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593:, who became president of IBM in 1961. Although the initiative, and as such much of the credit for the birth of the information revolution, must go to Tom Jr., considerable courage was also displayed by his then aging father who, despite his long commitment to internal funding, backed his son to the hilt; reportedly with the words "It is harder to keep a business great than it is to build it."
481:. Watson became a lieutenant colonel, tasked with flying military commanders. Tom Jr. later admitted to journalists that the one career he would have liked to follow was an airline pilot. Piloting came easily to him and for the first time, he had confidence in his abilities. Toward the end of his service, Watson worked for Major General
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of half its card-making capacity, was largely irrelevant since the future was in computers rather than cards. There was another condition: IBM had to sell machines outright as well as lease them. This had repercussions in the late 1960s when leasing companies recognized the financing loophole that it created.
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Tom Jr. took over effective control in a dramatic moment; though the formal handover took place a few months later. The occasion was signing the
Consent Decree which was offered by the government after its latest anti-trust investigation. Tom Jr. saw that the Consent Decree, which sought to strip IBM
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Perhaps Watson's most enduring contribution to IBM was its organizational structure, since new products, no matter how successful, carry a company for at most a few years. In 1956, in a move that became a bi-annual event, he reorganized IBM on divisional lines, to give a decentralized organization,
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for commercial use by smaller organizations. Despite the fact that many observers believed that Tom Jr was frittering away the resources his father had built up, these new ranges were remarkably successful, doubling IBM's sales once more over the six years from 1958 ($ 1.17 billion) to 1964 ($ 2.31
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Behind this decision was another: spending more on research and development. IBM was only spending 3% on research and development at that time when other high technology companies were spending between 6% and 9%. Tom Jr. learned the lesson, and thereafter – at least until the 1990s (when, even
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Tom Jr.'s decision was justified; in the longer term, it redirected IBM to its later position dominating the computer market. Even in the short term it paid off; for revenues more than tripled in six years, from $ 214.9 million in 1950 to $ 734.3 million in 1956. This dramatic rate of growth almost
437:
Talking to a reporter in 1974, Watson described his relationship with his father; "My father and I had terrible fights ... He seemed like a blanket that covered everything. I really wanted to beat him but also make him proud of me." But this relationship was not all negative: "I really enjoyed the
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program to develop a transistorized "supercomputer"; it failed to meet its price and performance goals, at a reported cost of $ 20 million. Although embarrassing in terms of the rumors that drifted to the outside world, it would not however be the last IBM computer series to be terminated and the
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He introduced the terminology "line and staff". In his words: "By the mid-'50s just about every big corporation had adopted the so-called staff-and-line structure. It was modeled on military organizations going back to the
Prussian army in Napoleonic times." His organization "... provided IBM
56:
690:, Supplies Division; and Time Division (sold off in 1958). Watson said "We had a superb sales organization but lacked expert management organization in almost everything else". His goal was to redirect IBM to absorb the shocks of change, including change from its own innovation.
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computerized tracking system accounted for more than half of IBM's computer sales. The company made little profit on these sales but, as Tom Jr. said "It enabled us to build highly automated factories ahead of anybody else, and to train thousands of new workers in electronics."
438:
ten years (working) with him". In his book he says; "I was so intimately entwined with my father. I had a compelling desire, maybe out of honor for the old gentleman, maybe out of sheer cussedness, to prove to the world that I could excel in the same way that he did."
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533:. Many of IBM's technical experts also did not think computer products were practical since there were only about a dozen computers in the entire world at the time. Even the supporters of the new technology underestimated the potential.
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factory) was at the age of five – and business tours to Europe and made appearances at annual gatherings for the company's elite sales representatives, the IBM Hundred Per Cent Club, even before he was old enough to attend school.
651:. Since the 360 line was incompatible with IBM's previous products, it represented an enormous risk for the company. Despite delays in shipment, the products were well-received following their launch in 1964 and what
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Despite the presence of his son, Thomas Sr. kept a firm grip on the reins until 1955. Tom Jr. described the position of his father as "He wanted to make me head of IBM, but he didn't like sharing the limelight."
508:
Watson returned to IBM at the beginning of 1946. He was promoted to be a vice president just six months later and was promoted to the board just four months after that. He became
Executive Vice-president in 1949.
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only dropped it to 6%) – IBM consistently spent 9%. By comparison, the equivalent figure for Japan was 5.1%, though its high technology companies exceeded even the IBM level, with the 1983 spending for
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that as a child he had a "strange defect in his vision" that made written words appear to fall off the page when he tried to read them. As a result, Watson struggled in school, and he acknowledged that
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matched the wartime years; a better than 30% compound growth rate that Tom Jr. maintained for much of the twenty years of his leadership of IBM. It was a record even better than that of his father.
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executives with the clearest possible goals. Each operating man was judged strictly on his unit's results, and each staff man on his effort toward making IBM the world leader in his specialty."
517:
Watson became president of IBM in 1952 and was named as the company's CEO shortly before the death of his father, Watson Sr., in 1956. Up to this time IBM was dedicated to electromechanical
497:
during the war. On these trips, he learned
Russian, which would later serve him well as the American Ambassador to the Soviet Union. Watson and Bradley were instrumental in establishing the
1536:"Thomas J. Watson Jr. got his job from his father but built IBM into a colossus big enough to satisfy even the wildest of the old man's dreams. Here he tells in his own words how he did it"
974:
from 1975 onward. These included the Thomas J. Watson
Library of Business and Economics and several smaller building grants. Watson funded a Columbia East Campus residence hall named
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Prior to his time, IBM had primarily emphasized the sales organization, with a reasonable range of products. Tom Watson Jr., however, promoted a research and development structure.
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systems for its commercial products. Watson Sr. had repeatedly rejected electronic computers as overpriced and unreliable, except for one-of-a-kind projects such as the
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billion), maintaining IBM's dramatic growth rate virtually undiminished at approaching 30% compound. The effect was that IBM had become independent of outside funding.
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1077:, January 1, 1994. Accessed June 2, 2016. "Raised in Short Hills, N.J., and attending private schools, he called himself a privileged and unimpressive youth."
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This training program was to take him, over the next five years, through many of IBM's operating groups. Tom Jr. believed his most important influence was
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Her husband, who is attached to the 102nd
Observation Squadron, Was graduated from the Hun School in Princeton, N.J., and in 1937 from Brown University.
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942:(which supports students to study a topic of personal interest for a year) and other charitable gifts. Watson contributed to the Watson Pavilion at
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in exploring the
Pacific. He flew helicopters, jets, and stunt planes, and was the first private citizen to receive permission from
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950:, which named the Olive and Thomas J. Watson Jr. Pavilion (a wing) after him and his wife. He was also the principal benefactor of
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Both sons were immersed in IBM from a very early age. He was taken on plant inspections – his first memory of such a visit (to the
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1951:
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and helped bring a factory employing over 300 people to the community that made cables, including ones for the US space program.
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from 1964 to 1968. His father had also served on the national executive board and was
International Commissioner in the 1940s.
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After graduating, Watson became a salesman for IBM but had little interest in the job. The turning point was his service as a
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1451:"30 Receive Freedom Medal at the White House; They Are Praised by Johnson as He Confers the Highest Civilian Recognition"
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Pacific
Passage: A South Pacific Adventure with Sailor, Explorer, Aviator and Former IBM Chief Executive Tom Watson
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At home his father's discipline was erratic and often harsh. Around the time he was thirteen, Watson suffered from
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485:, who suggested that he should try to follow his father at IBM. Watson regularly flew Bradley, the director of
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1235:"Reminiscences of the VLSI revolution: How a series of failures triggered a paradigm shift in digital design"
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to determine if there was a market, predicted "... he could find customers for as many as thirty machines."
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to be chairman of the
General Advisory Committee (GAC) on Arms Control and Disarmament, in support of the
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farther up the northern coast of Greenland than any non-military ship had done previously, receiving the
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magazine hailed Watson on its cover as "the greatest capitalist in history." In 1998 he was included on
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in 1981 in which he warned against further escalation against the USSR. He was also a member of the
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392:– an act which subsequently drove Watson Sr., to the foundation of the largest and most profitable
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reluctantly admitted him as a favor to his father. He graduated with a business degree in 1937.
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The final element of formal organizational change was the isolation of headquarters staff in
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The Watson Dynasty: The Fiery Reign and Troubled Legacy of IBM's Founding Father and Son
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to fly across the Soviet Union, recreating in 1987 the ALSIB route from World War II.
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The three computer families that eventually emerged from 1958 onwards comprised the
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because he feared the news of her transition would affect the company's reputation.
360:(1979–81). He received many honors during his lifetime, including being awarded the
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1209:"IBM Apologizes For Firing Computer Pioneer For Being Transgender...52 Years Later"
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A Business and its Beliefs – The Ideas that Helped build IBM (McKinsey Lectures)
1127:"Lieut. T. J. Watson Jr. Weds Olive Cawley In the Post Chapel at Fort McClellan"
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Data Processing Division – selling to (and servicing) commercial customers
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1791:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Interviewer was Arthur L.C. Humphreys
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336:(January 14, 1914 – December 31, 1993) was an American businessman, diplomat,
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705:. This was said by him to be in order to be near his family in Connecticut.
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Federal Systems Division – selling to (and servicing) the US government
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795:. After leaving the GAC, he was appointed by President Carter to be the US
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907:. He died in Greenwich on December 31, 1993, of complications following a
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cost was small in IBM's terms; and the experience gained was invaluable.
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400:. Two sisters followed Thomas Jr., Jane and Helen, before a final child,
262:
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Watson married Olive Cawley (1918–2004) in 1941. They had six children.
384:
Thomas Watson Jr. was born on January 14, 1914, just before his father,
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listed him as one of "100 most influential people of the 20th century".
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He was an avid sailor and pilot. He named 7 successive sailboats after
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project, which produced an entire line of computers that ran the same
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to send military aircraft from the United States to the Soviet Union.
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791:. Watson advised President Carter against use of the experimental
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with five major divisions in the US. The new structure comprised:
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magazine called "IBM's $ 5 Billion Gamble," in the end, paid off.
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After leaving IBM, Watson donated tens of millions of dollars to
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1771:, Mystic Seaport, 1993, 179pp (Originally published in 1980 as
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TIME Magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century
738:, the highest award a U.S. president can bestow on a civilian.
494:
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Watson left IBM in 1971 on his doctor's advice after having a
1995:
1785:
880:
498:
1285:"Thomas Watson Jr. Powered IBM To The Top Of The Tech World"
708:
His first book in 1963 discussed his management philosophy.
548:
Even so, until the late 1950s the custom-built US Air Force
4185:
2219:
2162:
1684:"I.B.M.'s Computing Pioneer, Thomas Watson Jr., Dies at 79"
1394:
A business and its beliefs: the ideas that helped build IBM
1363:
IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed
1093:
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for smaller customers in the scientific community, and the
478:
423:
239:
1930:
1817:
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Smaller units were Electric Typewriter, IBM World Trade,
579:
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IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
627:
for large government business and large businesses, the
477:. His brother "Dick" (Arthur) Watson had dropped out of
3073:
745:
U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1976. He was awarded the
1899:
1744:
799:, serving from October 29, 1979, to January 15, 1981.
525:. Tom Jr. took the company in a new direction, hiring
388:, was dismissed from his job at cash register company
4403:
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
4393:
Ambassadors of the United States to the Soviet Union
1359:
985:
372:
called him "the greatest capitalist in history" and
802:Following his return home after Carter's defeat by
529:by the hundreds and putting them to work designing
4413:American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
3556:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century
1746:
1095:
779:. After recovering, he was appointed by President
1069:"Thomas J. Watson Jr.; Led IBM Into Computer Age"
358:16th United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union
348:, he was the second IBM president (1952–71), the
4329:
2153:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
1749:Father, Son & Co.: my life at IBM and beyond
1653:
1607:
1390:
1154:
1183:Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond
1098:Father, Son & Co: my life at IBM and beyond
1562:
1282:
829:, the last in 1991. Watson sailed one of his
787:which had been previously set up by President
3537:
3059:
1915:
724:in 1955 for his service to youth. He was the
27:American businessman and diplomat (1914–1993)
1882:United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union
1745:Watson Jr., Thomas J.; Petre, Peter (1990).
1565:"Thomas Watson Jr.: Master Of The Mainframe"
1200:
660:
86:October 29, 1979 – January 15, 1981
1484:U.S. Business Hall of Fame Laureate Archive
1313:(Stein and Day, 1969) pp 254, 258, 286-289.
930:Watson was the principal benefactor of the
923:Olive and Thomas J. Watson Jr. Pavilion at
603:
170:International Business Machines Corporation
4368:Businesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut
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3530:
3066:
3052:
1922:
1908:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1419:"30 Awarded Medal of Freedom by President"
1384:
1180:Thomas J. Watson Jr.; Peter Petre (1990).
960:Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation
958:. He was on the board of directors of the
932:Watson Institute for International Studies
771:Watson with Jimmy Carter, January 20, 1978
596:In 1968, Tom Jr. fired computer scientist
37:For other people named Thomas Watson, see
1715:Think: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM
1311:Think. A Biography of the Watsons and IBM
1276:
1226:
1121:
1119:
4383:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1654:McElvenny, Ralph; Wortman, Marc (2023).
1608:McElvenny, Ralph; Wortman, Marc (2023).
1155:McElvenny, Ralph; Wortman, Marc (2023).
918:
808:1980 United States presidential election
766:
30:For his father, the founder of IBM, see
4433:Presidents of the Boy Scouts of America
1786:Oral history interview, April 25, 1985.
1672:
14:
4388:United States Army Air Forces officers
4330:
1656:The Greatest Capitalist Who Ever Lived
1610:The Greatest Capitalist Who Ever Lived
1480:"Thomas J. Watson Jr. IBM Corporation"
1353:
1324:And Tomorrow... the World?: Inside IBM
1232:
1157:The Greatest Capitalist Who Ever Lived
1116:
1094:Thomas J. Watson; Peter Petre (1991).
965:
340:pilot, and philanthropist. The son of
3820:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein
3525:
3047:
2288:Center for The Business of Government
1903:
1717:, Stein and Day, 1969 SBN 8128-1226-3
1206:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
734:in September 1964 awarded Watson the
4428:20th-century American businesspeople
4423:American technology chief executives
2976:
1486:. Junior Achievement. Archived from
1427:. September 15, 1964. Archived from
1150:
1148:
3075:United States Ambassadors to Russia
1658:. PublicAffairs. pp. 482–484.
1612:. PublicAffairs. pp. 480–481.
1563:John Greenwald (December 7, 1998).
1159:. PublicAffairs. pp. 138–152.
785:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
24:
4438:Military personnel from New Jersey
1707:
1242:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine
1080:
639:In the early 1960s he oversaw the
25:
4449:
1957:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
1779:
1145:
1045:"Time 100 Persons of the Century"
679:Components Manufacturing Division
611:The first result of this was the
4378:People from Millburn, New Jersey
4373:Businesspeople from Dayton, Ohio
3444:
3320:
3083:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2655:Sabre airline reservation system
2501:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
988:
859:
512:
54:
4398:20th-century American diplomats
2168:Information Management Software
1647:
1626:
1601:
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1411:
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1303:
1053:. June 14, 1999. Archived from
952:Owls Head Transportation Museum
914:
4358:Hun School of Princeton alumni
3697:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel
2921:International chess tournament
2701:Globally integrated enterprise
2691:Commercial Processing Workload
1737:Watson Jr., Thomas J., (1963)
1682:Steve Lohr (January 1, 1994).
1173:
1061:
1037:
1022:
797:Ambassador to the Soviet Union
676:Systems Manufacturing Division
39:Thomas Watson (disambiguation)
13:
1:
3563:Leaders & revolutionaries
2660:Scanning tunneling microscope
1767:Watson Jr., Thomas J. (1993)
1360:David Steuart Mercer (1987).
1283:Scott S. Smith (2016-05-28).
1186:. Bantam Books. p. 233.
1015:
762:
741:Watson was inducted into the
736:Presidential Medal of Freedom
726:national president of the BSA
543:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
407:Watson Jr. was raised in the
379:
362:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1727:. New York: HarperBusiness.
1397:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
845:. He traveled the route of
71:United States Ambassador to
7:
4408:Blue Water Medal recipients
2528:Canada Head Office Building
2518:Cambridge Scientific Center
2410:Science Research Associates
2178:Mainframe operating systems
1795:IBM biography of Watson Jr.
981:
940:Thomas J. Watson Fellowship
396:manufacturer in the world,
10:
4454:
3714:Artists & entertainers
2589:Virtual Universe Community
2310:International subsidiaries
2230:Service Automation Manager
1634:"Palawan charter brochure"
1514:Franklin Laureate Database
1391:Thomas J. Watson (2003) .
688:Service Bureau Corporation
36:
29:
4170:
4016:Scientists & thinkers
4015:
3864:
3713:
3562:
3442:
3318:
3081:
2961:
2850:
2792:
2719:
2678:
2607:
2541:
2437:
2340:
2275:
2266:
2118:
2068:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1937:
1888:
1879:
1871:
1866:
1856:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1789:Charles Babbage Institute
1595:"It's Ronnie!... Er, Tom"
1290:Investor's Business Daily
1254:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215752
837:'s highest award and the
711:
661:Organizational structures
578:being 14.6% and that for
327:
317:
307:
295:
277:
269:
248:
218:
213:
209:
199:
187:
176:
167:
155:
143:
132:
124:
112:
100:
90:
79:
69:
65:
53:
46:
2615:Automated teller machine
2569:The Great Mind Challenge
1952:Mergers and acquisitions
851:Soviet General Secretary
839:Cruising Club of America
604:Research and development
539:Atomic Energy Commission
4353:Brown University alumni
2574:Linux Technology Center
1929:
503:Northwest Staging Route
443:Hun School of Princeton
402:Arthur Kittredge Watson
350:11th national president
150:Ellsworth Hunt Augustus
3627:Martin Luther King Jr.
2899:Dynamic infrastructure
2864:Big Blue sports teams
2670:Universal Product Code
1835:Boy Scouts of America
1510:"Thomas J. Jr. Watson"
927:
772:
537:, brought in from the
334:Thomas John Watson Jr.
281:Thomas John Watson III
223:Thomas John Watson Jr.
3865:Builders & titans
3669:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3031:Vacuum tube computers
2915:IBM and the Holocaust
2880:Common Public License
2765:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
2548:Academy of Technology
2003:Power microprocessors
1843:Ellsworth H. Augustus
1233:Conway, Lynn (2012).
1138:. December 16, 1941.
922:
770:
722:Boy Scouts of America
571:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
354:Boy Scouts of America
303:Jeanette M. Kittredge
127:Boy Scouts of America
4006:Thomas J. Watson Jr.
2645:Magnetic stripe card
2594:World Community Grid
2470:Toronto Software Lab
2126:Carbon Design System
2081:Cell microprocessors
1516:. Franklin Institute
1460:. September 15, 1964
718:Silver Buffalo Award
716:Watson received the
587:Albert Lynn Williams
527:electrical engineers
453:. He claimed in his
441:Watson attended the
413:Millburn, New Jersey
194:Thomas J. Watson Sr.
48:Thomas J. Watson Jr.
4418:New York Yacht Club
4154:Ludwig Wittgenstein
4101:John Maynard Keynes
3873:Stephen Bechtel Sr.
2909:GUIDE International
2771:Samuel J. Palmisano
2630:Electronic keypunch
2454:One Atlantic Center
2424:Weather Underground
2420:The Weather Company
1803:Business positions
1431:on November 2, 2012
1380:on October 3, 2006.
1326:(Millington, 1975).
1207:Alicandri, Jeremy.
972:Columbia University
966:Columbia University
835:New York Yacht Club
812:commencement speech
531:mainframe computers
432:clinical depression
356:(1964–68), and the
168:Company president,
4274:Emmeline Pankhurst
4193:Lady Diana Spencer
4171:Heroes & icons
3957:Charles E. Merrill
3676:Theodore Roosevelt
3451:Russian Federation
3011:Personal computers
3001:Midrange computers
2991:Navigational boxes
2884:IBM Public License
2859:A Boy and His Atom
2817:Michelle J. Howard
2759:John Fellows Akers
2741:T. Vincent Learson
2448:1250 René-Lévesque
2188:Planning Analytics
1850:National president
1828:T. Vincent Learson
1741:, M–H, 1963, 107pp
1721:Tedlow, Richard S.
1713:Rodgers, William;
1689:The New York Times
1458:The New York Times
1366:. Kogen Page Ltd.
1337:"Full Page Reload"
1135:The New York Times
944:Greenwich Hospital
928:
925:Greenwich Hospital
816:Harvard University
810:, Watson gave the
773:
743:Junior Achievement
647:and used the same
125:11th president of
18:Thomas Watson, Jr.
4348:American aviators
4325:
4324:
4253:Charles Lindbergh
4186:The American G.I.
4080:Robert H. Goddard
4066:Alexander Fleming
3690:Margaret Thatcher
3662:Eleanor Roosevelt
3620:Ruhollah Khomeini
3613:Pope John Paul II
3592:Mikhail Gorbachev
3578:Winston Churchill
3519:
3518:
3041:
3040:
3006:Operating systems
2868:American football
2837:Joseph R. Swedish
2832:Martha E. Pollack
2735:Thomas Watson Jr.
2696:Customer engineer
2620:Cynefin framework
2506:Hakozaki Facility
2465:Rome Software Lab
2433:
2432:
2262:
2261:
2215:Rational Software
2114:
2113:
2096:Personal Computer
2091:Midrange computer
1898:
1897:
1892:Arthur A. Hartman
1889:Succeeded by
1867:Diplomatic posts
1857:Succeeded by
1825:Succeeded by
1773:Logbook for Helen
1733:978-0-06-001405-6
1665:978-1-5417-6852-9
1619:978-1-5417-6852-9
1544:. August 31, 1987
1404:978-0-07-141859-1
1373:978-1-85091-287-3
1309:WIlliam Rodgers,
1248:(4). IEEE: 8–31.
1193:978-0-553-29023-3
1166:978-1-5417-6852-9
1109:978-0-553-29023-3
1074:Los Angeles Times
854:Mikhail Gorbachev
749:in 1967. In 1987
732:Lyndon B. Johnson
682:Research Division
366:Lyndon B. Johnson
331:
330:
252:December 31, 1993
119:Arthur A. Hartman
16:(Redirected from
4445:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4138:
4131:
4129:William Shockley
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4052:Philo Farnsworth
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3841:Steven Spielberg
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3571:David Ben-Gurion
3546:
3539:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3449:
3448:
3325:
3324:
3088:
3087:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3045:
3044:
2989:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2729:Thomas J. Watson
2650:Relational model
2599:Think conference
2480:330 North Wabash
2400:Microelectronics
2273:
2272:
2198:Quantum Platform
2143:Cognos Analytics
1981:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1872:Preceded by
1840:Preceded by
1811:Thomas J. Watson
1808:Preceded by
1800:
1799:
1764:
1752:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1575:on March 6, 2008
1571:. Archived from
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1490:on June 19, 2010
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1376:. Archived from
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1131:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1102:. Bantam Books.
1101:
1091:
1078:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1057:on May 10, 2007.
1041:
1035:
1026:
1009:Smugglers' Notch
998:
993:
992:
956:Owls Head, Maine
936:Brown University
867:He had homes in
843:Blue Water Medal
613:IBM 7030 Stretch
489:programs to the
460:Brown University
394:digital computer
386:Thomas J. Watson
346:Thomas J. Watson
312:Brown University
300:Thomas J. Watson
255:
233:January 14, 1914
232:
230:
214:Personal details
202:
190:
181:
158:
146:
137:
115:
103:
84:
74:
73:the Soviet Union
58:
44:
43:
32:Thomas J. Watson
21:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4302:Andrei Sakharov
4300:
4295:Jackie Robinson
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4166:
4161:Wright brothers
4159:
4152:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4045:Albert Einstein
4043:
4036:
4031:Tim Berners-Lee
4029:
4022:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3915:Amadeo Giannini
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3860:
3853:
3848:Igor Stravinsky
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3785:Aretha Franklin
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3757:Charlie Chaplin
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3722:Louis Armstrong
3720:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3683:Margaret Sanger
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3558:
3550:
3520:
3515:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3092:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3042:
3037:
2957:
2943:SHARE computing
2904:GlobalFoundries
2846:
2794:
2788:
2715:
2674:
2665:Financial swaps
2640:Hard disk drive
2603:
2537:
2511:Yamato Facility
2429:
2336:
2268:
2258:
2225:Tivoli Software
2110:
2064:
1963:
1933:
1928:
1894:
1885:
1877:
1862:
1853:
1845:
1830:
1821:
1813:
1782:
1761:
1710:
1708:Further reading
1705:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1424:Chicago Tribune
1417:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1374:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1293:
1281:
1277:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1153:
1146:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1092:
1081:
1066:
1062:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1033:August 31, 1987
1027:
1023:
1018:
996:Scouting portal
994:
987:
984:
968:
917:
862:
789:John F. Kennedy
765:
714:
663:
606:
515:
483:Follett Bradley
471:Army Air Forces
398:IBM Corporation
382:
342:IBM Corporation
338:Army Air Forces
302:
290:
288:
286:
285:Olive F. Watson
284:
283:Jeanette Watson
282:
257:
253:
234:
228:
226:
225:
224:
200:
188:
182:
177:
156:
144:
138:
133:
113:
101:
85:
80:
72:
61:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4451:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4267:Marilyn Monroe
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4239:Kennedy family
4235:
4228:
4225:Tenzing Norgay
4221:Edmund Hillary
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3971:Walter Reuther
3967:
3960:
3953:
3950:Louis B. Mayer
3946:
3939:
3936:William Levitt
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3887:Willis Carrier
3883:
3876:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3641:Nelson Mandela
3637:
3634:Vladimir Lenin
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3585:Mahatma Gandhi
3581:
3574:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3454:(1991–present)
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:Russian Empire
3079:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2983:
2973:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2926:Lucifer cipher
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2842:Peter R. Voser
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:Andrew Liveris
2824:
2822:Arvind Krishna
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2783:Arvind Krishna
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Smarter Planet
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2476:IBM Buildings
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2461:Software Labs
2459:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2450:, Montreal, QC
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2415:Service Bureau
2412:
2407:
2405:Product Center
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:Ambra Computer
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Lotus Software
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
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911:. He was 79.
910:
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901:New York City
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860:Personal life
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832:
828:
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820:Bohemian Club
817:
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804:Ronald Reagan
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582:being 13.0%.
581:
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544:
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536:
535:Cuthbert Hurd
532:
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513:IBM president
510:
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455:autobiography
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78:
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57:
52:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4232:Helen Keller
4207:Billy Graham
4179:Muhammad Ali
4147:James Watson
4094:Edwin Hubble
4059:Enrico Fermi
4005:
3978:Pete Rozelle
3929:Estée Lauder
3827:Bart Simpson
3764:Le Corbusier
3729:Lucille Ball
3599:Adolf Hitler
3553:
3401:
3327:Soviet Union
3265:Breckinridge
2930:
2913:
2894:Deep Thought
2857:
2785:(since 2020)
2753:John R. Opel
2734:
2711:Think slogan
2552:Deep Thunder
2358:Kaleida Labs
2353:AIM alliance
2038:Q System Two
2033:Q System One
1880:
1875:Malcolm Toon
1860:Irving Feist
1848:
1816:
1772:
1768:
1748:
1738:
1724:
1714:
1693:. Retrieved
1687:
1655:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1628:
1609:
1603:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1568:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1539:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1483:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1457:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1422:
1413:
1393:
1386:
1378:the original
1362:
1355:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1294:. Retrieved
1288:
1278:
1245:
1241:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:
1202:
1182:
1175:
1156:
1139:
1133:
1097:
1072:
1063:
1055:the original
1048:
1039:
1030:
1024:
976:Watson House
969:
929:
915:Philanthropy
866:
863:
847:Captain Cook
830:
824:
801:
781:Jimmy Carter
777:heart attack
774:
751:
740:
730:
715:
707:
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638:
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519:punched card
516:
507:
491:Soviet Union
475:World War II
464:
440:
436:
429:
417:
406:
404:, was born.
383:
373:
369:
333:
332:
291:Helen Watson
289:Susan Watson
273:Olive Cawley
254:(1993-12-31)
201:Succeeded by
178:
162:Irving Feist
157:Succeeded by
134:
114:Succeeded by
107:Malcolm Toon
95:Jimmy Carter
81:
4343:1993 deaths
4338:1914 births
4260:Harvey Milk
4214:Che Guevara
4136:Alan Turing
4115:Jean Piaget
3992:Juan Trippe
3964:Akio Morita
3894:Walt Disney
3880:Leo Burnett
3806:James Joyce
3778:T. S. Eliot
3750:Coco Chanel
3736:The Beatles
3704:Lech Wałęsa
3606:Ho Chi Minh
3330:(1933–1991)
3093:(1780–1917)
3026:Typewriters
2932:Mathematica
2873:Rugby union
2812:Alex Gorsky
2779:(2012–2020)
2773:(2002–2011)
2767:(1993–2002)
2761:(1985–1993)
2755:(1981–1985)
2749:(1973–1981)
2743:(1971–1973)
2737:(1956–1971)
2731:(1914–1956)
2679:Terminology
2635:Floppy disk
2579:SkillsBuild
2542:Initiatives
2523:IBM Hursley
2497:Facilities
2148:Connections
2018:FlashSystem
1322:Rex Malik,
1218:26 November
948:Connecticut
877:North Haven
873:Connecticut
649:peripherals
598:Lynn Conway
411:section of
409:Short Hills
263:Connecticut
189:Preceded by
145:Preceded by
102:Preceded by
4332:Categories
4281:Rosa Parks
4200:Anne Frank
4122:Jonas Salk
4087:Kurt Gödel
3999:Sam Walton
3908:Bill Gates
3901:Henry Ford
3799:Jim Henson
3648:Mao Zedong
3347:Steinhardt
3150:Cambreleng
3021:System/370
3016:System/360
2807:David Farr
2706:e-business
2608:Inventions
2557:Develothon
2438:Facilities
2298:Promontory
2293:Consulting
1886:1979–1981
1854:1964–1968
1822:1956–1971
1818:CEO of IBM
1753:. Bantam.
1346:2020-11-06
1296:2020-06-13
1016:References
1011:Ski Resort
793:MX missile
763:Retirement
487:lend-lease
451:New Jersey
380:Early life
318:Occupation
229:1914-01-14
4246:Bruce Lee
3771:Bob Dylan
3466:Pickering
3280:McCormick
3270:Hitchcock
3225:Stoughton
3160:Ingersoll
3120:Middleton
2889:Deep Blue
2795:directors
2254:WebSphere
2193:PureQuery
2101:Selectric
2076:Blue Gene
1991:Mainframe
1262:1943-0582
869:Greenwich
720:from the
447:Princeton
368:in 1964.
308:Education
296:Parent(s)
259:Greenwich
183:1952–1971
179:In office
139:1964–1968
135:In office
91:President
82:In office
3922:Ray Kroc
3506:Sullivan
3501:Huntsman
3476:Vershbow
3409:Stoessel
3392:Thompson
3382:Thompson
3362:W. Smith
3357:Harriman
3352:Standley
3295:Rockhill
3255:C. Smith
3185:Appleton
3130:Buchanan
3125:Randolph
3115:Campbell
2971:Category
2938:IBM Plex
2793:Board of
2686:Big Blue
2486:Honolulu
2395:Merative
2380:EduQuest
2363:Taligent
2332:Research
2269:entities
2267:Business
2208:OpenQASM
2136:Cloudant
2106:ThinkPad
2029:Quantum
1977:Hardware
1969:Products
1723:(2003).
982:See also
938:and the
897:Colorado
831:Palawans
703:New York
645:software
633:IBM 1401
629:IBM 1620
625:IBM 7090
621:IBM 7070
523:IBM SSEC
344:founder
322:Business
278:Children
4316:Bill W.
3471:Collins
3461:Strauss
3434:Strauss
3429:Matlock
3424:Hartman
3337:Bullitt
3310:Francis
3245:Lothrop
3200:C. Clay
3195:Cameron
3190:C. Clay
3180:Pickens
3175:Seymour
3140:J. Clay
3135:Wilkins
3110:Pinkney
2981:Commons
2948:ScicomP
2491:Seattle
2444:Towers
2390:Lexmark
2385:Kyndryl
2327:Red Hat
2276:Current
2247:Granite
2242:Watsonx
2158:Fortran
2086:PowerPC
2013:Storage
1984:Current
1947:History
1939:History
1695:June 2,
1639:June 1,
1579:June 1,
1548:June 1,
1541:Fortune
1520:June 1,
1494:June 1,
1464:June 1,
1435:June 1,
1270:9286356
1067:Staff.
1031:Fortune
905:Antigua
889:Vermont
827:Palawan
806:in the
752:Fortune
654:Fortune
473:during
469:in the
370:Fortune
352:of the
60:c. 1980
4223:&
4145:&
3491:McFaul
3486:Beyrle
3419:Watson
3387:Kohler
3377:Bohlen
3372:Kennan
3342:Davies
3290:Riddle
3230:Foster
3215:Jewell
3205:Curtin
3145:Dallas
2953:Unions
2564:Fellow
2375:Cognos
2348:AdStar
2341:Former
2305:Kenexa
2283:Apptio
2237:Watson
2203:Qiskit
2069:Former
2058:Condor
2048:Osprey
2023:DS8000
1757:
1731:
1662:
1616:
1401:
1370:
1268:
1260:
1213:Forbes
1190:
1163:
1106:
909:stroke
903:; and
712:Honors
699:Armonk
569:then,
495:Moscow
420:Dayton
270:Spouse
236:Dayton
3511:Tracy
3496:Tefft
3481:Burns
3305:Marye
3300:Guild
3285:Meyer
3275:Tower
3260:White
3220:Boker
3170:Brown
3165:Bagby
3105:Adams
2851:Other
2322:Press
2315:India
2131:Cloud
2119:Other
2053:Heron
2043:Eagle
1996:IBM Z
1454:(PDF)
1266:S2CID
1238:(PDF)
1130:(PDF)
1028:See '
885:Stowe
881:Maine
576:Canon
499:ALSIB
493:, to
467:pilot
172:(IBM)
4288:Pelé
3554:Time
3414:Toon
3403:Dubs
3397:Beam
3367:Kirk
3250:Tree
3240:Taft
3235:Hunt
3155:Todd
3100:Dana
2996:FOSS
2721:CEOs
2625:DRAM
2220:SPSS
2163:ILOG
1755:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1697:2010
1660:ISBN
1641:2010
1614:ISBN
1581:2010
1550:2010
1522:2010
1496:2010
1466:2010
1437:2010
1399:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1258:ISSN
1220:2020
1188:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1104:ISBN
893:Vail
623:and
589:, a
550:SAGE
479:Yale
424:Ohio
374:Time
265:U.S.
249:Died
243:U.S.
240:Ohio
219:Born
3210:Orr
1931:IBM
1250:doi
954:in
946:in
934:at
841:'s
814:at
591:CPA
580:NEC
541:'s
445:in
390:NCR
364:by
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1118:^
1082:^
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