503:, and a car was sent round to collect the files later that evening. Other sources state that it was only on the next day, 15 January 1959, that the journalist sent the papers with the signature of the concentration camp commander over to the prosecutor's office. They arrived with a brief (seventeen line) cover letter from Thomas Gnielka. Bauer immediately allocated two staff in his office to the case. The named perpetrators of the shootings had managed to leave their Nazi pasts behind them, but they were now sought out and, over time, arrested. In the end the prosecutor managed to find some 1,500 witnesses. There followed nearly five years of meticulous preparation. But when the
600:. Maria was not at home, but her sister was. Gnielka found the answers provided by Baer's sister-in-law "cautious", and her overblown praise for the human qualities of her sister's "exemplary husband" unpersuasive. Gnielka returned home and produced a report which was published in a German illustrated magazine: in his article, he aired his suspicion that Richard Baer was at liberty, leading the "life of a respectable citizen under a false name" (
438:
and had come to invoke
Gnielka's support in his attempts to progress his own compensation claim. When Wulkan left the office, on top of the little sideboard that might normally have accommodated a drink or a small portion of cheese, there was instead the bundle of papers, still tied around with the
429:, had been blown into the street by the fire storm that engulfed the buildings on 8 May 1945. Wulkan stated that there had been more papers, but when they had gone back to retrieve these, they found the papers they were looking for had been destroyed by fire.
491:. Finding evidence that would stand up in court was a major challenge for Bauer, however. On the evening of 14 January 1959, after working through the files he had received from Emil Wulkan, Thomas Gnielka arrived home looking "really green faced" (
768:Über Auschwitz weiß man längst alles? Nein. Jetzt kann man lesen, wie Berliner Gymnasiasten im Januar 1945 dort Dienst schoben: Durch das Romanfragment des jungen Thomas Gnielka, der später als Journalist die Auschwitz-Prozesse in Gang brachte
155:
to become more widely known. He never forgot those experiences, and as an investigative reporter for a regional newspaper reporter in the 1950s and early 1960s he played a pivotal role in ensuring that these more nightmarish aspects of
932:
Mit 15 Jahren war Thomas
Gniellka Flakhelfer in Auschwitz. In seinem Romanfragment "Geschichte einer Klasse" erzählt der früh verstorbene Journalist von deutschen Kindersoldaten – und liefert das Buch zum Film "Das Labyrinth des
604:). The article's impact was no doubt enhanced by the large portrait of Richard Baer at its head. Immediately after its appearance, Richard Baer was recognised by a co-worker on the family estate and former retirement home of
288:
quarter of Munich, generally seen as one of the city's "entertainment hubs": as often as not they would perform together in exchange for no more than a hot dinner. They were married towards the end of 1949, settling in
442:
When he looked at the files left behind by Emil Wulkan, Gnielka found that they dated from 1942. They included a numbered listing compiled with characteristic care and precision which showed the names of
389:. According to Gnielka's report, approximately 50,000 compensation claims were sitting unprocessed in a large heap. Applicants were being treated with a marked absence of courtesy, and old Nazi-era
483:
who was by this time already active in the post–war efforts to obtain justice and compensation for victims of the Nazi regime, and was already investigating suspected war crimes committed at the
573:, and in some cases exercising influence as members of associations, political parties or employees with government authorities or agencies. Increasingly this meant operating not so much as a
1371:
Im
Wirtschaftswunder-Deutschland schien es, als wäre das "Tausendjährige Reich" seit tausend Jahren vorbei. Erst der Auschwitz-Prozess führte vielen Deutschen die NS-Verbrechen klar vor Augen
608:
where he was employed as a "forestry concierge", using the name "Neumann". Baer was arrested shortly afterwards, and died a few months later while still being held in pre-trial detention.
986:
636:). The report continued, "Nothing made him more angry than the attempts of the old die-hard to keep on cleaning up the old rag dolls and put them back in the shop window" (
1477:
1286:. Mémoires de Guerre: Mémoires de Guerre... Le site d'un Passionné d'Histoire avec un grand et créateur de la plus grande revue de presse du web...du moins c'est le but
329:
had been attending since 1949.) At his first meeting he read from his "novel", which sixty-two years later would be published with the title "Geschichte einer Klasse" (
1034:
Im
Auschwitz-Prozess, der vor 50 Jahren im Frankfurter Römer begann, stellte sich die Republik den unfassbaren Verbrechen der NS-Diktatur. Der Weg dorthin fiel schwer
241:
on 27 January 1945. Half an hour before they arrived the German child soldiers escaped and fled towards the west. A few survived. Gnielka was one of the survivors.
207:
74:
1345:
Erst 18 Jahre nach
Kriegsende begann in Frankfurt am Main der Prozess gegen die Täter von Auschwitz. Zu verdanken war dies dem hartnäckigen Juristen Fritz Bauer
554:
254:
417:. Wulkan arrived with a little bundle of files neatly tied up with red ribbon, which had been rescued by Wulkan or a friend from outside what remained of the
620:
opened on 20 December 1963. By this time Thomas
Gnielka was less in the public eye, increasingly content to work from home in the old village mill-house in
507:
opened in 1963 it was widely acknowledged that the entire investigation had been made possible by the handing over of those vital files by Thomas
Gnielka.
698:
593:
between May 1944 and the establishment's hasty dissolution and abandonment (by the
Germans) in January 1945. After the war he seemed to have disappeared.
1454:
521:
editorial team till
September 1960. After that he was able to become a freelance journalist, although many of his contributions continued to be for the
527:
927:
823:
406:
280:
where in 1948 he met and teamed up with the cabaret artiste (subsequently better known for her work as an author and television journalist)
1548:
1503:
638:"Nichts konnte ihn mehr erbittern, als die Versuche der Ewiggestrigen, die alte Lumpenpuppe frisch aufgeputzt ins Schaufenster zu stellen."
624:
from where he witnessed the trial, like most people, through the prism of press reports by others. Thomas
Gnielka had been diagnosed with
671:. With regard to childcare responsibilities, she was able to team up with her own mother, who had been widowed just six months earlier.
381:(Social Security Office). Gnielka, in his article, had expressed concern that office employees were processing compensation claims from
444:
402:
1260:(Interview). Interviewed by Werner Renz; Monika Hölscher. Aktives Museum Spiegelgasse für Deutsch-Jüdische Geschichte in Wiesbaden e.V
293:. Between 1950 and 1962 the marriage produced five recorded children. During (or shortly before) the early 1960s they relocated from
1553:
432:
Thirteen years later, still in possession of those papers, Wulkan had read Gnielka's article about the situation in the Wiesbaden
1573:
1407:
1210:
1114:
1002:
229:
plant there: duties included supervising the emaciated concentration camp inmates who were sent out each day to be used for
1306:"1. Frankfurter Der Auschwitz-Prozess: Tonbandmitschnitte, Protokolle, Dokumente. 2., durchgesehene und verbesserte Auflage"
233:. One of the tasks the boys were required to supervise involved the construction of a protective wall around the plant. The
425:("Police court 15"), in the rubble that had been the AgnesstraĂźe. The files, a somewhat grisly souvenir of the destructive
1070:
763:
368:
At the beginning of 1959 Gnielka received an unexpected reaction to an article he had produced the previous year for the
628:
earlier that year, and by the time the trial ended, on 19 August 1965, he was dead. His death had been reported in the
1568:
1538:
1305:
895:
954:
385:, if at all, only with great reluctance: some of the clerical employees were prepared to identify themselves as
361:(regional newspaper). With effect from 11 February 1957 he switched, becoming the Wiesbaden local editor for the
1543:
569:
continuity", identifying former Nazis who were now hiding in plain view as "respectable citizens" in post–war
735:
276:). It was advice which Thomas Gnielka would follow throughout his career as a journalist. Later he moved to
590:
484:
464:
410:
342:
238:
140:
1166:
1254:
680:
617:
504:
212:
174:
79:
1578:
559:
284:. He set her lyrics to music and accompanied her on the piano when she appeared on the stages in the
1429:
1340:
1239:
1136:
333:). The "dismally authentic" text concerns a group of school classmates sent from Berlin to serve as
1449:
1366:
1171:
Auschwitz-Prozess Zwei Zufälle trugen entscheidend dazu bei, das Mammutverfahren in Gang zu bringen
578:
365:, a regional newspaper launched twelve years earlier which had already acquired a national reach.
1313:
544:
455:
involved in the shootings. The document was stated to have been completed by the camp commander (
259:
1029:
855:
185:
some months before August 1965 when the court delivered its verdicts on the twenty defendants.
152:
1478:"Review: In 'Labyrinth of Lies,' the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials Break a Conspiracy of Silence"
1397:
1283:
1200:
1104:
629:
517:
369:
362:
703:
1563:
1558:
1508:
Ein Film wagt sich an die Geschichte des Auschwitz-Prozesses: "Im Labyrinth des Schweigens"
1100:
574:
264:, based in the Berlin quarter where he had grown up. Through the internship he came across
413:
had been (formally) liberated on 27 January 1945. In May 1945 Wulkan had found himself in
8:
1444:
668:
318:
265:
1417:
1227:
1124:
1066:
694:
358:
585:, who served, in Gnielka's words, "as the last and cruellest of the camp commanders" (
272:
young writers' group. Richter's advice was simple: "Schreib dir alles von der Seele" (
1403:
1206:
1174:
1110:
998:
684:
660:
605:
382:
178:
532:
426:
346:
203:
199:
160:
could not simply be forgotten. A file of papers passed on by Thomas Gnielka to the
132:
649:
641:
621:
467:
around an old army barracks, and served between 1940 and 1943 as camp commander.
298:
59:
827:
656:
496:
326:
285:
281:
218:
109:
41:
955:"Buchvorstellung: Als Kindersoldat in Auschwitz – Die Geschichte einer Klasse"
460:
1532:
1445:"Forty years since the Frankfurt Auschwitz trial, Part one—a belated inquiry"
1255:"Thomas Gnielka: als Kindersoldat in Auschwitz – Die Geschichte einer Klasse"
1178:
452:
418:
230:
222:
1317:
1025:
582:
570:
488:
390:
157:
121:
89:
63:
1374:
863:
625:
500:
480:
182:
170:
664:
602:"...irgendwo unter einem falschen Namen das Leben eines Biedermanns..."
566:
499:. Ingeborg Euler recalled that Thomas Gnielka made a telephone call to
386:
336:
250:
198:
Thomas Gnielka was born and grew up in Berlin. Towards the end of the
414:
539:
373:
317:
In May 1952 Gnielka was invited to join the twice yearly meetings of
306:
226:
136:
1511:
1037:
771:
322:
269:
234:
148:
1078:
Allgemeiner Anzeiger fĂĽr Rangsdorf, GroĂź Machnow und Klein Kienitz
632:
of 8 January 1965 under the headline "Rebell gegen die Trägheit" (
1482:
Labyrinth of Lies: Directed by Giulio Ricciarelli: Drama, History
645:
597:
510:
302:
294:
85:
794:
143:
during the second part of 1944, Gnielka became aware of various
549:
290:
277:
128:
37:
683:
was disclosed to a new generation in 2014 in the drama movie
476:
161:
144:
1109:. Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co KG. pp. 369, 373.
1173:. der Freitag Mediengesellschaft mbh & Co. KG, Berlin.
1071:"Eine vielseitige KĂĽnstlerin aus Rangsdorf: Ingeborg Euler"
795:"Why We Should Still Care About Prosecuting Nazi Criminals"
988:
Als Kindersoldat in Auschwitz. Die Geschichte einer Klasse
596:
He located and visited the home of Baer's wife, Maria, in
1080:. Heimatblatt Brandenburg Verlag, Berlin. pp. 14–15
1495:
1399:
Die antisemitische Schmierwelle: Bewaeltigung 1960–1967
980:
978:
976:
127:
Aged 15, he was one of a group of senior boys from his
1469:
824:"Buch ĂĽber Schicksal einer Klasse des Kant-Gymnasiums"
447:
who had allegedly been "shot while trying to escape" (
393:
songs could sometimes be heard from the back offices.
1501:
761:
493:
er ist "ziemlich grĂĽn im Gesicht nach Hause gekommen"
973:
401:
On 14 January 1959 Gnielka received a visit from an
147:
atrocities several months before the arrival of the
1455:
International Committee of the Fourth International
1277:
1275:
663:where she now plunged into a full-time career as a
396:
357:In 1956 he took a job as a local reporter with the
1246:
451:). Also identified by name were the "successful"
1358:
565:. As a political correspondent he specialised in
1530:
1338:
1272:
1205:. Schwabe Verlag Berlin GmbH. pp. 161–164.
581:. A particularly high-profile case in point was
453:National Socialist paramilitaries ("SS members")
415:Breslau (as Wrocław was still known at the time)
297:to the "Dillenberger MĂĽhle" (old mill house) at
1098:
1065:
893:
850:
848:
846:
844:
733:
542:trades union, for the illustrated newsmagazine
511:Political journalist: investigative journalist
1475:
1364:
1198:
1092:
984:
587:"der letzte, grausamste Kommandant des Lagers"
1442:
1395:
1332:
736:"Auf dem BĂĽfett lagen die ErschieĂźungslisten"
1281:
1164:
1024:
992:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
841:
821:
792:
729:
727:
725:
723:
688:
433:
376:
334:
164:
1436:
1252:
1192:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
947:
757:
755:
753:
697:. The part of Thomas Gnielka was played by
538:, the newspaper of West Germany's powerful
457:"Kommandatur Konzentrationslager Auschwitz"
935:. SĂĽddeutsche Zeitung, MĂĽnchen. p. 14
925:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
866:(online). 18 December 1963. pp. 46–55
817:
815:
762:Elisabeth von Thadden (12 February 2015).
459:), and it was indeed personally signed by
268:who had recently launched his influential
244:
139:. Given a number guard assignments at the
1502:Elisabeth von Thadden (6 November 2014).
1389:
878:
720:
463:who had overseen the construction of the
274:loosely "write everything from your soul"
249:After the war Gnielka volunteered for an
1143:
1052:
1018:
750:
648:was delivered by his friend, the writer
611:
1298:
910:
812:
786:
655:Left with five children to look after,
345:complex during the closing part of the
151:in January 1945 opened the way for the
131:secondary school to be conscripted for
1531:
1402:. Wallstein Verlag. pp. 166–186.
961:. Senatskanzlei Berlin. 9 January 2015
475:The state prosecutor for the state of
312:
1476:Stephen Holden (29 September 2015).
1030:"Gerichtstag halten ĂĽber uns selbst"
135:. The boys were sent to a base near
1549:German reporters and correspondents
896:"Eine Frankfurter Heldengeschichte"
225:. Their mission was to defend the
181:, although Gnielka himself died of
13:
1199:Wiebke Lundius (18 October 2017).
204:"Luftwaffenhelfer" (child soldier)
14:
1590:
1339:Matthias Bartsch (26 July 2016).
1167:"Ein BĂĽndel Akten mit rotem Band"
734:Claudia Michels (27 March 2004).
515:Gnielka remained a member of the
301:, a village in the hills between
208:Kant-Gymnasium (secondary school)
202:he was conscripted to serve as a
75:Kant-Gymnasium (secondary school)
1365:Georg Boenisch (31 March 2009).
1282:Roger Cousin (16 January 2016).
1106:"Mutter Berlin" und ihre Töchter
822:Michael Uhde (15 January 2015).
793:Devin Pendas (16 October 2015).
397:Visit from an Auschwitz survivor
193:
1554:20th-century German journalists
1504:"Leidenschaft fĂĽr die Wahrheit"
1443:Sybille Fuchs (27 April 2004).
1341:"Der Mann, der die Nazis jagte"
1202:Luise Rinser und Ingeborg Euler
894:Claudia Michels (6 June 2014).
206:. With fellow pupils from the
1396:Philipp Kratz (4 March 2019).
926:Insa Wilke (2 December 2014).
525:. He also wrote regularly for
479:at this time was a man called
470:
1:
1574:Deaths from cancer in Germany
764:"Es dreht ihnen den Magen um"
714:
659:now moved with the family to
898:. Frankfurter Rundschau GmbH
738:. Frankfurter Rundschau GmbH
485:Auschwitz concentration camp
352:
343:Auschwitz concentration camp
120:(1928 – January 1965) was a
7:
1377:(Spiegel Geschichte 2/2009)
690:Im Labyrinth des Schweigens
681:Auschwitz Trials of 1963–65
449:"auf der Flucht erschossen"
383:surviving holocaust victims
221:he was sent in 1944 to the
175:Auschwitz Trials of 1963–65
10:
1595:
994:Europäische Verlagsanstalt
693:) written and directed by
505:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
465:concentration camp complex
239:concentration camp complex
1367:"Die Gesichter des Bösen"
928:"Krieg statt Kinderstube"
105:
95:
70:
48:
30:
23:
1450:World Socialist Web Site
1099:Monika Melchert (1996).
579:investigative journalist
372:on the situation in the
331:"The story of a class "
237:arrived to liberate the
1569:Deaths from skin cancer
1539:Journalists from Berlin
985:Thomas Gnielka (2014).
674:
634:"Rebel against inertia"
245:Journalism and marriage
188:
993:
689:
434:
411:The concentration camp
377:
335:
165:
1544:People from Wiesbaden
1314:Fritz Bauer Institute
665:television journalist
640:). At his funeral in
630:Frankfurter Rundschau
612:Death and celebration
552:-based news magazine
523:Frankfurter Rundschau
518:Frankfurter Rundschau
421:and, adjacent to it,
370:Frankfurter Rundschau
363:Frankfurter Rundschau
1028:(21 November 2013).
575:political journalist
423:"Polizeigerichts XV"
341:directly beside the
255:Spandauer Volksblatt
1310:Faksimile, Blatt 73
679:The history of the
669:Hessischer Rundfunk
606:Chancellor Bismarck
567:"National Socialist
445:Auschwitz detainees
319:Hans Werner Richter
266:Hans Werner Richter
253:with the newspaper
166:Generalstaatsanwalt
101:journalist/reporter
1165:RĂĽdiger Grothues.
695:Giulio Ricciarelli
403:Auschwitz survivor
359:Wiesbadener Kurier
325:writers' circle. (
313:Traumatic memories
141:concentration camp
1409:978-3-8353-4214-9
1253:Kerstin Gnielka.
1212:978-3-7574-0001-9
1116:978-3-503-03736-0
1101:Ursula Heukenkamp
1069:(9 August 2007).
1004:978-3-86393-058-5
860:Auschwitz-Prozess
685:Labyrinth of Lies
577:, but more as an
115:
114:
56:(aged 36–37)
16:German journalist
1586:
1579:Luftwaffenhelfer
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1316:. Archived from
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1284:"Gnielka Thomas"
1279:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1162:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1075:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
996:
982:
971:
970:
968:
966:
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
923:
908:
907:
905:
903:
891:
876:
875:
873:
871:
852:
839:
838:
836:
834:
819:
810:
809:
807:
805:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
759:
748:
747:
745:
743:
731:
707:
692:
618:Auschwitz Trials
563:
536:
501:Prosecutor Bauer
495:), according to
437:
427:siege of Breslau
419:main SS building
380:
347:Second World War
340:
263:
223:Auschwitz region
216:
200:Second World War
168:
83:
55:
21:
20:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1320:on 22 July 2019
1304:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1163:
1144:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1067:Gisela Hoffmann
1064:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1005:
983:
974:
964:
962:
953:
952:
948:
938:
936:
924:
911:
901:
899:
892:
879:
869:
867:
856:"Auf der Rampe"
854:
853:
842:
832:
830:
820:
813:
803:
801:
791:
787:
777:
775:
760:
751:
741:
739:
732:
721:
717:
711:
701:
699:André Szymanski
677:
614:
557:
530:
513:
473:
399:
355:
315:
257:
247:
210:
196:
191:
153:Nazi atrocities
100:
77:
71:Alma mater
66:
57:
53:
44:
35:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1592:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1526:
1525:
1494:
1468:
1435:
1408:
1388:
1357:
1331:
1297:
1271:
1245:
1211:
1191:
1142:
1115:
1091:
1051:
1017:
1003:
972:
946:
909:
877:
840:
828:Berliner Woche
811:
785:
749:
718:
716:
713:
676:
673:
613:
610:
512:
509:
472:
469:
435:Versorgungsamt
398:
395:
378:Versorgungsamt
354:
351:
314:
311:
282:Ingeborg Euler
246:
243:
219:Berlin-Spandau
195:
192:
190:
187:
173:triggered the
118:Thomas Gnielka
113:
112:
110:Ingeborg Euler
107:
103:
102:
99:Child soldier,
97:
93:
92:
86:Berlin-Spandau
72:
68:
67:
58:
50:
46:
45:
36:
32:
28:
27:
25:Thomas Gnielka
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1591:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1229:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1006:
1000:
995:
990:
989:
981:
979:
977:
960:
956:
950:
934:
929:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
897:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
865:
861:
857:
851:
849:
847:
845:
829:
825:
818:
816:
800:
799:We're History
796:
789:
773:
769:
765:
758:
756:
754:
737:
730:
728:
726:
724:
719:
712:
709:
705:
700:
696:
691:
686:
682:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
650:Heinrich Böll
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
609:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
561:
556:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
534:
529:
528:Metallzeitung
524:
520:
519:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
440:
436:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
350:
348:
344:
339:
338:
332:
328:
324:
320:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
261:
256:
252:
242:
240:
236:
232:
231:forced labour
228:
224:
220:
214:
209:
205:
201:
194:Child soldier
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:(prosecutor)
167:
163:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
111:
108:
104:
98:
96:Occupation(s)
94:
91:
87:
81:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
29:
22:
19:
1516:. Retrieved
1507:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1448:
1438:
1398:
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1370:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1309:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1262:. Retrieved
1248:
1216:. Retrieved
1201:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1170:
1105:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1077:
1042:. Retrieved
1033:
1026:Norbert Frei
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
987:
963:. Retrieved
959:Pressearchiv
958:
949:
937:. Retrieved
931:
900:. Retrieved
868:. Retrieved
859:
831:. Retrieved
802:. Retrieved
798:
788:
776:. Retrieved
767:
740:. Retrieved
710:
678:
654:
637:
633:
615:
601:
595:
586:
583:Richard Baer
571:West Germany
553:
548:and for the
543:
526:
522:
516:
514:
492:
489:Hitler years
474:
456:
448:
441:
439:red ribbon.
431:
422:
400:
387:former Nazis
367:
356:
330:
316:
273:
248:
197:
158:Nazi Germany
126:
124:journalist.
117:
116:
64:West Germany
54:(1965-01-00)
52:January 1965
18:
1564:1965 deaths
1559:1928 births
1426:|work=
1375:Der Spiegel
1236:|work=
1133:|work=
997:, Hamburg.
933:Schweigens"
864:Der Spiegel
702: [
626:skin cancer
558: [
531: [
487:during the
481:Fritz Bauer
471:Fritz Bauer
407:Emil Wulkan
391:antisemitic
258: [
235:Soviet army
211: [
183:skin cancer
171:Fritz Bauer
133:war service
122:West German
78: [
1533:Categories
1518:9 December
1487:9 December
1461:9 December
1381:8 December
1350:8 December
1324:8 December
1312:. Berlin:
1290:8 December
1264:8 December
1218:7 December
1184:7 December
1084:7 December
1044:7 December
1010:7 December
965:6 December
939:6 December
902:6 December
870:6 December
833:6 December
804:6 December
778:6 December
742:6 December
715:References
461:Rudolf Höß
337:Flakhelfer
251:Internship
1428:ignored (
1418:cite book
1238:ignored (
1228:cite book
1179:0945-2095
1135:ignored (
1125:cite book
661:Frankfurt
657:his widow
591:Auschwitz
540:IG Metall
374:Wiesbaden
353:Wiesbaden
307:Wiesbaden
227:IG Farben
179:Frankfurt
137:Auschwitz
1514:(online)
1512:Die Zeit
1040:(online)
1038:Die Zeit
774:(online)
772:Die Zeit
555:Weltbild
497:his wife
327:His wife
323:Group 47
270:Group 47
149:Red army
1103:(ed.).
646:oration
598:Hamburg
405:called
303:Koblenz
295:Bavaria
90:Germany
42:Germany
1457:(ICFI)
1406:
1209:
1177:
1113:
1001:
642:Herold
622:Herold
550:Munich
477:Hessen
299:Herold
291:Munich
278:Munich
129:Berlin
106:Spouse
60:Herold
38:Berlin
1258:(PDF)
1074:(PDF)
706:]
667:with
589:) at
562:]
545:Quick
535:]
286:Simpl
262:]
215:]
162:state
145:Shoah
82:]
1520:2019
1489:2019
1463:2019
1430:help
1404:ISBN
1383:2019
1352:2019
1326:2019
1292:2019
1266:2019
1240:help
1220:2019
1207:ISBN
1186:2019
1175:ISSN
1137:help
1111:ISBN
1086:2019
1046:2019
1012:2019
999:ISBN
967:2019
941:2019
904:2019
872:2019
835:2019
806:2019
780:2019
744:2019
675:Film
644:the
616:The
305:and
189:Life
49:Died
34:1928
31:Born
321:'s
217:in
177:in
1535::
1510:.
1506:.
1480:.
1453:.
1447:.
1422::
1420:}}
1416:{{
1373:.
1369:.
1343:.
1308:.
1274:^
1232::
1230:}}
1226:{{
1169:.
1145:^
1129::
1127:}}
1123:{{
1076:.
1054:^
1036:.
1032:.
991:.
975:^
957:.
930:.
912:^
880:^
862:.
858:.
843:^
826:.
814:^
797:.
770:.
766:.
752:^
722:^
708:.
704:de
652:.
560:de
533:de
409:.
349:.
309:.
260:de
213:de
88:,
84:,
80:de
62:,
40:,
1522:.
1491:.
1465:.
1432:)
1412:.
1385:.
1354:.
1328:.
1294:.
1268:.
1242:)
1222:.
1188:.
1139:)
1119:.
1088:.
1048:.
1014:.
969:.
943:.
906:.
874:.
837:.
808:.
782:.
746:.
687:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.