Thomas Malory - Knowledge

221: 554:, but he escaped, swam the moat, and returned to Newbold Revel. Nellie Slayton Aurner points out that most of these crimes seem to have been targeted at the property and followers of the Duke of Buckingham; and that as Malory was a supporter of the family of Buckingham's former rival, the Duke of Warwick, there may have been a political motive behind either Malory's attacks or Buckingham and others bringing charges against him. Aurner suggests that Malory's enemies tried to slander him, giving evidence that the Duke of Buckingham was Malory's long-time enemy. 188:" (Caxton's VIII–XII): "Here endeth the second book of Sir Tristram de Lyones, which was drawn out of the French by Sir Thomas Malleorre, knight, as Jesu be his help." Finally, at the conclusion of the whole book: "The Most Piteous Tale of the Morte Arthure Sanz Gwerdon par le shyvalere Sir Thomas Malleorre, knight, Jesu aide ly pur votre bon mercy.", a mix of English and French roughly meaning: "The most pitiable tale of the Death of Arthur, without reward for/by the knight Sir Thomas Malory; Jesus aid him by your good mercy." 510:. However, in 1443 he and accomplice Eustace Barnaby were accused of attacking, kidnapping, and stealing 40 pounds' worth of goods from Thomas Smythe, though nothing came of this charge. He married a woman named Elizabeth Walsh, with whom he had at least one son, named Robert, and possibly one or two other children. Despite the criminal charges against him, he seems to have remained in good standing with his peers because in that same year, Malory was elected by the men of Warwickshire to 2159: 541:, along with 26 other men sometime in 1450. The accusation was never proved. Later in 1451, he was accused of extorting 100 shillings from Margaret King and William Hales of Monks Kirby, and then of committing the same crime against John Mylner for 20 shillings. He was also accused of breaking into the house of Hugh Smyth of Monks Kirby in 1450, stealing 40 pounds' worth of goods and raping Smyth's wife, and with attacking her again in 574:

culminating in a maximum fine of 2000 lbs set by the King's Bench in June of 1455. As Malory aged through several subsequent imprisonments, fines for his escape decreased to 1000 lbs and then 450 lbs in January and October of 1457, and then 100 lbs if not captured when he was somehow at large again despite no formal release in 1458. Malory was released as part of a general pardon at the accession of King Edward IV in 1461.

777:, all the while threatening his life and demanding that he either forfeit his church to Malory or give him 100 pounds. The outcome of this case is unknown, but it seems to indicate that this Malory was something other than an ordinary country gentleman. However, while this candidate's father and several other close family members were knights, no clear evidence survives showing that this Malory was ever actually knighted. 2178: 1067:

against the infighting taking place during the Wars of the Roses. The seemingly contradictory changes in King Arthur's character throughout the work have been argued to support the theory that Arthur represents different eras and reigns throughout the tales. This argument has also been used to attempt to reconcile Malory's doubtful reputation as a person who continually changed sides with the unexpected idealism of

2411: 260:. Both are much less attested in the documentary record than the candidate from Newbold Revel. As described in detail below: neither is clearly recorded as having been a knight, but both come from knightly families and could plausibly have been knighted. Both seem to have been of a more appropriate age at the time of writing, but neither is known to have been imprisoned at any time. 241:. The discovery of the Winchester Manuscript in 1934 revealed that the author was in some form of imprisonment at the time of writing; this has generally been taken to support the candidate from Newbold Revel, though the support is ambiguous because that candidate's extensive prison record does not actually include the time of writing. 436:

and therefore Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel must have been commissioned into Henry V's Agincourt campaign around 1414 or 1415, confirming Kittredge's original timeline and making this Malory in his mid-70s to early 80s at the time the book was completed. Matthews asserts, "seventy-five is no age at all to be writing

613:. His interment there suggests that his misdeeds had been forgiven and that he possessed some wealth. However, it was certified at the granting of probate that he owned little wealth of his own, having settled his estate on his son in 1462. Malory's grandson Nicholas eventually inherited his lands and was appointed 406:, at an action in Calais in 1436 – a brief mobilization which was disbanded without combat and which Dugdale, in their view, erroneously called a siege. P.J.C. Field suggests that the first public record of this Malory in 1439 is an indication of when he reached the date of his majority (at the age of 21). 620:

Dugdale, writing in the early to mid-17th century, recorded that the following inscription had been engraved on Malory's tomb: "HIC JACET DOMINUS THOMAS MALLERE, VALENS MILES OB 14 MAR 1470 DE PAROCHIA DE MONKENKIRBY IN COM WARICINI," meaning: "Here lies Lord Thomas Mallere, Valiant Soldier. Died 14

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Linton comes to Dugdale's defense, disputing the need for an alternative timeline. She notes that scholars have accepted Dugdale's account of this Malory without question, except for the matter of his age. She agrees with other scholars that Dugdale knew the Malorys of Newbold Revel and suggests that

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Because this original French note perfectly matches the English translation in Dugdale's published work, and because a number of the other knights listed on the same commission roster are known to have died long before 1436, Matthews concludes that these commissions cannot refer to the 1436 campaign;

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in 1485. Much of Malory's life history is obscure, but he identified himself as a "knight prisoner", apparently reflecting that he was either a criminal, a prisoner-of-war, or suffering some other type of confinement. Malory's identity has never been confirmed. Since modern scholars began researching

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Matthews's interpretation was not universally accepted, primarily because he could not find evidence that the Yorkshireman was a knight. Linton, however, has removed that principal objection, providing extensive detail about the Malorys of Yorkshire and offering evidence that Thomas of Yorkshire was

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Little else is known of this Malory, apart from one peculiar incident discovered by William Matthews. A collection of Chancery proceedings includes a petition brought against Malory by Richard Kyd, parson of Papworth, claiming that Malory ambushed him on a November evening and took him from Papworth

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was completed, as he must have been at least in his late teens or early 20s at the time of his commission: his peers of the same rank in Dugdale's record were in their mid- to late-twenties. According to the alternate timeline, his birth would have been around 1415-1418 and his age would have been a

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The author was educated, as most of his material "was drawn out of the French," which suggests a degree of French fluency indicating that he might have been from a wealthy family. A claimant's age must also fit the time of writing; as described below, this has been a major point of contention among

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Newbold Revel, who was a Yorkist and would have been something in excess of 70 years old; far too old to have taken part in this Northern military campaign. Matthews therefore promotes this document as strong evidence that Malory of Hutton Conyers was indeed a knight after all and the author of the

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in London, where he remained for a year. He demanded a retrial with a jury of men from his own county. Although this never took place, he was released. By March 1452, he was back in the Marshalsea, from which he escaped two months later, possibly by bribing the guards and gaolers. After a month, he

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was the only Thomas Malory living in 15th-century England who was a knight. However, the apparently great age of this candidate at the time of the work's completion has always been a source of contention. In the early 20th century, scholarly revelations of this candidate's extensive criminal record

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was primarily intended as a political commentary of Malory's own era. Malory portrays an initially idyllic past under the strong leadership of King Arthur and his knights, but as intrigue and infighting develop, the utopic kingdom collapses, which may have been intended as a parallel and a warning

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Outside of the contested pardon-exclusion, Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers was not recorded as having been a knight in the generally accepted secular sense, though his elder brother John and most of his recent forefathers were knights. If to accept Linton's argument that the Yorkshire Thomas was a

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is not that of Warwickshire, deferring to McIntosh for a more detailed dialectal analysis while noting that Matthews makes a good case for reopening the question of Malory’s identity. Linton, however, disputes several of McIntosh's arguments, presenting a data driven analysis of the dialect in the

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To date, no candidate for authorship has ever consistently commanded widespread support other than Malory of Newbold Revel. However, despite the evidence for other candidates being "no more than circumstantial", eminent scholars suggest that the question of the author's identity is both critically

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The entire work is eight romances that span twenty-one books with 507 chapters, which was said to be considerably shorter than the original French sources, despite its vast size. Malory was responsible for organizing these diverse sources and consolidating them into a cohesive whole. The work was

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eight weeks later. At this period, a charge of rape could also apply to some acts of consensual sex and some nonsexual crimes; several scholars have suggested that the accusation did not refer to rape as it is now defined. However, Field's analysis of the specific Latin terminology of the charges

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reading: "I pray you all gentlemen and gentlewomen that readeth this book of Arthur and his knights, from the beginning to the ending, pray for me while I am alive, that God send me good deliverance and when I am dead, I pray you all pray for my soul. For this book was ended the ninth year of the

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listed just before him in the short list of those excluded. Matthews also points out that this Northern campaign was geographically much closer to Hutton Conyers in Yorkshire than to Newbold Revel, and concludes that the document referred to the Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers - not to Malory of

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was completed. As Field describes, "Repeated scholarly searches of legal records have found no trace of arrest, charge, trial, or verdict" that would place any Thomas Malory in prison at the time documented by the author in the Winchester manuscript. Field suggests that Malory's political rivals

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With the exception of the first sentence of the final colophon, all the above references to Thomas Malory as a knight are, grammatically speaking, in the third person singular, which leaves open the possibility that they were added by a copyist, either in Caxton's workshop or elsewhere. However,

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In spite of Matthews's strong evidence of the Newbold Revel knight's advanced age, Field has long argued that the 1468 exclusion from pardon refers to Malory of Newbold Revel and instead shows that that candidate changed his lifelong Yorkist loyalty to become a Lancastrian. It seems equally

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From Malory's first criminal charge in 1443 through his eighth charge in 1451 after several escapes from captivity, little was done to contain his actions. In 1451, a royal arrest order was issued, followed by increasing fines on the lords overseeing his imprisonment in case of his escape,

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William Matthews emphasizes the importance of Malory's age thus: "There is considerable evidence that the medieval view was that by sixty a man was bean fodder and forage, ready for nothing but death's pit... it might be best to find out how old the Warwickshire knight really was in 1469."

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contained various forms which are too northerly for the everyday language of Newbold Revel”. While McIntosh does not specifically support Matthews' claim of an origin in the Hutton Conyers area of Yorkshire, he ultimately concludes that the language would have been "most at home" in

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from a general pardon issued in 1468. The question of the identity of the Malory listed in this document is widely regarded as critical to the final identification of the author. In Field's words: "the Sir Thomas Malory who was exempted from pardon must have been the author of the

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to overthrow King Edward. Matthews, having shown that Malory of Newbold Revel was likely in his seventies by the time of the Northumberland campaign and living much further to the South, interprets this record as referring to a different candidate for authorship.

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Much more detail was added to Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel's biography by Edward Hicks in 1928, revealing that this Thomas Malory had been imprisoned as a thief, bandit, kidnapper, attempted murderer, and rapist; which hardly seemed in keeping with the high

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On 15 March 1451, Malory and 19 others were ordered to be arrested. Nothing came of this and, in the following months, Malory and his cohorts were charged with a series of crimes, especially violent robberies. At one point, he was arrested and imprisoned in

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Kittredge accepted the details of Dugdale's history at face value: specifically, that he was commissioned to serve at Calais under Henry V; a campaign which took place in 1414–15. Under this view, Malory would have been a junior officer in Henry V's famous

900:. No other conclusion is possible." While Field's conclusion is widely accepted, Linton suggests he has attributed it to the wrong Malory, arguing that Malory of Hutton Conyers, a close associate of Neville, is the likely knight exempted from that pardon. 890:

Two central elements of Matthews's argument for the Hutton Conyers candidate include his evidence of the advanced age of the Newbold Revel candidate at the time of writing, described in that section above; and Matthews' analysis of the exclusion of a

1071:. It remains a matter of some debate whether this was a deliberate commentary or an imaginative fiction influenced by the political climate. All these arguments, it should be noted, depend upon acceptance of the Newbold Revel Malory as the author. 1122:(1967), where his name is given as "Tom of Warwick"; reflecting the general acceptance of Malory of Newbold Revel (in Warwickshire) as the author through most of the 20th century, despite the criminal history of that candidate in his later life. 352:

In K. H.5 time, was of the retinue to Ric. Beauchamp, E. Warw. At the seige of Caleys, and served there with one lance and two archers, receiving for his lance and 1 archer xx. Li per an. And their dyet; and for the other archer, x marks and no

561:, a town in the heartland of Buckingham's power and a place where Malory found little favour as a supporter of the Beauchamps. Those accused included Malory and several others; there were numerous charges. Malory was convicted and sent to the 903:

The pardon applied to a group of Lancastrians in a military campaign in the winter of 1462 in the Northern county of Northumberland near the Scottish border. Matthews shows that Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers was closely related to the

377:, and recorded the date of his death, the location of his tomb, and many other details of his life and family. As Dugdale lived in Warwickshire and apparently had access to Malory's home and direct descendants during a time when 2002: 760:

as a child and on the Cambridgeshire-Huntingdonshire border in adulthood, both his father and grandfather were from Lincolnshire; and that neither of the other two major candidates had any known connection to Lincolnshire.

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was back in prison yet again, and this time he was held until the following May, when he was released on bail of 200 pounds, paid by a number of his fellow magnates from Warwickshire. Malory later ended up in custody in

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Scholars consider the question of this timeline to be important in determining authorship, as the original timeline would place Malory's birth in the early to mid 1390s. He would therefore have been at least 75 when

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is conspicuously absent in Dugdale's record. To date, however, this candidate for authorship remains the only Thomas Malory known to be living at the time of writing who was clearly recorded as having been a knight.

1059:) before he printed it in 1485, as well as making several other editorial changes. According to one theory, the eight romances were originally intended to be separate, but Caxton altered them to be more unified. 850:; including distinctive dialectal and stylistic elements such as alliteration that are characteristic of northerly writing. His claim drew scholarly attention including a review co-written by eminent medievalist 737:. Thomas inherited his father's estates in 1425 and was placed in the wardship of the King, initially as a minor, but later (for reasons unknown) remaining there until within four months of his death in 1469. 264:

important and yet unresolved. However, Linton argues that Malory of Hutton Conyers was a knight of the church, and as her recent work garners scholarly attention, it may bring the matter into different focus.

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plausible, however, to realize that the Knight Hospitaller from Hutton Conyers, who was close to Neville, was excluded from pardon, rather than to think the Newbold Revel knight changed political stripes.

602:"simply put him in prison without formal charge" and that he could have been released from prison in October 1470, at the collapse of the Yorkist regime and the temporary return to the throne of Henry VI. 1003:, around a century earlier, and Shakespeare, around a century later. It has been called the first English novel. Malory's main sources for his work included Arthurian French prose romances, mainly the 744:. Published after Matthews's book promoting the Hutton Conyers candidate (as described below), Griffin makes several arguments; most notably that the Papworth candidate's dialect would match that of 605:

In 1462, Malory settled his estate on his son Robert and, in 1466 or 1467, Robert fathered a son named Nicholas, Malory's grandson and ultimate heir. Malory died on 14 March 1471 and was buried in

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for the rest of 1443, and was appointed to a royal commission charged with the distribution of money to impoverished towns in Warwickshire. In 1449–50, he was returned as member of Parliament for

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in the North of England by members of the Lancastrian faction. Field interprets these pardon-exclusions to refer to Malory of Newbold Revel, suggesting that Malory changed his allegiance from

1084:; they also both end with a similarly worded prayer to be released from imprisonment. This has led some scholars in recent years to believe that Malory may have been the author of the poem. 220: 887:(see inset map). He suggests that Malory “simply had access to, and was deeply steeped in, far more northerly romance material" than the specific texts which he is thought to have used. 921:, a knight of the church. She also examines the provenance of some of the known sources of the Morte and demonstrates that this Malory would have had ready access to these documents. 475:"What?" seyde Sir Launcelot, "is he a theff and a knyht? and a ravyssher of women? He doth shame unto the Order of Knyghthode, and contrary unto his oth. Hit is pyte that he lyveth." 502:

in Warwickshire and as a Member of Parliament, and Lady Phillipa Malory, heiress of Newbold. He was knighted before 8 October 1441, became a professional soldier, and served under

184:" (Caxton's Book VII): "And I pray you all that readeth this tale to pray for him that this wrote, that God send him good deliverance soon and hastily." At the conclusion of the " 977:

has ever been identified on the Dee or elsewhere; no Welsh Thomas Malory appears in the surviving historical record; and Malory identified himself as English rather than Welsh.

369:, and served there with one lance and two archers, receiving for his lance and first archer 20 pounds per year and their diet; and for the other archer, 10 marks and no diet. 2131:

Linton, Cecelia Lampp. The Knight Who Gave Us King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory, Knight Hospitaller. Front Royal, VA: Christendom College Press. 2023. ISBN 979-8-9868157-2-5.

483:"What?" said Sir Lancelot, "is he a thief and a knight, and a rapist of women? He does shame to the Order of Knighthood, contrary to his oath. It is a pity that he lives." 570:, accused of still more crimes, involving robbery and the stealing of horses. Once again, he escaped and once again was apprehended and returned to Marshalsea Prison. 581:

issued four more general pardons which specifically excluded a Thomas Malory. The first of these names Malory a knight; and applied to participants in a campaign in

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Besides this analysis, she dismisses some of McIntosh's arguments as trivial, noting quibbles between what dialect is northern and what is northerly, for example.

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Thomas Mallory est retenuz a j lance et ij archers pr sa launce ouve j archer xx li par an et bouche de court et pour lautre archer x marcs saunz bouche de court.

330:, published the first significant investigation into Malory's identity in 1894, the primary candidate for authorship has been Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel in 1910: 1396: 402:. However, subsequent scholars have questioned this interpretation, suggesting that Dugdale's record was erroneous and that Malory instead served under 165:. He is described as a "knyght presoner", distinguishing him from several other candidates also bearing the name Thomas Malory in the 15th century when 929:

Knight Hospitaller, the primary objection to his authorship is removed and the contradictions presented by the Newbold Revel knight become irrelevant.

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Matthews makes many arguments for this candidate, with his main focus on linguistic clues both in the Winchester manuscript and the Caxton edition of

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March 1470 , in the parish of Monkenkirby in the county of Warwick." The tomb itself had been lost when Greyfriars was destroyed in 1538 under King

2602: 957:, who proclaimed in 1893 that the alternative spelling indicated an area straddling the border between England and North Wales, Maleore in 1881:

Political Consciousness and the Literary Mind in Late Medieval England: Men 'Brought up of Nought' in Vale, Hardyng, Mankind, and Malory'

1080: 96: 180:) is written: "For this was written by a knight prisoner Thomas Malleorre, that God send him good recovery." At the end of "The Tale of 335: 237:

and multiple imprisonments threw further doubt on the matter because of a perceived discordance with the chivalric ideals espoused in

913:. Linton offers additional evidence to illustrate the close connection between Humphrey Neville and Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers. 530: 519: 965:. On this theory, Malory may have been related to Edward Rhys Maelor, a 15th-century Welsh poet. It was also suggested by antiquary 423:

Researching the question, Matthews made an original discovery: Sir William Dugdale's surviving 15th century notes and papers in the

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Since the late 19th century there has been a great deal of scholarly research into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory, author of

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Shortly after Kittredge's original article on Malory of Newbold Revel, a second candidate was presented in an 1897 article in

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referred to his life as one that "reads more like an account of exemplary thuggery than chivalry". Shortly before his death,

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In addition to White's treatment, many other modern versions of the Arthurian legend have their roots in Malory, including

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Linton, in her defense of Dugdale's account, notes that he never offered a connection between the Newbold Revel Malory and

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on the Agincourt campaign contain a lengthy military roster (apparently in Dugdale's own hand) with the following detail:

2265: 999:) is the source of the modern form of most Arthurian mythology, and is the only major work of English literature between 748:

more closely than either of the other candidates. As detailed below, a leading dialect expert identified the language of

729:, the eldest son of Sir William Mallory, member of Parliament for Cambridgeshire, who had married Margaret, the widow of 204:

scholarly consensus is that these references to knighthood refer to a real person and that that person is the author of

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by Sir Thomas Maleore, knight, as Jesu help him for his great might, as he is the servant of Jesu both day and night."

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on 27 October the same year. This identification was taken seriously for some time by editors of Malory, including

511: 2577: 2340: 457: 626: 2471: 2188: 2300: 694: 614: 137:, who was imprisoned at various times for criminal acts and possibly also for political reasons during the 577:

After 1461, few records survive which scholars agree refer to Malory of Newbold Revel. In 1468-1470, King

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remained very popular and was still being printed, scholars have noted that any mention of his authoring

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These tensions have inspired scholars to propose alternative identities; most notably, Thomas Malory of

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No record survives of Malory of Newbold Revel (or any other Thomas Malory) being in prison at the time

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Most of what is known about Malory stems from the accounts describing him in the prayers found in the

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The Ill-framed Knight. A Skeptical Inquiry into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory by William Matthews

1019: 973:". However, most modern scholars have disregarded this early work on the basis that no such place as 855: 730: 495: 141:. Recent work by Cecelia Lampp Linton, however, presents new evidence in support of Thomas Malory of 1337:

Whitteridge, Gweneth., though this Malory was earlier proposed by H. Oskar Sommer in his edition of

1623: 1098: 606: 20: 1135:(1981). The discovery of Malory's book and its acquisition by William Caxton form key elements in 1078:, and Malory's treatment of those sources, correspond to some degree with those of a poem called 966: 2365: 2305: 2228: 323: 1626:, p. 353 in the July-December omnibus edition, accessed at Internet Archive, 11 December 2013. 2212: 1037: 840: 722: 622: 224:

Zoomed view of England showing locations relevant to the question of Thomas Malory's identity

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J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, C. Rawcliffe, History of Parliament Online, Ref Volumes: 1386–1421,

232:. As detailed below, the earliest modern investigations suggested that Sir Thomas Malory of 2557: 2552: 2310: 2280: 1016: 986: 698:

by A.T. Martin, who proposed that the author was Thomas Malory of Papworth St Agnes on the

578: 499: 197: 120: 110: 89: 8: 2592: 2526: 2335: 1137: 941:, there was speculation as to Malory's identity. The earliest identification was made by 858:. Neither reviewer accepted Matthews’s claims entirely. Jacob agrees that the dialect of 515: 403: 395: 391: 118:, compiled and in most cases translated from French sources. The most popular version of 1508: 706:

border. Martin's argument was based on a will made at Papworth on 16 September 1469 and

2430: 2320: 1962: 1862: 1854: 1558: 1550: 1390: 1012: 918: 824: 718:, the noted bibliographer, who included it in his edition of Malory published in 1903. 534: 523: 245: 185: 54: 471:

E.K. Chambers emphasizes the importance of the problem by quoting the author himself:

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Author: L. S. Woodger. History of Parliament Trust, 1994, accessed 27 November 2013.

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McIntosh’s dialectal analysis states that: “To put the matter simply, the original

507: 424: 2141: 1927: 1420: 506:. While it is not recorded how he became distinguished, he acted as an elector in 2380: 2370: 2330: 2145: 2123:

The Ill-Framed Knight: A skeptical inquiry into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory

2016: 1683:

The Ill-Framed Knight: A skeptical inquiry into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory

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The Ill-Framed Knight: A Skeptical Inquiry into the Identity of Sir Thomas Malory

699: 678: 551: 339: 327: 2445: 2390: 2360: 2290: 1943:"Sir Thomas Malory and the Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell Reconsidered" 1919: 1405: 1119: 1004: 945:, a 16th-century antiquarian, who declared that Malory was Welsh, hailing from 820: 734: 711: 703: 682: 610: 582: 366: 253: 249: 177: 142: 125: 2150: 2051: 1904: 129:

his identity the most widely accepted candidate has been Sir Thomas Malory of

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Whitteridge, Gweneth. "The Identity of Sir Thomas Malory, Knight-Prisoner".

1374:, Berkeley, University of California Press, p. 70 – via Archive, 2425: 2295: 1126: 962: 876: 753: 362: 331: 134: 529:

Malory's status changed abruptly in 1451 when he was accused of ambushing

365:'s time, was of the retinue to Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick at the 2476: 2375: 1880: 1169:

The Knight Who Gave Us King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory, Knight Hospitaller

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The Whole Book of King Arthur and of His Noble Knights of the Round Table

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Richard R. Griffin later provided further support for this candidate in

2345: 2251: 2058:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011 (requires login) 1958: 958: 766: 757: 726: 660: 567: 461: 181: 2031:

Caxton's Malory: A New Edition of Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur

1858: 1554: 1533:

Aurner, Nellie Slayton (June 1933). "Sir Thomas Malory – Historian?".

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The third contender emerged in the mid-20th century: Thomas Malory of

2450: 2183: 2033:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1983. 942: 828: 146: 444:

he would have certainly made the connection between this Malory and

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Dichmann, Mary E. (September 1950). "Characterization in Malory's

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Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel was born to Sir John Malory of

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cemented in popular memory as the Band of Brothers in the famous

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Dugdale's history also revealed that this Malory had served as a

756:. Griffith points out that while the current candidate lived in 970: 879:

but is characteristic of roughly anywhere north of a line from

334:. Kittredge discovered a record of this Malory's service under 2220: 589:

to Lancaster, and that he was involved in a conspiracy with

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concludes that they were intended to refer to actual rapes.

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all modern scholars for determining the author's identity.

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There has been some argument among critics that Malory's

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Even only a few years after the original publication of

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by William Matthews, a British professor who taught at

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even though the book was well known in Dugdale's time.

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However, all these are replaced by Caxton with a final

2111:; 24.95 (1973): 257–265. JSTOR. Web. 30 November 2009. 2077:

Malory: The Life and Times of King Arthur's Chronicler

1803:

The Camelot Project: A Robbins Library Digital Project

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Bryan, Elizabeth J. (1999/1994). "Sir Thomas Malory",

639: 464:

stated that this issue was a grave one for readers of

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Le Morte d'Arthur (Caxton edition, in Middle English)

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Corbet, Robert (1383–1420), of Moreton Corbet, Salop.

1345:; 24.95 (1973): 257–65. JSTOR. Web. 30 November 2009. 1092:

A young Malory appears as a character at the end of

557:Malory finally came to trial on 23 August 1451, in 1903: 1389: 780: 721:This Thomas Malory was born on 6 December 1425 at 1997:Malory, Thomas, Cowen, Janet & Lawlor, John. 1301: 1299: 1257:. London: Cassell & Co (John Matthews, ed.). 267: 2544: 1592: 1590: 843:). This contender is also championed by Linton. 114:, the classic English-language chronicle of the 491:could not have written this without a twinge." 2001:Volume II. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969. 1296: 1171:. Front Royal, VA: Christendom College Press. 969:that he was Welsh, identifying "Malory" with " 2236: 2096:. Cambridge (Mass): Harvard University Press. 1940: 1700: 1587: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1458:. Cambridge (Mass): Harvard University Press. 1029:, and two anonymous English works called the 487:Chambers comments, "Surely the Sir Thomas of 19:"Malory" redirects here. For other uses, see 2184:Arthuriana: The Journal of Arthurian Studies 1914:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1664: 1400:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 953:. This theory received further support from 1985:Le Morte Darthur: The Winchester Manuscript 1845:(5). Modern Language Association: 877–895. 1799:"Malory's Morte d'Arthur: Exhibition Guide" 1541:(2). Modern Language Association: 362–391. 1517: 1313: 1311: 1280:Le Morte Darthur: The Winchester Manuscript 1081:The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle 1051:, but printer William Caxton changed it to 97:The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle 2243: 2229: 2203: 1901: 1484: 1282:. Oxford University Press. pp. x–xi. 336:Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick 124:was published by the famed London printer 1074:The sources of the romances that make up 932: 531:Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham 448:if there were any connection to be made. 415:much more reasonable 55 to 58 years when 1832: 1679: 1506: 1308: 1162: 1160: 1158: 831:. This claim was put forward in 1966 in 2125:, University of California Press, 1966 2093:Sir Thomas Malory: His Turbulent Career 2056:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2038:The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory 2013:Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages 1911:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1796: 1479:The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory 1455:Sir Thomas Malory: His Turbulent Career 1397:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1148: 504:Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick 2603:Members of Parliament for Great Bedwyn 2545: 2019:(ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959. 1532: 1277: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1166: 316:Knight, criminal, Member of Parliament 2224: 2114:Malory, Thomas & Matthews, John. 2089: 1481:. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1993. Print 1451: 1387: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1155: 591:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 108:was an English writer, the author of 2216:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2142:Works by Thomas Malory in eBook form 1391:"Malory, Sir Thomas (x1415/18–1471)" 1367: 1185: 742:The Authorship Question Reconsidered 2104:. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1987. Print. 1905:"Malory, Sir Thomas (1415x18–1471)" 1742:Matthews, pp. 117, 121, and 132-135 1500: 1317:E. F. Jacob, Angus McIntosh (1968) 1195:, p. v. Modern Library. New York. 648:Thomas Malory of Papworth St. Agnes 640:Thomas Malory of Papworth St. Agnes 13: 1883:. Studies in Philology 105 (2008). 1686:. University of California Press. 1206: 219: 14: 2624: 2204:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2135: 2040:, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1993. 1510:History Of Parliament (1439-1509) 176:" (Books I–IV in the printing by 2409: 2176: 1106:. This cameo is included in the 752:as being most characteristic of 2613:Writers of Arthurian literature 2160:Works by or about Thomas Malory 2118:London: Cassell & Co, 2000. 2063:A History of the Mallory Family 1934: 1895: 1886: 1873: 1826: 1817: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1673: 1655: 1642: 1629: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1578: 1569: 1526: 1471: 1462: 1445: 1436: 1427: 1381: 1025:History of the Kings of Britain 789:Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers 781:Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers 348:(1656), stating of Sir Thomas: 2568:15th-century English novelists 2250: 1361: 1348: 1331: 1271: 1167:Linton, Cecelia Lampp (2023). 1141:(1959), a children's novel by 627:Dissolution of the Monasteries 281:Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel 268:Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel 1: 2191:at the University of Michigan 2109:The Review of English Studies 1902:Field, P. J. C. (2004–2011). 1343:The Review of English Studies 1087: 798: 672: 290: 215: 65: 46: 2563:15th-century English writers 1928:UK public library membership 1507:Wedgwood, Josiah C. (1936). 1421:UK public library membership 615:High Sheriff of Warwickshire 7: 2175:(public domain audiobooks) 1624:Athenaeum 11 September 1897 1102:(1958), which was based on 522:, a seat controlled by the 345:Antiquities of Warwickshire 172:At the end of the "Tale of 152: 16:15th-century English writer 10: 2629: 2061:Smith, Sheila V. Mallory, 1977: 1769:Linton, pp. 75-92, 115-25. 1680:Matthews, William (1966). 984: 839:(and also transcribed the 18: 2608:Writers from Warwickshire 2598:Inmates of the Marshalsea 2588:English MPs November 1449 2532:Defunct prisons in London 2519: 2485: 2459: 2418: 2407: 2258: 2207:"Sir Thomas Malory" 2011:, "Sir Thomas Malory" in 2005:Retrieved 2 December 2007 1835:Tale of Arthur and Lucius 1805:. University of Rochester 1797:McShane, Kara L. (2010). 1614:Linton, pp. 234-5, 241-2. 1376:Chambers and then Vinaver 1021:Historia Regum Britanniae 809: 794: 787: 668: 653: 646: 496:Winwick, Northamptonshire 312: 304: 286: 274: 82: 74: 61: 42: 30: 2079:, Harper Collins, 2005, 1099:The Once and Future King 980: 906:Humphrey Neville, knight 607:Christ Church Greyfriars 400:St. Crispin's Day Speech 21:Mallory (disambiguation) 1637:Le morte Darthur, p. vi 1368:Matt (20 August 1966), 1328:Vol. 37, No. 3, p. 348. 854:and the famed linguist 456:standards of his book. 2578:English male novelists 2266:Sir Francis Barrington 2169:Works by Thomas Malory 2151:Works by Thomas Malory 2090:Hicks, Edward (1928). 2075:Hardyment, Christina, 1941:Norris, Ralph (2009). 1920:10.1093/ref:odnb/17899 1452:Hicks, Edward (1928). 1406:10.1093/ref:odnb/17899 1388:Field, P.J.C. (2004). 1358:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1278:Cooper, Helen (1998). 1017:Geoffrey of Monmouth's 933:Thomas Malory of Wales 893:Thomas Malarie, knight 498:, who had served as a 485: 477: 433: 371: 355: 324:George Lyman Kittredge 225: 198:King Edward the Fourth 2213:Catholic Encyclopedia 841:diary of Samuel Pepys 723:Moreton Corbet Castle 481: 473: 429: 359: 350: 252:and Thomas Malory of 223: 159:Winchester Manuscript 2271:Bishop Edward Bonner 2065:, Phillimore, 1985, 1751:Linton, pp. 293-320. 1149:Notes and references 500:Justice of the Peace 375:Member of Parliament 186:Tale of Sir Tristram 69: 1470 or later 2121:Matthews, William. 1733:Linton, pp. 247-62. 1715:Linton, pp. 107-11. 1706:Linton, pp. 101-13. 1575:Matthews, pp. 14-30 1442:Linton, pp. 235-40. 1341:published in 1890. 1138:The Load of Unicorn 1118:(1960), and in its 997:The Death of Arthur 516:knight of the shire 479:In Modern English: 396:William Shakespeare 394:– a member of what 392:Battle of Agincourt 357:In modern English: 50: 1393 or 1425 2321:John Baptist Grano 2116:Le Morte d'Arthur. 2052:Malory, Sir Thomas 1999:Le Morte D'Arthur. 1959:10.1353/art.0.0051 1787:Matthews, pp.35-36 1760:Linton, pp. 61-73. 1639:, Macmillan, 1903. 1047:originally titled 919:Knight Hospitaller 804:Yorkshire, England 524:Duke of Buckingham 246:Papworth St. Agnes 226: 55:Kingdom of England 2573:English criminals 2540: 2539: 2195:Le Morte d'Arthur 2155:Project Gutenberg 2102:Sir Thomas Malory 2100:Riddy, Felicity. 2054:(1415x18–1471)", 2046:978-0-85991-385-0 2036:Field, P. J. C., 2029:Spisak, James W. 1926:(Subscription or 1419:(Subscription or 1371:Ill framed knight 1356:Sir Thomas Malory 1354:Riddy, Felicity: 1339:Le Morte d'Arthur 1255:Le Morte d'Arthur 1193:Le Morte D'Arthur 1178:979-8-9868157-2-5 1104:Le Morte d'Arthur 1076:Le Morte d'Arthur 1069:Le Morte d'Arthur 1064:Le Morte d'Arthur 1053:Le Morte d'Arthur 993:Le Morte d'Arthur 987:Le Morte d'Arthur 848:Le Morte d'Arthur 817: 816: 716:Alfred W. Pollard 690: 689: 563:Marshalsea Prison 539:Wars of the Roses 466:Le Morte D'arthur 326:, a professor at 320: 319: 239:Le Morte d'Arthur 230:Le Morte d'Arthur 206:Le Morte d'Arthur 167:Le Morte d'Arthur 163:Le Morte d'Arthur 139:Wars of the Roses 121:Le Morte d'Arthur 111:Le Morte d'Arthur 106:Sir Thomas Malory 103: 102: 90:Le Morte d'Arthur 2620: 2583:English MPs 1442 2467:James Oglethorpe 2436:Marshalsea Court 2413: 2412: 2396:Robert Wingfield 2356:Philip Massinger 2326:Nicholas Grimald 2286:Robert Culliford 2245: 2238: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2180: 2179: 2164:Internet Archive 2097: 2017:Loomis, Roger S. 1971: 1970: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1923: 1907: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1646: 1640: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1585: 1584:Griffith, p. 166 1582: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1482: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1393: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1365: 1359: 1352: 1346: 1335: 1329: 1315: 1306: 1303: 1294: 1293: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1247: 1204: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1164: 1057:Le Morte Darthur 1001:Geoffrey Chaucer 872:Le Morte Darthur 800: 785: 784: 674: 644: 643: 508:Northamptonshire 438:Le Morte Darthur 425:Bodleian Library 295: 292: 272: 271: 116:Arthurian legend 85: 70: 67: 51: 48: 28: 27: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2515: 2486:Books and films 2481: 2455: 2431:Debtors' prison 2414: 2410: 2405: 2381:Richard Shelley 2371:Sally Salisbury 2331:Charlotte Hayes 2254: 2249: 2199:eBooks@Adelaide 2177: 2146:Standard Ebooks 2138: 2009:Vinaver, Eugène 1983:Cooper, Helen, 1980: 1975: 1974: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1900: 1896: 1892:Aurner, p. 366. 1891: 1887: 1878: 1874: 1831: 1827: 1823:Aurner, p. 365. 1822: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778:Matthews, p.161 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661:Griffith, p.165 1660: 1656: 1647: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605:Matthews, p. 31 1604: 1600: 1595: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1485: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1418: 1410: 1408: 1386: 1382: 1366: 1362: 1353: 1349: 1336: 1332: 1316: 1309: 1305:Matthews, p. 43 1304: 1297: 1290: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1248: 1207: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1165: 1156: 1151: 1143:Cynthia Harnett 1120:film adaptation 1090: 989: 983: 935: 805: 802: 790: 783: 700:Huntingdonshire 686: 679:Huntingdonshire 676: 664: 658: 657:6 December 1425 649: 642: 552:Maxstoke Castle 419:was completed. 367:siege of Calais 340:William Dugdale 300: 297: 293: 282: 279: 270: 218: 155: 93: 83: 68: 57: 52: 49: 38: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2626: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2505: 2497: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2446:Sponging-house 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2391:Nicholas Udall 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2361:George Morland 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2291:Robert Daborne 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2201: 2192: 2186: 2181: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2137: 2136:External links 2134: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2119: 2112: 2105: 2098: 2087: 2073: 2059: 2048: 2034: 2027: 2006: 1995: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1933: 1894: 1885: 1879:S. Peverley, " 1872: 1851:10.2307/459579 1825: 1816: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1699: 1692: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1641: 1635:A.W. Pollard: 1628: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1547:10.2307/457782 1525: 1516: 1513:. p. 567. 1499: 1483: 1477:Field, P.J.C. 1470: 1468:Matthews, p 43 1461: 1444: 1435: 1433:Matthews, p.68 1426: 1380: 1360: 1347: 1330: 1307: 1295: 1288: 1270: 1263: 1251:Malory, Thomas 1205: 1184: 1177: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1089: 1086: 1007:Lancelot-Grail 985:Main article: 982: 979: 961:and Maleor in 934: 931: 856:Angus McIntosh 821:Hutton Conyers 815: 814: 811: 807: 806: 803: 796: 792: 791: 788: 782: 779: 769:, and then to 735:Moreton Corbet 712:Lambeth Palace 704:Cambridgeshire 688: 687: 683:Cambridgeshire 677: 675:September 1469 670: 666: 665: 659: 655: 651: 650: 647: 641: 638: 611:Newgate Prison 583:Northumberland 533:, a prominent 514:to serve as a 318: 317: 314: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 298: 288: 284: 283: 280: 275: 269: 266: 254:Hutton Conyers 250:Moreton Corbet 217: 214: 178:William Caxton 154: 151: 143:Hutton Conyers 126:William Caxton 101: 100: 86: 80: 79: 78:Knight, writer 76: 72: 71: 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