This is believed to be the origin of name of the
1212:
933:
929:
910:
877:
628:
545:
2094:
1947:
1512:
857:
481:
2201:
1921:
1740:
70:
on stems and leaves, with ants attending aphids that might be taking advantage of the shelter.
1713:
1057:
996:
925:
821:
505:
501:
120:
114:
161:
2310:
1993:
1396:
1385:"Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows"
902:
512:
and the flowers are strongly favoured by many butterflies besides fritillaries such as the
429:
221:
1711:
1645:
398:– Russian thistle, Tartar thistle, or tumbleweed, plants formerly classified in the genus
200:
8:
2332:
1283:
1140:
1092:
1033:
1015:
988:
837:
780:
600:
517:
1400:
1210:", meaning "who touches it, pricks oneself", with a similar idea to the Scottish motto "
2316:
1606:
1587:
1524:
1419:
1384:
563:
513:
509:
237:
67:
62:
2138:
2088:
1712:
Rakesh Kumar Gupta; Wim Reybroeck; Johan W. Veen; Anuradha Gupta (18 September 2014).
2266:
2098:
2016:
1927:
1869:
1842:
1801:
1746:
1719:
1626:
1579:
1424:
1256:
1172:
1168:
1153:
1132:
1010:
features the thistle in its crest in honour of the Scottish heritage of its founder,
444:
412:
389:
Plants in families other than Asteraceae which are sometimes called thistle include:
2260:
1900:
1832:
1793:
1618:
1569:
1414:
1404:
1003:
825:
684:
624:
616:
604:
557:
94:
1184:
631:" is also the name of one of the most appreciated cheeses made from sheep's milk.
2306:
1591:
1531:
1508:
1409:
1199:
1039:
1018:
features the thistle in its flag and seal. The thistle is also the emblem of the
1011:
917:
882:
853:
760:
701:
596:
579:
569:
533:
525:
485:
192:
102:
78:
1963:
599:
and medieval writers thought it could return hair to bald heads and that in the
508:
butterflies. Thistles and thistle-seed feeders provide important sustenance for
127:
The term thistle is sometimes taken to mean precisely those plants in the tribe
124:
is the opposite. Typically, species adapted to dry environments are more spiny.
1077:
1051:
1045:
992:
968:
949:
945:
932:, the thistle appears together with a saltire on one of the escutcheons of the
772:
552:
469:
405:
205:
1837:
1820:
1622:
897:
stipulates that the shield be surrounded by thistles and "thistle" is used as
791:
2326:
1630:
1217:
1128:
890:
217:
186:
2102:
1873:
1846:
1805:
1583:
1446:
1428:
1159:
Lorraine is a region located in northeastern France, along the border with
921:
869:
865:
417:
394:
97:
with a clasping shape similar to a cup or urn subtends each of a thistle's
50:
46:
1905:
1888:
1574:
1545:
1180:
1176:
1123:
957:
937:
886:
833:
817:
721:
98:
1264:
1160:
953:
341:
246:
86:
1797:
905:
clubs. Since 1960, a stylised thistle, also representing the Scottish
1149:
764:
709:
705:
677:
663:
357:
349:
323:
294:
286:
278:
225:
150:
145:
90:
1738:
1665:
1330:
1216:". Nowadays the thistle is still the official symbol of the city of
1444:
1221:
1203:
1145:
984:
776:
755:
743:
717:
713:
437:
424:
365:
333:
213:
169:
165:
128:
2247:
700:
It is possible that milk thistle can lower blood sugar levels for
232:
1244:
1164:
906:
875:
Both the Order of the Thistle and the Scots Guards use the motto
803:
672:
400:
381:
373:
327:
306:– melancholy thistle, creeping thistle, spear thistle, and others
302:
270:
262:
254:
139:
133:
864:. The thistle is the main charge of the regimental badge of the
797:
Reverse of a 1967 florin: thistles, shamrocks, leeks, & rose
666:. Some species regarded as major weeds are sources of vegetable
249:
with the word thistle often used in their common names include:
1543:
829:
768:
751:
667:
620:
541:
318:
310:
82:
38:
1544:
Takahashi, Masaru; Louda, SM; Miller, TE; O'Brien, CW (2009).
57:
1919:
1240:
670:
used in commercial cheese making. Similarly, some species of
627:" is not only the name of a mountain chain in this country, "
573:
in North America, may provide similar benefits to wildlife.
1194:
The thistle and the cross were used again by his grandson,
980:
976:
960:" with a Scottish thistle and surmounted by a royal crown.
704:. As a dietary supplement, milk thistle is recommended for
112:
The spininess varies considerably by species. For example,
1715:
Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security
856:
of Scotland, has thistles on its insignia and a chapel in
1859:
848:" ceased to be minted, though it remains in circulation.
85:
with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family
1887:
Alemardan, Ali; Karkanis, Anestis; Salehi, Reza (2013).
1666:
Pliny the Elder; John Bostock (trans.) (1855). "20.99".
1263:, which in turn is thought to be the home of the famous
967:
thereafter, and was included in the heraldry of various
492:
Thistle flowers are the favourite nectar sources of the
1926:. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. pp. 206–.
1886:
1605:
Majka, Christopher G.; Lesage, Laurent (27 June 2008).
584:
1774:
1732:
1447:"Native Thistles: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide"
1148:, together with its coat of arms which displays three
763:, which marked the beginning of the departure of King
1479:. Conservation Grade. 15 October 2014. Archived from
583:
was ranked in the top ten for nectar production in a
850:
The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle
428:– certain species include the word thistle, such as
1913:
1860:Laekeman, G; De Coster, S; De Meyer, K (2003). "".
1382:
963:As the floral emblem of Scotland it appears in the
416:– flowering thistle, purple prickly poppy (family
2181:
2324:
2139:"Why is the THISTLE a Scottish national symbol?"
1202:in 1477, during which the Lorrain army defeated
973:Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
846:The Badge of Scotland, a thistle royally crowned
1920:C. Marina Marchese; Kim Flottum (4 June 2013).
1739:W. T. Parsons; Eric George Cuthbertson (2001).
999:showed the same flora, later including a leek.
885:and referring to the thistle's prickly nature.
662:includes the commercially important species of
1477:"Which flowers are the best source of nectar?"
1024:(which originated in Edinburgh, Scotland) and
619:region, thistle flowers are used as rennet in
603:it was believed to be a remedy for headaches,
1471:
1469:
1467:
361:– cotton thistle, also known as Scots thistle
2186:. Vol. 1. Berger-Levrault. p. 554.
1383:Hicks, DM; Ouvrard, P; Baldock, KCR (2016).
946:King James VI of Scotland & I of England
742:The thistle has been the national emblem of
1604:
1028:(as the company was founded by two Scots).
224:by wind. The tiny seeds are a favourite of
131:(synonym: Cynareae), especially the genera
2086:
2063:"The thistle – Scotland's national flower"
1992:. UK: Scots History Online. Archived from
1786:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1534:, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
1464:
27:Common name of a group of flowering plants
1987:
1904:
1836:
1573:
1418:
1408:
975:alongside the Tudor rose, Northern Irish
1707:
1705:
1525:Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., Asteraceae
1440:
1438:
1171:, a large part of the region formed the
1122:
987:the thistle appears on the badge of the
634:
480:
231:
212:
199:
185:
56:
45:
1988:Webmaster, John Duncan (4 April 2009).
1818:
1378:
1376:
607:, cancer sores, vertigo, and jaundice.
14:
2325:
1759:
1550:(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Native
1118:
836:, was issued for the first time under
809:Reverse of five pence: crowned thistle
2272:
1702:
1682:
1435:
105:of a ripe thistle flower is known as
1952:. The Department. 1940. pp. 5–.
1558:in North American Tallgrass Prairie"
1373:
153:are sometimes also called thistles.
1745:. Csiro Publishing. pp. 189–.
1360:Merriam-Webster's online dictionary
1179:, the thistle was an emblem of the
1106:Badge of James VI & I. Thistle
737:
24:
1643:
828:and national emblem. In 1536, the
369:– golden thistle or oyster thistle
25:
2359:
2241:
2161:"Scotland Fact File: The Thistle"
1348:
1026:Jardine Matheson Holdings Limited
77:is the common name of a group of
2274:Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie
2246:
1821:"Milk thistle: Silybum marianum"
1138:The thistle, and more precisely
1099:
1084:
1069:
965:Royal Arms of the United Kingdom
936:. The coat of arms and crest of
802:
790:
2216:
2200:. Tela Botanica. Archived from
2190:
2175:
2153:
2131:
2109:
2080:
2055:
2025:
2008:
1981:
1956:
1940:
1880:
1853:
1812:
1768:
1676:
1659:
1637:
1598:
1537:
1220:, as well as the emblem of the
920:, and had long featured in the
779:, had harried the coast of the
498:small pearl-bordered fritillary
172:, as well as the emblem of the
2117:"Flowers of Scotland: Thistle"
1685:"Portugal's "thistle cheeses""
1518:
1495:
1323:
1301:
1276:
1231:
1226:Lorraine Regional Natural Park
13:
1:
2105:– via Internet Archive.
2093:. London: John Lane. p.
2021:. T.C. & E.C. Jack. 1909.
1672:. London: Taylor and Francis.
1270:
1189:Livre du cuer d'amours espris
928:. As part of the arms of the
868:, the oldest regiment in the
488:moths on a thistle flowerhead
241:found in southeast Louisiana.
2338:National symbols of Scotland
2224:"Origine du blason de Nancy"
2018:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
1410:10.1371/journal.pone.0158117
1061:) have also been suggested.
732:
377:– milk or St. Mary's thistle
41:, also a tall prickly plant.
7:
2067:National Trust for Scotland
1284:"Definition of THISTLEDOWN"
1144:, is one of the symbols of
1055:), and melancholy thistle (
995:. Issues of the historical
909:, has been the logo of the
771:who, having control of the
690:
531:Some thistles, for example
520:, and the various types of
448:– German names include Haus
228:and some other small birds.
209:in the early morning light.
181:
118:has very soft spines while
10:
2364:
2257:Lily-Bell and Thistle-down
2182:Christian Pfister (1908).
1742:Noxious Weeds of Australia
1718:. Springer. pp. 47–.
1261:Chardonnay, SaĂ´ne-et-Loire
1243:term for a thistle (hence
1008:Carnegie Mellon University
971:institutions, such as the
750:(1249–1286). According to
727:
610:
476:
36:
29:
2087:Fox-Davies, A.C. (1907).
1623:10.11646/zootaxa.1811.1.3
1196:René II, Duke of Lorraine
934:Mercat Cross in Edinburgh
895:National Bank of Scotland
852:, the highest and oldest
494:pearl-bordered fritillary
266:– musk thistle and others
151:plants outside this tribe
101:. The typically feathery
1819:Pepping, J (June 1999).
1562:Environmental Entomology
1548:Trichosirocalus horridus
1530:19 December 2009 at the
1208:Qui s'y frotte s'y pique
1206:. The Duke's motto was "
1131:, former capital of the
860:, Edinburgh, dubbed the
816:The thistle was used on
546:thistle tortoise beetles
37:Not to be confused with
32:Thistle (disambiguation)
2298:Encyclopædia Britannica
2283:Popular Science Monthly
1838:10.1093/ajhp/56.12.1195
1502:Bracken for Butterflies
1335:Tree of Life webproject
1288:www.merriam-webster.com
1224:football team, and the
1213:Nemo me impune lacessit
1021:Encyclopædia Britannica
930:University of Edinburgh
911:Scottish National Party
878:Nemo me impune lacessit
591:
175:Encyclopædia Britannica
2301:(11th ed.). 1911.
1990:"Scots History Online"
1825:Am J Health Syst Pharm
1683:Anita (21 July 2014).
1513:Butterfly Conservation
1507:3 October 2008 at the
1135:
1076:Scottish thistle as a
767:(Haakon the Elder) of
489:
242:
229:
210:
197:
71:
68:arachnoid cobwebbiness
54:
2251:Texts on Wikisource:
1126:
1058:Cirsium heterophyllum
926:Northern Constabulary
635:Economic significance
506:dark green fritillary
502:high brown fritillary
484:
235:
216:
203:
189:
121:Cirsium spinosissimum
115:Cirsium heterophyllum
60:
49:
2259:" (a fairy tale) in
1906:10.15835/nbha4129298
1893:Not Bot Horti Agrobo
1575:10.1603/022.038.0325
1309:"Melancholy Thistle"
991:and the arms of the
832:, a sixpence in the
30:For other uses, see
2204:on 12 February 2017
2163:. Visitscotland.com
2043:on 19 February 2020
1669:The Natural History
1483:on 14 December 2019
1401:2016PLoSO..1158117H
1141:Onopordum acanthium
1119:Thistle of Lorraine
1093:Yeomen of the Guard
1034:Onopordum acanthium
1016:Annapolis, Maryland
989:Yeomen of the Guard
881:, the motto of the
781:Kingdom of Scotland
746:since the reign of
601:early modern period
2343:Plant common names
2317:E. Pauline Johnson
2276:(November 1886). "
1996:on 2 November 2011
1949:Technical Bulletin
1778:Cynara cardunculus
1552:Cirsium altissimum
1451:The Xerces Society
1136:
748:King Alexander III
564:Cirsium altissimum
490:
243:
238:Cirsium horridulum
230:
211:
198:
72:
63:Cirsium arizonicum
55:
2312:Flint and Feather
2267:Louisa May Alcott
2184:Histoire de Nancy
1933:978-1-60376-332-5
1798:10.1021/jf990326v
1752:978-0-643-06514-7
1725:978-94-017-9199-1
1646:"A Modern Herbal"
1511:leaflet c0853 by
1173:Duchy of Lorraine
1169:French Revolution
1154:Cross of Lorraine
1133:Duchy of Lorraine
1110:with a Tudor rose
1049:), musk thistle (
903:Scottish football
702:type two diabetes
522:tiger swallowtail
445:Dipsacus fullonum
413:Argemone mexicana
314:– blessed thistle
282:– distaff thistle
274:– carline thistle
196:in Scotland, 2007
160:A thistle is the
81:characterized by
16:(Redirected from
2355:
2348:Heraldic charges
2302:
2287:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2119:. Twocrows.co.uk
2113:
2107:
2106:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2039:. Archived from
2029:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1784:as Coagulants".
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1577:
1541:
1535:
1522:
1516:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1280:
1251:in French), and
1127:Coat of arms of
1103:
1088:
1073:
1004:flag of Montreal
952:consisting of a
844:design showing "
820:first issued by
806:
794:
783:for some years.
738:Scottish thistle
685:monofloral honey
629:Serra da Estrela
625:Serra da Estrela
558:Danaus plexippus
526:creeping thistle
353:– Syrian thistle
93:. Typically, an
79:flowering plants
21:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2323:
2322:
2290:
2286:. Vol. 30.
2244:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2090:Heraldic Badges
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1885:
1881:
1858:
1854:
1817:
1813:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1710:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1677:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1603:
1599:
1546:"Occurrence of
1542:
1538:
1532:Wayback Machine
1523:
1519:
1509:Wayback Machine
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1436:
1395:(6): e0158117.
1381:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:grape variety.
1234:
1200:Battle of Nancy
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1040:Cirsium vulgare
1012:Andrew Carnegie
918:Police Scotland
883:House of Stuart
858:St Giles's Kirk
854:chivalric order
826:Scottish symbol
814:
813:
812:
811:
810:
807:
799:
798:
795:
761:Battle of Largs
740:
735:
730:
693:
637:
613:
594:
580:Cirsium vulgare
570:Cirsium vulgare
539:Trichosirocalus
534:Cirsium vulgare
486:Six-spot burnet
479:
337:– globe thistle
193:Cirsium vulgare
184:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2321:
2320:
2309:" (a poem) in
2303:
2288:
2270:
2243:
2242:External links
2240:
2238:
2237:
2215:
2189:
2174:
2152:
2141:. Ormiston.com
2130:
2108:
2079:
2054:
2024:
2015:"Chapter 18".
2007:
1980:
1964:"Milk Thistle"
1955:
1939:
1932:
1912:
1899:(2): 340–347.
1879:
1852:
1831:(12): 1195–7.
1811:
1792:(2): 451–456.
1782:Cynara humilis
1767:
1758:
1751:
1731:
1724:
1701:
1675:
1658:
1644:Grieve, Maud.
1636:
1597:
1554:Versus Exotic
1536:
1517:
1515:, January 2005
1494:
1463:
1434:
1372:
1347:
1322:
1300:
1274:
1272:
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1233:
1230:
1120:
1117:
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1105:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1078:Heraldic badge
1075:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1052:Carduus nutans
1046:Cirsium acaule
993:Canada Company
862:Thistle Chapel
822:King James III
808:
801:
800:
796:
789:
788:
787:
786:
785:
773:Northern Isles
754:, an invading
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
692:
689:
636:
633:
612:
609:
593:
590:
553:Xerces Society
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:Caprifoliaceae
441:
434:E. articulatum
421:
409:
406:Chenopodiaceae
387:
386:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
345:- milk thistle
338:
330:
315:
307:
299:
291:
290:– star thistle
283:
275:
267:
259:
245:Genera in the
222:seed dispersal
220:, a method of
206:Carduus nutans
190:Spear Thistle
183:
180:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2360:
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2263:
2262:Flower Fables
2258:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2226:. Nancy WebTV
2225:
2219:
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2068:
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2058:
2042:
2038:
2037:www.gla.ac.uk
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2028:
2020:
2019:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1969:
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1689:Anita's Feast
1686:
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1647:
1640:
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1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1568:(3): 731–40.
1567:
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1201:
1197:
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1186:
1185:René of Anjou
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:. Before the
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
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1134:
1130:
1125:
1109:
1102:
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1082:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1062:
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1059:
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1036:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:; in the US,
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
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951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
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904:
900:
896:
892:
891:grant of arms
888:
884:
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873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
824:in 1474 as a
823:
819:
805:
793:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
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749:
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723:
719:
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703:
699:
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426:
422:
419:
415:
414:
410:
407:
403:
402:
397:
396:
392:
391:
390:
385:– sow thistle
384:
383:
379:
376:
375:
371:
368:
367:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
351:
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344:
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336:
335:
331:
329:
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321:
320:
316:
313:
312:
308:
305:
304:
300:
298:– sow thistle
297:
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292:
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288:
284:
281:
280:
276:
273:
272:
268:
265:
264:
260:
257:
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219:
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208:
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195:
194:
188:
179:
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171:
167:
163:
162:floral emblem
158:
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136:
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117:
116:
110:
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65:
64:
59:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2311:
2307:Thistle-Down
2296:
2281:
2261:
2245:
2228:. Retrieved
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:the original
2198:"Le chardon"
2192:
2183:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2111:
2089:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:the original
2036:
2027:
2017:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:
1958:
1948:
1942:
1922:
1915:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1868:(1): 28–31.
1865:
1862:J Pharm Belg
1861:
1855:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1741:
1734:
1714:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:
1678:
1668:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1639:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1520:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1454:. Retrieved
1450:
1392:
1388:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1311:. NatureGate
1303:
1293:28 September
1291:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1252:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1211:
1207:
1193:
1188:
1158:
1139:
1137:
1107:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1001:
979:, and Welsh
962:
942:New Scotland
941:
915:
876:
874:
870:British Army
866:Scots Guards
845:
838:King James V
818:silver coins
815:
741:
694:
682:
671:
659:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
638:
614:
595:
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568:
562:
556:
550:
538:
532:
530:
491:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
443:
433:
423:
418:Papaveraceae
411:
399:
393:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
253:
244:
236:
204:
191:
173:
159:
155:
144:
138:
132:
126:
119:
113:
111:
107:thistle-down
106:
99:flower heads
74:
73:
61:
51:Milk thistle
43:
2230:11 February
2208:11 February
2047:19 February
1694:30 November
1365:30 November
1315:27 November
1259:village of
1253:Cardonnacum
1232:Place names
1181:Virgin Mary
1177:Middle Ages
938:Nova Scotia
901:of several
893:to the new
887:Pound coins
834:pound Scots
722:indigestion
510:goldfinches
226:goldfinches
218:Thistledown
149:. However,
2333:Asteraceae
2327:Categories
2167:14 January
2145:14 January
2123:14 January
2000:14 January
1556:C. Vulgare
1487:18 October
1340:30 October
1331:"Cardueae"
1271:References
1265:Chardonnay
1161:Luxembourg
1152:, and the
1150:avalerions
1108:dimidiated
958:dimidiated
954:Tudor rose
687:products.
658:The genus
430:beethistle
342:Galactites
247:Asteraceae
91:herbivores
87:Asteraceae
66:, showing
53:flowerhead
1631:1175-5334
1456:27 August
1356:"Thistle"
1175:. In the
765:Haakon IV
733:Symbolism
710:cirrhosis
706:hepatitis
678:Silibinin
664:artichoke
653:Onopordum
623:making. "
464:and Weber
358:Onopordum
350:Notobasis
324:artichoke
295:Cicerbita
287:Centaurea
279:Carthamus
258:– burdock
146:Onopordum
95:involucre
2278:Thistles
2072:23 April
1973:23 April
1874:12722542
1847:10484652
1806:10691655
1584:19508782
1528:Archived
1505:Archived
1429:27341588
1389:PLOS ONE
1257:Burgundy
1222:AS Nancy
1204:Burgundy
1146:Lorraine
985:shamrock
899:the name
777:Hebrides
744:Scotland
718:diabetes
714:jaundice
691:Medicine
518:skippers
468:(family
452:, Karden
438:Apiaceae
436:(family
425:Eryngium
404:(family
366:Scolymus
334:Echinops
182:Taxonomy
170:Lorraine
166:Scotland
129:Cardueae
18:Thistles
2293:Thistle
2103:4897294
1611:Zootaxa
1420:4920406
1397:Bibcode
1249:chardon
1245:cardoon
1239:is the
1237:Carduus
1165:Germany
969:British
948:used a
907:Saltire
842:5p coin
728:Culture
673:Silybum
649:Silybum
645:Carduus
641:Cirsium
615:In the
611:Cuisine
542:weevils
514:monarch
477:Ecology
460:, Sprot
454:disteln
401:Salsola
382:Sonchus
374:Silybum
328:cardoon
303:Cirsium
271:Carlina
263:Carduus
255:Arctium
140:Cirsium
134:Carduus
75:Thistle
2319:(1912)
2269:(1855)
2101:
1930:
1872:
1845:
1804:
1749:
1722:
1651:3 June
1629:
1590:
1582:
1427:
1417:
1014:, and
997:florin
830:bawbee
769:Norway
752:legend
720:, and
668:rennet
660:Cynara
621:cheese
605:plague
504:, and
466:distel
462:distel
458:distel
450:distel
319:Cynara
311:Cnicus
143:, and
103:pappus
83:leaves
39:Teasel
1968:NCCIH
1617:(1).
1592:55487
1588:S2CID
1241:Latin
1218:Nancy
1129:Nancy
950:badge
756:Norse
617:Beira
597:Pliny
456:, Rod
2232:2017
2210:2017
2169:2013
2147:2013
2125:2013
2099:OCLC
2074:2024
2049:2020
2002:2013
1975:2024
1928:ISBN
1870:PMID
1843:PMID
1802:PMID
1780:and
1747:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1696:2020
1653:2011
1627:ISSN
1615:1811
1580:PMID
1489:2017
1458:2018
1425:PMID
1367:2007
1342:2012
1317:2019
1295:2023
1163:and
981:leek
977:flax
922:arms
775:and
698:HCV.
651:and
592:Uses
395:Kali
168:and
2315:by
2295:".
2280:".
2265:by
2095:117
1901:doi
1833:doi
1794:doi
1619:doi
1570:doi
1415:PMC
1405:doi
724:.
164:of
2329::
2097:.
2065:.
2035:.
1966:.
1897:41
1895:.
1891:.
1866:58
1864:.
1841:.
1829:56
1827:.
1823:.
1800:.
1790:48
1788:.
1704:^
1687:.
1625:.
1613:.
1609:.
1586:.
1578:.
1566:38
1564:.
1560:.
1466:^
1449:.
1437:^
1423:.
1413:.
1403:.
1393:11
1391:.
1387:.
1375:^
1358:.
1333:.
1286:.
1247:,
1228:.
1156:.
940:("
872:.
716:,
712:,
708:,
680:.
647:,
643:,
585:UK
528:.
516:,
500:,
496:,
432:,
326:,
322:–
178:.
137:,
109:.
2305:"
2291:"
2255:"
2234:.
2212:.
2171:.
2149:.
2127:.
2076:.
2051:.
2004:.
1977:.
1936:.
1909:.
1903::
1876:.
1849:.
1835::
1808:.
1796::
1755:.
1728:.
1698:.
1655:.
1633:.
1621::
1594:.
1572::
1491:.
1460:.
1431:.
1407::
1399::
1369:.
1344:.
1319:.
1297:.
956:"
472:)
440:)
420:)
408:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
