Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

5373: 735: 2494: 322: 1281: 1800: 915: 398:'s ministry, before he retired from government. He was most effective as a deputy to a leader of greater ability, such as Walpole, his brother, or Pitt. Few politicians in British history matched his skills and industry in using patronage to maintain power over long stretches of time. His genius appeared as the chief party manager for the Whigs from 1715 to 1761. He used his energy and his money to select candidates, distribute patronage and win elections. He was especially influential in the counties of Sussex, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. His greatest triumph came in the 504: 814: 5368: 5046: 424: 1907: 727:, Britain had been an ally of France, a strong reversal in policy, as France had previously been considered the premier enemy of Britain. The reasons for the alliance were complex, and many had doubted the détente could last long, but when Newcastle became Secretary of State, they had been allies for nearly a decade. By 1719, they had become part of a wider Quadruple Alliance, which was by far the most powerful force in European politics, as had been demonstrated during the 60: 4964: 753:. The two brothers got on well but were prone to have intractable disputes. One constant source of tension between them was Newcastle's poor handling of the family fortune, which was being constantly depleted through his out-of-control spending. Pelham was also considered by many to be the abler of the two brothers, but it was the Duke who was initially more successful in politics. In spite of their differences, they remained firm political allies. 1009: 3378: 620: 1543: 1203:, which had seen states continually shifting alliances, had been unstable and led to repeated wars. He wanted instead to use vigorous diplomacy to create a lasting peace that would be built around a strong and stable British alliance with Austria. Like many Whigs he saw maintaining the European balance of power, as essential. He described the process as "restoring the Old System", but it was popularly known as the 1214:, who despised his European policy because of their belief that the previous war had shown that North America was increasingly the most important theatre of war. They mocked Newcastle for his perceived lack of vision and ignored the complex nature of European politics and Britain's relationship with Hanover and the fact that as early as 1740 Newcastle had been aware of the expanding power of the 1699: 1431: 1836:, no friend of him, sketched his character thus: "A borrowed importance and real insignificance gave him the perpetual air of a solicitor.... He had no pride, though infinite self-love. He loved business immoderately; yet was only always doing it, never did it. When left to himself, he always plunged into difficulties, and then shuddered for the consequences." 701:, a move largely engineered by Townshend. He had been for some time considered the third most important man in the government, behind Walpole and Townshend, which was confirmed by his new position. Newcastle had for several years been growing increasingly interested in foreign affairs and had been educating himself on the subtle details of diplomacy and the 554:. In his new position, he was in charge of suppressing Jacobitism in the counties under his control. In Middlesex, he arrested and questioned 800 people and drew up a Voluntary Defence Association to defend the county. In 1715, he became involved in a riot that ended with two men being killed, and Newcastle fleeing along rooftops. The succession of 1563:

concentrate British forces in North America, West Africa and Asia, where the French were most vulnerable. However, they shared some views, were both ardent Whigs and had even once tried to create a political alliance. Newcastle had previously tried to have Pitt appointed Secretary of War in 1745, but George II vetoed the appointment.

793:. From then on, Newcastle served as the senior Secretary of State and largely controlled British foreign policy himself. Newcastle was saddened by the demise of his relative and former patron although their partnership had become increasingly strained and the new situation offered enormous possibilities to him personally. 575:

ministers and officials from the Whigs. Following their victory, the Whigs split with one group forming the government for George I, and the other dissident Whigs became the effective opposition in Parliament. After a period of political manoeuvring, he was for a while associated with a Whig faction led by

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In April and May 1754, Newcastle oversaw a general election, largely adopting the electoral strategy drawn up by his brother and winning a large majority. His own personal ability to have MPs elected on his slate reached new heights. He now felt emboldened enough to try to push through some financial

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in Panama. That led to an outbreak of patriotic fervour, and further increased the pressure on Walpole and Newcastle for their perceived unwilling prosecution of the war. Newcastle tried to combat that by cultivating a reputation as the leading "patriot" of the cabinet. He took on additional military

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in Norfolk. The three men would hold private meetings, draw up wide-ranging policies on foreign and domestic issues and then present them to parliament for their seal of approval, which their vast majority allowed them to do. Slowly, however, Newcastle and his brother were moving out of the shadow of

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of the Household and was given the responsibility of overseeing theatres. Plays were often extremely political, and Newcastle was tasked with suppressing any plays or playwrights that he believed to be too critical of the Hanoverian succession or the Whig government. Newcastle clashed repeatedly with

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The Duke was industrious and energetic, and to his credit, the statesman who almost monopolised the patronage of office for half a century twice refused a pension and finally left office £300,000 poorer than he entered it because of his heavy spending on political campaigns, his lavish lifestyle and

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Despite their undeniably competent prosecution of the war, the new king did not trust either man with the future of Britain and cast them both into opposition. It marked arguably the last occasion upon which a British monarch was able to remove a prime minister purely out of personal animosity: that

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Ultimately British policies were formed from a mixture of these two views. Newcastle insisted on British involvement on the continent to tie down French troops and to authorise a number of expeditions against French colonies. As they were successful, the expeditions began to grow in number and size.

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by engineering his resignation and the dismissal of Lord Sandwich, whom Newcastle had now begun to consider a dangerously ambitious rival. The ease with which he did so demonstrated his total control of British politics, as Bedford led a strong faction. He had, however, made a significant enemy, who

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On the Continent, the British continued the war effort, but they were now under pressure from the Dutch Republic to make peace with the French. The Dutch feared that the French would soon launch a devastating onslaught and overrun their country. Newcastle considered that any peace that would be made

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by a Spanish privateer, and in punishment for his alleged breach of the strict laws forbidding foreign commerce with Spanish colonies, he had an ear cut off. The incident shocked Britain not so much because of its brutality but because many saw it as an outrage that Spain should have the temerity to

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Together, Newcastle and Walpole managed to drive a wedge between Spain and Austria, making an ally of the latter and directing their future efforts against Spain. Subsequently, however, it turned out that Britain's long-term major rival was neither but France, which had been considered a close ally.

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succeeded to the throne. The new king had previously had exceptionally bad relations with Walpole and Newcastle and, during one altercation between them, George's poor English had made Newcastle think that he had challenged him to a duel. Their relationship had not improved in recent years, and many

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Generally, praise for Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War has gone to Pitt rather than Newcastle, who officially headed the government. Traditionally, accounts of the war have portrayed Pitt as a visionary who won the war by reversing Newcastle's previous unwise policy of focusing on European

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On paper, it was an implausible alliance. Pitt had been a strident critic of Newcastle for years, and they had separate, conflicting visions of strategy. Newcastle saw Britain's best chance of victory in directing resources to the war on the continent, but Pitt wanted a wholesale shift in policy to

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was crumbling, and its South American possessions were ripe for the picking. A vociferous group in Parliament demanded war with Spain. Walpole was adamantly opposed to such a policy and became a target for unprecedented attacks. Newcastle too came under intense pressure but initially considered the

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and indeed tried to prevent it from breaking out. Newcastle attempted to throw both the French and Austrians off-guard by being cagey about Britain's response if war broke out, but that did not stop the conflict. Once the war had started, George II tried to push for Britain to honour its commitment

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Walpole gladly welcomed the young Newcastle into his coterie because Walpole believed that he could easily control Newcastle and because it would strengthen Walpole's hand against the rival Whig factions. Newcastle joined with Walpole because Newcastle, correctly, believed that Walpole was going to

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One of Newcastle's greatest personal achievements was his use of diplomacy to keep Spain out of the war until 1762, when it was too late to alter the balance of power significantly. In 1759, he and Pitt organised Britain's defences against a planned French invasion, which failed because of British

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Newcastle had retained his previous belief that Britain needed to create as broad a coalition as possible and that Europe, rather than the Americas, would be decisive. He thus attempted to persuade a number of different states to join the anti-French alliance. He was largely unsuccessful since the

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when he had been able to get as many as 20 MPs elected to seats that he controlled through his family's wealth and political patronage. He survived in the office during the turmoil in the Whigs between 1717 and 1721, and his switch of allegiance to Walpole secured his influence thereafter. Walpole

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Quarterly of six, 1st and 6th grandquarterly Azure three Pelicans vulning themselves Proper and Ermine two Piles in point Sable; 2nd, Gules two Demi-belts Argent with Buckles Or erect (the augmenting buckles recognising the capture of King John of France (Jean II le Bon) by Sir John Pelham); 3rd,

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Newcastle was widely caricatured, often being portrayed as a muddle-headed buffoon who struggled to understand the business of government. He was one of the most ridiculed politicians of the 18th century. A common and widely circulated example of his cluelessness is his reported response to being

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that carried enormous prestige but little real power, only to see the scheme fail because of Austrian indifference. There were a number of warning signs that all was not well with the alliance, but Newcastle ignored most of them since he was convinced that neither Austria or Britain had any other

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Historical opinion has generally been divided, with some historians drawing the conclusion that he was unfit for his office, but others regard him as a shrewd political operator who subtly navigated the complex European State System of the 18th century. He is both praised and criticised as being

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He remained in active opposition but accepted he would not hold office again. He continued to wield enormous patronage and influence, but his health swiftly gave way after a stroke in December 1767, which left him lame and impaired in speech and memory. In his final few months, he had counselled

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could not gain enough support in Parliament. It is often incorrectly stated that Pitt was prime minister during the war, but Newcastle actually held the office. Their relationship grew into a fruitful partnership and provided a determined leadership that some felt had been lacking for some time.

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Newcastle awoke to the threat posed by the Jacobites much faster than George II and many of his colleagues, who dismissed the rebellion as a farce. Newcastle organised a response, and by late 1745, he had rallied all of the southern militias and regular forces. The Jacobites withdrew to northern

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Initially, Britain's involvement was limited to financial subsidies and diplomacy in support of Austria, but by 1742, it was apparent that a more substantial commitment would be needed if the alliance were not to end in defeat. In the same year, 16,000 British troops were sent to the continent.

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in power in the Netherlands. Orange wanted to continue the war with the French but soon had to apply to the British for a massive loan. Newcastle, now aware of how close the Dutch were to collapsing altogether, reluctantly turned towards seeking a peaceful accommodation with France. He berated

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and replace her with their own claimant. Austria's longstanding alliance with Britain required the latter to declare war. It was also considered by many that a French victory would leave the French too strong in Europe. However, Britain soon found itself dragged into this wider war despite the

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The victory of the Hanoverians over the Jacobites marked the beginning of the Whig Ascendancy which lasted for much of the 18th century. Because the Tory opposition had been tainted, in the eyes of George I, by their support of the Jacobite pretenders, he did not trust them and drew all of his

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otorious for his fussiness and fretfulness, his petty jealousies, his reluctance to accept responsibility for his actions, and his inability to pursue any political objective to his own satisfaction or to the nation's profit ... Many modern historians have depicted him as the epitome of

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proved to be a total disaster for the British, who lost thousands of men before being forced to withdraw. Although Newcastle had issued the orders and overseen the organisation of the expedition, much of the blame for the disaster fell on the shoulders of the ailing prime minister, Walpole.

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Newcastle had hoped to prevent the outbreak of a major war in Europe by encircling France with hostile powers. He believed that would both deter them from attacking their neighbours and from sending reinforcements to North America. He thought that the only way war could happen now was if

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By 1735, Newcastle had largely assumed control of colonial affairs, further increasing the amount of patronage he controlled. A devout Anglican, he was also given control over ecclesiastical matters, especially the appointment of bishops and lucrative positions in the Church of England.

1723:. Along with Pitt, he felt the terms of peace were overly generous to France and Spain because of the position of strength held by the British. Many territories captured during the war were handed back, but the French presence had been effectively destroyed permanently in Canada and 1186:

Newcastle was immediately attacked by his opponents for giving up Louisbourg, but many of them failed to realise just how weak the British position on the Continent had become. Austria was also deeply unhappy as they felt the British had abandoned them and had not tried enough for

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In 1740, shortly after the declaration of war with Spain, a separate war had broken out simultaneously in Europe into which the War of Jenkins' Ear soon became submerged. In a dispute over the throne of Austria, both France and Prussia had invaded Austria and planned to remove

3740: 731:, a largely-naval war in the Mediterranean by which the powers had defeated a Spanish attempt to reclaim lost territory in Italy. The alliance was unpopular, however, with many in Parliament and in the country, which continued to consider France to be Britain's natural enemy. 1328:, who had barely even been considered a candidate by most. Newcastle was largely instrumental in appointing men considered slightly weaker so that he could dominate them. Both Pitt and Fox bore a grudge over the perceived slight and stepped up their attacks on the ministry. 450:, in 1710. Pelham's uncle died in 1711, and his father the next year, both leaving their large estates to their nephew and son. When he came of age in 1714, Lord Pelham was one of the greatest landowners in the kingdom, enjoying enormous patronage in the county of 1088:, and a French invasion of southern England. In the panic, a number of false rumours circulated around London, including news that Newcastle had fled to the Continent for fear that all was lost. He was forced to show himself to a crowd that had gathered outside 778:, leading many to speculate, without substantive evidence, that they were having an affair. By November 1727, Walpole and Newcastle's positions were both safe once more, boosted by an election victory that saw them gain 430 seats to the opposition's 128 in the 1840:

perhaps the greatest machine politics operator of the 18th century, who commanded immense voting strength in parliament. He could often organise majorities in the House of Commons for seemingly perplexing, unpopular and absurd policies of the government.

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Dutch, Danes and Portuguese remained neutral, and Sweden and Russia joined the French and Austrians in attacking Prussia. He authorised large sums to be paid as subsidies to the Prussians, who were fighting countries whose land forces dwarfed their own.

478:, known later as the 'old pretender'. This issue dominated British politics during the last few years of Queen Anne's reign, leading up to her death in 1714, and had a profound impact on the future career of the young Duke of Newcastle. He joined the 907:

demands for Britain to declare war with Spain a dangerous step, and in spite of his increasingly bellicose statements, he still considered the idea of an Anglo-Spanish alliance as late as 1739. He tried to negotiate a solution to the crisis with the

454:. One stipulation of his uncle's will was that his nephew add Holles to his name, which he faithfully did, thereafter styling himself as Thomas Pelham-Holles. A long-standing legal dispute over the estate with his Aunt was finally settled in 1714. 1046:, a royal favourite, but by 1743, Newcastle and his brother were firmly in control of British policy until 1756. Newcastle now set about drawing up a fresh scheme to enhance British power on the continent, including an attempt to persuade the 864:, who had become Lord Chancellor. During the latter half of the decade, his job was increasingly dominated by managing relations with Spain, which included trade disputes and objections to the controversial founding of the American colony of 1131:

as the British representative at the talks, as his views were very close to his own. Sandwich's principal instructions were to delay the talks until a significant British victory allowed them to negotiate from a position of strength. The

1340:. His decision to do so may partly have been to deflect criticism that he was not sufficiently qualified on financial matters to control the Treasury. At the same time, he was still largely directing foreign policy, his main emphasis. 1452:

Austria had been growing increasingly tense because of a longstanding belief that the British would abandon it at a crucial moment. Newcastle's worst fears were confirmed in 1756, when Austria concluded an alliance with France; the

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All had taken place without war being formally declared. With the decline in the American situation, Newcastle was forced to abandon his plans for financial reform, as the money would instead need to be spent on military forces.

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Instead, Walpole made himself extremely useful to George II, who soon became convinced of his competence and retained him in his post. The thawing of relations was helped by the friendship between Newcastle and George's daughter

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to drive the French out. Pitt was alarmed that both prospects would lead Britain into war with Austria or Genoa. Instead, to placate Newcastle and George II, Pitt agreed to send a British contingent to fight in Germany in 1758.

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himself for his "ignorance, obstinacy and credulity" and half expected his misjudgment in putting so much faith in the Dutch to result in his dismissal, but both the king and the rest of the cabinet retained their faith in him.

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and strongly supported aid to the Austrians. He had long thought that the only way Britain could defeat France was in alliance with Austria, a view sharply at odds with many other leading politicians such as Walpole and Pitt.

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During his time in the office, Newcastle and his wife had become famous for throwing lavish parties that were attended by much of London society including many of his political opponents. He was also prodigiously fond of

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politics, like his father and uncle, but whereas they had been moderate in their views, he grew increasingly more partisan and militant in his views. Britain was very divided between Whigs who favoured the succession of

1650:. Pitt was determined to press ahead with that year's plans but agreed to lessen the scale of colonial expeditions for 1760 since he expected that 1759 would provide a knockout blow to the French war effort. 789:. Walpole and Newcastle saw Spain as the main threat to British power because of its large navy and colonial interests. Eventually, Walpole had his way, forcing Townshend from office, and replacing him with 587:

dominate British politics for a generation. In 1721, Walpole began to serve as Britain's first prime minister and would hold that position for the next 21 years. He was related to Walpole's leading ally,

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to prove that he was still there. Nonetheless, his position was threatened since if the Jacobites were triumphant his estates would likely have been confiscated and he would have been forced into exile.

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serious potential allies to turn to. Referring to the election, Newcastle believed that if his scheme failed, "France and Prussia will dictate to all the world". He managed to broker a compromise at a

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privilege would in future be ceded entirely to Parliament. As Bute was a Tory, this marked the end of the Whig monopoly on government which had been continual since the Hanoverian Succession in 1714.

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to be returned. Nonetheless, Newcastle was happy with the terms that had been gained, and observers on the continent were full of praise on how he had overturned such a disadvantageous situation.

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triggering the major European war that Newcastle had feared and failed to prevent. What had begun as a limited war in the Ohio Country between Britain and France now took on global proportions.

1358:, which offered enormous potential for a new wealthy colony to be founded. Both nations sent military forces to occupy the territory. While the British set up the first initial post, they were 680:, one of his Sussex properties, expressly for that purpose. During his time as Lord Chamberlain he oversaw a major overhaul of public buildings, many of which had fallen into very poor repair. 824:

In general, Newcastle shared Walpole's abhorrence of war and wished to prevent Britain from getting dragged into major wars on the continent. Notably, Britain did not become embroiled in the

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to assist Austria, but he was blocked by Walpole, who insisted that Britain should not join the war. Newcastle broadly supported the same position as the king, but he accepted the decision.

911:, which agreed a sum of compensation to be paid to British merchants, but British public opinion had shifted, and Walpole felt that there was no option but to declare war in December 1739. 1465:

unilaterally attacked Austria, but the clear disparity in numbers would make him a "madman" to do so. Newcastle hoped he had managed to avert war in Europe, but in 1756, Frederick invaded

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On his death in 1768, the title Baron Pelham of Stanmer, together with the bulk of the Pelham estates in Sussex and the Duke's private papers, were left to Thomas, who was later created

1393:, who held enormous political sway at the time. Braddock was a favourite, but Newcastle had his doubts about both Braddock and the plans. Newcastle had temporarily made an alliance with 7030: 820:, who reigned from 1727 to 1760. Despite their initial violent hatred of each other, he and Newcastle grew to have a very productive relationship, which lasted for over three decades. 1734:, which he considered one of his finest achievements. Newcastle had been in government for almost 45 continuous years and initially enjoyed the new freedom that opposition gave him. 4123: 1848:

records correspondence between Pitt and his military administrators and none between them and Newcastle. Others have defended Newcastle by contrasting his 'continental policy' with

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Walpole and being more assertive. Newcastle was particularly annoyed both by what he saw as the abandonment of Austria and by the suggestion that Walpole no longer trusted him.

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After Henry's death, Newcastle was prime minister for six years in two separate periods. While his first premiership was not particularly notable, Newcastle precipitated the

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in 1754. Many wealthy Americans agitated for military action, but the preparations of the individual colonies for conflict were poor. There was more pressure in London from

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needed to be defended, to which Newcastle allegedly replied, "Annapolis! Oh yes, Annapolis must be defended, to be sure. Annapolis must be defended—where is Annapolis?".

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of troops and ships, which caused Newcastle to worry that they were ill-defended. His fears increased when the British received intelligence of French plans to launch an

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He held the post for seven years and performed well enough to be considered for further promotion. Despite his youth, he had demonstrated his strength in several

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did not progress well initially because the participants were not yet fully committed to peace. The Allies continued to do badly by suffering severe defeats at

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Biography of Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, with links to online catalogues, from Manuscripts and Special Collections at The University of Nottingham

1966: 1488: 3393: 1404:. Attacked by a mixed force of French and American Natives in the wilderness, more than half were killed, including Braddock. The remainder retreated back to 6820: 6805: 6800: 1915: 1183:

and a full French withdrawal from the Low Countries. The issue of free trade for which Britain had gone to war with Spain in 1739 was not mentioned at all.

6875: 6865: 6855: 6850: 6785: 6735: 6705: 6690: 5314: 4458: 4430: 3464: 3346: 1747: 1466: 922:. The two men formed a formidable political partnership following the fall of Walpole, and together dominated British politics until Henry's death in 1754. 785:

In 1729, a rift broke out in the government over the direction of Britain's foreign policy. Townshend was convinced that Britain's principal enemy was now

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was kept on-side by mobilising his control of MPs. However, Pitt and Newcastle would discuss strategy along with a small number of other figures such as

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as he much preferred foreign affairs, but he was persuaded there was no other serious candidate and accepted the seals of office from the king in March.

967:. The result reduced Walpole's former dominance of the House to an unworkable majority. Within months, he had been forced out of office and succeeded by 3312:

Biography of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 4th Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne (1st Duke of 3rd creation) and 1st Duke of Newcastle under Lyne (or Line) (1693-1768)

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The Holles and Clare estates, meanwhile, together with his Newcastle dukedom, were inherited by Lord Lincoln from whom the Duke had become estranged.

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Ermine on a Fess Gules three open Crowns Or; 4th, Azure fretty Or; 5th, Azure two Bars Argent on a Canton Sable a Wolf's Head erased of the Second.

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and was received with a rapturous reception wherever he went. When the talks got underway, they went far more smoothly, and in October 1748, the

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would be extremely disadvantageous to Britain, and he tried to keep the anti-French coalition strong through constant diplomacy and offers of

6895: 4356: 1389:, would be appointed to oversee that to take over from the fractious efforts of the colonial assemblies. The architect of the scheme was the 7452: 6960: 6905: 5678: 4625: 4154: 4003: 439: 1199:

Following the peace, Newcastle began to put into practice a policy that he had been developing for a very long time. He believed that the

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becoming prime minister in 1743. Together, the two brothers and their supporters known as the 'Old Whigs' made a coalition with the '

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Minister of War. One of his most notable suggestions during the period was the recruitment of large numbers of troops drawn from the

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by the king, but he turned it down. He lasted for a few months before the government collapsed, which was replaced by that of the

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On Henry Pelham's death on 6 March 1754, Newcastle succeeded him as prime minister. He had initially hoped to stay in his role as

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harm a British subject simply for trading, which many held to be a legitimate occupation despite the legal prohibition in force.

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and had effectively replaced Townshend as the third man of the government. The three men continued what had become dubbed as the

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to secure the election of Joseph. His triumph at the Congress was soon undermined by his failure to secure Austrian backing.

714: 579:, but from 1720, Newcastle began to identify strongly with the government Whigs, who had quickly come to be dominated by Sir 511:. They would be political partners for the next 20 years, and Newcastle would remain a loyalist until Walpole's fall in 1742. 7185: 6407: 6387: 6172: 5916: 5904: 5826: 5808: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5632: 5607: 5526: 5520: 5512: 5372: 5280: 5261: 5180: 5172: 5149: 5014: 4597: 4576: 4465: 4352: 4133: 4116: 3778: 2147: 1449:

While Newcastle had been paying attention to the American campaign, more pressing events in Europe demanded his attention.

1382: 734: 1945:), was made a Master Mason by the Grand Master, Lord Lovell, at an Occasional Lodge. In 1739, at the creation of London's 1472:

Newcastle was widely blamed for Britain's poor start to the Seven Years' War, and in November 1756 he was replaced by the

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Newcastle remained extremely attentive to the Austrian Alliance. He spent several years trying to secure the election of

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In 1738, Jenkins appeared in Parliament to testify about his treatment. Other merchants sent petitions, and the powerful

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which he inherited from his uncle in 1711, and used as his primary London residence, often throwing lavish parties there.

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in 1733. The longstanding peace policy was now beginning to look extremely fragile. He also acted as a mediator in the

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was planned against the French in America. A force of British regulars would be sent to seize Ohio, while another of

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In 1741, the main British campaign against Spain was a combined amphibious attack on the South American city of

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In 1758, Pitt began despatching expeditions around the world to seize French colonies. In 1758, they captured

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Pitt largely took over control of directing them, and Newcastle agreed with the measures and made sure that

860:

Newcastle's growing independence from Walpole was helped by the support of his brother and his best friend,

368:, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as the 6312: 6207: 4979: 3967: 3906: 3841: 2056: 1853: 1827: 1394: 1321: 1148: 927: 869: 825: 516: 467: 3699:'The Fac Totum in Ecclesiastic Affairs'? The Duke of Newcastle and the Crown's Ecclesiastical Patronage." 2862:'The Fac Totum in Ecclesiastic Affairs'? The Duke of Newcastle and the Crown's Ecclesiastical Patronage." 1505:

Between November 1756 and June 1757, the Duke of Devonshire replaced Newcastle as prime minister although

652:. The Duke ordered Handel in May 1719 to go to the Continent to contract singers for as long as possible. 538:

and Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, two titles previously held by his late uncle John Holles. He also became

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The rivalry between Britain and France in North America had been growing for some time. Both coveted the

1160: 1156: 1117: 1059: 475: 353: 49: 3723: 3459:"Holles, Thomas Pelham-, duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and first duke of Newcastle under Lyme (1693–1768)" 950:, the victor of Porto Bello, who was given a force of 31,000 soldiers and sailors to take the city. The 379:, he served under him for more than 20 years until 1742. He held power with his brother, prime minister 6447: 6442: 6282: 6087: 5980: 5717: 5439: 5340: 5081: 4270: 3715: 1958: 1707: 1678:", under which Britain gained reputation abroad, gradually fell owing to the affection of the new king 1055: 817: 766: 106: 1550:" after Britain enjoyed victories on several continents as well as at sea. In November a French fleet 1050:

into the anti-French alliance and mediating the dispute between Austria and Prussia, which led to the

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in North America. He planned to intensify this the next year by despatching large expeditions to the

1480:(historically called "Minorca" by the British) in 1756. Instead, the commander of the British fleet, 1280: 555: 520: 463: 1591:

Newcastle had been deeply concerned by Britain's poor start to the war, particularly by the loss of

530:

His services were too great to be neglected by the new Hanoverian king, and in 1714, he was created

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Newcastle continued in office after Walpole's fall and became more powerful on his younger brother

677: 559: 447: 310: 7422: 6557: 6482: 6302: 6031: 5568: 5222: 4716: 4702: 4688: 4674: 4221: 1799: 1776: 1675: 1621: 1397:, whom he also disliked. Fox was a strong supporter of the campaign and forced Newcastle's hand. 1071: 886:

The growing tension between Britain and Spain came to a head in 1731 during an incident known as

224: 3416:

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766

1167:. During the summer of 1748, Newcastle made his first ever trip outside Britain when he visited 7472: 7392: 7160: 7145: 7055: 6487: 5965: 4321: 4037: 3602:

The Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and Conduct of the Seven Years' War 1757-1762

1720: 1663: 1555: 881: 645: 394:, and his weak diplomacy cost him his premiership. After his second term, he served briefly in 6527: 6598: 6192: 5991: 1988: 1454: 1401: 1349: 1289: 1081: 1026: 947: 914: 702: 236: 1484:, was shot after a court-martial, which many considered a smokescreen to protect Newcastle. 7382: 7377: 7140: 6287: 6147: 1957:

With the prospect that the dukedom of Newcastle upon Tyne would become extinct once again,

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For his long services, he was created Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, with remainder to the

335:

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme

8: 7085: 7020: 6975: 6965: 5643: 4807: 1804: 1784: 1462: 1425: 1400:

A few months after arriving in America, Braddock's force was engulfed by disaster at the

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had overseen a brief end to the rift between the Whig factions after the collapse of the

551: 391: 5322: 1599:. To try to boost Britain's position in the Mediterranean, he pushed for an invasion of 6477: 6292: 6217: 6066: 4758: 4255: 4239: 3645: 3638:

The Great Man: Sir Robert Walpole: Scoundrel, Genius and Britain's First Prime Minister

3587: 3550: 3529: 1984: 1946: 1942: 1895: 1875: 1306: 1285: 1230: 1164: 1141: 1098: 813: 806:, soon convinced them that they had been wrong. This misjudgment was later used by the 641: 443: 361: 5367: 5045: 3435: 6462: 6322: 6227: 6157: 6036: 4884: 4849: 4828: 4814: 4681: 4667: 4186: 4161: 3573: 3566: 3536: 3442: 1604: 1234: 1200: 1133: 1051: 899: 837: 720: 661: 656: 535: 20: 890:, when a British merchant captain was captured for illegal trading off the coast of 7195: 7180: 7150: 7130: 7120: 7110: 7005: 6990: 6750: 6552: 6307: 6277: 6212: 6112: 6097: 5618: 5272: 4842: 4793: 4779: 4534: 4423: 3768: 3469: 3351: 1906: 1719:

The Duke went into opposition and lost his two Lord-Lieutenancies for opposing the

1253:

In 1752 he made a rare trip abroad by accompanying George II on his annual trip to

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to castigate the ministry for their lack of preparation against the French threat.

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and a constant thorn in Newcastle's side. Many were surprised when the two formed

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More about Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle on the Downing Street website

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The Insatiable Earl: A Life of John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich, 1718–1792

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University of Nottingham website, Manuscripts and Special Collections section,

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Charles Gravier: Comte de Vergennes: French Diplomacy in the Age of Revolution

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Donald G. Barnes, "The Duke of Newcastle, Ecclesiastical Minister, 1724-54."

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To oversee the peace settlement, Newcastle switched across to the position of

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Newcastle enjoyed a close but at times strained relationship with his brother

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Barnes, Donald G. "The Duke of Newcastle, Ecclesiastical Minister, 1724–54."

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who felt the time was ripe for British America to expand into the interior.

19:"The Duke of Newcastle" redirects here. For other holders of the title, see 7155: 7135: 7115: 7105: 6578: 6542: 6517: 6507: 6132: 6050: 6026: 5593: 5241: 5230: 4947: 4905: 4863: 4835: 4388: 3861: 3679:

Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire

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reforms. He proposed measures to reduce the amount of interest paid to the

979: 919: 833: 750: 644:, a leading playwright. In 1719, he was one of the three main investors in 483: 380: 169: 1965:

in 1756, with a special remainder for inheritance through his nephew, the

7170: 6497: 6257: 6197: 6162: 4940: 4919: 4604: 4590: 1639: 1378: 1374: 1035: 673: 3402:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 471. 1926:. The Duchess suffered from poor health and the couple had no children. 975:, his son, continued to attack Newcastle's behaviour for years to come. 59: 6502: 6177: 6092: 4898: 4891: 3630: 3427: 2880: 1849: 1635: 1412:, which followed in its wake, created serious headaches for Newcastle. 1258: 1176: 802:

The increasingly-confrontational actions of the French Chief Minister,

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Nulle, Stebelton H. "The Duke of Newcastle and the Election of 1727."

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Browning, Reed. "Holles, Thomas Pelham, duke of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne".

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In 1745, the Jacobite Rising broke out in Scotland and soon spread to

438:, by his second wife, the former Lady Grace Holles, younger sister of 7330: 6056: 5940: 4933: 4765: 1874:

as a bungling fool, ignorant of all geography, who is convinced that

1481: 1008: 543: 32: 946:, which had experienced considerable delays. Command was awarded to 591:, strengthening his bond with the leader of the new administration. 405:

Outside the electoral realm, his reputation has suffered. Historian

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Sykes, Norman. "The Duke of Newcastle as Ecclesiastical Minister."

1127:

in 1746. Newcastle was instrumental in securing the appointment of

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Thomas Pelham was born in London on 21 July 1693 the eldest son of

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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Norman Sykes, "The Duke of Newcastle as Ecclesiastical Minister."

1062:

in 1742, this strengthened the British position in North America.

931:

responsibilities and, for the first two years of war, served as a

635:

In 1717, at 23, Newcastle first attained high political office as

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was secured in late 1715 by the defeat of a Jacobite army at the

523:, even organising so-called 'Newcastle mobs' to fight with rival 358: 4351: 1147:

In 1747, Newcastle was involved in organising a coup to put the

387:

continuously for 30 years and dominated British foreign policy.

1631: 1608: 1180: 939:, whose growing manpower had previously gone largely untapped. 594:

On 2 April 1717, he increased his Whig connections by marrying

451: 207: 6628: 1987:. Pelham and his brother were buried at All Saints' Church in 749:

Newcastle had been joined in government by his young brother,

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Dickinson, Harry T. (2003). David Loads (ed.). "Newcastle".

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Coat of arms of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

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death and had much influence in making the Londoners accept

4313: 1856:, which led to Britain's eventual defeat in this conflict. 1775:. He died in November 1768, aged 75, at his London home in 1457:

suddenly threw the whole balance of power in Europe askew.

1257:. During the visit, Newcastle made an attempt to cultivate 891: 414:

unredeemed mediocrity and as a veritable buffoon in office.

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Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815

1123:

Talks for a peace settlement were convened in the city of

486:, both leading centres of Whig thinking and organisation. 1558:. Much of the credit went to Pitt, rather than Newcastle. 3746:

Ancestors of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

2589:

Harry T. Dickinson, "Newcastle" in David Loads, editor,

2006:

Ancestors of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

1878:

is not an island. Newcastle was played in the 1948 film

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anticipated the imminent replacement of the government.

602:, a national hero following his victories in the recent 357:(21 July 1693 – 17 November 1768) was an 1949:, he acted as one of the charity's founding governors. 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 16:

Prime Minister of Great Britain (1754–1756; 1757–1762)

3468:(online May 2011 ed.). Oxford University Press. 1910:

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne

3722:(2nd ed. Revised By C. H. Stuart; Oxford UP, 1962). 1888:. He also features in the British television series 1607:, to use as a naval base or for a British attack on 1509:

is widely credited as the main influence on policy.

1042:

Newcastle's position had briefly been threatened by

963:

In the wake of the Cartagena disaster, Britain held

2532: 1476:. Some had even called for his execution after the 1058:, which was successful. Along with the defeat of a 875: 872:, helping to bring the conflict to an end in 1738. 5693: 3565: 3528: 3457: 3434: 3246:. Oxford University Press. 2004. pp. 728–729. 3244:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 27 1706:. He was exceptionally proud of the house and its 1210:He came under continuous attack from Pitt and the 1163:although he had wanted Sandwich to succeed him as 3568:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World 1316:. To great surprise, he rejected the favourites, 997: 7433:Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England 7403:Secretaries of state for the Southern Department 7398:Secretaries of state for the Northern Department 7369: 3394:Newcastle, Dukes of s.v. 2. Thomas Pelham Holles 1976:, with inheritance to his cousin and male heir, 1852:'s failure to gather European allies during the 1534:In July 1757, he again became prime minister as 1175:was formally concluded. Britain would give back 761:The administration faced a crisis in 1727, when 3709:Lord North: The Prime Minister who lost America 3511:The Kit-Cat Club: Friends who Imagined a Nation 1803:The Duke of Newcastle wearing the Robes of the 1080:. Newcastle feared an attack from the north by 693:In 1724, Newcastle was chosen by Walpole to be 6566: 3823:Secretary of State for the Northern Department 3796:Secretary of State for the Southern Department 1702:Newcastle spent much of his last few years at 1595:and the French occupation of key ports in the 1491:, who had married his niece Catherine Pelham. 695:Secretary of State for the Southern Department 7493:Politicians from the London Borough of Camden 7478:People educated at Westminster School, London 7468:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain 6614: 5679: 5308: 4995: 4337: 1312:Newcastle's first task was to select someone 3350:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2650: 1016:and advocated aid to the country during the 515:Newcastle vigorously sustained the Whigs at 440:John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 3616: 2229:Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle 2031:Sir Thomas Pelham, 2nd Baronet, of Laughton 1104: 926:The British opened the war with a victory, 836:had now attained the lucrative position of 7503:Whig prime ministers of the United Kingdom 7408:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge 6630:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge 6621: 6607: 5686: 5672: 5315: 5301: 5002: 4988: 4344: 4330: 3650:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3592:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3555:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2492: 1730:He spent much of his time at his house at 1314:to represent the government in the Commons 58: 3495: 3326: 2057:Sir John Pelham, 3rd Baronet, of Laughton 1779:. After his death, Claremont was sold to 1512: 1501:William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire 493: 474:who supported the return of the Jacobite 446:and was admitted as a fellow commoner at 151:16 March 1754 – 11 November 1756 7286:HRH The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 3706: 3455: 3432: 3413: 3388: 2611: 2551: 2517:Loyaulté n'a honte (No shame in loyalty) 1905: 1798: 1697: 1642:and Canada. To do so, Pitt stripped the 1541: 1429: 1279: 1269: 1250:would later try to undermine Newcastle. 1179:to France in exchange for the return of 1084:, who had already gathered 5,000 men in 1056:colonial raid against Louisbourg in 1745 1007: 913: 902:mobilised popular opinion. To many, the 812: 733: 618: 507:From 1720 Newcastle allied himself with 502: 490:in London became his premier residence. 422: 4314:Thomas Pelham-Holles navigational boxes 3517: 3465:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3347:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3278: 3276: 1924:John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough 1603:, which was then controlled by neutral 7370: 3667: 3658: 3635: 3607: 3563: 2360: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2127: 2020: 2016: 1894:, which covers the early years of the 1054:in 1745. He also approved plans for a 708: 383:, until 1754. He had then served as a 6602: 5667: 5296: 4983: 4353:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom 4325: 4312: 4134:The Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham 3676: 3619:The History of the Foundling Hospital 3526: 3508: 2433: 2423: 2419: 2407: 2404: 2394: 2378: 2368: 2364: 2348: 2345: 2335: 2322: 2312: 2308: 2296: 2290: 2280: 2264: 2254: 2250: 2226: 2216: 2200: 2190: 2186: 2174: 2171: 2161: 2145: 2135: 2131: 2115: 2109: 2099: 2086: 2076: 2072: 2060: 2054: 2044: 2028: 2024: 1525:Great Britain in the Seven Years' War 1159:. He secured Sandwich's promotion to 1097:Scotland where they were defeated at 683: 5985:The Constitutions of the Free-Masons 3343: 3273: 2148:Robert Sydney, 2nd Earl of Leicester 1012:Newcastle was a strong supporter of 275: 7453:Lord-lieutenants of Nottinghamshire 6128:Sir Thomas Prendergast, 2nd Baronet 3604:(Cambridge University Press, 2002). 1566: 1194: 609: 95:29 June 1757 – 26 May 1762 13: 7388:Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge 6017:Worshipful Society of Apothecaries 5703:Active 1717–1813, united with the 4097:Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire 4011:Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire 3617:Nichols, R.H.; Wray, F.A. (1935). 1859: 1791:his neglect of the family budget. 1419: 1377:provincials would take control of 1065: 958: 756: 625:Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln 14: 7514: 7488:People from Laughton, East Sussex 3729: 2293:Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare 1360:driven out by a French expedition 1284:Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, by 1264: 715:Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731) 569: 562:and the subsequent flight of the 7498:Prime ministers of Great Britain 6007:Society of Antiquaries of London 5815:Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 5371: 5366: 5044: 4963: 4962: 4107:The Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 3498:Readers Guide to British History 3376: 2591:Readers Guide to British History 1710:on which he had spent a fortune. 1300: 1111:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) 876:Jenkins' Ear and Spanish America 606:who was considered a Whig icon. 457:He increasingly identified with 320: 6413:Sir Arthur Acheson, 5th Baronet 4004:The Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 3888:Prime Minister of Great Britain 3869:Prime Minister of Great Britain 3531:Newcastle: A Duke without Money 3407: 3317: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3264: 3259:Newcastle: A Duke without Money 3251: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2910: 2901: 2885: 2869: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2112:Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham 1937:in Norfolk, the Duke, with the 1737: 1245:He managed to outmanoeuvre the 796: 765:died unexpectedly, and his son 666:prime minister of Great Britain 498: 436:Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham 366:Prime Minister of Great Britain 293:Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham 271: 83:Prime Minister of Great Britain 7351:The Lord Sainsbury of Turville 6418:Sir Robert Lawley, 4th Baronet 5971:Antient Grand Lodge of England 5705:Ancient Grand Lodge of England 5695:Premier Grand Lodge of England 5538:Master-General of the Ordnance 5349:Leader of the House of Commons 5198:Master-General of the Ordnance 4090:The Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull 4021:The Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull 3520:George III: A Personal History 2641: 2632: 2623: 2605: 2596: 2583: 2570: 2557: 2267:John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare 1864:He was portrayed in the novel 1693: 1030:reluctance of its government. 1018:War of the Austrian Succession 1004:War of the Austrian Succession 998:War of the Austrian Succession 738:Newcastle in 1735 when he was 688: 1: 7448:Lord-lieutenants of Middlesex 7443:Leaders of the House of Lords 7418:Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne 5976:United Grand Lodge of England 5709:United Grand Lodge of England 5451:Lord President of the Council 5105:Lord President of the Council 3987:Custos Rotulorum of Middlesex 3518:Hibbert, Christopher (1999). 1972:In 1762, he was also created 1952: 1812: 1783:who had made his name in the 1761: 1714: 1684:John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute 1293: 729:War of the Quadruple Alliance 418: 69: 7428:Fellows of the Royal Society 7413:Dukes of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 7166:Thomas Ruthall (or Rowthall) 6313:Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet 6022:Spalding Gentlemen's Society 4187:Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 3968:Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex 3907:Leader of the House of Lords 3842:Leader of the House of Lords 3720:The Whig Supremacy 1714-1760 3489:UK public library membership 3364:UK public library membership 2578:The Whig Supremacy 1714–1760 2565:The Whig Supremacy 1714-1760 1963:Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 1914:On 2 April 1717, he married 1854:American War of Independence 1669: 1494: 870:War of the Polish Succession 826:War of the Polish Succession 614: 7: 7326:The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley 6072:Unlawful Societies Act 1799 6012:Royal College of Physicians 5740:John Theophilus Desaguliers 5513:First Lord of the Admiralty 5345:Chancellor of the Exchequer 5173:First Lord of the Admiralty 5162:The Lord Hervey of Ickworth 4162:Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 3608:Murphy, Orville T. (1982). 2617:A Cambridge Alumni Database 2613:"Pelham, Thomas (PLHN709T)" 1997: 1060:Spanish Invasion of Georgia 598:, the granddaughter of the 10: 7519: 7458:Lord-lieutenants of Sussex 7296:The Duke of Northumberland 7191:The Duke of Northumberland 7111:Thomas Rotherham (or Scot) 6443:Frederick, Prince of Wales 5707:(1751–1813) to create the 5364: 5341:First Lord of the Treasury 5042: 3978:The Earl of Northumberland 3621:. Oxford University Press. 2619:. University of Cambridge. 2567:(2nd ed. 1962) pp 352–353. 2354: 2244: 2121: 2018: 1619: 1615: 1552:planning to invade England 1546:1759 became known as the " 1522: 1516: 1498: 1423: 1347: 1343: 1273: 1108: 1069: 1001: 879: 712: 648:'s new opera company, the 18: 7346:HRH The Duke of Edinburgh 6636: 6438:Walter Calverley-Blackett 6080: 5956: 5716: 5701: 5642: 5617: 5592: 5567: 5536: 5511: 5474: 5449: 5424: 5399: 5380: 5339: 5271: 5240: 5221: 5196: 5171: 5128: 5103: 5072: 5053: 5025: 4957: 4489: 4364: 4319: 4297: 4284: 4276: 4269: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4228: 4219: 4203: 4193: 4184: 4179: 4159: 4147: 4140: 4130: 4121: 4113: 4103: 4094: 4086: 4076: 4070:Lord Lieutenant of Sussex 4067: 4059: 4044: 4035: 4027: 4017: 4008: 3995: 3984: 3974: 3965: 3955: 3950: 3940: 3931: 3923: 3913: 3904: 3894: 3885: 3877: 3866: 3858: 3848: 3839: 3829: 3820: 3812: 3802: 3793: 3785: 3775: 3766: 3758: 3753: 3687:English Historical Review 3627:Journal of Modern History 3441:. Yale University Press. 3424:Pacific Historical Review 3323:Nichols and Wray, p. 345. 3248:Article by Reed Browning. 2893:English Historical Review 2877:Pacific Historical Review 2504:A Peacock in pride Proper 2421: 2413: 2388: 2366: 2362: 2329: 2310: 2302: 2274: 2252: 2248: 2210: 2188: 2180: 2155: 2133: 2129: 2093: 2074: 2066: 2038: 2022: 1901: 1794: 1529: 1173:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 328: 316: 304: 285: 253: 243: 231: 214: 194: 189: 185: 175: 163: 155: 144: 132: 120: 99: 88: 81: 77: 57: 30: 6641:Richard of Wetheringsett 5997:Freemasons' Hall, London 5745:George Payne (1720–1721) 5434:The Earl of Macclesfield 5250:The Earl of Chesterfield 4438:Chatham (Pitt the Elder) 4256:Baron Pelham of Laughton 4142:Peerage of Great Britain 3816:The Earl of Chesterfield 3707:Whiteley, Peter (1996). 2656:Browning. ODNB online Ed 2525: 1443:an electoral partnership 1276:First Newcastle ministry 1225:son, the future Emperor 1105:Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 1034:Newcastle was a staunch 844:by meeting regularly at 596:Lady Henrietta Godolphin 448:Clare College, Cambridge 364:statesman who served as 311:Clare College, Cambridge 260:Lady Henrietta Godolphin 7483:People from Camden Town 7221:The Earl of Northampton 6831:Anthony of Grantchester 6558:Nathan Mayer Rothschild 6483:Robert Boyle-Walsingham 5941:George, Prince of Wales 5569:Paymaster of the Forces 5546:The Duke of Marlborough 5527:The Viscount Torrington 5223:Paymaster of the Forces 5181:The Viscount Torrington 4682:Disraeli (Beaconsfield) 4222:Baron Pelham of Stanmer 4124:Senior Privy Counsellor 4063:The Earl of Abergavenny 3927:The Duke of Marlborough 3833:The Earl of Holdernesse 3677:Simms, Brendan (2008). 3668:Rodger, N.A.M. (1993). 3659:Rodger, N.A.M. (2006). 3636:Pearce, Edward (2008). 3509:Field, Ophelia (2008). 3456:Browning, Reed (2004). 3433:Browning, Reed (1975). 3414:Anderson, Fred (2000). 3399:Encyclopædia Britannica 2481: 2381:Hon. William Pierrepont 2323:13. Hon. Elizabeth Vere 1974:Baron Pelham of Stanmer 1933:, Sir Robert Walpole's 1676:broad bottom government 1622:Annus Mirabilis of 1759 1519:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 1513:Second term: 1757-1762 1072:Jacobite rising of 1745 848:, Sir Robert Walpole's 725:last major European war 676:and often went down to 235:All Saints Churchyard, 7311:The Duke of Devonshire 7306:The Duke of Devonshire 7301:HRH The Prince Consort 7256:The Duke of Buckingham 7251:The Duke of Manchester 7241:The Earl of Manchester 7231:The Duke of Buckingham 6816:Thomas de Grantchester 6488:Sir Robert de Cornwall 5966:History of Freemasonry 5652:The Earl of Scarbrough 5583:The Earl of Wilmington 5496:The Duke of Devonshire 5484:The Viscount Townshend 5390:The Viscount Townshend 5332:The Viscount Townshend 5256:The Duke of Devonshire 5144:The Duke of Devonshire 5138:The Earl of Wilmington 5119:The Earl of Wilmington 4053:The Earl of Ashburnham 4038:Vice-Admiral of Sussex 3959:The Duke of Buckingham 3944:William Pitt the Elder 3881:The Duke of Devonshire 3852:The Duke of Devonshire 3711:. The Hambledon Press. 3689:57.225 (1942): 59–84. 3564:McLynn, Frank (2005). 3527:Kelch, Ray A. (1974). 3474:10.1093/ref:odnb/21801 3356:10.1093/ref:odnb/21801 2895:57.225 (1942): 59–84. 1916:Lady Harriet Godolphin 1911: 1818: 1711: 1559: 1446: 1437:was the leader of the 1297: 1270:First term: 1754-1756 1021: 923: 821: 746: 723:, which had ended the 650:Royal Academy of Music 646:George Frideric Handel 632: 512: 494:Early political career 431: 416: 181:The Duke of Devonshire 127:The Duke of Devonshire 7438:Knights of the Garter 7276:The Duke of Newcastle 7266:The Duke of Albemarle 7216:The Earl of Salisbury 6032:English Enlightenment 5627:The Duke of Newcastle 5415:The Duke of Newcastle 5156:The Earl of Godolphin 5150:The Viscount Lonsdale 5035:The Duke of Newcastle 4271:Baronetage of England 3703:24#3 (1992): 409–433. 3437:The Duke of Newcastle 3426:3.2 (1934): 164–191. 2879:3.2 (1934): 164–191. 2866:24#3 (1992): 409–433. 2434:15. Elizabeth Harries 1989:Laughton, East Sussex 1922:and granddaughter of 1920:2nd Earl of Godolphin 1909: 1881:Bonnie Prince Charlie 1802: 1746:in the government of 1701: 1545: 1517:Further information: 1455:Diplomatic Revolution 1433: 1402:Battle of Monongahela 1350:French and Indian War 1290:Jean Baptiste van Loo 1283: 1274:Further information: 1082:Bonnie Prince Charlie 1027:Empress Maria Theresa 1011: 948:Admiral Edward Vernon 928:capturing Porto Bello 917: 816: 737: 703:European State System 623:Newcastle (left) and 622: 506: 426: 411: 237:Laughton, East Sussex 37:The Duke of Newcastle 7271:The Duke of Somerset 7261:The Duke of Monmouth 6846:Richard de Wetherset 6781:Robert de Mildenhall 6741:Stephen Haslingfield 6731:Stephen Haslingfield 6721:Thomas de Sheringham 6651:Reginald Gerninghall 6473:Marquess of Hastings 6238:Lord James Cavendish 6188:Earl of Macclesfield 6108:Earl of Chesterfield 5893:Marquis of Carnarvon 5845:Marquis of Carnarvon 5521:The Earl of Berkeley 5459:The Duke of Kingston 4197:Henry Pelham-Clinton 4080:The Earl of Egremont 3917:The Earl of Egremont 3600:Middleton, Richard. 3051:The Instatiable Earl 3020:The Instatiable Earl 2958:Command of the Ocean 2918:Command of the Ocean 2748:Command of the Ocean 2346:3. Lady Grace Holles 1777:Lincoln's Inn Fields 1597:Austrian Netherlands 832:Newcastle's brother 552:Knight of the Garter 409:says that he became 225:Lincoln's Inn Fields 7321:The Earl of Balfour 7291:The Marquess Camden 7281:The Duke of Grafton 7236:The Earl of Holland 7226:The Earl of Suffolk 7021:Richard Billingford 6976:Richard Billingford 6966:Richard Billingford 6821:William de Lymbergh 6806:Thomas de Northwood 6801:Thomas de Northwood 6528:Meyer Löw Schomberg 6398:Marquess of Lothian 6383:Duke of Marlborough 6368:Duke of Queensberry 5644:Master of the Horse 5633:The Duke of Grafton 5577:The Lord Cornwallis 5281:The Duke of Grafton 5212:The Duke of Montagu 5063:The Lord Harrington 4153:Title last held by 4031:The Lord Ashburnham 3806:The Duke of Bedford 3779:The Duke of Grafton 2488: 2405:7. Grace Pierrepont 2172:5. Lady Lucy Sydney 1967:9th Earl of Lincoln 1805:Order of the Garter 1742:In 1765, he became 1658:naval victories at 1648:invasion of Britain 1634:in West Africa and 1489:9th Earl of Lincoln 1463:Frederick the Great 1326:Sir Thomas Robinson 1240:Congress of Hanover 1118:financial subsidies 909:Convention of Pardo 882:War of Jenkins' Ear 709:The French Alliance 600:Duke of Marlborough 542:of the counties of 6986:John de Rickingale 6876:Adam de Lakenheath 6866:Thomas de Stewkley 6856:Michael de Causton 6851:Michael de Haynton 6786:Henry de Herwarden 6736:Stephen de Segrace 6706:Ralph de Leicester 6691:Andrew de Gisleham 6478:James Moore Smythe 6408:Earl of Winchilsea 6358:Earl of Burlington 6338:Viscount Townshend 6293:John Baptist Grano 6248:William Richardson 6218:Richard Manningham 6067:Foundling Hospital 6042:Walpole ministries 5992:Freemasons' Tavern 5935:Duke of Cumberland 5929:Duke of Manchester 5608:The Duke of Dorset 5602:The Duke of Argyll 5558:The Duke of Argyll 5409:The Earl Granville 5401:Southern Secretary 5382:Northern Secretary 5357:Sir Robert Walpole 5328:Sir Robert Walpole 5262:The Duke of Dorset 5206:The Duke of Argyll 5094:The Lord Hardwicke 5055:Northern Secretary 5027:Southern Secretary 5018:Sir Robert Walpole 4745:Campbell-Bannerman 4240:Peerage of England 4117:The Duke of Dorset 4049:Title next held by 4000:Title last held by 3762:The Duke of Bolton 3754:Political offices 3629:9.1 (1937): 1–22. 3418:. Faber and Faber. 3143:Browning pp.207–08 3125:Browning pp.198–99 3071:Browning pp.154–55 3062:Browning pp.152–53 2486: 2203:Lady Dorothy Percy 1985:Earl of Chichester 1947:Foundling Hospital 1943:Holy Roman Emperor 1918:, daughter of the 1912: 1896:Bow Street Runners 1819: 1752:Southern Secretary 1712: 1560: 1474:Duke of Devonshire 1467:Saxony and Bohemia 1447: 1391:Duke of Cumberland 1383:commander in chief 1307:Northern Secretary 1298: 1286:John Giles Eccardt 1231:King of the Romans 1165:Southern Secretary 1157:Northern Secretary 1022: 965:a general election 924: 822: 747: 740:Southern Secretary 684:Secretary of State 642:Sir Richard Steele 633: 513: 444:Westminster School 432: 385:Secretary of State 7365: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7316:The Lord Rayleigh 7211:The Earl of Essex 7206:The Lord Burghley 6981:Stephen le Scrope 6886:William de Gotham 6861:William de Gotham 6796:Robert de Claydon 6771:Robert de Winwick 6766:Robert de Winwick 6746:Richard de Ashton 6716:John de Bradenham 6696:Thomas Sheringham 6686:Roger de Fulbourn 6666:Richard de Gedney 6661:William de Ludham 6596: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6584:Duke of Newcastle 6523:Hipólito da Costa 6463:Thomas Dunckerley 6403:Earl of Balcarres 6373:Earl of Deloraine 6323:Francis Columbine 6228:Richard Rawlinson 6158:Richard Cantillon 6037:Order of the Bath 5779:Earl of Inchiquin 5661: 5660: 5490:The Lord Carleton 5290: 5289: 5187:Sir Charles Wager 4977: 4976: 4307: 4306: 4298:Succeeded by 4229:Succeeded by 4194:Succeeded by 4131:Succeeded by 4104:Succeeded by 4077:Succeeded by 4018:Succeeded by 3975:Succeeded by 3941:Succeeded by 3914:Succeeded by 3895:Succeeded by 3849:Succeeded by 3830:Succeeded by 3803:Succeeded by 3789:The Lord Carteret 3776:Succeeded by 3695:Taylor, Stephen. 3672:. Harper Collins. 3612:. New York Press. 3513:. Harper Collins. 3487:(Subscription or 3362:(Subscription or 3233:Browning p.322–23 2969:Browning pp.94–97 2907:Browning pp.78–82 2849:Browning pp.73–76 2840:Browning pp.67–68 2831:Browning pp.66–67 2804:Browning pp.49–50 2737:Browning pp.14–15 2701:Browning pp.12–13 2683:Browning pp.23–25 2674:Browning pp.10–11 2523: 2522: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2087:9. Mary Wilbraham 1961:also created the 1708:extensive gardens 1235:Holy Roman Empire 1233:, a title of the 1216:American colonies 1201:stately quadrille 1134:Congress of Breda 1052:Treaty of Dresden 937:American colonies 900:South Sea Company 838:Paymaster General 721:Treaty of Utrecht 662:South Sea Company 657:general elections 589:Charles Townshend 560:Battle of Preston 536:Marquess of Clare 464:George of Hanover 370:Duke of Newcastle 332: 331: 297:Lady Grace Holles 21:Duke of Newcastle 7510: 7463:Lords Privy Seal 7196:Stephen Gardiner 7181:Stephen Gardiner 7151:Thomas Rotherham 7131:Thomas Rotherham 7121:Thomas Rotherham 7101:William Wilflete 7091:William Wilflete 7066:William Wilflete 7016:William Lascells 7006:Marmaduke Lumley 6991:Thomas of Cobham 6926:Thomas Hetherset 6911:John de Bromyard 6811:John de Crakhall 6761:Thomas de Foxton 6756:Richard de Badew 6751:Roger Northburgh 6726:Stephen Hepworth 6701:Stephen Hepworth 6671:Richard Dryfield 6656:Stephen Hepworth 6623: 6616: 6609: 6600: 6599: 6564: 6563: 6553:Moses Montefiore 6423:Alexander Brodie 6378:Earl of Portmore 6353:Duke of Kingston 6333:Earl of Pembroke 6308:Adolphus Oughton 6278:George Shelvocke 6263:Duke of Ancaster 6243:Earl of Hopetoun 6233:Charles Stanhope 6213:Ephraim Chambers 6208:Alexander Stuart 6113:Charles Delafaye 6098:William Stukeley 5981:James Anderson's 5917:Duke of Beaufort 5821:Earl of Crawford 5809:Viscount Montagu 5767:Duke of Richmond 5761:Earl of Dalkeith 5688: 5681: 5674: 5665: 5664: 5619:Lord Chamberlain 5552:The Earl Cadogan 5375: 5370: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5294: 5293: 5273:Lord Chamberlain 5048: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4514:Pitt the Younger 4509: 4502: 4500:Pitt the Younger 4482: 4480:Pitt the Younger 4475: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4375:Walpole (Orford) 4346: 4339: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4310: 4309: 4277:Preceded by 4246:Preceded by 4114:Preceded by 4087:Preceded by 4060:Preceded by 4028:Preceded by 3956:Preceded by 3951:Honorary titles 3924:Preceded by 3898:The Earl of Bute 3878:Preceded by 3859:Preceded by 3813:Preceded by 3786:Preceded by 3769:Lord Chamberlain 3759:Preceded by 3751: 3750: 3712: 3698: 3682: 3681:. Penguin Books. 3673: 3664: 3663:. Penguin Books. 3655: 3649: 3641: 3622: 3613: 3597: 3591: 3583: 3571: 3560: 3554: 3546: 3534: 3523: 3522:. Penguin Books. 3514: 3505: 3492: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3461: 3452: 3440: 3419: 3403: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3367: 3359: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2938:Simms pp.247–252 2936: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2889: 2883: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2858:Stephen Taylor, 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2786:Browning p.62–63 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2719:Field pp.350–352 2717: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2593:(2003) 2:951–952 2587: 2581: 2580:(1962) pp 28–29. 2574: 2568: 2563:Basil Williams, 2561: 2555: 2549: 2496: 2489: 2485: 2012: 2011: 2003: 2002: 1939:Duke of Lorraine 1817: 1814: 1785:Seven Years' War 1567:Seven Years' War 1554:was defeated at 1426:Seven Years' War 1371:major expedition 1295: 1205:Newcastle System 1195:Newcastle System 1149:Prince of Orange 1078:northern England 842:Norfolk Congress 780:House of Commons 744:Walpole ministry 637:Lord Chamberlain 610:Lord Chamberlain 442:. He studied at 392:Seven Years' War 356: 351: 344: 324: 279: 277: 273: 221: 218:17 November 1768 204: 202: 190:Personal details 178: 166: 149: 139:The Earl of Bute 135: 123: 93: 71: 62: 52: 28: 27: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7341:The Lord Adrian 7336:The Lord Tedder 7176:Thomas Cromwell 7161:George Fitzhugh 7146:George Fitzhugh 7081:Robert Woodlark 7076:Richard Scroope 7071:Robert Woodlark 7036:Nicholas Kenton 7026:Richard Cawdray 7001:William Wymbell 6996:Robert Fitzhugh 6971:Richard Dereham 6956:William Colvile 6951:John de Neketon 6946:William Colvile 6941:Richard Dereham 6936:William Colvile 6916:John of Neketon 6881:John de Donwich 6871:John de Donwich 6836:William Tynkell 6826:Richard Harling 6791:Richard Harling 6776:John de Langley 6711:Henry de Boyton 6676:John de Asgarby 6632: 6627: 6597: 6588: 6567:Prime ministers 6562: 6538:Sampson Eardley 6533:Joseph Salvador 6468:William Preston 6433:Charles Labelye 6428:William Hogarth 6388:Baron Baltimore 6348:Earl Waldegrave 6318:Viscount Cobham 6273:Edmund Prideaux 6183:James Thornhill 6153:Earl Cornwallis 6123:William Billers 6118:Baron Carpenter 6076: 5958: 5952: 5887:Baron Carysfort 5857:Earl of Kintore 5839:Earl of Darnley 5833:Earl of Loudoun 5797:Duke of Norfolk 5755:Duke of Wharton 5749:Duke of Montagu 5719: 5712: 5697: 5692: 5662: 5657: 5638: 5613: 5588: 5563: 5532: 5507: 5502:The Lord Trevor 5476:Lord Privy Seal 5470: 5465:The Lord Trevor 5445: 5426:Lord Chancellor 5420: 5395: 5376: 5362: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5321: 5291: 5286: 5267: 5236: 5217: 5192: 5167: 5130:Lord Privy Seal 5124: 5113:The Lord Trevor 5099: 5088:The Lord Talbot 5074:Lord Chancellor 5068: 5049: 5040: 5021: 5008: 4978: 4973: 4961: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4360: 4350: 4315: 4303: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4259: 4251: 4234: 4225: 4209: 4199: 4190: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4136: 4127: 4119: 4109: 4100: 4092: 4082: 4073: 4065: 4050: 4041: 4033: 4023: 4014: 4001: 3990: 3980: 3971: 3963: 3960: 3946: 3937: 3934:Lord Privy Seal 3929: 3919: 3910: 3900: 3891: 3883: 3872: 3864: 3854: 3845: 3835: 3826: 3818: 3808: 3799: 3791: 3781: 3772: 3764: 3732: 3716:Williams, Basil 3696: 3643: 3642: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3486: 3478: 3476: 3449: 3410: 3392:, ed. (1911). " 3377: 3375: 3361: 3340: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080:Simms pp.351–52 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2890: 2886: 2874: 2870: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822:Simms pp.216–17 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2665:Browning p.9–10 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638:Browning p.6–10 2637: 2633: 2629:Browning pp.2–3 2628: 2624: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2533: 2528: 2484: 2479: 2000: 1955: 1904: 1886:G. H. Mulcaster 1872:Tobias Smollett 1867:Humphry Clinker 1862: 1860:Popular culture 1846:Francis Parkman 1815: 1797: 1773:British America 1764: 1756:Duke of Grafton 1748:Lord Rockingham 1744:Lord Privy Seal 1740: 1717: 1696: 1672: 1624: 1618: 1569: 1548:Annus mirabilis 1532: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1503: 1497: 1478:loss of Menorca 1428: 1422: 1420:Loss of Menorca 1410:Great Expulsion 1387:Edward Braddock 1352: 1346: 1334:Bank of England 1303: 1278: 1272: 1267: 1247:Duke of Bedford 1223:Maria Theresa's 1197: 1113: 1107: 1090:Newcastle House 1074: 1068: 1066:Jacobite Rising 1006: 1000: 969:Lord Wilmington 961: 959:Fall of Walpole 884: 878: 804:Cardinal Fleury 799: 791:Lord Harrington 759: 757:Domestic crisis 717: 711: 691: 686: 629:Godfrey Kneller 617: 612: 572: 540:Lord-Lieutenant 527:in the street. 501: 496: 488:Newcastle House 428:Newcastle House 421: 407:Harry Dickinson 396:Lord Rockingham 349: 342: 338: 300: 281: 269: 265: 262: 244:Political party 223: 219: 206: 200: 198: 176: 164: 150: 145: 133: 121: 116: 94: 89: 73: 53: 40: 38: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7516: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7423:Earls of Clare 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7246:Oliver St John 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7186:Edward Seymour 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7061:Lawrence Booth 7058: 7053: 7051:Nicholas Close 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6901:John Cavendish 6898: 6893: 6891:Richard Scrope 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6646:Hugh de Hotton 6643: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6626: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6603: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6574:Robert Walpole 6570: 6568: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6393:Duke of Atholl 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6328:Hugh Warburton 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6303:Jacques Leblon 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6253:William Becket 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6223:Frank Nicholls 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6143:John Arbuthnot 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6088:James Anderson 6084: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5962: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5947:Duke of Sussex 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5875:Lord Cranstoun 5872: 5866: 5863:Earl of Morton 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5791:Baron Kingston 5788: 5785:Baron Colerane 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5724: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5711:(1813–present) 5702: 5699: 5698: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5648: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5605: 5598: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5542: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5524: 5517: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5462: 5455: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5437: 5430: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5353: 5351: 5337: 5336: 5320: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5297: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5209: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5184: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5116: 5109: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5078: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5015:Prime Minister 5007: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4521:Lord Grenville 4517: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4493: 4491:United Kingdom 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4370: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4296: 4291:(of Laughton) 4283: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4192: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4129: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4102: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4075: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4043: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3964: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3939: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3828: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3731: 3730:External links 3728: 3727: 3726: 3713: 3704: 3693: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3633: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3598: 3578: 3561: 3541: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3493: 3453: 3447: 3430: 3420: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3390:Chisholm, Hugh 3373: 3338: 3337: 3325: 3316: 3302: 3293: 3291:McLynn p.96–97 3284: 3272: 3263: 3257:Ray A. Kelch, 3250: 3235: 3226: 3224:Browning p.322 3217: 3208: 3206:Browning p.133 3199: 3190: 3181: 3179:Anderson p.129 3172: 3170:Simms p.672–73 3163: 3161:Simms p.167–68 3154: 3152:Anderson p.105 3145: 3136: 3134:Browning p.204 3127: 3118: 3116:Browning p.194 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3042: 3040:Browning p.150 3033: 3031:Browning p.149 3024: 3011: 3009:Browning p.132 3002: 3000:Browning p.102 2993: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2909: 2900: 2884: 2868: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2604: 2595: 2582: 2569: 2556: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2008: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1959:King George II 1954: 1951: 1903: 1900: 1861: 1858: 1834:Horace Walpole 1796: 1793: 1763: 1760: 1739: 1736: 1716: 1713: 1695: 1692: 1671: 1668: 1620:Main article: 1617: 1614: 1568: 1565: 1531: 1528: 1514: 1511: 1499:Main article: 1496: 1493: 1424:Main article: 1421: 1418: 1348:Main article: 1345: 1342: 1302: 1299: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1265:Prime minister 1263: 1196: 1193: 1138:Bergen op Zoom 1109:Main article: 1106: 1103: 1070:Main article: 1067: 1064: 1048:Dutch Republic 1002:Main article: 999: 996: 973:Horace Walpole 960: 957: 904:Spanish Empire 880:Main article: 877: 874: 798: 795: 758: 755: 713:Main article: 710: 707: 690: 687: 685: 682: 627:as painted by 616: 613: 611: 608: 581:Robert Walpole 577:James Stanhope 571: 570:Walpole's ally 568: 534:, and in 1715 509:Robert Walpole 500: 497: 495: 492: 420: 417: 377:Robert Walpole 330: 329: 326: 325: 318: 314: 313: 308: 302: 301: 299: 298: 295: 289: 287: 283: 282: 267: 263: 258: 257: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 233: 229: 228: 222:(aged 75) 216: 212: 211: 196: 192: 191: 187: 186: 183: 182: 179: 173: 172: 167: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 142: 141: 136: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 115: 114: 109: 103: 101: 97: 96: 86: 85: 79: 78: 75: 74: 63: 55: 54: 39: 36: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7515: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7473:Pelham family 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7393:Barons Pelham 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7201:Reginald Pole 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7096:John Harrison 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7056:William Percy 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7046:Robert Ascogh 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7011:John Holeroke 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6931:John de Burgh 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6921:John de Burgh 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6841:Thomas Sutton 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6624: 6619: 6617: 6612: 6610: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6548:Meyer Solomon 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6513:Johan Zoffany 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6493:Batty Langley 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6453:Edward Gibbon 6451: 6449: 6448:Thomas Wright 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6363:Earl of Essex 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6343:Martin Bladen 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283:John Woodward 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6268:Charles Hayes 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6203:James Douglas 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6168:William Rutty 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6138:Martin Folkes 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103:William Jones 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6062:Hellfire Club 6060: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6002:Royal Society 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5955: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5911:Baron Blayney 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5899:Lord Aberdour 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5851:Baron Raymond 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5827:Lord Weymouth 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5728:Anthony Sayer 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5677: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5440:The Lord King 5438: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5313: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5082:The Lord King 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4969: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 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1801: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769:Coercive Acts 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1721:peace of 1763 1709: 1705: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1644:British Isles 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1564: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1526: 1520: 1510: 1508: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1440: 1439:Patriot Whigs 1436: 1432: 1427: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1364:Patriot Whigs 1361: 1357: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1338:National Debt 1335: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1212:Patriot Whigs 1208: 1206: 1202: 1192: 1190: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:the Admiralty 1158: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1129:Lord Sandwich 1126: 1121: 1119: 1112: 1102: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1005: 995: 993: 992:Lord Sandwich 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 956: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 929: 921: 916: 912: 910: 905: 901: 896: 893: 889: 883: 873: 871: 867: 863: 858: 854: 851: 850:country house 847: 846:Houghton Hall 843: 839: 835: 830: 827: 819: 815: 811: 809: 808:Patriot Whigs 805: 794: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 771: 768: 764: 754: 752: 745: 741: 736: 732: 730: 726: 722: 716: 706: 704: 700: 699:Lord Carteret 696: 681: 679: 675: 669: 667: 663: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 638: 630: 626: 621: 607: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 584: 582: 578: 567: 565: 564:Old Pretender 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532:Earl of Clare 528: 526: 522: 521:King George I 518: 510: 505: 491: 489: 485: 481: 480:Hannover Club 477: 473: 470:'s death and 469: 465: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 429: 425: 415: 410: 408: 403: 401: 400:1754 election 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 375:A protégé of 373: 371: 367: 363: 360: 355: 348: 341: 336: 327: 323: 319: 315: 312: 309: 307: 303: 296: 294: 291: 290: 288: 284: 261: 256: 252: 249: 246: 242: 238: 234: 232:Resting place 230: 226: 217: 213: 209: 197: 193: 188: 184: 180: 174: 171: 168: 162: 158: 154: 148: 143: 140: 137: 131: 128: 125: 119: 113: 110: 108: 105: 104: 102: 98: 92: 87: 84: 80: 76: 67: 66:William Hoare 61: 56: 51: 47: 43: 34: 29: 26: 22: 7275: 7136:Thomas Cosyn 7126:John Boynton 7116:Edward Story 7106:Edward Story 7041:John Langton 7031:John Langton 6583: 6579:Henry Pelham 6543:Moses Mendez 6518:John Coustos 6508:Joseph Banks 6458:Baron Hervey 6173:James Vernon 6133:Brook Taylor 6051:Kit-Cat Club 6027:Newtonianism 5983: 5905:Earl Ferrers 5803:Baron Lovell 5773:Lord Paisley 5734:George Payne 5626: 5594:Lord Steward 5414: 5242:Lord Steward 5231:Henry Pelham 5034: 4850:Douglas-Home 4759:Lloyd George 4424:G. Grenville 4409: 4395: 4292: 4285: 4263: 4254: 4220: 4213: 4204: 4185: 4181:New creation 4180: 4173: 4167:3rd creation 4166: 4160: 4149:New creation 4148: 4122: 4095: 4068: 4051: 4045: 4036: 4009: 4002: 3996: 3985: 3966: 3961:and Normanby 3932: 3905: 3886: 3867: 3862:Henry Pelham 3840: 3821: 3794: 3767: 3719: 3708: 3700: 3686: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3637: 3626: 3618: 3609: 3601: 3567: 3530: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3477:. Retrieved 3463: 3436: 3423: 3415: 3408:Bibliography 3397: 3369: 3345: 3332: 3328: 3319: 3311: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3270:Whitely p.26 3266: 3258: 3253: 3243: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3215:Hibbert p.27 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3050: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3019: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2988: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2957: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2917: 2912: 2903: 2892: 2887: 2876: 2871: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2747: 2742: 2733: 2728:Browning p.5 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2607: 2602:Browning p.1 2598: 2590: 2585: 2577: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2228: 1993: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1962: 1956: 1929:In 1731, at 1928: 1913: 1891:City of Vice 1889: 1879: 1865: 1863: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1820: 1789: 1781:Robert Clive 1767:against the 1765: 1741: 1738:Final return 1729: 1718: 1688: 1673: 1656: 1652: 1625: 1590: 1570: 1561: 1533: 1504: 1486: 1471: 1459: 1451: 1448: 1435:William Pitt 1414: 1406:Philadelphia 1399: 1368: 1356:Ohio Country 1353: 1330: 1324:, and chose 1318:William Pitt 1311: 1304: 1252: 1244: 1220: 1209: 1198: 1185: 1154: 1146: 1122: 1114: 1095: 1075: 1041: 1032: 1023: 988:William Pitt 980:Henry Pelham 977: 962: 941: 932: 925: 920:Henry Pelham 897: 888:Jenkins' Ear 885: 859: 855: 834:Henry Pelham 831: 823: 800: 797:Peace policy 784: 772: 760: 751:Henry Pelham 748: 718: 697:in place of 692: 670: 654: 634: 604:European war 593: 585: 573: 529: 517:Queen Anne's 514: 499:Royal favour 484:Kit Kat Club 476:James Stuart 456: 433: 412: 404: 389: 381:Henry Pelham 374: 369: 334: 333: 220:(1768-11-17) 205:21 July 1693 177:Succeeded by 170:Henry Pelham 146: 134:Succeeded by 90: 64:Portrait by 25: 7383:1768 deaths 7378:1693 births 7171:John Fisher 7156:Richard Fox 7141:John Blythe 6896:Eudo Zouche 6498:Thomas Arne 6258:John Anstis 6198:James Jurin 6193:John Browne 6163:John Machin 6148:Charles Cox 5943:(1792–1813) 5937:(1782–1790) 5931:(1777–1782) 5925:(1772–1777) 5923:Baron Petre 5919:(1767–1772) 5913:(1764–1767) 5907:(1762–1764) 5901:(1757–1762) 5895:(1754–1757) 5889:(1752–1753) 5883:(1747–1752) 5881:Baron Byron 5877:(1744–1747) 5871:(1742–1744) 5865:(1741–1742) 5859:(1740–1741) 5853:(1739–1740) 5847:(1738–1739) 5841:(1737–1738) 5835:(1736–1737) 5829:(1735–1736) 5823:(1734–1735) 5817:(1733–1734) 5811:(1732–1733) 5805:(1731–1732) 5799:(1730–1731) 5793:(1728–1730) 5787:(1727–1728) 5781:(1726–1727) 5775:(1724–1725) 5763:(1723–1724) 5751:(1721–1723) 5742:(1719–1720) 5736:(1718–1719) 5730:(1717–1718) 5654:(1727–1730) 5635:(1724–1730) 5629:(1721–1724) 5610:(1725–1730) 5604:(1721–1725) 5585:(1722–1730) 5579:(1721–1722) 5560:(1725–1730) 5554:(1722–1725) 5548:(1721–1722) 5529:(1727–1730) 5523:(1721–1727) 5498:(1725–1730) 5492:(1721–1725) 5467:(1726–1730) 5461:(1721–1726) 5442:(1725–1730) 5436:(1721–1725) 5417:(1724–1730) 5411:(1721–1724) 5392:(1721–1730) 5359:(1721–1730) 5334:(1721–1730) 5283:(1730–1742) 5264:(1737–1742) 5258:(1733–1737) 5252:(1730–1733) 5233:(1730–1742) 5214:(1740–1742) 5208:(1730–1740) 5189:(1733–1742) 5183:(1730–1733) 5164:(1740–1742) 5158:(1735–1740) 5152:(1733–1735) 5146:(1731–1733) 5140:(1730–1731) 5121:(1730–1742) 5096:(1737–1742) 5090:(1733–1737) 5084:(1730–1733) 5065:(1730–1742) 5037:(1730–1742) 5020:(1730–1742) 4808:Chamberlain 4155:John Holles 3572:. Pimlico. 3368:; cited as 3300:McLynn p.97 3197:McLynn p.95 3188:Simms p.675 3098:Murphy p.41 3089:Browning p. 2978:Simms p.302 2929:Simms p.248 2813:Simms p.219 2777:Simms p.126 2759:Simms p.138 1941:(later the 1876:Cape Breton 1816: 1750 1694:Later years 1640:West Indies 1379:Nova Scotia 1375:New England 1369:In 1755, a 1301:Appointment 1036:Austrophile 689:Appointment 678:Bishopstone 674:fox hunting 165:Preceded by 122:Preceded by 7372:Categories 7086:John Booth 6961:Guy Zouche 6906:Guy Zouche 6681:John Hooke 6503:John Soane 6298:Baron King 6178:John Senex 6093:John Byrom 5869:Baron Ward 4647:Palmerston 4633:Palmerston 4584:Wellington 4563:Wellington 4459:Rockingham 4431:Rockingham 4403:Devonshire 4382:Wilmington 4295:1712–1768 4260:1712–1768 4226:1762–1768 4210:1714–1768 4191:1756–1768 4170:1715–1768 4128:1765–1768 4101:1765–1768 4074:1761–1763 4042:1715–1768 4015:1714–1763 3991:1714–1762 3972:1714–1763 3938:1765–1766 3911:1757–1762 3892:1757–1762 3873:1754–1756 3846:1748–1756 3827:1748–1754 3800:1724–1748 3773:1717–1724 3640:. Pimlico. 3535:. London. 3491:required.) 3479:7 February 3366:required.) 2576:Williams, 2507:Escutcheon 1953:Succession 1850:Lord North 1762:Retirement 1715:Opposition 1680:George III 1636:Louisbourg 1574:Parliament 1523:See also: 1259:Lord North 1177:Louisbourg 719:Since the 631:, c. 1721. 548:Nottingham 468:Queen Anne 419:Early life 306:Alma mater 201:1693-07-21 112:George III 7331:Jan Smuts 6288:John Ward 6057:Gormogons 4878:Callaghan 4843:Macmillan 4829:Churchill 4815:Churchill 4794:MacDonald 4780:MacDonald 4731:Salisbury 4717:Gladstone 4710:Salisbury 4703:Gladstone 4696:Salisbury 4689:Gladstone 4675:Gladstone 4598:Melbourne 4577:Melbourne 4542:Liverpool 4507:Addington 4466:Shelburne 4410:Newcastle 4396:Newcastle 3646:cite book 3588:cite book 3551:cite book 3370:ThPelODNB 3333:ThPelODNB 2960:pp.236–37 1844:affairs; 1828:Annapolis 1732:Claremont 1704:Claremont 1670:Dismissal 1578:Hardwicke 1495:Interlude 1482:John Byng 1395:Henry Fox 1322:Henry Fox 1227:Joseph II 1101:in 1746. 984:New Whigs 944:Cartagena 862:Hardwicke 818:George II 767:George II 615:In office 544:Middlesex 525:Jacobites 317:Signature 239:, England 227:, England 210:, England 159:George II 147:In office 107:George II 91:In office 33:His Grace 6047:Whiggism 5959:articles 4968:Category 4885:Thatcher 4724:Rosebery 4668:Disraeli 4626:Aberdeen 4556:Goderich 4535:Perceval 4528:Portland 4473:Portland 4264:Extinct 4214:Extinct 4174:Extinct 3691:in JSTOR 3631:in JSTOR 3504:: 951–2. 3428:in JSTOR 3053:pp.58–59 3022:pp.41–42 2916:Rodger. 2897:in JSTOR 2881:in JSTOR 1998:Ancestry 1824:Ligonier 1822:told by 1725:in India 1664:Quiberon 1586:Ligonier 1556:Quiberon 1445:in 1757. 1381:. A new 1288:, after 1142:Lauffeld 1099:Culloden 1044:Carteret 933:de facto 763:George I 556:George I 482:and the 100:Monarchs 6081:Members 5957:Related 5720:Masters 5324:Cabinet 5011:Cabinet 4948:Starmer 4927:Johnson 4913:Cameron 4801:Baldwin 4787:Baldwin 4773:Baldwin 4752:Asquith 4738:Balfour 4654:Russell 4612:Russell 4549:Canning 4445:Grafton 4287:Baronet 3387:: 3049:Rodger 3018:Rodger 2956:Rodger 2920:. p.235 2746:Rodger 1628:Senegal 1616:Success 1601:Corsica 1593:Menorca 1344:America 1336:on the 1255:Hanover 1189:Silesia 1169:Hanover 1014:Austria 866:Georgia 787:Austria 742:in the 359:English 286:Parents 280: 268: 264: 156:Monarch 5988:(1723) 5949:(1813) 5769:(1724) 5757:(1723) 5504:(1730) 5486:(1721) 5115:(1730) 4871:Wilson 4857:Wilson 4822:Attlee 4389:Pelham 4046:Vacant 3997:Vacant 3724:online 3701:Albion 3576: 3539: 3485: 3445: 3381: 3360: 3261:(1974) 2864:Albion 1902:Family 1795:Legacy 1674:This " 1632:Gambia 1609:Ostend 1530:Return 1181:Madras 776:Amelia 550:and a 472:Tories 466:after 452:Sussex 274: 254:Spouse 208:London 5718:Grand 4941:Sunak 4934:Truss 4906:Brown 4899:Blair 4892:Major 4864:Heath 4661:Derby 4640:Derby 4619:Derby 4452:North 2750:p.227 2526:Notes 2514:Motto 2501:Crest 1826:that 1807:, by 1660:Lagos 1605:Genoa 1582:Anson 1229:, as 1125:Breda 1086:Derby 952:siege 352: 350:, 345: 343:, 278:) 270:( 266: 48: 44: 5330:and 5326:of 4836:Eden 4605:Peel 4591:Peel 4570:Grey 4417:Bute 4357:list 3652:link 3594:link 3574:ISBN 3557:link 3537:ISBN 3481:2013 3443:ISBN 2991:p.18 2482:Arms 2379:14. 2265:12. 2201:11. 2146:10. 1682:for 1662:and 1630:and 1584:and 1536:Pitt 1507:Pitt 1320:and 1296:1740 1140:and 990:and 892:Cuba 546:and 459:Whig 362:Whig 276:1717 248:Whig 215:Died 195:Born 72:1750 5013:of 4920:May 4766:Law 3470:doi 3396:". 3352:doi 2291:6. 2227:1. 2110:2. 2055:4. 2029:8. 1884:by 1870:by 1771:on 1588:. 354:FRS 50:FRS 7374:: 3718:. 3648:}} 3644:{{ 3590:}} 3586:{{ 3553:}} 3549:{{ 3500:. 3462:. 3275:^ 2615:. 2534:^ 1991:. 1980:. 1969:. 1898:. 1813:c. 1811:, 1787:. 1758:. 1727:. 1666:. 1580:, 1385:, 1294:c. 1292:, 1218:. 1207:. 1120:. 994:. 782:. 668:. 583:. 566:. 402:. 372:. 347:PC 340:KG 337:, 272:m. 70:c. 68:, 46:PC 42:KG 6622:e 6615:t 6608:v 6053:) 6049:( 5687:e 5680:t 5673:v 5316:e 5309:t 5302:v 5003:e 4996:t 4989:v 4359:) 4355:( 4345:e 4338:t 4331:v 3697:" 3654:) 3596:) 3582:. 3559:) 3545:. 3502:2 3483:. 3472:: 3451:. 3372:. 3358:. 3354:: 3335:. 2860:" 2554:. 203:) 199:( 23:.

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Knowledge

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

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