746:"First, the state of the country, where a person is born and bred; in which I include the common manners of the inhabitants, their constitution civil and religious, with its causes and consequences: Their manners are seen in the ordinary way of living, as it happens to be polite or barbarous, luxurious or simple. Next, the manners of the times, or the prevalent humors and professions in vogue: These two are public, and have a common effect on the whole generation. Of a more confined nature is, first, private education; and after that, the particular way of life we choose and pursue, with our fortunes in it. From these accidents, My Lord, men in every country may be justly said to draw their character, and derive their manners. They make us what we are, in so far as they reach our sentiments, and give us a peculiar turn and appearance: A change in any one of them makes an alteration upon us; and taken together, we must consider them as the molds that form us into those habits and dispositions, which sway our conduct and distinguish our actions."—Blackwell (1735).
339:
926:"In the division, commonly made of climates, the rough and cold are observed to produce the strongest bodies, and most martial spirits; the hotter, lazy bodies with cunning and obstinate passions; but the temperate regions, lying under the benign influences of a genial sky, have the best chance for a fine perception, and a proportioned eloquence. Good sense is indeed said to be a product of every country, and I believe it is; but the richest growths, and fairest shoots of it, spring, like other plants, from the happiest exposition and most friendly soil."—Blackwell (1735), p. 5.
910:"It's essential at the outset to understand the meaning of climate in the eighteenth century. It does not have its meteorological denotation; instead, Johnson defines it as 'A space upon the surface of the Earth, measured from the Equator to the polar circles in each of which spaces the longest day is half-an-hour longer' (Dictionary, 10th E. ). Cf. the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica: climate is "a space upon the terrestrial globe."—Berry, Christopher J. (1974). "'Climate' in the Eighteenth Century: James Dunbar and the Scottish Case,"
615:"As in learning and knowledge he was exquisite and equal to any, so in the address of a teacher he was perhaps superior to all. No man ever possessed, in a more eminent degree the talent of inspiring young minds with a love of learning; of begetting among them a generous emulation; and of forming them to a taste and perception of what was elegant and beautiful in the admired productions of antiquity." – Gerard, Alexander (1807). "A Character of Dr. Thomas Blackwell." In:
1156:
353:(3 vols., 1753–63), Blackwell approached his subject as a practitioner of intellectual history, calling it 'This difficult Science of Men'. (p. 5) He showed how individuals were defined by society, and went on to trace the causes of Rome's developing from an obscure hamlet into a great imperial power. Rome's ethos had originally been austere and military and its original institutions democratic ones.
832:"The Gods of the Ancients, you see, appear in a double Light; as the Parts and Powers of Nature to the Philosophers, as real Persons to the Vulgar; the former understood and admired them with a decent Veneration; the latter dreaded and adored them with a blind Devotion," and he added, "Has not the same thing happened in modern religious Matters?" (8th Letter, p. 62f).
303:; and finally by modern rationalists who saw the system as ultimately irrational and meaningless. Blackwell took a radically different view. He saw mythology as a deeply civilising influence, which, if its allegorical intention were interpreted sympathetically, was an important key to the world-view of classical antiquity.
400:
And what is more surprising, he did it before
Montesquieu had put into circulation his theory on the influence of climate upon the laws and, therefore, upon all human social relations... This work follows the same mental scheme used by Taine, except for the naturalistic technique. Blackwell does not
294:
were first published in 1748 there were nineteen letters in all, the first six by an anonymous hand. Blackwell was responsible for letters seven to nineteen. Their content was as bold and original as the book on Homer had been. Classical mythology had been discussed throughout the
Christian era from
356:
But insufficient separation of powers meant that if the republican impulse faltered there was little to prevent a slide into tyranny. A balanced constitution was therefore essential to enduring political success, a lesson reinforced by his comparative studies of later great powers including France,
306:
Ordinary people may have accepted the stories of the gods at face value, but the intelligentsia had regarded 'the old
Divinity' as conveying profound insights into the nature of reality but doing so in symbolic terms, and these Blackwell set himself to interpret, beginning in earnest with his Ninth
265:
Civilisation brought advances in material terms but also artificiality and corruption and a loss of the heroic vision of earlier periods. Homer bridged the transition between modernity and the old heroic ethos, and as a plebeian was heir to a rich popular culture which gave realism and vividness to
257:
Blackwell considered why Homer was supreme as an epic poet and concluded that this was owing almost entirely to natural forces. Homer was the outcome of a specific society and natural environment, which combined to shape the inherited culture and produce a setting highly favourable to epic poetry.
421:
Blackwell's work enjoyed a high contemporary reputation, and for nearly half a century he was regarded as the foremost
Homeric scholar in Europe. But his Scottish Whig politics attracted bitterly hostile criticism from conservatively minded English critics like
167:, graduating M.A. in 1718. He was presented to the chair of Greek at Marischal in 1723, becoming the college's principal on 7 October 1748. Blackwell was a well regarded professor and taught a number of important Enlightenment figures including Principal
326:
monotheism into polytheism as the stars began to be worshiped as lesser deities. Throughout this wide-ranging study
Blackwell insisted that the past was not a foreign country but perfectly coherent and intelligible when viewed in its own terms.
779:
was one of the most influential works of eighteenth-century classical philology, an inspiration not only to
British scholars but to intellectuals in other countries, principally Germany, as well."—Bauman, Richard & Charles L. Briggs (2003).
705:. It made a considerable impression both at home and abroad, because it hit the mind of the age by tracing Homer's excellence to the happy concurrence of natural conditions."—Jebb, Richard Claverhouse (1904). "The Homeric Question." In:
948:"Taine's indebtedness to Herder has not yet fully been recognized. Every element of Taine's theory is containd in Herder's writings."—Koller, Armin H. (1912). "Johann Gottfried Herder and Hippolyte Taine: Their Theories of Milieu,"
392:'s ideas concerning the contextual study of works of art. "There was,... in the last century, a Scottish critic who innovatively applied to Homer the same processes of the master of modern criticism,"
198:
In May 1751, he married
Barbara Black, third daughter of James Black, Dean of Guild of Aberdeen, and his wife Agnes Fordyce, daughter of Provost George Fordyce. They had no children but they educated
357:
Venice and the
Spanish Empire. Politics and empire formed only a part of this wide-ranging study. The ability of power to mould behaviour patterns fascinated Blackwell, and his study of
307:
Letter, of mythology as "Instruction conveyed in a Tale". He drew on a wide range of evidence from a variety of sources including not only the literary myths in Greek and Latin and the
258:
Blackwell's idea that, instead of being innate as hitherto supposed, culture was learned and continually changing, was to become one of the basic assumptions of modern
899:
De l'Esprit des Loix ou du
Rapport que les Loix Doivent Avoir avec la Constitution de Chaque Gouvernement, les Moeurs, le Climat, la Religion, le Commerce
1210:
1205:
311:, but French, Spanish, Italian, Hebrew and Arabic texts, attempting to isolate the surviving original mythic strain from layers of later accretions.
1200:
401:
speak of mesology; but, as the book goes on, we see that none of the factors identified by the French critic escaped his observation and analysis.
1215:
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his verses. Blackwell argued that Homer had been an oral poet whose songs had been edited into developed epic form long after his death.
1141:
314:
Blackwell compared the early Jewish world view with contemporary Near
Eastern cosmographies, analysing the account of creation in the
1190:
875:, Ano I, No. 3, September 1897, pp. 73–76; the conclusion, in the following issue of the magazine, No. 4, 31 October 1897, pp. 94–98.
435:
299:
critics who saw it as a fanciful form of history; next by Christian commentators who treated the classical gods as thinly-disguised
132:
the younger (4 August 1701 – 6 March 1757) was a classical scholar, historian and "one of the major figures in the
1029:
157:
977:
Sternhell, Zeev (2004). "Fascism: Reflections on the Fate of Ideas in Twentieth-Century History." In: Michael Freeden, Ed.,
1185:
365:
demonstrated the responsiveness of the arts to their political context and explored how they might influence it in turn.
662:
Parts of this book were translated into German by J.J. Bodmer in 1743, and into French by Quatremère de Roissy in 1801:
1115:
280:
called a "key" to Homer) and he his credited as having revived the study of Greek literature in the North of Scotland.
405:
Blackwell's theory of the formative effects of climate on our character and culture greatly impressed and influenced
466:
The Dangers of the Rebellion, and our Happy Deliverance, Considered, and a Suitable Consequent Behaviour Recommended
1121:
706:
1220:
1038:
1065:
188:
145:
493:
888:, Vol. III, 1895–1900. Rio de Janeiro: Ministério da Educação e Cultura/Casa de Rui Barbosa, pp. 249–256.
1054:
Coltharp, Duane (1995). "History and the Primitive: Homer, Blackwell, and the Scottish Enlightenment,"
445:
369:
168:
1016:"Inexplicably, historians have often made short shrift of Blackwell."—Norton (1991), p. 60 (footnote).
1175:
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Wykes, David L. (2011). "The Revd John Aikin senior Kibworth School and Warrington Academy." In:
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133:
84:
545:
1075:
Guérard, Albert Léon (1935). "The Background of Literature: Race, Environment and Time." In:
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207:
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1225:
1089:
Reill, Peter Hanns (1975). "Structure of Development and Appreciation of the Unique." In:
8:
1037:
619:, by Alexander Fraser Tytler, Vol. I, Appendix No. VII. Edinburgh: William Creech, p. 49.
530:
440:
149:
735:
Literary Historicity: Literature and Historical Experience in Eighteenth-century Britain
546:"Patrons – Seven Incorporated Trades of Aberdeen | Craftsmen in Aberdeen, Scotland"
808:
Homer's Original Genius: Eighteenth-century Notions of the Early Greek Epic (1688–1798)
163:
He attended the Grammar School of his native place and studied Greek and philosophy at
759:
Grobman, Neil R. (1979). "Thomas Blackwell's Commentary on The Oral Nature of Epic",
199:
164:
153:
117:
102:
Thomas Blackwell (father), Christian Johnston (mother), Alexander Blackwell (brother)
80:
688:
Translated into French in 1757 by Feutry and again in 1799 by Quatremère de Roissy:
393:
385:
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172:
806:
Simonsuuri, Kirsti (1979). "Thomas Blackwell: The Problem of Homer's Genius." In:
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Biographia Literaria, Or, Biographical Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions
423:
273:
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Homer in English Criticism: The Historical Approach in the Eighteenth Century
701:"In 1735 Thomas Blackwell, Professor of Greek at Aberdeen, had published his
319:
192:
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Origins and the Enlightenment: Aesthetic Epistemology from Descartes to Kant
384:
In a set of articles, published in 1897 by distinguished Brazilian scholar
308:
296:
1082:
Macmillan, Duncan (2004). "French Art and the Scottish Enlightenment," in
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Human Sciences: Reappraising the Humanities Through History and Philosophy
1108:
The Aberdeen Enlightenment: The Arts Curriculum in the Eighteenth Century
239:(3 vols., 1753–63), established him as one of the premier figures in the
1134:
1047:
782:
Voices of Modernity: Language Ideologies and the Politics of Inequality
156:
and his wife Christian Johnston (d.1749). His father was Patron of the
1145:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 27.
617:
Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Honourable Henry Home of Kames
604:
Orthodoxy and Enlightenment: George Campbell in the Eighteenth Century
1096:
Whitney, Lois (1926). "Thomas Blackwell, a Disciple of Shaftesbury,"
1046:. Vol. 1. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. pp. 244–46 – via
529:
Fordyce, Alexander Dingwall (1885). "Blackwell (Thomas, LL.D.)." In:
228:
203:
59:
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Studies in the History and Development of the University of Aberdeen
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41:
323:
202:, her brother. Thomas Blackwell died of a consumptive illness in
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184:
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Family Record of the Name of Dingwall Fordyce in Aberdeenshire
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He was born on 4 August 1701 in the city of Aberdeen, son of
498:
Archæologia, or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity
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Reassessing Political Ideologies: The Durability of Dissent
628:
Feldman, Burton (1972). "Thomas Blackwell, 1701–1757." In:
518:
Religious Dissent and the Aikin-Barbauld Circle, 1740–1860
589:
He became LL.D. in 1752. – See "Blackwell (Thomas)." In:
473:
Proofs of the Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer
318:
along with ancient Phoenician texts transmitted through
272:
had a high reputation with Blackwell's contemporaries (
426:, and his achievement was long cast into the shadow.
1091:
The German Enlightenment and the Rise of Historicism
884:
Araripe JĂşnior (1963). "Um Precursor de Taine." In:
1093:. University of California Press, pp. 190–212.
1072:. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 26–40.
708:
Homer: An Introduction to the Iliad and the Odyssey
388:, Blackwell was credited with being a precursor of
295:a variety of unsympathetic standpoints: firstly by
937:Herder's Aesthetics and the European Enlightenment
379:
1167:
711:. Boston: Ginn & Company, p. 116 (footnote).
413:drew heavily on the German philosopher's ideas.
283:
1086:. Bucknell University Press, pp. 128–160.
871:The first article was originally published in
748:An Enquiry Into the Life and Writings of Homer
459:An Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer
1044:A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen
860:The Critical Review: Or, Annals of Literature
862:, Vol. 15, W. Simpkin and R. Marshall, 1763.
797:, Vol. 7, Princeton University Press, p. 40.
372:continued and completed the third volume of
206:on 6 March 1757. His remains were buried in
1125:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1079:. Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Company.
703:Inquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer
1211:People educated at Aberdeen Grammar School
220:An Enquiry into the Life and Writings of
1206:Principals of the University of Aberdeen
1129:
1084:Scotland and France in the Enlightenment
912:Texas Studies in Literature and Language
337:
1201:Academics of the University of Aberdeen
649:
647:
630:The Rise of Modern Mythology, 1680–1860
535:. Toronto: C. Blackett Robinson, p. 21.
1168:
1028:
1007:. University of Georgia Press, p. 173.
724:. Cornell University Press, pp. 39–40.
1116:"Blackwell, Thomas (1701-1757)"
994:. University of Chicago Press, p. 90.
810:. Cambridge University Press, p. 101.
591:A New General Biographical Dictionary
158:Seven Incorporated Trades of Aberdeen
1216:People of the Scottish Enlightenment
1196:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
823:. Aberdeen University Press, p. 207.
784:. Cambridge University Press, p. 90.
737:. Stanford University Press, p. 139.
644:
593:, Vol. 4. B. Fellowes, 1853, p. 272.
520:. Cambridge University Press, p. 31.
632:. Indiana University Press, p. 102.
152:in Aberdeen and later Principal of
13:
1157:Works by or about Thomas Blackwell
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939:. Cornell University Press, p. 60.
276:praised as "an effort of genius";
14:
1242:
1150:
1064:Foerster, Donald Madison (1947).
793:Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1984).
386:TristĂŁo de Alencar Araripe JĂşnior
343:Memoirs of the Court of Augustus,
1191:18th-century Scottish historians
1122:Dictionary of National Biography
675:Translated into French in 1779:
487:Memoirs of the Court of Augustus
409:, and it's well known today how
374:Memoirs of the Court of Augustus
351:Memoirs of the Court of Augustus
332:Memoirs of the Court of Augustus
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606:. McGill-Queen's Press, p. 153.
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380:Comparison with Hippolyte Taine
376:, which was published in 1763.
322:to trace the transformation of
1005:The Politics of Samuel Johnson
935:Norton, Robert Edward (1991).
886:Obra CrĂtica de Araripe JĂşnior
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148:(1660–1728), ministers of the
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819:Anderson, Peter John (1906).
690:MĂ©moires de la Cour d'Auguste
602:Suderman, Jeffrey M. (2001).
504:
218:Blackwell's works, including
1110:. Aberdeen University Press.
480:Letters Concerning Mythology
292:Letters Concerning Mythology
285:Letters Concerning Mythology
7:
1186:Scottish classical scholars
550:seventradesofaberdeen.co.uk
429:
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750:. London: E. Dilly, p. 11.
446:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
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1136:"Blackwell, Thomas"
1039:"Blackwell, Thomas"
720:Labio, Catherine (2004).
677:Lettres sur la Mythologie
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981:. Routledge, pp. 92–115.
368:After Blackwell's death
234:Memoirs of the Court of
1142:Encyclopædia Britannica
1056:Eighteenth-Century Life
1003:Greene, Donald (2009).
407:Johann Gottfried Herder
146:Rev Dr Thomas Blackwell
139:
1106:Wood, Paul B. (1993).
1098:Philological Quarterly
1077:Literature and Society
1034:Thomson, Thomas Napier
653:Fordyce (1885), p. 23.
641:Fordyce (1885), p. 20.
580:Fordyce (1885), p. 21.
500:, Vol. I, p. 333.
403:
346:
241:Scottish Enlightenment
134:Scottish Enlightenment
85:University of Aberdeen
1221:Writers from Aberdeen
968:. SUNY Press, p. 157.
964:Hoyrup, Jens (2000).
664:Recherches sur Homère
398:
341:
260:cultural anthropology
208:Greyfriars Churchyard
990:Evans, Brad (2005).
897:Montesquieu (1748).
841:Ninth Letter, p. 60.
1103:, pp. 196f211.
1066:"Thomas Blackwell."
733:Mack, Ruth (2009).
441:Jean-Baptiste Dubos
227:Letters Concerning
171:, Robert Chambers,
160:from 1714 to 1728.
150:Kirk of St Nicholas
571:From 1748 to 1757.
562:From 1723 to 1757.
347:
873:Revista do Brasil
766:(3), pp. 186–198.
494:Letter to J. Ames
485:(1753–55, 1763).
200:Alexander Fordyce
165:Marischal College
154:Marischal College
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108:Scientific career
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114:Institutions
107:
54:(1757-03-06)
52:6 March 1757
15:
1231:1757 deaths
1226:1701 births
955:, p. xxxix.
436:Montesquieu
214:Major works
67:Nationality
1170:Categories
1048:Wikisource
505:References
370:John Mills
34:1701-08-04
334:(1753–63)
229:Mythology
204:Edinburgh
99:Relatives
60:Edinburgh
1036:(1857).
492:(1770).
478:(1748).
471:(1747).
464:(1746).
457:(1735).
430:See also
324:Chaldean
236:Augustus
225:(1735),
71:Scottish
42:Aberdeen
1159:at the
777:Enquiry
396:wrote:
290:As the
270:Enquiry
255:Enquiry
253:In the
248:Enquiry
417:Legacy
363:Horace
359:Virgil
301:demons
278:Herder
274:Gibbon
185:Ossian
175:, and
91:Spouse
411:Taine
390:Taine
222:Homer
1068:In:
950:PMLA
361:and
191:and
140:Life
49:Died
28:Born
349:In
136:."
1172::
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953:27
915:16
764:38
646:^
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187:,
83:,
1101:5
1050:.
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36:)
32:(
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