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156:"The Rose". In 1827, Chivers married his 16-year-old cousin Frances Elizabeth Chivers. The two soon separated due to alleged meddling by Frances Chivers Albert, the wife of the poet's uncle, prior to the birth of their daughter in 1828. It has also been suggested their separation was due to abuse, though these rumors originated from the same uncle. After this incident, Chivers compared himself to
551:
465:. Many of Chivers's poems included themes of death and sorrow, often using images of shrouds, coffins, angels, and reunions with lost loves in the afterlife. Religious conventions at the time made discussion of death popular, as was reflected in poetry. Because of his background as a doctor, Chivers was able to graphically depict the last moments before someone's death.
288:, he said Poe was wasting his God-given talents by indulging in drink. "Why should a Man whom God, by nature, has endowed with such transcendent abilities, so degrade himself into the veriest automaton as to be moved only by the poisonous steam of Hell-fire?" he said. While Poe's wife Virginia was sick, Chivers had to carry Poe home after a night of excess.
140:. He encouraged the development of a distinctive American style of literature and especially promoted young writers. His poems were known for religious overtones with an emphasis on death and reunions with lost loved ones in the afterlife. Though he built up a small reputation in his day, he was mostly forgotten after his death.
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meaning in his words — neither is there any meaning in many of our finest musical airs — but the effect is very similar in both. His figures of speech are metaphor run mad, and his grammar is often none at all. Yet there are as fine individual passages to be found in the poems of Dr. Chivers, as in those of any poet whatsoever.
236:. "He ought to give you ten thousand dollars a year... It is richly worth it... is greatly indebted to you. It is not my opinion that you have ever been, or ever will be, paid for your intellectual labours. You need never expect it, until you establish a Magazine of your own", he wrote, referring to Poe's plans to begin
437:, had been published earlier that year. At the time of his death, Chivers had prepared several manuscripts of his literary theory with the intention of publishing them in several volumes of books and as part of a lecture series. In his will, he left one dollar for his first wife and their daughter. He is buried in
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366:, not published until 1952. Chivers said of Griswold that he "is not only incompetent to Edit any of works, but totally unconscious of the duties which he and every man who sets himself up as a Literary Executor, owe the dead." Chivers continued to defend Poe's reputation until the end of his life.
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and the couple had four children, though all died young. Chivers and his first wife never legally divorced—one such suit was dismissed in court in 1835—but
Georgia law invalidated marriage after a spouse's absence of five years or more. Though Chivers contributed to various newspapers and magazines,
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in 1845, as well as plays. Edgar Allan Poe showed an interest in him and encouraged his work. Chivers spent the last few years of his life defending the reputation of Poe, who had died in 1849, though he also thought Poe had been heavily influenced by his own poetry. Chivers died in
Georgia in 1858.
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offered conditional praise of
Chivers's poetry as well: "He possesses a poetic ardor sufficiently fervid, and a singularly marked command of language. But he should have been caught young, and well-bitted, and subjected to the severest training... As an artist, Dr. Chivers is yet in his accidence."
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Chivers believed in a close connection between poetry and God and that true poetry could only be written through divine inspiration. He once wrote: "Poets are the apostles of divine thought, who are clothed with an authority from the Most High, to work miracles in the minds of men". He also wrote:
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His productions affect one as a wild dream — strange, incongruous, full of images of more than arabesque monstrosity, and snatches of sweet unsustained song. Even his worst nonsense (and some of it is horrible) has an indefinite charm of sentiment and melody. We can never be sure that there is any
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Chivers is best known for his association with Edgar Allan Poe and, in fact, it is through this relationship that
Chivers and his work was rediscovered in the 20th century. The first interaction between the two was in 1840 though they did not meet until 1845 in New York. The two became friends and
469:"Poetry is the power given by God to man of manifesting... the wise relations that subsist between him and God", and it "is that crystal river of the soul which runs through all the avenues of life, and after purifying the affections of the heart, empties itself into the Sea of God". In
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Even so, Chivers continued to praise and admire Poe (albeit careful to point out Poe's literary debt to him) and was one of the first to present a picture of the "real Poe" in the face of the sustained attacks on Poe's reputation by the
Reverend
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that Poe learned to write poetry from him. As literary scholar Randy Nelson wrote: "anybody who's read both Poe and Thomas Holley
Chivers can see that one of them 'influenced' the other, but just who took what from whom isn't clear."
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in March 1835, which suggested he return to medicine and the "lancet and pill-box". Though the poems were not printed, unsigned commentary on them was presented in an editorial, referring to verses submitted by "T. H. C., M. D."
481:" (1850). Chivers, for example, suggests that poems should be short to be successful: "No poem of any considerable length... can be pleasing to any well-educated person for any length of time". He also experimented with
242:. Even so, Chivers was concerned about Poe's reputation as a severe literary critic, cautioning him about "when you tomahawk people". Poe, in fact, had been hoping Chivers would lend his wealth as a financial backer for
473:, the preface states: "Poetry is that crystal river of the soul which runs through all the avenues of life, and after purifying the affections of the heart, empties itself into the Sea of God." In his introduction to
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the best contemporary
English poet. Like many from his time, Chivers called for the development of a distinctive American literature and he especially encouraged young writers. Poe called the 1845 poetry collection
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wrote that
Chivers would have had a stronger reputation if he were born in the North and "the literary coteries there would surely have pruned and preserved him... But the time and space were against him."
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and possibly even serve as a co-editor in its early planning stages. Chivers considered Poe's proposal but was not able to accept because of the death of his three-year-old daughter just over a week later.
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issue would soon force his home state to break from the United States. A slaveholder himself, Chivers did not believe that slaves should be abused, though he still defended the institution against
339:" and the refrain "forever more!" On July 30, 1854, Chivers published an essay called "Origin of Poe's Raven" under the pseudonym Fiat Justitia, claiming that he inspired Poe to use
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but focused his energy on publishing rather than medicine. In addition to submitting poems to various magazines and journals, Chivers published several volumes of poetry, including
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visionary intent on capturing mystic realms of experience in language. For Poe, the poet is merely a superior wordsmith. The wise Seer ultimately leads
Politan to the truth.
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Chivers wandered throughout the West and North of the United States, publishing poetry in various places before returning to
Georgia. In 1832, Chivers published
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Born into a wealthy Georgia family, Chivers became interested in poetry at a young age. After he and his first wife separated, he received a medical degree from
501:"the honest and fervent utterance of an exquisitely sensitive heart." Overall, he called Chivers "one of the best and one of the worst poets in America".
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The two had corresponded through letters but finally met in June or July 1845. Chivers visited Poe when Poe was sick and bedridden and when Poe's wife
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is used... merely for its euphony." Throughout the collection, Chivers experiments with the sonic effects of words rather than their literal meaning.
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477:, written in 1842 but not published until 1853, Chivers gives a lengthy discussion of his poetic theory, pre-dating many ideas Poe would suggest in "
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Simms also commented that his works were too gloomy and melancholy. Chivers was one of a group of poets criticized for "intensity of epithet" in
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were a "mediocre restatement" of Poe's poems. The first poem of the collection, "The Vigil of Aiden", was an homage to Poe, using names like "
414:, a collection made up of poems that were generally under 200 lines each, about half of which had previously been published in magazines.
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From 1845 to 1850, Chivers had been living with his wife in Georgia, then spent the next five years in the North. His poetry collection
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Chivers was willing to give Poe lifetime financial support if he moved to the South. Chivers appreciated Poe's ability and wrote that
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537:, 20% Poe, 20% "mild idiocy", 10% "gibbering idiocy", 10% "raving mania" and 10% "sweetness and originality". Literary scholar
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was self-published in New York in 1845 to initial success, though sales rapidly declined. In 1837, Chivers self-published
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among his admirers, his fame faded away quickly after his death. Other writers that acknowledged his influence included
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299:. This small booklet presents a series of dialogues between the Seer and Politian . For Chivers, a poet should be a
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160:, whose wife had also left him. Chivers went on to receive a degree in medicine in 1830 from
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Poe had written about Chivers in the second part of his "Autography" series, published in
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and generally received unfavorably. Very shortly after, the same publisher brought out
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The Death of the Devil, A Serio-Ludicro, Tragico-Comico, Nigero-Whiteman Extravaganza
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Search After Truth; or, A New Revelation of the Psycho-Physiological Nature of Man.
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By September 1845, however, Chivers was lecturing Poe on the dangers of alcohol. A
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when the music that has been sleeping in the strings is awakened by the Breezes of
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Chivers was born on October 18, 1809, at Digby Manor, his father's plantation near
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By 1855, Chivers and his wife had moved back to Georgia and he predicted that the
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Brown, Ellen Firsching. "The Genius and Tragedy of Georgia's Lost Poet".
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Atlanta: or the True Blessed Island of Poesy: A Paul Epic in Three Lustra
273:. Chivers later recalled that Poe's voice was "like the soft tones of an
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Poe's Literary Battles: The Critic in the Context of His Literary Milieu
529:. Others, however, were more critical. One anonymous reviewer, possibly
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Though Chivers built up a mild reputation during his lifetime, counting
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and the word "nevermore" in "The Raven". Chivers also suggested in the
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1245:, vol. 13, no. 1. Fall 1980: University of North Carolina Press: 131.
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The Companion to Southern Literature: Themes, Genres, Places, People
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was published in 1851 with a subtitle meant to capitalize on the
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207:. The volume was dedicated to his mother, who died a year later.
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331:" from his own work though other critics suggested Chivers's
168:. His thesis was titled "Intermittent and Remittent Fevers".
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The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe 1809–1849
1317:. Carbondale, Ill: Southern Illinois University Press, 1969.
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In his poetry, Chivers made use of legends and themes from
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was in an especially difficult period of her struggle with
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and his controversial defense of the poet after his death.
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The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States
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Atlanta; or, the True Blessed Island of Poesy, a Paul Epic
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Thomas Holley Chivers; His Literary Career and His Poetry
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Moore, Rayburn S. "A New Look at Thomas Holley Chivers",
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laden with sweet Spices from the mountains of the Lord".
152:. At age seven, he was introduced to poetry when he read
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Memoralia; or, Phials of Amber Full of the Tears of Love
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Memoralia; or, Philas of Amber Full of the Tears of Love
187:. On November 21, 1834, Chivers married Harriet Hunt of
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1324:. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981.
360:. This correction took the form of a memoir now titled
1268:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1954.
930:. New York: Scholar's Facsimiles & Reprints, 1976.
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Georgia's Landmarks, Memorials, and Legends Volume II
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Moreover, as attested to in an 1848 pamphlet titled
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Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance
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Nacoochee; or, the Beautiful Star, With Other Poems
625:The Sons of Usna: a Tragic Apotheosis in Five Acts
575:Nacoochee; or, the Beautiful Star With Other Poems
192:his poetry was turned down for publication by the
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1338:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1962.
1215:. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1973: 164.
691:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: 260.
425:. Struck with sudden illness, Chivers wrote his
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662:. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1952.
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1373:. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1956.
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563:The Path of Sorrow; or, the Lament of Youth
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1412:Conrad and Eudora; or, the Death of Alonzo
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641:Columbus: Charles A. Trowbridge Co., 1931.
569:Conrad and Eudora; or, the Death of Alonzo
485:as early as 1832 and his 1853 collection,
177:Conrad and Eudora; or, The Death of Alonzo
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1275:New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
1271:Kennedy, J. Gerald. "A Brief Biography",
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619:Virginalia; or, Songs of My Summer Nights
412:Virginalia; or, Songs of My Summer Nights
1359:. New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1987.
1096:. Atlanta: Byrd Print. Co. p. 169.
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1418:Listing at the New Georgia Encyclopedia
1376:Whited, Stephen R. "Kentucky Tragedy",
295:, Chivers disagreed with Poe regarding
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429:before dying on December 18, 1858, in
1355:Thomas, Dwight and David K. Jackson.
1336:Ante-Bellum Southern Literary Critics
1303:New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992.
1273:A Historical Guide to Edgar Allan Poe
894:. Graham's Magazine. pp. 273–286
445:Poetic theory and literary reputation
1301:Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy
687:Ehrlich, Eugene and Gorton Carruth.
653:Thomas Holley Chivers, Friend of Poe
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1289:. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1979.
892:"A Chapter on Autography (Part II)"
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492:At least for a time, he considered
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1345:New York: Harper Perennial, 1991.
890:Poe, Edgar Allan (December 1841).
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211:Relationship with Edgar Allan Poe
581:The Lost Pleiad, and Other Poems
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388:Concha Marina—Shell of the Sea
376:Eonchs of Ruby, A Gift of Love
183:". The work was later renamed
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1243:The Southern Literary Journal
1390:. Accessed January 24, 2008.
648:, Vol. 8 No. 3, Autumn 2009.
256:in December 1841. Poe said:
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1476:19th-century American poets
195:Southern Literary Messenger
185:Leoni, The Orphan of Venice
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527:William Michael Rossetti
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162:Transylvania University
126:Transylvania University
1430:List of extant letters
1369:Watts, Charles Henry.
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523:Dante Gabriel Rossetti
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1423:May 26, 2011, at the
1401:Thomas Holley Chivers
1334:Parks, Edd Winfield.
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757:Whited, 404–405
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503:William Gilmore Simms
370:Final years and death
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25:Thomas Holley Chivers
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1259:Chivers' Life of Poe
660:Chivers' Life of Poe
535:Percy Bysshe Shelley
479:The Poetic Principle
363:Chivers' Life of Poe
1481:American male poets
150:Washington, Georgia
53:Washington, Georgia
1405:Google Book Search
928:Search After Truth
871:Silverman, 189–190
651:Damon, S. Foster.
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463:Emanuel Swedenborg
341:trochaic octameter
293:Search After Truth
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173:The Path of Sorrow
138:divine inspiration
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1299:Meyers, Jeffrey.
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646:Georgia Backroads
358:literary executor
311:After Poe's death
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65:(1858-12-18)
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1466:1858 deaths
1461:1809 births
1166:Lombard, 78
1139:Lombard, 29
1130:Lombard, 24
1121:Lombard, 28
1062:Lombard, 18
1041:Lombard, 97
1029:Lombard, 89
1020:Lombard, 85
1011:Lombard, 77
1002:Lombard, 76
993:Lombard, 61
984:Chivers, 70
975:Nelson, 212
966:Parks, 182.
948:Lombard, 17
862:Meyers, 140
841:Kennedy, 54
832:Lombard, 99
808:Lombard, 38
796:Lombard, 46
784:Lombard, 14
775:Lombard, 12
732:Lombard, 13
483:blank verse
317:Poe's death
1445:Categories
1193:Parks, 174
1184:Parks, 169
1148:Parks, 158
1080:Parks, 183
898:August 18,
707:Parks, 166
678:Nelson, 47
487:Virginalia
297:aesthetics
244:The Stylus
239:The Stylus
158:Lord Byron
94:Playwright
87:Occupation
46:1809-10-18
1107:April 23,
939:Moss, 101
471:Nacoochee
380:gift book
325:The Raven
301:Shelleyan
1421:Archived
514:(1876).
455:Cherokee
267:Virginia
166:Kentucky
1252:Sources
1102:1333051
607:(1853)
475:Atlanta
419:slavery
329:Ulalume
327:" and "
115:Georgia
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577:(1837)
571:(1834)
565:(1832)
557:(1851)
337:Lenore
323:both "
315:After
99:Spouse
90:Doctor
667:Notes
392:Eonch
384:Eonch
1384:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1109:2017
1098:OCLC
900:2007
693:ISBN
525:and
461:and
427:will
279:Eden
92:Poet
60:Died
40:Born
1403:at
303:or
164:in
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44:(
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