910:, what was purported to be a bag of silver coin for delivery to Laurence Bannister, one of Norfolk's officials in the north of England. Browne grew suspicious of the bag's weight, opened it, and discovered 600 pounds in gold from the French ambassador, destined for Scotland on Mary's behalf, and ciphered letters. Because he knew Norfolk was under suspicion, Browne reported his find to Cecil. Higford and Barker were interrogated, the letters were partly deciphered, and a search for the cipher key at Howard House uncovered a ciphered letter from Mary hidden under a doormat. Norfolk's servants were arrested and interrogated, and confessions were extracted from them by threats or application of torture. Sir Thomas Smith and Thomas Wilson were sent to confront Norfolk, who claimed the money was for his own private purposes. The deciphered letter, however, proved that he was lying. Unaware of his servants' confessions or the survival of letters which, contrary to his instructions, had not been burnt, he denied the charges against him. Norfolk was imprisoned in the Tower on 5 September.
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960:. He addressed the crowd assembled to witness the execution. Despite admitting that he deserved to die, he declared himself to be partly innocent, whereupon he was interrupted by an official, who warned him that he should not try to clear himself, having been 'tried as honourably as any nobleman hath ever been in this land'. Urged to wind up quickly, as 'the hour is passed', Norfolk ended his speech by denying that he was a Catholic, as was commonly believed. After bidding a tearful farewell to Foxe and Nowell, and forgiving the executioner, the Duke removed his doublet and laid his head on the block. Howard said the final prayer "Lord into your hands I commend my spirit", the last words Jesus Christ said on the Cross before dying, according to the
282:
657:, one of the lawyers in charge of the succession to Howard's estates, rode post haste to London with letters for Lord Chancellor Gardiner and returned as speedily as he could to Norwich. The escheator of Norfolk held a formal inquisition to survey the great Howard inheritance, of fifty-six manors, and 'many other considerable estates', which passed for the present into the hands of the Crown, until Thomas came of age. His younger siblings would also receive 1,000 marks each on coming of age, or marriage, according to the terms of their grandfather's will. Once he came of age in March 1557, Howard was able to administer all his estates, becoming one of the richest landowners in England.
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987:, was executed early in Mary I's reign. Equally striking was that he was the premier nobleman of England, the Queen's second cousin and a leading member of the Privy Council. Until recently, he had also been much admired by Elizabeth and Burghley. Indeed, in 1565 Cecil had described Norfolk as 'wise, just, modest, careful' and, despite his youth – he was then aged 27 or 29 – 'a father and stay to this country'. In the immediate aftermath of his execution, Elizabeth was reportedly 'somewhat sad' at the Duke's death. Norfolk was buried in
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451:. Henry, who was increasingly unwell, became convinced that Surrey and his father planned to usurp the crown from Edward in order to reverse the Reformation and return the English Church to papal jurisdiction. He ordered the arrest of the Duke and his son, both of them being tried for high treason and later sentenced to death; Surrey was executed on 19 January 1547. The Duke's execution was scheduled for 28 January but did not take place because Henry VIII died in the early hours of the same day, the
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his superiority of honour' on the other, did not sign the warrant until 9 February, and on the next day she countermanded her instructions. She did the same thing a fortnight later, to the dismay of Cecil (now ennobled as Lord
Burghley) and the Privy Council. They insisted that Parliament be assembled to debate the threat posed by Norfolk and Mary, although Elizabethan parliaments normally met only every three or four years and the previous parliament had been dissolved only ten months earlier.
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819:, Mary's chief adviser and agent, were in favour of the Duke's marriage to the former Scottish queen, and Mary herself consented to it, although Howard was initially reluctant to bring about political and religious change. Initially Howard showed little sympathy for Mary, but during recesses from the conference in York, Maitland met privately with Norfolk, suggesting to the Duke the possibility of marrying Mary, as well as a possible future marriage between Howard's daughter,
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494:, a first cousin from Surrey born the same year as Thomas, also studied and brought up with the children at Reigate. Despite losing his position as tutor six years later, Foxe remained an important recipient of Thomas' patronage for the rest of Howard's life. Although both Thomas and his siblings received a Protestant education, they were Catholics, as were most of their paternal family, who remained loyal to the Roman Church during the turbulence of the
906:. During the negotiations, Norfolk gave Ridolfi verbal assurances that he was a Catholic, despite the fact that he had been educated as a Protestant. After some hesitation, Howard placed himself at the head of the conspirators; and in return for his services he asked the Spanish King "to approve of my own marriage with the Queen of Scots.“. On 29 August 1571, Norfolk's secretaries William Barker and Robert Higford entrusted to Thomas Browne, a
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629:, a subsidiary title of the dukes, when Queen Mary approved the "Duke of Norfolk's Restitution Act", which declared void the attainder of the Howards, and returned to the 3rd Duke the titles and estates forfeited more than six years earlier. In early 1554, the new Earl of Surrey accompanied his grandfather in leading the forces that suppressed the
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clear that he had been involved in a conspiracy with support from the Papacy, Spain and possibly France, to overthrow and assassinate
Elizabeth. At his trial on 16 January 1572, which lasted twelve hours, Norfolk pleaded his innocence. However, the jury of peers unanimously found him guilty of high treason, and he was sentenced to death.
836:, a member of Mary's private circle, sent a diamond to be delivered to her as a token of his affection and fidelity. Mary, grateful for the gift, wrote to Norfolk in December 1569 that she "I took the diamant from my lord Boyd, which I shall kepe unseene about my neck till I give it agayn to the owner of it and me both.".
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After
Norfolk had been sentenced, it was reasonable to suppose that his execution would quickly follow. It was rumoured that he was to be executed on 31 January, whereupon crowds flocked to the Tower. Elizabeth, torn between the demands of justice on the one hand and Norfolk's 'nearness of blood ...
1041:, by his first wife, Lady Katherine Grey. The marriage was arranged by the 3rd Duke in late 1553 with the aim of uniting the two most prominent Catholic families in England. Norfolk and Mary were distantly related because through the lineages of their paternal grandparents, Howard was descended from
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has observed, Norfolk's execution 'was the political price
Elizabeth had to pay to save the Scottish Queen'. Even so, Elizabeth was determined that the decision to execute the Duke should be seen to be hers rather than Parliament's. On Saturday, 31 May, the Crown's spokesmen in the Commons persuaded
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to press the case for executing
Norfolk. On 21 May, Leicester remarked that he could 'see no likelihood' that Norfolk would be executed. In late May, two Council members went so far as to observe that by failing to execute the Duke, the queen was demonstrating that she believed the guilty verdict to
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Norfolk was a prisoner in the Tower of London until August 1570 when he was released for lack of evidence, and also because he confessed his intentions and begged the Queen for mercy. Thomas' intention to marry Mary, although objectionable to
Elizabeth, was not a sufficient reason to charge him with
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and already considered herself the rightful Queen of
England, on the grounds that Elizabeth had been declared illegitimate following the annulment of the marriage of her parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn in 1536. Most English Catholics also considered Elizabeth to be illegitimate, as her parents'
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ascended the throne. As soon as the 3rd Duke was released, he took charge of his grandchildren and dismissed Foxe, who soon went into exile in various countries in
Continental Europe to escape the anti-Protestant measures taken by Queen Mary. Thomas then studied for a while at the home of the Bishop
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to negotiate for the dispensation, but the Holy See was notorious for its delays where dispensations were concerned. These delays, added to the fact that in
November of the same year Queen Mary died and was succeeded by Queen Elizabeth, who began to restore Protestantism, led to the marriage being
856:. It is still debated whether the rebellion actually aimed to overthrow Elizabeth, and whether Mary even knew about it beforehand. After initial successes, Westmorland and Northumberland retreated northward and finally dispersed their forces, fleeing into Scotland when Elizabeth sent an army under
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and the infant King James VI. Norfolk saw in this proposal not only the means to solve the succession crisis which had plagued
England ever since Elizabeth's accession, given her reluctance to marry and produce an heir, but also an opportunity for his own social aggrandisement. Furthermore, Mary's
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of England. Howard had been preparing over the previous months to gradually take charge of the vast family inheritance received, although because he was still a minor at the time of his grandfather's death, guardianship of the new Duke was left in the hands of Queen Mary. Despite this, Howard was
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Norfolk initially denied all charges against him, but later admitted a degree of involvement in the transmission of money and correspondence to Mary's Scottish supporters and her participation in the Ridolfi plot. The evidence to prosecute Norfolk was now much stronger than in 1569–70, as it was
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in February 1570, which excommunicated Elizabeth and urged Catholics to do all they could to depose her. The Spanish intelligence service was going to participate. Howard had already come into contact with Philip II of Spain regarding a proposed invasion of England with troops commanded by the
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A marriage to Mary would have given the Duke a political advantage at court, as he was by now a rival of Elizabeth's favourite, Dudley, and an enemy of Cecil. The marriage scheme was supported by most of the Catholic nobility, and some assumed that the Duke was willing to lead a revolt against
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Having recently lost his third wife, and despite having presided over the York commission, Norfolk began planning his marriage to Mary. For both parties, it would have been their fourth marriage; Howard had been widowed three times, whilst Mary had been widowed twice and her third husband,
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the lower house, with great difficulty, to postpone petitioning the Queen to execute the Duke until the following Monday (2 June), 'in hope to hear news before that time'. The hint was well taken, as Norfolk finally went to the block less than one hour before the Commons reassembled.
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At Christmas 1563, Margaret, anxious to be reunited with her husband, left Audley End, despite being still weak from the birth of her fourth child a few days before. During the journey she fell ill with a respiratory condition that worsened as the days passed, and she died in
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be incorrect, which 'dishonoureth the nobles that have condemned him'. The Queen continued to resist re-signing the order, until her opinion suddenly changed when she encountered strong parliamentary pressure calling for the executions of both Norfolk and Mary. As
470:(the 3rd Duke and Surrey were patrons of the Dutchman), who was responsible for giving the Howard children a humanistic education, but after the fall In disgrace to his patron, Junius lost his job as the children's tutor. After Surrey's death, his sister
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celebrated without the dispensation. It was ratified by Parliament in March 1559. Margaret brought as dowry to her marriage with Howard the entirety of the extensive properties that she had inherited from her father in Essex, including the magnificent
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born in 1540, Katherine born in 1543, and Margaret born in 1547, shortly after of his father's execution. Between his maternal and paternal families, the religious differences were notable: his maternal grandfather was a supporter of the
498:. His father fell out of favour in part because he had been a Catholic, and his grandfather remained a prisoner in the Tower throughout the reign of Edward VI, being released and pardoned in July 1553, shortly after the Catholic Queen
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in Norwich, although shortly afterwards her remains were moved to St Michael the Archangel's Church, Framlingham, where her tomb is located, richly decorated with heraldic quarters and her funerary effigy, which is displayed with the
964:, and then, before a silent crowd, which had been urged not to shout out to avoid 'frighting' his soul, the Duke's head was severed with a single stroke. Howard was between aged 34 or 36 at the time of his death.
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marriage was never validated by the Holy See. Because English monarch had no direct heirs, having never married, Mary's claim to the throne, who was Catholic, represented a serious threat to the continuity of the
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Initially, the relationship between Norfolk and the former Scottish sovereign was platonic and they communicated through letters. Mary sent Norfolk a gift of a pillow embroidered with the Stewart family motto
439:(1397 creation), show that Surrey was entitled to bear Edward the Confessor's arms; but to do so was an act of pride, and provocative in the eyes of the Crown. Henry VIII was also possibly influenced by the
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Thomas' father, the Earl of Surrey, a Catholic but with reformist leanings, was heir to the 3rd Duke, and thereby destined to become the future 4th Duke; but that changed at the end of 1546 when Surrey
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was the sister of Anne Percy, Mary's paternal grandmother. Because the 4th Duke was still a minor and a ward of Queen Mary, Howard needed royal permission to marry Mary FitzAlan. Mary and her sister
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in 1556 after the death of their only brother, Henry, Lord Maltravers. Thomas's marriage to Mary brought as dowry many of the estates that Henry FitzAlan, Mary's father, owned in Sussex, including
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As Earl Marshal, Howard was in charge of organising Elizabeth's coronation on 15 January 1559 and the celebrations afterwards. Shortly after ascending the throne, the Queen made Norfolk a
860:, to quell the rebellion. Norfolk tried to stop the revolt when he saw that it was going to fail, but Elizabeth ordered his arrest after receiving news that the rising had taken place.
1088:, Philip became sole heir to the Arundel earldom and all the FitzAlan family estates. After the death of his maternal grandfather in 1580, Philip became the 13th Earl of Arundel. For
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in early January 1560. His duty was to provide forces for the defence of the town against a possible French attack, to open up communications with the leader of the Congregation, the
945:, asking that she be sent to the quiet of the countryside. Norfolk feared that if his mother was in London on the day of his execution, she might suffer health problems from shock.
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Norfolk's lands and titles were forfeit, although much of his estate was later restored to his sons. The dukedom was restored, four generations later, to his great-great-grandson
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Mary narrowly escaped execution on that occasion, but after being implicated in several subsequent Catholic plots, she finally fell from grace and was executed in February 1587.
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in October 1568 to hear evidence against Mary, Queen of Scots, who had been a prisoner in England since she fled Scotland in May of that same year after being defeated at the
490:, one of the residences belonging to the 3rd Duke. From Foxe, the children learned Greek and Latin to a level where they "could compete with the most learned men of the age".
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The new parliament, the fourth of Elizabeth's reign, assembled on 8 May 1572. Over the course of the next three weeks Burghley and the Council used their spokesmen in the
1301:, Mary, and Elizabeth Dacre. The Dacre sisters were the daughters of Elizabeth Leyburne by her marriage to Thomas Dacre and were therefore stepsisters to Norfolk's sons.
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Laurence Bannister testified on favour of Norfolk, clarifying that the Duke's brother, Henry, was the one who really intended to marry the former Scottish queen.
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Because his father had died before his grandfather, Thomas was now in line to become 4th Duke of Norfolk. In December 1553 he received the courtesy title of
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694:, Elizabeth's Secretary of State, to be "Low Born". In November 1559, Howard was appointed Lieutenant-General of the North, a position previously held by
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774:, which came to light during the investigations carried out in relation to Mary's alleged involvement in the murder a year earlier of her second husband
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argent an escutcheon or charged with a demi-lion rampant pierced through the mouth by an arrow within a double tressure flory counterflory of the first
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Through his maternal and paternal lineages, Howard was related to the most important families of the English and Welsh nobility. Through his ancestor
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It is from this marriage that Howard's descendants, the modern dukes of Norfolk, derive their surname of 'FitzAlan-Howard' and their seat in Arundel.
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to free Mary, put her on the English throne and thus restore Catholicism in England. Ridolfi, a Catholic fervent who was also an agent of the
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treason, and also at that time there was insufficient evidence against Howard since he was not directly involved in the revolt in the north.
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During his last days, Howard was visited by his former tutor Foxe, who gave him for the purpose of consolation a version in Latin of his
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1240:) (1563–1640), who married his step-sister Elizabeth Dacre and had issue. The Earls of Carlisle are direct descendants of Lord William.
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Elizabeth died in September 1567, shortly after giving birth to a baby, whose sex is not known and who also died. She was buried at
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Initially Surrey and his wife, Lady Frances, entrusted the education of their children to the Dutch physician and classical scholar
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in October 1595. Shortly after his death he was declared a Catholic martyr, and he was canonised in 1970 as one of the so-called
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244:(10 March 1536 or 1538 – 2 June 1572), was an English nobleman and politician. He was a second cousin of Queen
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Lady Elizabeth Howard (1560–?), who died in early childhood. She was buried in St Michael the Archangel's Church, Framlingham.
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2343:"Journal of the House of Lords: March 1559 pp. 21–26 The Journals of All the Parliaments During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth"
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nobleman of England although he had complied with the changes in the governance of the Church of England brought about by
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marriage to the leading English nobleman would help the former Scottish monarch to strengthen her claim to the throne.
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686:. Although favoured by Elizabeth, Norfolk was jealous of the greater measure of confidence she placed in Lord
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941:. Norfolk bequeathed to Foxe an annuity of £20 per year. The Duke also wrote to his mother's second husband,
718:, both with vast knowledge of Scottish political affairs. Howard immediately left for the north, arriving at
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https://thehistoryofparliament.wordpress.com/2022/04/28/the-execution-of-thomas-howard-4th-duke-of-norfolk/
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and cautiously aid them in their measures against the regent. Norfolk was one of the negotiators of the
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made a decision not to inaugurate the new reign with bloodshed, but Howard remained a prisoner in the
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Following his grandfather's death on 25 August 1554, Thomas succeeded him as 4th Duke and hereditary
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1212:(1561–1626), who firstly married his step-sister, Mary Dacre, without issue. He married secondly
637:. This was the last service to the crown for the elderly 3rd Duke. In May of that same year, the
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Norfolk's three sons by his first two wives, Philip, Thomas and William, married, respectively,
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Norfolk was the first nobleman to be executed during Elizabeth's reign, and was the first since
443:, who were enemies of the Howard family, supporters of Protestantism and related to Henry's son
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1092:, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London in April 1585, remaining there until his death from
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The marvellous chance: Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk, and the Ridolphi plot, 1570–1572
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and died at Arundel House in August 1557. She was buried on 1 September 1557 in the Church of
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and was the first Protestant earl of Oxford, whereas his paternal grandfather was the premier
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The Duchess suffered serious health complications after the birth of Philip, possibly due to
1049:. Mary was a direct descendant of both Earls of Arundel. They also shared ancestry from the
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Mary, Queen of Scots. Norfolk's proposed marriage would have been the fourth for both of them
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and abdicating under duress. The evidence was presented by Mary's illegitimate half-brother
641:, were returned to Howard. In July, Thomas became first Gentleman of the Chamber to Philip.
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on his own coat of arms, incurring the fury of Henry VIII. Through his great-grandfather
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Archer, Ian W. (October 2006) . "Wyatt, Sir Thomas (b. in or before 1521, died 1554)".
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710:, who was then living in France. By his side were placed a man of military experience,
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able to make some decisions such as organising his grandfather's funeral and burial in
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in Arundel. A spectacular tomb containing the funerary effigies of both Lady Mary and
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Graves, Michael A. R. (2008) . "Howard, Thomas, fourth duke of Norfolk (1538–1572)".
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Thomas was born on 10 March 1536 (although some sources cite his birth in 1538) at
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In March 1555, the Duke, then aged between 16 or 19, married his first wife, Lady
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Queen Mary died in November 1558 and was succeeded by her Protestant half-sister
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In September 1554, Thomas arranged for the marriage of his sister Katherine to
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At sunrise on 2 June 1572, Norfolk was led to a specially erected scaffold on
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671:. Howard was a second cousin of Elizabeth through her maternal grandmother,
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1328:) and from French nobility. Through his maternal great-great-grandfather,
832:(courage grows strong at a wound) and her coat of arms. The Duke, through
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2368:"Churchmouse: Framlingham, Suffolk. Church of St. Michael the Archangel"
2103:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 744.
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Arms of Thomas Howard, when he just assumed the title of Duke of Norfolk
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Burghley, William Cecil Baron; Haynes, Samuel; Murdin, William (1759).
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In the 19th century Howard was incorrectly thought to be born in 1536.
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on 9 January 1564. The Duchess was buried in the first instance in
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enacted by the Elizabethan government. Both the Scottish statesman
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Norfolk was the principal commissioner at the conference held in
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and held many high offices during the earlier part of her reign.
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2422:"Murdin, William : Collection of State Papers, 1571–1596"
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for the next six years, with most of his property and titles
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People executed under the Tudors for treason against England
1077:, London, on 28 June 1557, to what would be her only child:
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1037:, who was aged 14 or 15. Mary was the youngest daughter of
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Norfolk was the son of the poet, soldier and politician
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Fernando Alvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba
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2254:"The execution of Thomas Howard, 4th duke of Norfolk"
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Another version of the Duke is in the BBC mini-series
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A highly fictionalised version of the Duke, played by
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Plaque commemorating all those who were buried in the
664:; this took place at Howard's mansion at Kenninghall.
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An act declaring the attainder of the duke of Norfolk.
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Norfolk's children by his marriage to Margaret were:
482:
was employed to be their tutor, at the suggestion of
447:, since the Prince was the son of Henry's third wife
2446:
2419:
1938:
A Tudor Tragedy:Thomas Howard Fourth Duke of Norfolk
57:
Thomas Howard painted by an unknown artist, c. 1565.
2370:. Homepage.ntlworld.com. 2 May 2000. Archived from
1951:
1282:(1536 – 4 September 1567), widow of
770:was still a young child. The evidence included the
514:, who in March 1554 was elected Bishop of Lincoln.
262:
2676:
2398:
2271:
2107:
742:Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Rising of the North
3049:People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
2940:
2207:Manuscripts of the Earl of Salisbury at Hatfield
1278:Shortly after Margaret's death, Norfolk married
358:, being the first or second of five children of
1419:Ancestors of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
1186:, a dispensation had to be requested from Pope
790:. Both Howard and Mary were descended from the
2426:papers from Norfolk's treason trial 1568–1572.
1979:The Heraldic Charge Against the Earl of Surrey
1141:St Michael the Archangel's Church, Framlingham
1053:because Norfolk's paternal great-grandmother,
651:St Michael the Archangel's Church, Framlingham
2662:
1955:Henry Howard, the Poet Earl of Surrey: A Life
1270:Portrait of Elizabeth Leyburne attributed to
868:Involvement in the Ridolfi plot and execution
3059:Burials at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula
2331:"Margaret Howard", National Portrait Gallery
2155:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2028:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1408:, the Duke is portrayed by actor John Gully.
1345:Thomas Howard appears as a character in the
1143:, Suffolk, but Mary was never buried there.
786:, had escaped but ended up as a prisoner in
427:(1483 creation), Surrey was a descendant of
333:, Thomas' paternal and maternal grandfathers
187:Arms of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk:
2491:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
2451:. The Benedictine Brethren of Glendalough.
1170:In early 1558, Norfolk became betrothed to
16:English politician and nobleman (1538–1572)
3029:People convicted under a bill of attainder
2669:
2655:
2471:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1958:. Oxford University Press. pp. 202–.
51:
1236:and Henderskelfe Castle (now the site of
1180:Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden
474:, took over the care of his children and
429:Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk
221:Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk
19:For other people with the same name, see
2429:
2318:
2306:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
1935:
1265:
1158:
1150:
1021:
1013:
966:
850:Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland
846:Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland
745:
521:
472:Mary Howard, Dowager Duchess of Richmond
338:
182:
3064:English politicians convicted of crimes
2396:
2152:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2025:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1564:Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham
1029:, only son of Norfolk and Mary FitzAlan
675:, sister of the 3rd Duke and mother of
2941:
2148:
2136:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1779:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1543:
1433:
1429:
1004:
696:Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland
539:Duke of Norfolk's Restitution Act 1553
437:Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk
435:; and the arms of the Howard ancestor
255:. He was executed for his role in the
2650:
2449:Thomas Howard: Fourth Duke of Norfolk
2432:Thomas Howard, Fourth duke of Norfolk
2266:
2074:
1852:
1842:
1838:
1826:
1820:
1810:
1797:
1787:
1783:
1767:
1761:
1751:
1738:
1728:
1724:
1712:
1706:
1696:
1683:
1673:
1669:
1645:
1635:
1619:
1609:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1577:
1561:
1551:
1547:
1531:
1525:
1515:
1499:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1467:
1457:
1441:
1437:
1043:Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl of Arundel
734:in July of the same year to sign the
403:, and served the King in suppressing
209:in pale or armed and langued azure a
2220:"Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk"
1502:Elizabeth Tilney, Countess of Surrey
1224:Robert Sackville, 2nd Earl of Dorset
1166:, son of Norfolk and Margaret Audley
1039:Henry FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel
975:, including the 4th Duke of Norfolk.
858:Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex
798:, the first monarch of the reigning
3004:Lord-lieutenants of Buckinghamshire
2994:Howard family (English aristocracy)
2182:"Thomas Howard 4th Duke of Norfolk"
2094:"Norfolk, Earls and Dukes of"
2010:
1336:, the last native Prince of Wales.
1324:, descended from Italian nobility (
1125:Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel
802:, through her paternal grandmother
784:James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell
133:Philip Howard, 13th Earl of Arundel
13:
2482:"Howard, Thomas (1536–1572)"
2447:William Cooke Taylor, ed. (2005).
2390:
2241:, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1908), p. 156
1648:Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
1470:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
1444:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
1210:Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk
1164:Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk
1098:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
872:Shortly after Howard was released
714:, and the diplomat and politician
662:Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley
486:. During that time, they lived in
368:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
327:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
236:Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
137:Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk
14:
3080:
3054:People executed under Elizabeth I
3034:Executions at the Tower of London
2194:Calendar of State Papers Scotland
2054:
1985:, Vol. CXVI, pp. 557–583, (2001).
1709:John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford
1139:, was built a few years later in
690:. Furthermore, Howard considered
376:John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford
374:. His maternal grandparents were
366:. His paternal grandparents were
331:John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford
227:(de Warenne, Earl of Surrey); 4:
3039:Prisoners in the Tower of London
3024:16th-century English politicians
2488:Dictionary of National Biography
2058:A cyclopedia of female biography
1127:, her remains were moved to the
840:Elizabeth. In November 1569 the
764:James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray
738:which ended English assistance.
550:
425:John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk
316:
307:
280:
271:
263:Early life, family, and religion
2360:
2335:
2324:
2278:. London: Methue. p. 298.
2260:
2226:
2212:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2142:
1999:, (John Cannon, ed.), OUP, 2009
1997:A Dictionary of British History
1995:"Earl of Surrey Henry Howard",
1918:, (John Cannon, ed.), OUP, 2009
1916:A Dictionary of British History
1914:"Earl of Surrey Henry Howard",
1294:. They had no living children.
2964:People from Breckland District
2705:granddaughter of King Edward I
2065:
2048:
1988:
1972:
1945:
1929:
1907:
1311:
1306:St. Mary's Church, Kenninghall
1146:
1090:remaining loyal to Catholicism
989:Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula
973:Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula
813:William Maitland of Lethington
21:Thomas Howard (disambiguation)
1:
3019:People of the Elizabethan era
2959:16th-century English nobility
1900:
1339:
1332:, Howard was a descendant of
1284:Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre
1261:
1251:St. John the Baptist's Church
1100:. His tomb and shrine are in
1009:
952:, accompanied by Foxe and by
809:Protestant religious policies
193:Gules, on a bend between six
101:Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula
2169:UK public library membership
2042:UK public library membership
1952:William A. Sessions (2003).
1528:Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
639:manors of Gaywood and Rising
360:Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
253:Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
229:Gules, a lion rampant golden
158:Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
7:
3009:Lord-lieutenants of Norfolk
2720:Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke
981:Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk
908:Shrewsbury drapers merchant
87:2 June 1572 (aged 34 or 36)
10:
3085:
3069:Court of Mary I of England
2541:Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk
2430:Williams, Neville (1965).
2196:, vol. 1 (1898), 323, 440.
1936:Williams, Neville (1964).
1773:
1663:
1537:
1431:
991:, in the Tower of London.
776:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
532:United Kingdom legislation
18:
2909:Bernard Howard, 16th Duke
2877:Bernard Howard, 12th Duke
2869:Charles Howard, 11th Duke
2861:Charles Howard, 10th Duke
2782:(1483–1572, 1660–present)
2777:
2755:
2744:John de Mowbray, 4th Duke
2712:
2689:
2635:
2626:
2611:
2598:
2583:
2570:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2538:
2530:
2520:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2397:Edwards, Francis (1968).
1983:English Historical Review
1840:
1832:
1804:
1785:
1781:
1745:
1726:
1718:
1690:
1671:
1667:
1629:
1607:
1599:
1571:
1549:
1545:
1509:
1487:
1479:
1451:
1435:
1322:Royal House of Luxembourg
1222:(1562–1591), who married
700:Lords of the Congregation
609:
604:
594:
589:
573:
563:
549:
544:
537:
517:
177:
167:
153:
128:
110:
96:
83:
67:
62:
50:
30:
2925:Edward Howard, 18th Duke
2274:England Under the Tudors
2232:Labanoff, vol. 3, p. 5:
844:broke out, organised by
815:and the Bishop of Ross,
503:of Winchester and later
431:, the sixth son of King
3044:Executed English people
2917:Miles Howard, 17th Duke
2901:Henry Howard, 15th Duke
2893:Henry Howard, 14th Duke
2885:Henry Howard, 13th Duke
2853:Edward Howard, 9th Duke
2845:Thomas Howard, 8th Duke
2821:Thomas Howard, 5th Duke
2813:Thomas Howard, 4th Duke
2805:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke
2797:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke
2209:, vol.1 (1883), p. 461.
2100:Encyclopædia Britannica
1318:Jacquetta of Luxembourg
1061:became co-heirs to the
902:, who was based in the
830:Virescit vulnere virtus
407:against those changes.
2837:Henry Howard, 7th Duke
2829:Henry Howard, 6th Duke
2808:(1524–1547, 1553–1554)
2736:John Mowbray, 3rd Duke
2728:John Mowbray, 2nd Duke
2524:The Earl of Shrewsbury
2347:British History Online
2161:10.1093/ref:odnb/30112
2034:10.1093/ref:odnb/13941
1372:, is in the 1998 film
1290:, and daughter of Sir
1275:
1216:c. 1583 and had issue.
1167:
1156:
1045:, and his father, the
1030:
1019:
976:
751:
527:
386:born in 1533 or 1537,
347:
232:
213:of three points argent
207:lions passant guardant
201:augmentation of honour
195:cross-crosslets fitchy
144:Lady Elizabeth Howard
2999:Knights of the Garter
2789:John Howard, 1st Duke
2766:Richard of Shrewsbury
2184:Spartacus Educational
2071:Kenny 1970, pp. 9–10.
1370:Christopher Eccleston
1269:
1162:
1154:
1025:
1017:
970:
749:
724:Duke of Châtellerault
673:Lady Elizabeth Howard
557:Parliament of England
525:
342:
186:
71:10 March 1536 or 1538
2757:House of Plantagenet
2691:House of Plantagenet
1739:13. Alice Kirlington
1404:(2000) presented by
1320:, he was related to
1220:Lady Margaret Howard
962:Gospel of Saint Luke
792:House of Plantagenet
708:Mary, Queen of Scots
684:Knight of the Garter
421:Edward the Confessor
382:. His siblings were
362:, and his wife Lady
147:Lady Margaret Howard
2713:Mowbray (1397–1481)
2507:The Duke of Norfolk
1798:14. Edward Trussell
1357:, and in the novel
1230:Lord William Howard
1047:3rd Earl of Arundel
1005:Marriages and issue
890:Regnans in Excelsis
842:Rising of the North
736:Treaty of Edinburgh
655:Bassingbourne Gawdy
225:Chequy or and azure
141:Lord William Howard
37:The Duke of Norfolk
2616:Title next held by
2588:Title next held by
2557:Peerage of England
2534:The Earl of Sussex
2499:Political offices
2234:James Balfour Paul
1981:, Peter R. Moore,
1940:. pp. 1, 262.
1853:15. Margaret Donne
1823:Elizabeth Trussell
1590:Elizabeth Stafford
1351:The Virgin's Lover
1280:Elizabeth Leyburne
1276:
1184:Catholic canon law
1168:
1157:
1063:Earldom of Arundel
1031:
1020:
977:
878:the eponymous plot
760:Battle of Langside
752:
635:Philip II of Spain
528:
380:Elizabeth Trussell
372:Elizabeth Stafford
348:
233:
123:Elizabeth Leyburne
2936:
2935:
2645:
2644:
2636:Succeeded by
2548:Succeeded by
2521:Succeeded by
2285:978-0-416-70690-1
2167:(Subscription or
2040:(Subscription or
1965:978-0-19-818625-0
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1102:Arundel Cathedral
728:Treaty of Berwick
631:Wyatt's Rebellion
623:
622:
605:Other legislation
545:Act of Parliament
478:, the Protestant
297:, Thomas' parents
181:
180:
172:Roman Catholicism
92:, London, England
3076:
2969:Dukes of Norfolk
2678:Dukes of Norfolk
2671:
2664:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2563:Preceded by
2531:Preceded by
2504:Preceded by
2496:
2495:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2462:
2443:
2425:
2416:
2404:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2277:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2243:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2085:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2019:
2008:
1992:
1986:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1911:
1684:12. John de Vere
1425:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1384:The Virgin Queen
1347:Philippa Gregory
1226:, and had issue.
1214:Katherine Knyvet
1178:and daughter of
1117:St Clement Danes
983:, the father of
954:Alexander Nowell
926:House of Commons
716:Sir Ralph Sadler
554:
553:
540:
535:
534:
508:Stephen Gardiner
468:Hadrianus Junius
320:
311:
284:
275:
243:
63:Personal details
55:
28:
27:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3073:
2974:Earls of Surrey
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2781:
2773:
2751:
2708:
2685:
2675:
2641:
2632:
2617:
2608:
2604:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2573:Duke of Norfolk
2568:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2526:
2517:
2509:
2479:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2413:
2393:
2391:Further reading
2388:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2374:on 9 March 2012
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2286:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2246:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2108:
2086:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2020:
2011:
1993:
1989:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1934:
1930:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1764:Frances de Vere
1412:
1355:The Other Queen
1342:
1314:
1264:
1174:, widow of Sir
1172:Margaret Audley
1155:Margaret Audley
1149:
1133:Margaret Audley
1129:Fitzalan Chapel
1113:puerperal fever
1012:
1007:
943:Thomas Steyning
939:Book of Martyrs
893:issued by Pope
874:Roberto Ridolfi
870:
744:
610:Repeals/revokes
600:5 December 1553
559:
551:
538:
533:
520:
505:Lord Chancellor
457:Tower of London
364:Frances de Vere
337:
336:
335:
334:
323:
322:
321:
313:
312:
301:
300:
299:
298:
295:Frances de Vere
287:
286:
285:
277:
276:
265:
239:
162:Frances de Vere
160:
149:
145:
143:
139:
135:
121:
119:Margaret Audley
117:
105:Tower of London
88:
72:
58:
46:
38:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Barons Segrave
2986:
2984:Barons Mowbray
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2928:(2002–present)
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2762:
2760:
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2750:
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2741:
2733:
2725:
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2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2610:
2601:Earl of Surrey
2596:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2537:
2532:
2528:
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2510:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2477:
2457:
2444:
2427:
2417:
2411:
2405:. Hart-Davis.
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2359:
2334:
2323:
2321:, p. 219.
2311:
2309:, p. 218.
2299:
2284:
2259:
2244:
2225:
2211:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2141:
2106:
2091:, ed. (1911).
2089:Chisholm, Hugh
2073:
2064:
2047:
2009:
2006:978-0199550371
1987:
1971:
1964:
1944:
1928:
1925:978-0199550371
1905:
1904:
1902:
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1459:
1458:
1456:
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1434:
1432:
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1428:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1392:
1379:
1366:
1363:Rosalind Miles
1341:
1338:
1313:
1310:
1263:
1260:
1242:
1241:
1234:Naworth Castle
1227:
1217:
1207:
1148:
1145:
1106:
1105:
1094:natural causes
1067:Arundel Castle
1051:House of Percy
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
985:Lady Jane Grey
931:Stephen Alford
869:
866:
854:Tutbury Castle
804:Margaret Tudor
772:casket letters
743:
740:
627:Earl of Surrey
621:
620:
611:
607:
606:
602:
601:
598:
592:
591:
587:
586:
580:1 Mar. Sess. 2
577:
571:
570:
567:
561:
560:
555:
547:
546:
542:
541:
531:
519:
516:
492:Charles Howard
488:Reigate Castle
484:Lord Wentworth
463:to the Crown.
397:Roman Catholic
325:
324:
315:
314:
306:
305:
304:
303:
302:
289:
288:
279:
278:
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
264:
261:
199:(Howard, with
179:
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175:
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69:
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39:
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31:
15:
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6:
4:
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2:
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3017:
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3007:
3005:
3002:
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2997:
2995:
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2990:
2987:
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2980:
2979:Earls Marshal
2977:
2975:
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2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
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2779:Howard family
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2652:
2649:
2640:
2639:Philip Howard
2631:
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2629:Baron Mowbray
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:Thomas Howard
2614:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:Thomas Howard
2586:
2579:
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2574:
2567:
2566:Thomas Howard
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2458:1-4254-6159-X
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2307:Williams 1964
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2240:
2239:Scots Peerage
2235:
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2208:
2202:
2195:
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2178:
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2027:
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2018:
2016:
2014:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1922:
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1910:
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1889:
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1633:
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1627:
1626:
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1622:Eleanor Percy
1617:
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1613:
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1603:
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1597:
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1406:David Starkey
1403:
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1371:
1367:
1364:
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1356:
1352:
1348:
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1343:
1337:
1335:
1334:Owain Glyndŵr
1331:
1327:
1326:Orsini family
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1292:James Leyburn
1289:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1256:peerage robes
1252:
1248:
1239:
1238:Castle Howard
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
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1211:
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1185:
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1165:
1161:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1137:peerage robes
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Philip Howard
1080:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:Arundel House
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:Eleanor Percy
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Mary FitzAlan
1028:
1027:Philip Howard
1024:
1018:Mary FitzAlan
1016:
1002:
999:
997:
996:Thomas Howard
992:
990:
986:
982:
974:
969:
965:
963:
959:
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951:
946:
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935:
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851:
847:
843:
837:
835:
831:
825:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
801:
800:Tudor dynasty
797:
793:
789:
785:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
748:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:Mary of Guise
701:
697:
693:
692:William Cecil
689:
688:Robert Dudley
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
658:
656:
652:
647:
642:
640:
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632:
628:
619:
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568:
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558:
548:
543:
536:
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524:
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497:
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489:
485:
481:
480:martyrologist
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
453:Privy Council
450:
446:
445:Prince Edward
442:
438:
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430:
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274:
260:
258:
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214:
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205:Gules, three
202:
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185:
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170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
115:Mary FitzAlan
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
97:Resting place
95:
91:
86:
82:
79:
75:
70:
66:
61:
54:
49:
45:
42:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2768:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2702:
2627:
2618:
2612:
2606:3rd creation
2605:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2578:3rd creation
2577:
2571:
2539:
2514:Earl Marshal
2512:
2486:
2448:
2431:
2400:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:the original
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:
2337:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2273:
2268:Elton, G. R.
2262:
2238:
2228:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2177:
2150:
2144:
2098:
2067:
2057:
2055:Adams, H.G.
2050:
2023:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1954:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1915:
1909:
1647:
1411:
1401:
1389:Kevin McKidd
1387:, played by
1382:
1373:
1359:I, Elizabeth
1358:
1354:
1350:
1315:
1303:
1296:
1277:
1243:
1201:
1176:Henry Dudley
1169:
1110:
1107:
1032:
1000:
993:
978:
947:
936:
923:
919:
915:
912:
888:
871:
862:
838:
829:
826:
780:
753:
706:, mother of
681:
666:
659:
646:Earl Marshal
643:
624:
617:
596:Royal assent
583:
529:
465:
449:Jane Seymour
409:
349:
291:Henry Howard
257:Ridolfi plot
250:
235:
234:
228:
224:
204:
192:
25:
2954:1572 deaths
2949:1538 births
2920:(1975–2002)
2912:(1917–1975)
2904:(1860–1917)
2896:(1856–1860)
2888:(1842–1856)
2880:(1815–1842)
2872:(1786–1815)
2864:(1777–1786)
2856:(1732–1777)
2848:(1701–1732)
2840:(1684–1701)
2832:(1677–1684)
2824:(1660–1677)
2816:(1554–1572)
2800:(1514–1524)
2792:(1483–1485)
2769:(1481–1483)
2759:(1481–1483)
2747:(1461–1476)
2739:(1432–1461)
2731:(1425–1432)
2723:(1397–1399)
2703:(1397–1399)
2693:(1397–1399)
2682:family tree
2378:7 September
2137:Graves 2008
1399:documentary
1312:Family tree
1272:Hans Eworth
1199:residence.
1147:Second wife
904:Netherlands
817:John Lesley
712:James Croft
677:Anne Boleyn
669:Elizabeth I
496:Reformation
393:Reformation
378:, and Lady
370:, and Lady
352:Kenninghall
246:Elizabeth I
217:Plantagenet
74:Kenninghall
2943:Categories
2633:1554–1572
2609:1554–1572
2581:1554–1572
2545:1559–1572
2518:1554–1572
2440:B0007DRE5Y
2294:1034675675
2171:required.)
2044:required.)
1901:References
1340:Depictions
1330:John Donne
1288:Gillesland
1262:Third wife
1197:Audley End
1121:Temple Bar
1010:First wife
956:, Dean of
950:Tower Hill
565:Long title
512:John White
417:royal arms
401:Henry VIII
219:, arms of
90:Tower Hill
2467:cite book
2424:. London.
2352:8 October
1402:Elizabeth
1396:Channel 4
1375:Elizabeth
1274:, c. 1560
958:St Paul's
834:Lord Boyd
796:Henry VII
732:Edinburgh
614:38 Hen. 8
476:John Foxe
413:quartered
405:rebellion
344:John Foxe
191:of 4: 1:
189:Quarterly
154:Parent(s)
111:Spouse(s)
33:His Grace
2700:Margaret
2270:(1978).
882:Holy See
821:Margaret
768:James VI
575:Citation
441:Seymours
433:Edward I
168:Religion
129:Children
2550:Unknown
1394:In the
1349:novels
1247:Norwich
1188:Paul IV
788:Denmark
720:Berwick
461:forfeit
356:Norfolk
78:Norfolk
2613:Vacant
2585:Vacant
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2438:
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2004:
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1075:Strand
895:Pius V
518:Career
500:Mary I
329:, and
223:); 3:
203:); 2:
2205:HMC:
616:. c.
590:Dates
582:. c.
388:Henry
211:label
2473:link
2453:ISBN
2436:ASIN
2407:ISBN
2380:2012
2354:2021
2290:OCLC
2280:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1620:11.
1562:10.
1353:and
1299:Anne
1192:Rome
1086:Jane
1059:Jane
886:Bull
756:York
415:the
384:Jane
293:and
84:Died
68:Born
2157:doi
2030:doi
1821:7.
1762:3.
1707:6.
1646:1.
1588:5.
1526:2.
1500:9.
1468:4.
1442:8.
1361:by
1286:of
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419:of
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2465:{{
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241:KG
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1968:.
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215:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
