Thyroid - Knowledge

2722: 2233: 964: 2059:. After delivery, the thyroid becomes inflamed and the condition initially presents with a period of hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism and, usually, a return to normal function. The course of the illness takes place over several months, and is characterised by a painless goitre. Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase can be found on testing. The inflammation usually resolves without treatment, although thyroid hormone replacement may be needed during the period of hypothyroidism. 1226: 451: 2467: 690: 38: 628: 2034:. These progressively destroy the thyroid gland. In this way, Hasimoto's thyroiditis may have occurred insidiously, and only be noticed when thyroid hormone production decreases, causing symptoms of hypothyroidism. Hashimoto's is more common in females than males, much more common after the age of 60, and has known genetic risk factors. Also more common in individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis are 860:. Over the next few weeks, it migrates to the base of the neck, passing in front of the hyoid bone. During migration, the thyroid remains connected to the tongue by a narrow canal, the thyroglossal duct. At the end of the fifth week the thyroglossal duct degenerates, and over the following two weeks the detached thyroid migrates to its final position. 2404:

thyroid, and will increase with inflammation, and may also be used to measure the success of thyroid removal or ablation. If successful, thyroglobulin should be undetectable. Lastly, antibodies against components of the thyroid, particularly anti-TPO and anti-thyroglobulin, can be measured. These may be present in normal individuals but are highly

813: 561:, which has a variable origin. The superior thyroid artery splits into anterior and posterior branches supplying the thyroid, and the inferior thyroid artery splits into superior and inferior branches. The superior and inferior thyroid arteries join behind the outer part of the thyroid lobes. The venous blood is drained via 2762:, secreting its hormones into the gut, and associated with the larva's filter-feeding apparatus. In the adult lamprey, the gland separates from the gut, and becomes endocrine, but this path of development may reflect the evolutionary origin of the thyroid. For instance, the closest living relatives of vertebrates, the 650:. When present, this lobe often stretches up to the hyoid bone from the thyroid isthmus and may be one to several divided lobes. The presence of this lobe ranges in reported studies from 18.3% to 44.6%. It was shown to more often arise from the left side and occasionally separated. The pyramidal lobe is also known as 2403:

levels may be normal. The ratio of bound to unbound thyroid hormones is known as the thyroid hormone binding ratio (THBR). It is also possible to measure directly the main carriers of the thyroid hormones, thyroglobulin and throxine-binding globulin. Thyroglobulin will also be measurable in a healthy

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develop against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. These antibodies activate the receptor, leading to development of a goitre and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as heat intolerance, weight loss, diarrhoea and palpitations. Occasionally such antibodies block but do not activate the receptor,

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are expressed in human cells: 70% of these genes are expressed in thyroid cells. Two-hundred and fifty of these genes are more specifically expressed in the thyroid, and about 20 genes are highly thyroid specific. In the follicular cells, the proteins synthesized by these genes direct thyroid hormone

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features such as involvement of the eyes and shins, or isolation of autoantibodies, or by results of a radiolabelled uptake scan. Graves' disease is treated with anti-thyroid drugs such as propylthiouracil, which decrease the production of thyroid hormones, but hold a high rate of relapse. If there

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Some forms of goitre are associated with pain, whereas many do not cause any symptoms. Enlarged goitres may extend beyond the normal position of the thyroid gland to below the sternum, around the airway or esophagus. Goitres may be associated with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, relating to the

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The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ composed of two lobes, left and right, connected by a narrow tissue band, called an "isthmus". It weighs 25 grams in adults, with each lobe being about 5 cm long, 3 cm wide, and 2 cm thick and the isthmus about 1.25 cm in height and

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in this disease were demonstrated in 1956. Knowledge of the thyroid and its conditions developed throughout the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with many modern treatments and investigative modalities evolving throughout the mid twentieth century, including the use of radioactive iodine,

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as a soft mass. Examination of the thyroid gland includes the search for abnormal masses and the assessment of overall thyroid size. The character of the thyroid, swellings, nodules, and their consistency may all be able to be felt. If a goitre is present, an examiner may also feel down the neck

2305:, usually from behind, and a person is often asked to swallow to better feel the gland against the fingers of the examiner. The gland moves up and down with swallowing because of its attachments to the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. In a healthy person the gland is not visible yet is 2202:

in the region of the foramen cecum. The disorders that occur in the lower neck more proximal to the thyroid gland are lined by epithelium resembling the thyroidal acinar epithelium. Characteristically, next to the lining epithelium, there is an intense lymphocytic infiltrate.

2164:. Preterm neonates are at risk of hypothyroidism as their thyroid glands are insufficiently developed to meet their postnatal needs. In order to detect hypothyroidism in newborn babies, to prevent growth and development abnormalities in later life, many countries have 1854:

is no involvement of the eyes, then use of radioactive isotopes to ablate the gland may be considered. Surgical removal of the gland with subsequent thyroid hormone replacement may be considered, however this will not control symptoms associated with the eye or skin.

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The thyroid hormones also play a role in maintaining normal sexual function, sleep, and thought patterns. Increased levels are associated with increased speed of thought generation but decreased focus. Sexual function, including libido and the maintenance of a normal

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have a number of metabolic, cardiovascular and developmental effects on the body. The production is stimulated by release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which in turn depends on release of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Every downstream hormone has

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An examination of the thyroid will also include observation of the person as a whole, to look for systemic signs such as weight gain or loss, hair loss, and signs in other locations – such as protrusion of the eyes or swelling of the calves in Graves' disease.

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in 990 CE conducted the first recorded thyroidectomy as a treatment for goitre. Operations remained risky and generally were not successful until the 19th century, when descriptions emerged from a number of authors including Prussian surgeon

2747:, the thyroid is always found somewhere in the neck region. In most tetrapod species, there are two paired thyroid glands – that is, the right and left lobes are not joined. However, there is only ever a single thyroid gland in most 2416:

Ultrasound of the thyroid may be used to reveal whether structures are solid or filled with fluid, helping to differentiate between nodules and goitres and cysts. It may also help differentiate between malignant and benign lesions.

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Kim DW, Jung SL, Baek JH, Kim J, Ryu JH, Na DG, et al. (January 2013). "The prevalence and features of thyroid pyramidal lobe, accessory thyroid, and ectopic thyroid as assessed by computed tomography: a multicenter study".

2274:. In the event of large accidental releases of such material into the environment, the uptake of radioactive iodine isotopes by the thyroid can, in theory, be blocked by saturating the uptake mechanism with a large surplus of 2096:

In most cases, thyroid cancer presents as a painless mass in the neck. It is very unusual for thyroid cancers to present with other symptoms, although in some cases cancer may cause hyperthyroidism. Most thyroid cancers are

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underlying cause of the goitre. Thyroid function tests may be done to investigate the cause and effects of the goitre. The underlying cause of the goitre may be treated, however many goitres with no associated symptoms are

2817:(PTU) can prevent tadpoles from metamorphosing into frogs; in contrast, administering thyroxine will trigger metamorphosis. In amphibian metamorphosis, thyroxine and iodine also exert a well-studied experimental model of 3278: 2089:, although cancer can occur in any tissue that the thyroid consists of, including cancer of C-cells and lymphomas. Cancers from other sites also rarely lodge in the thyroid. Radiation of the head and neck presents a 1989:, and may cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Two types of thyroiditis initially present with hyperthyroidism and are sometimes followed by a period of hypothyroidism – Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 728:

are small spherical groupings of cells 0.02–0.9mm in diameter that play the main role in thyroid function. They consist of a rim that has a rich blood supply, nerve and lymphatic presence, that surrounds a core of

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documented it as the central ingredient in the thyroid gland. He did this by boiling the thyroid glands of a thousand sheep, and named the precipitate, a combination of the thyroid hormones, 'iodothyrin'.

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uptake scan may take place. This can determine the size and shape of lesions, reveal whether nodules or goitres are metabolically active, and reveal and monitor sites of thyroid disease or cancer deposits

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is often used to investigate the nodule, and provide information such as whether the nodule is fluid-filled or a solid mass, and whether the appearance is suggestive of a benign or malignant cancer. A

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Mucinous, clear secretions may collect within these cysts to form either spherical masses or fusiform swellings, rarely larger than 2 to 3 cm in diameter. These are present in the midline of the

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of the thyroid gland. A persistent sinus tract may remain as a vestigial remnant of the tubular development of the thyroid gland. Parts of this tube may be obliterated, leaving small segments to form

2376:(TRH) secretion, in which case it may be low or falsely normal. In such a case a TRH stimulation test, in which TRH is given and TSH levels are measured at 30 and 60-minutes after, may be conducted. 2372:

TSH levels are considered the most sensitive marker of thyroid dysfunction. They are however not always accurate, particularly if the cause of hypothyroidism is thought to be related to insufficient

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is the most common cause in the developed world. Other causes include congenital abnormalities, diseases causing transient inflammation, surgical removal or radioablation of the thyroid, the drugs

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of the tongue to the position of the thyroid in the adult. A small horn at the back of the thyroid lobes, usually close to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior thyroid artery, is called

760:. They do this by transporting and metabolising the thyroglobulin contained in the colloid. Follicular cells vary in shape from flat to cuboid to columnar, depending on how active they are. 2289:

Excessive iodine intake is uncommon and usually has no effect on the thyroid function. Sometimes though it may cause hyperthyroidism, and sometimes hypothyroidism with a resulting goitre.

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Cicekcibasi AE, Salbacak A, Seker M, Ziylan T, Tuncer I, Buyukmumcu M (April 2007). "Developmental variations and clinical importance of the fetal thyroid gland. A morphometric study".

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on the cell membrane which in the same action transports two sodium ions and an iodide ion into the cell. Iodide then travels from within the cell into the lumen, through the action of

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TSH and TRH: when the thyroid hormones are high, TSH production is suppressed. This negative feedback also occurs when levels of TSH are high, causing TRH production to be suppressed.

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and have effects on almost all body tissues. Appetite, the absorption of substances, and gut motility are all influenced by thyroid hormones. They increase the absorption in the gut,

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Thyroid hormones are important for normal development. They increase the growth rate of young people, and cells of the developing brain are a major target for the thyroid hormones T

50: 1543:(PTH) produced in the parathyroid glands. However, calcitonin seems far less essential than PTH, since calcium metabolism remains clinically normal after removal of the thyroid ( 2821:

on the cells of gills, tail, and fins of tadpoles. Iodine, via iodolipids, has favored the evolution of terrestrial animal species and has likely played a crucial role in the

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is the fluid-filled space within a follicle of the thyroid gland. There are hundreds of follicles within the thyroid gland. A follicle is formed by a spherical arrangement of

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The core of a follicle is surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells. When stimulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), these secrete the thyroid hormones T

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Page C, Cuvelier P, Biet A, Boute P, Laude M, Strunski V (July 2009). "Thyroid tubercle of Zuckerkandl: anatomical and surgical experience from 79 thyroidectomies".

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can be measured directly. However, as the two thyroid hormones travel bound to other molecules, and it is the "free" component that is biologically active, free T

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The hormones increase the rate and strength of the heartbeat. They increase the rate of breathing, intake and consumption of oxygen, and increase the activity of

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of 4–7%. The majority of nodules do not cause any symptoms, thyroid hormone secretion is normal, and they are non-cancerous. Non-cancerous cases include simple

658:, which usually wastes away during the thyroid gland's descent. Small accessory thyroid glands may in fact occur anywhere along the thyroglossal duct, from the 3648: 243: 4135: 2797:, with better neurological, visuospatial, smell and cognitive abilities for hunting, as seen in other predatory animals. A similar phenomenon happens in the 2345:, including the measurement of the thyroid hormones, as well as the measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). They may reveal hyperthyroidism (high T 5120: 3928:

Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, et al. (January 2015). "Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome".

2528:. Hippocrates and Plato in the fourth century BCE provided some of the first descriptions of the gland itself, proposing its function as a salivary gland. 800:

Scattered among follicular cells and in spaces between the spherical follicles are another type of thyroid cell, parafollicular cells. These cells secrete

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was discovered in 1970. The process of discovering TSH took place over the early to mid twentieth century. TRH was discovered by Polish endocrinologist

2113:. Because of the prominence of the thyroid gland, cancer is often detected earlier in the course of disease as the cause of a nodule, which may undergo 5750: 1706: 4239: 517:

The thyroid gland is covered by a thin fibrous capsule, which has an inner and an outer layer. The inner layer extrudes into the gland and forms the

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can be used to destroy thyroid tissue: radioactive iodine is selectively taken up by thyroid cells, which over time destroys them. The chosen

219: 1402:, the follicular cells reabsorb thyroglobulin from the follicular lumen. The iodinated tyrosines are cleaved, forming the thyroid hormones T 529:, also known as Berry's ligament. This causes the thyroid to move up and down with the movement of these cartilages when swallowing occurs. 1910:

determine whether the nodule is secreting excess thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism. When the thyroid function tests are normal, an

494:, with the uppermost part of the lobes extending to the thyroid cartilage and the lowermost around the fourth to sixth tracheal rings. The 5233:

Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Nomina Anatomica. Der von der Anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel angenommenen Namen

2508:(which contain iodine) were used within China for the treatment of goitres, a practice which has developed in many parts of the world. In 1818:

may be transient and pass over time, and other causes such as iodine deficiency may be able to be rectified with dietary supplementation.

1810:. This is usually given daily as an oral supplement, and may take a few weeks to become effective. Some causes of hypothyroidism, such as 6147: 3985:"Iodinated contrast media and their effect on thyroid function - Routines and practices among diagnostic imaging departments in Norway" 1951:. Goitres are present in some form in about 5% of people, and are the result of a large number of causes, including iodine deficiency, 2805:, which, without introducing iodine, do not transform into land-dwelling adults, and live and reproduce in the larval form of aquatic 2140:

is given to replace the hormones lost and to suppress TSH production, as TSH may stimulate recurrence. With the exception of the rare

1110:. Thyroid hormones play a particularly crucial role in brain maturation during fetal development and first few years of postnatal life 1201:. In addition to these actions on DNA, the thyroid hormones also act within the cell membrane or within cytoplasm via reactions with 663: 2573:. The gland was named thyroid, meaning shield, as its shape resembled the shields commonly used in Ancient Greece. The English name 3482: 2569:

gave the first anatomic description and illustration of the gland. In 1656 the thyroid received its modern name, by the anatomist

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from other sites Nodules are more likely in females, those who are exposed to radiation, and in those who are iodine deficient.

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contains four atoms of iodine per molecule. The thyroid hormones have a wide range of effects on the human body. These include:

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to iodine. This makes it more reactive, and the iodine is attached to the active tyrosine units in thyroglobulin by the enzyme

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A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie

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The production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine is primarily regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), released by the

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and consists of two lobes. This image shows a variant thyroid with a pyramidal lobe emerging from the middle of the thyroid.

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which secretes excess TSH. Another cause is excess iodine availability, either from excess ingestion, induced by the drug

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is an autoimmune disorder that is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. In Graves' disease, for an unknown reason

514:, two on each side, lie on each side between the two layers of the thyroid capsule, at the back of the thyroid lobes. 5736: 5592: 3818: 4553:"Role of late maternal thyroid hormones in cerebral cortex development: an experimental model for human prematurity" 1122:

After secretion, only a very small proportion of the thyroid hormones travel freely in the blood. Most are bound to

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of a sample of thyroid tissue may be taken in order to evaluate a lesion seen on ultrasound which is then sent for

4143: 2740:, patches of thyroid tissue are found elsewhere in the body, associated with the kidneys, spleen, heart, or eyes. 2474:

after the ancient Greek shield of a similar pronunciation. Shown is an example of such a shield, as engraved on a

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leading to symptoms associated with hypothyroidism. In addition, gradual protrusion of the eyes may occur, called

2736:. In fish, it is usually located below the gills and is not always divided into distinct lobes. However, in some 2636:. Thyroxine was first isolated in 1914 and synthesized in 1927, and triiodothyroxine in 1952. The conversion of T 1587: 670: 525:, attaching the gland to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages via a thickening of the fascia to form the posterior 2500:

The presence and diseases of the thyroid have been noted and treated for thousands of years. In 1600 BCE burnt

4851: 2721: 2232: 2195: 2118: 3723:"Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases" 1955:(both Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis), infection, inflammation, and infiltrative disease such as 433:

in children. In iodine-sufficient regions, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is the autoimmune disorder

2373: 1467: 933: 875: 429:. In iodine-deficient regions, hypothyroidism (due to iodine deficiency) is the leading cause of preventable 380: 238: 1171: 418:. Hyperthyroidism is characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones: the most common cause is the 6183: 6071: 4270: 2839: 2492:. However, the existence of the gland, and of the diseases associated with it, was known long before then. 2251:. Pregnant women deficient of iodine can give birth to infants with thyroid hormone deficiency. The use of 2153: 1922:, in which the appearance of cells is viewed to determine whether they resemble normal or cancerous cells. 1722: 1560: 1206: 825: 4076:"Clinical experience with radioactive iodine in the treatment of childhood and adolescent Graves' disease" 725: 312: 1738: 1399: 1346: 1244: 907: 879: 425:. Hypothyroidism is characterized by a deficient secretion of thyroid hormones: the most common cause is 372: 5466: 1349:

of follicular cells and then transported into the follicular lumen. Thyroglobulin contains 123 units of

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The anatomical nomenclature. Nominal Anatomica. Anatomical Society on its IX. Assembly adopted in Basel

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Venturi S (2014). "Iodine, PUFAs and Iodolipids in Health and Disease: An Evolutionary Perspective".

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in the size and shape of the thyroid gland, and in the position of the embedded parathyroid glands.

581:. Both arteries and veins form a plexus between the two layers of the capsule of the thyroid gland. 5389: 3771: 3304:"The C cells (parafollicular cells) of the thyroid gland and medullary thyroid carcinoma. A review" 2106: 2098: 2093:

for thyroid cancer, and cancer is more common in women than men, occurring at a rate of about 2:1.

1915: 1896: 1892: 1764: 1411: 1190: 1168: 1151: 612: 596: 588: 506:. The trachea, larynx, lower pharynx and esophagus all lie behind the thyroid. In this region, the 202: 4122: 2247:, most common in inland and mountainous areas, can predispose to goitre – if widespread, known as 5904: 5815: 2702: 2681: 2133: 2117:. Thyroid function tests will help reveal whether the nodule produces excess thyroid hormones. A 2006: 1849:, as may swelling of the front of the shins. Graves' disease can be diagnosed by the presence of 1693:

Long-term management of hyperthyroidism may include drugs that suppress thyroid function such as

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width. The gland is usually larger in women than in men, and increases in size during pregnancy.

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the upper part of the chest to check for extension. Further tests may include raising the arms (

2175:) can manifest problems of physical growth and development as well as brain development, termed 899: 521:

that divide the thyroid tissue into microscopic lobules. The outer layer is continuous with the

5927: 3355: 3255: 2659:, and their relationship to the thyroid. Charles Mayo coined the term hyperthyroidism in 1910. 2437: 2114: 2052: 1990: 1811: 1485:

TRH is secreted at an increased rate in situations such as cold exposure in order to stimulate

1162: 659: 577:. The inferior thyroid veins originate in a network of veins and drain into the left and right 574: 250: 226: 214: 5723: 2549: 2338: 2311: 2010: 1907: 1686:, hair loss and muscle weakness. Such symptoms may be managed temporarily with drugs such as 929: 608: 570: 562: 166: 158: 5663:. Illustrated by Robert Britton (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 3813:

by Stephen Nussey and Saffron Whitehead (2001) Published by BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd.

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is essential for the production of the thyroid hormones. Iodine (I) travels in the blood as

6130: 6120: 3904: 2778: 2525: 2043: 1994: 1815: 1710: 1598: 1531:, cells which break down bone. Bone is constantly reabsorbed by osteoclasts and created by 1194: 1055: 940: 864: 853: 640: 578: 491: 364: 360: 109: 5220:(29th ed.). Philadelphia/London/Toronto/Montreal/Sydney/Tokyo: W.B. Saunders Company. 4551:

Berbel P, Navarro D, Ausó E, Varea E, Rodríguez AE, Ballesta JJ, et al. (June 2010).

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including weight loss, increased appetite, insomnia, decreased tolerance of heat, tremor,

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The human thyroid (tan), as viewed from the front; and arteries (red) supplying the gland.

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Rose SR, Brown RS, Foley T, Kaplowitz PB, Kaye CI, Sundararajan S, Varma SK (June 2006).

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thyroid abnormalities, and thereby practically becomes the first investigation modality.

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by observation of the gland and surrounding neck for swelling or enlargement. It is then

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specialists play a role in identifying and monitoring the treatment of thyroid disease.

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residues in its protein chain (in total containing approximately 120 tyrosyl residues).

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Cury AN, Meira VT, Monte O, Marone M, Scalissi NM, Kochi C, et al. (March 2013).

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in 1909 "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland".

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Because the thyroid concentrates iodine, it also concentrates the various radioactive

1993:. There are other disorders that cause inflammation of the thyroid, and these include 928:, are derived from foregut endoderm. This part of the thyroid then first forms as the 6053: 5919: 5832: 5805: 5702: 5683: 5664: 5645: 5626: 5607: 5588: 5561: 5534: 5497: 5446: 5371: 5297: 5198: 5062: 4908: 4883: 4775: 4722: 4703: 4685: 4627: 4582: 4350: 4316: 4262: 4105: 4014: 3945: 3814: 3775: 3744: 3698: 3519: 3457: 3406: 3359: 3325: 3259: 3248: 3223: 3198: 3175: 3139: 3084: 3044: 3019: 2878: 2633: 2562: 2256: 2244: 2227: 2165: 2161: 1998: 1772: 1737:. If the entire thyroid gland is removed, hypothyroidism will inevitably result, and 1726: 1653: 1614: 1602: 1548: 1475: 1280: 1248: 1198: 986: 857: 833: 655: 604: 554: 511: 483: 479: 470:

The thyroid is near the front of the neck, lying against and around the front of the

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are released into the blood. The hormones secreted from the gland are about 80–90% T

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Atlas of Human Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides

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may convert these lesions into abscess cavities, and rarely, give rise to cancers.

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Section of a thyroid gland under the microscope. 1 colloid, 2 follicular cells, 3

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in 1834. The role of the thyroid gland in metabolism was demonstrated in 1895 by

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in the second century, referred to burnt sponge for the treatment of goitre. The

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is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide, and the autoimmune disease

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and joins the primordial thyroid gland during its descent to its final location.

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and the inferior thyroid artery pass next to or in the ligament. Typically, four

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in most developed countries, and over 120 countries have made the iodination of

1275:- This iodide enters the follicular lumen from the cytoplasm by the transporter 832:

proliferation in the floor of the pharynx at the base of the tongue between the

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Longo D, Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (August 11, 2011).

5530: 5071: 5033:"Thyroid computed tomography imaging: pictorial review of variable pathologies" 4312: 3794: 3405:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 493 (Table 33–3). 2759: 2706: 2690: 2645: 2441: 2326:, testing of reflexes, and palpation of the lymph nodes in the head and neck. 2283: 2275: 2248: 2204: 2198:, which is essentially identical to that covering the posterior portion of the 2082: 2068: 1880: 1868: 1863: 1756: 1750: 1610: 1498: 1392: 1063: 1004:

The primary function of the thyroid is the production of the iodine-containing

914:. The presence of sufficient iodine is essential for healthy neurodevelopment. 840: 503: 415: 411: 395: 307:). The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck below the 288: 5048: 5031:

Bin Saeedan M, Aljohani IM, Khushaim AO, Bukhari SQ, Elnaas ST (August 2016).

4338: 3080: 882:(TSH). TSH is first measurable at 11 weeks. By 18–20 weeks, the production of 6162: 6041: 6031: 5942: 5822: 5565: 5538: 5316: 3514:

Langman J, Sadler TW, Sadler-Redmond SL, Tosney K, Byrne J, Imseis H (2015).

3285: 2786: 2774:), and this also secretes iodine-containing compounds, though not thyroxine. 2617: 2600: 2516:

written about 1400 BCE described hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and goitre.

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A Latin dictionary. founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary

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Boron WF, Boulpaep E (2003). "Chapter 48: "synthesis of thyroid hormones"".

2482:

The thyroid gland received its modern name in the 1600s, when the anatomist

2454:

plays an important role in the evaluation of thyroid cancer. CT scans often

1225: 54:

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck below the

6125: 6091: 6081: 6019: 5375: 5202: 5066: 4779: 4689: 4680: 4663: 4631: 4586: 4354: 4320: 4266: 4109: 4018: 3949: 3748: 3739: 3722: 3461: 3179: 3143: 3088: 2770:(lancelets), have a structure very similar to that of larval lampreys (the 2664: 2622: 2252: 2157: 1841: 1760: 1687: 1675: 1494: 1471: 1093: 867: 741: 399: 384: 125: 5301: 4258: 3171: 2536:

and proposed treatment with burnt seaweed, a practice also referred to by

2194:. Segments of the duct and cysts that occur high in the neck are lined by 2179:. Children with congenital hypothyroidism are treated supplementally with 906:

needs to be self-sufficient in thyroid hormones in order to guard against

6099: 6014: 2802: 2475: 2319: 1986: 1980: 1960: 1956: 1792: 1788: 1768: 1734: 1702: 1698: 1671: 1368: 1314: 1308: 1270: 1096:. Combined, these factors increase blood flow and the body's temperature. 1079: 694: 403: 280: 5280:

Freake HC, Oppenheimer JH (1995). "Thermogenesis and thyroid function".

3721:

Bianco AC, Salvatore D, Gereben B, Berry MJ, Larsen PR (February 2002).

3329: 2278:, taken in the form of potassium iodide tablets. One consequence of the 2121:

can help reveal the activity and location of the cancer and metastases.

1582:; while in the parafollicular c-cells, they direct calcitonin synthesis— 1142:

traveling freely have hormonal activity. In addition, up to 85% of the T

1043:

is so named because it contains three atoms of iodine per molecule and T

852:. The thyroid then descends in front of the pharyngeal gut as a bilobed 16:

Endocrine gland in the neck; secretes hormones that influence metabolism

6076: 6061: 4664:"Update of newborn screening and therapy for congenital hypothyroidism" 4091: 2733: 2430: 2421: 2342: 2129: 2056: 2024: 1900: 1872: 1780: 1657: 1583: 1532: 1528: 1516: 1510: 1479: 1431: 1376: 1256: 1067: 1028: 925: 829: 801: 674: 603:

supply from the superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglion of the

356: 104: 5357: 4760: 4613: 4299:

Dean DS, Gharib H (December 2008). "Epidemiology of thyroid nodules".

2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2648:

in 1970, contributing in part to his Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1977.

2466: 1887:. Malignant nodules, which only occur in about 5% of nodules, include 1713:

will depend on the individual and on the country where being treated.

1434:

in peripheral tissues remove the iodine from MIT and DIT and convert T

1082:

levels, perhaps by increasing the rate of secretion of cholesterol in

816:

Floor of pharynx of embryo between 35 and 37 days after fertilization.

6066: 5877: 4301:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

4000: 3443: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2771: 2652: 2517: 2487: 2306: 2302: 2176: 2137: 2086: 1380: 1322: 1071: 1017: 978: 952: 883: 871: 785: 702: 2705:. These descriptions provided the basis for modern thyroid surgery. 890:) reaches a clinically significant and self-sufficient level. Fetal 689: 291:. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of 256: 6137: 6009: 5496:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 555–556. 4532: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3292:

by J. Larry Jameson, MD, PhD and Leslie J. De Groot, MD, chapter 72

3197:(32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 999 redirect to 1562. 2891: 2798: 2767: 2763: 2744: 2656: 2521: 2509: 2445: 2046: 1963:. Sometimes no cause can be found, a state called "simple goitre". 1919: 1796: 1683: 1490: 1350: 1318: 1296: 1036: 989:

and decreases the level of the hormone that stimulates its release.

367:

and growth and development in children. Calcitonin plays a role in

113: 37: 5442:

Werner & Ingbar's the Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text

5030: 3982: 3885: 3613: 3403:

Pediatric endocrinology: mechanisms, manifestations and management

3354:(3. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 3043:(6th ed.). Philadelphia, Penn.: W B Saunders Co. p. 27. 2903: 2565:

provided the first illustration of the thyroid. In 1543 anatomist

733:

that consists mostly of thyroid hormone precursor proteins called

5587:. Comprehensive Endocrinology Revised Series. N.Y.: Raven Press. 4963: 4961: 4959: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4471: 4469: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 3513: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 2806: 2790: 2755: 2751:, and the shape found in humans is common to many other species. 2737: 2505: 2405: 2267: 2191: 1784: 1372: 1338: 1329:

molecules, which enters the blood by largely unknown mechanisms.

1295:- Iodine (I) is very reactive and iodinates the thyroglobulin at 1276: 1078:. Despite increasing free fatty acids, thyroid hormones decrease 963: 730: 475: 459: 450: 328: 4997: 4522: 4520: 4507: 4505: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4202: 4200: 4045: 4043: 4030: 4028: 3983:

Rusandu A, Sjøvold BH, Hofstad E, Reidunsdatter RJ (June 2020).

3861: 3592: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3110: 3108: 3106: 2979: 2625:

in 1907 proved that iodine is necessary for thyroid function.

2532:

in the first century BCE referred to epidemics of goitre in the

1617:

are responsible for the surgical management of thyroid disease.

1535:, so calcitonin effectively stimulates movement of calcium into 627: 49: 5699:

Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice

4212: 3927: 3905:"The human proteome in thyroid gland – The Human Protein Atlas" 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2851: 2748: 2726: 2501: 2199: 2031: 2027: 1948: 1942: 1929:; and if it is associated with hyperthyroidism, it is called a 1679: 1523:

levels. Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin in response to

1360: 1356: 1202: 1032: 849: 738: 518: 502:

to the side. Behind the outer wings of the thyroid lie the two

471: 407: 137: 20: 5009: 4985: 4973: 4956: 4933: 4921: 4638: 4481: 4466: 4447: 4435: 3873: 3849: 3837: 3761: 3671: 3625: 3372: 3129: 2989: 89: 6026: 6001: 4517: 4502: 4423: 4368: 4197: 4185: 4055: 4040: 4025: 3964: 3532: 3250:

Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas

3103: 2604: 2537: 2323: 2074: 1286: 903: 584: 178: 2956: 80: 5438: 3720: 2794: 2533: 2260: 2187: 1876: 1536: 1083: 924:, also known as C cells, responsible for the production of 284: 153: 83: 4744:"History of U.S. iodine fortification and supplementation" 3014:. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. pp. 2781:, and growth throughout the vertebrate clade. Iodine and T 2651:

In the nineteenth century numerous authors described both

5517:

Venturi S (2011). "Evolutionary Significance of Iodine".

5113:"Thyroid History Timeline – American Thyroid Association" 3011:

Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice

2214:

which can result in various presentations of one or more

812: 3762:

Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM (2011).

3483:"Iodine supplementation in pregnant and lactating women" 3254:(5th ed.). Oxford: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 2486:

likened its shape to that of an Ancient Greek shield or

1759:. Typical symptoms are abnormal weight gain, tiredness, 1353:, which reacts with iodine within the follicular lumen. 371:. Secretion of the two thyroid hormones is regulated by 5625:(12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. 4873: 4871: 4869: 4661: 4606:

Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology

4173:. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners 1636:

Excessive production of the thyroid hormones is called

5439:

Werner SC, Ingbar SH, Braverman LE, Utiger RD (2005).

5072:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

4550: 3695:

Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch

3428:"Transplacental thyroxine and fetal brain development" 2877:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 1052. 2663:

documented a case of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in 1912,

1678:, anxiety and nervousness. In some cases it can cause 1539:. The effects of calcitonin are opposite those of the 1363:(I), which is taken up into the follicular cells by a 1307:- The entire complex re-enters the follicular cell by 3795:

How Your Thyroid Works: A Delicate Feedback Mechanism

3066: 2218:

accessory thyroid glands. These can be asymptomatic.

2081:, usually presenting as a painless mass in the neck. 1725:. Surgery does however carry a risk of damage to the 784:

and is the site of synthesis of the thyroid hormones

537:

The thyroid is supplied with arterial blood from the

331:. The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: the two 5317:"The thyroid glands: a brief historical perspective" 5164: 4866: 4794:"Map: Count of Nutrients In Fortification Standards" 4741: 4073: 3688: 3686: 92: 86: 5758: 5258: 5239:] (in German). Leipzig: Verlag Veit & Comp. 4742:Leung AM, Braverman LE, Pearce EN (November 2012). 4702:The thyroid gland in health and disease Year: 1917 2183:, which facilitates normal growth and development. 717:, first discovered by Geoffery Websterson in 1664. 646:Sometimes there is a third lobe present called the 77: 5697:Standring S, Borley NR, et al., eds. (2008). 5696: 5445:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 387. 3347: 3007: 2950: 2420:When further imaging is required, a radiolabelled 1806:Hypothyroidism is managed with replacement of the 705:, there are three primary features of the thyroid— 5659:Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, eds. (2010). 5620: 5279: 5243: 5165:Niazi AK, Kalra S, Irfan A, Islam A (July 2011). 4902: 4602:"Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism" 3891: 3867: 3683: 3619: 3607: 3586: 3565: 3553: 3222:. New York: Arnold Publishers. pp. 257–258. 2857: 2813:, administering a thyroid-blocking agent such as 2286:in children in the years following the accident. 2023:in which the thyroid gland is infiltrated by the 1561:Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression 1305:, adjacent tyrosyl residues are paired together. 6160: 5701:(40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. 5467:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909" 5390:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977" 4721:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 268. 3831:Ganong's review of medical physiology Edition 25 3400: 3001: 1918:may then be performed, and the sample undergoes 1387:. This forms the precursors of thyroid hormones 1269:into the cell, which previously has crossed the 1146:in blood is produced following conversion from T 654:pyramid. The pyramidal lobe is a remnant of the 532: 5606:(9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 5601: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4950: 4649: 4167:"Hypothyroidism – Investigation and management" 4164: 4142:. Australian Thyroid Foundation. Archived from 3855: 3843: 3677: 3631: 3385: 3241: 3239: 1470:(TRH), released in a pulsatile manner from the 490:. The isthmus extends from the second to third 5677: 5661:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine 5658: 5639: 5623:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 5604:Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology 5171:Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 5026: 5024: 4967: 4927: 4538: 4526: 4511: 4496: 4475: 4460: 4441: 4429: 4387: 4218: 4206: 4191: 4061: 4049: 4034: 3970: 3879: 3541: 3156: 3114: 2995: 2983: 2897: 2553:, written ca. 200–250, also refers to goitre. 1554: 1379:. In the follicular lumen, the iodide is then 844:. The copula soon becomes covered over by the 5744: 3692: 2872: 1925:The presence of multiple nodules is called a 1795:. Some forms of hypothyroidism can result in 1613:are thyroid specialists. Thyroid surgeons or 5680:Elsevier's integrated anatomy and embryology 5491: 5413: 5264: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 4332: 4330: 4237: 3245: 3236: 3217: 1515:The thyroid gland also produces the hormone 1466:gland. TSH release in turn is stimulated by 1398:When the follicular cells are stimulated by 673:, connecting the isthmus to the body of the 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5021: 4336: 4294: 4292: 4290: 3716: 3714: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2524:in the fifth century BCE describe cases of 2361:), or subclinical hyperthyroidism (normal T 2126:removing the whole or part of thyroid gland 6148:List of human endocrine organs and actions 5751: 5737: 5642:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 5249: 4599: 4401:"goitre – definition of goitre in English" 4298: 3509: 3507: 3396: 3394: 3062: 3060: 2156:is the most common clinically significant 1670:Hyperthyroidism often causes a variety of 48: 36: 5644:(18 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 5365: 5192: 5182: 5056: 4769: 4759: 4679: 4621: 4576: 4327: 4125:eMedicine Health. Retrieved on 2010-02-07 4099: 4008: 3788: 3738: 3451: 3341: 3339: 3319: 2399:is preferred, because in hypothyroidism T 2255:to add iodine to the diet has eliminated 2171:Infants with thyroid hormone deficiency ( 1251:to enter the colloid in the lumen of the 591:(located just above the isthmus) and the 5682:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders. 5218:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary 5215: 5076: 4905:Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck 4287: 3755: 3711: 3642: 3640: 2720: 2465: 2231: 1755:An underactive thyroid gland results in 1593: 1224: 1031:. The thyroid hormones are created from 962: 811: 688: 626: 449: 5551: 5516: 5209: 3800: 3504: 3425: 3391: 3220:Bloom & Fawcett's Concise Histology 3195:Dorland'sIllustrated Medical Dictionary 3192: 3125: 3123: 3057: 2868: 2866: 2668:thiouracil and fine needle aspiration. 2616:discovered iodine in 1811, and in 1896 2609:, meaning 'shield-like/shield-shaped'. 1620: 6161: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5339: 5160: 5158: 4877: 4714: 3518:(13th ed.). pp. 285–6, 293. 3345: 3336: 3301: 3193:Dorland WA (2012). Anderson DM (ed.). 3069:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 3038: 3008:Ellis H, Standring S, Gray HD (2005). 1985:Inflammation of the thyroid is called 1947:An enlarged thyroid gland is called a 1345:that is originally created within the 1333:The thyroid hormones are created from 776:. The follicular lumen is filled with 5732: 5582: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 4819:"Chernobyl children show DNA changes" 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 3989:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences 3811:Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach 3646: 3637: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3432:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 3032: 2711:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2238:Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome 1871:are often found on the gland, with a 1220: 1157:Thyroid hormones act by crossing the 1118:, are influenced by thyroid hormones. 932:, which begins in the ventral fourth 359:. The thyroid hormones influence the 5602:Shoback D (2011). Gardner DG (ed.). 4337:Welker MJ, Orlov D (February 2003). 4238:Smith TJ, Hegedüs L (October 2016). 3120: 2863: 951:, and if untreated this can lead to 527:suspensory ligament of thyroid gland 486:lie just above the gland, below the 5480: 5407: 5294:10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.001403 5230: 5224: 4836: 4786: 4247:The New England Journal of Medicine 4136:"Iodine Deficiency & Nutrition" 3770:(12th ed.). Saunders. p. 3697:. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. 2789:from a plant-eating water-dwelling 2680:in the sixth century CE or Persian 2240:, associated with a lack of iodine. 1767:, hair loss, cold intolerance, and 993: 300: 13: 5135: 4798:Global Fortification Data Exchange 4224: 3766:Williams Textbook of Endocrinology 3468: 2732:The thyroid gland is found in all 2452:Computed tomography of the thyroid 2077:affecting the thyroid is a benign 1826: 1625: 1289:to iodine (I) by an enzyme called 1054:The thyroid hormones increase the 848:at a point later indicated by the 828:, the thyroid gland appears as an 498:lie in front of the gland and the 375:(TSH), which is secreted from the 14: 6195: 5717: 5314: 4844:"Iodine - Disorders of Nutrition" 4600:Büyükgebiz A (15 November 2012). 3401:Eugster EA, Pescovitz OH (2004). 3308:The American Journal of Pathology 2793:into a meat-eating land-dwelling 2689:, Swiss surgeon and physiologist 2628:Graves' disease was described by 2556: 2318:), listening to the gland with a 1744: 1446:This is a major source of both RT 635:(center) as viewed from the front 5545: 5510: 5459: 5432: 5382: 2716: 2408:for autoimmune-related disease. 2009:and traumatic injury, including 1717:can sometimes be performed as a 1285:- In the colloid, iodide (I) is 1273:by largely unknown mechanisms. 804:and so are also called C cells. 677:, and the presence of the small 454:The thyroid gland surrounds the 383:(TRH), which is produced by the 73: 5333: 5308: 5273: 4896: 4811: 4735: 4708: 4696: 4655: 4593: 4544: 4393: 4165:So M, MacIsaac R, Grossmann M. 4158: 4128: 4116: 4067: 3976: 3921: 3897: 3823: 3419: 3295: 3272: 3211: 3186: 3150: 2758:, the thyroid originates as an 2476:coin dating from 431 to 424 BCE 2124:Thyroid cancers are treated by 1974: 1799:and severe cases can result in 1474:. The thyroid hormones provide 1070:of glucose. They stimulate the 943:can result in various forms of 684: 671:levator muscle of thyroid gland 587:drainage frequently passes the 2873:Boron WF, Boulpaep EL (2012). 2196:stratified squamous epithelium 2119:radioactive iodine uptake test 1263:sodium-iodide (Na/I) symporter 807: 287:and consists of two connected 1: 5492:Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977). 4718:Global Epidemiology of Cancer 4405:Oxford Dictionaries | English 2845: 2374:thyrotropin releasing hormone 2292: 2147: 1715:Surgery to remove the thyroid 1519:, which helps regulate blood 1504: 1468:thyrotropin releasing hormone 1457: 1454:(87%) in peripheral tissues. 1074:, and increase the number of 876:thyrotropin-releasing hormone 780:, a concentrated solution of 533:Blood, lymph and nerve supply 381:thyrotropin-releasing hormone 319:(thyrocytes), and occasional 5265:Liddell HG, Scott R (1940). 5167:"Thyroidology over the ages" 4903:Fehrenbach; Herring (2012). 4140:www.thyroidfoundation.org.au 3516:Langman's Medical Embryology 3246:Wheater PR, Young B (2006). 2840:Thyroid disease in pregnancy 2593:means 'gland' in Latin, and 2495: 2488: 2210:Another disorder is that of 2154:persistent thyroglossal duct 1723:minimally invasive procedure 908:neurodevelopmental disorders 622: 440: 7: 5621:Hall JE, Guyton AC (2011). 4848:MSD Manual Consumer Version 3649:"Thyroid Hormone Receptors" 3218:Fawcett D, Jensh R (2002). 2828: 2055:occurs sometimes following 1821: 1739:thyroid hormone substitutes 1555:Gene and protein expression 1400:thyroid-stimulating hormone 1347:rough endoplasmic reticulum 1245:rough endoplasmic reticulum 1233:, as seen on an individual 1154:in organs around the body. 958: 880:thyroid-stimulating hormone 445: 379:gland. TSH is regulated by 373:thyroid-stimulating hormone 10: 6200: 5531:10.2174/187231311796765012 5282:Annual Review of Nutrition 5269:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5254:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5250:Lewis CT, Short C (1879). 4313:10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.019 2671: 2605: 2599:can be traced back to the 2461: 2411: 2225: 2066: 1978: 1940: 1906:When a nodule is present, 1861: 1857: 1830: 1748: 1629: 1558: 1508: 1410:, DIT, MIT, and traces of 1341:within the colloid in the 1134:(15%). Only the 0.03% of T 1124:thyroxine-binding globulin 997: 500:sternocleidomastoid muscle 390:Thyroid disorders include 283:. In humans, it is in the 18: 6113: 6090: 6052: 6000: 5978: 5950: 5941: 5918: 5895: 5853: 5776: 5767: 5678:Ort V, Bogart BI (2007). 5049:10.1007/s13244-016-0506-5 4907:. Elsevier. p. 158. 4343:American Family Physician 3653:Colorado State University 3487:World Health Organization 3426:Zoeller RT (April 2003). 3081:10.1017/s0022215108004003 2777:Thyroxine is critical to 2470:The thyroid was named by 2395:levels can be measured. T 2221: 2173:congenital hypothyroidism 2142:anaplastic thyroid cancer 2062: 1936: 1931:toxic multinodular goitre 1731:recurrent laryngeal nerve 1646:toxic multinodular goitre 1191:hormone response elements 1169:thyroid hormone receptors 1152:iodothyronine deiodinases 949:congenital hypothyroidism 822:development of the embryo 669:Other variants include a 617:recurrent laryngeal nerve 508:recurrent laryngeal nerve 249: 237: 225: 213: 201: 189: 177: 172: 152: 147:inferior thyroid arteries 136: 124: 103: 68: 63: 47: 35: 30: 5575: 5519:Current Chemical Biology 5346:European Thyroid Journal 4715:Harris RE (2015-05-07). 2353:), hypothyroidism (low T 2333: 1916:needle aspiration biopsy 1765:heavy menstrual bleeding 1412:reverse triiodothyronine 1020:or tetraiodothyronine (T 711:thyroid follicular cells 613:superior laryngeal nerve 597:paratracheal lymph nodes 589:prelaryngeal lymph nodes 406:), thyroid enlargement ( 351: – and a 19:Not to be confused with 5816:Somatomammotrophic cell 5184:10.4103/2230-8210.83347 4608:. 5 Suppl 1 (4): 8–12. 3942:10.1126/science.1260419 3302:Hazard JB (July 1977). 2682:Ali ibn Abbas al-Magusi 2017:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 1777:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 1733:, which innervates the 1719:transoral thyroidectomy 1365:sodium-iodide symporter 1235:thyroid follicular cell 912:maternal hypothyroidism 846:hypopharyngeal eminence 547:inferior thyroid artery 543:external carotid artery 539:superior thyroid artery 435:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 431:intellectual disability 5724:Endocrine Web: Thyroid 5583:Greer MA, ed. (1990). 5340:Magner J (June 2014). 4681:10.1542/peds.2006-0915 3892:Guyton & Hall 2011 3868:Guyton & Hall 2011 3740:10.1210/edrv.23.1.0455 3620:Guyton & Hall 2011 3608:Guyton & Hall 2011 3587:Guyton & Hall 2011 3566:Guyton & Hall 2011 3554:Guyton & Hall 2011 2900:, pp. 2913, 2918. 2858:Guyton & Hall 2011 2729: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2479: 2438:fine needle aspiration 2339:Thyroid function tests 2276:non-radioactive iodine 2270:of iodine produced by 2241: 2205:Superimposed infection 2115:fine-needle aspiration 2053:Postpartum thyroiditis 1991:postpartum thyroiditis 1908:thyroid function tests 1847:Graves' ophthalmopathy 1812:Postpartum thyroiditis 1707:radioactive iodine-131 1652:, inflammation, and a 1330: 1243:is synthesized in the 990: 910:that would arise from 817: 698: 664:Zuckerkandl's tubercle 636: 575:inferior thyroid veins 553:, and sometimes by an 463: 251:Anatomical terminology 167:inferior thyroid veins 5037:Insights into Imaging 4569:10.1093/cercor/bhp212 4411:on September 18, 2016 4259:10.1056/nejmra1510030 4080:Endocrine Connections 3797:. Updated 2009-05-21. 3172:10.1089/thy.2012.0253 3132:Saudi Medical Journal 2724: 2693:, American physician 2550:Shennong Ben Cao Jing 2469: 2341:include a battery of 2235: 2226:Further information: 2011:palpation thyroiditis 1672:non-specific symptoms 1599:General practitioners 1594:Clinical significance 1559:Further information: 1375:, an iodide-chloride 1228: 1195:transcription factors 966: 930:ultimopharyngeal body 815: 692: 630: 609:parasympathetic nerve 607:. The gland receives 599:. The gland receives 579:brachiocephalic veins 571:internal jugular vein 569:, which drain to the 453: 6131:Organ of Zuckerkandl 6121:Enteroendocrine cell 5216:Anderson DM (2000). 4880:Clinical Examination 4541:, p. 2242,2246. 3909:www.proteinatlas.org 3659:on 27 September 2011 3279:The Thyroid Follicle 2825:of the human brain. 2779:metabolic regulation 2697:, American surgeons 2577:is derived from the 2526:diffuse toxic goitre 2007:Riedel's thyroiditis 1995:subacute thyroiditis 1816:Subacute thyroiditis 1711:first-line treatment 1621:Functional disorders 1567:protein-coding genes 1215:glucose transporters 1056:basal metabolic rate 941:prenatal development 922:parafollicular cells 796:Parafollicular cells 715:parafollicular cells 567:middle thyroid veins 492:rings of the trachea 321:parafollicular cells 110:Thyroid diverticulum 6184:Human head and neck 5910:Parafollicular cell 5494:The Vertebrate Body 5177:(Suppl 2): S121-6. 4854:on 18 December 2019 2951:Gray's Anatomy 2008 2725:Goat affected by a 2709:went on to win the 2630:Robert James Graves 2584:glandula thyreoidea 2431:outside the thyroid 2282:was an increase in 2168:programs at birth. 2021:autoimmune disorder 1927:multinodular goitre 1541:parathyroid hormone 1279:, in a purportedly 551:thyrocervical trunk 460:tracheal cartilages 420:autoimmune disorder 369:calcium homeostasis 337:triiodothyronine (T 184:glandula thyreoidea 6054:Islets of pancreas 5828:Corticotropic cell 5469:. Nobel Foundation 5414:Slidescenter.com. 5394:www.nobelprize.org 4146:on 13 January 2017 4092:10.1530/EC-12-0049 3493:on January 4, 2014 3346:Larsen WJ (2001). 3039:Netter FH (2014). 2875:Medical Physiology 2835:Desiccated thyroid 2730: 2581:used by Wharton – 2510:Ayurvedic medicine 2480: 2280:Chernobyl disaster 2242: 2236:Child affected by 2212:thyroid dysgenesis 2162:thyroglossal cysts 2040:pernicious anaemia 2003:silent thyroiditis 1953:autoimmune disease 1727:parathyroid glands 1662:iodinated contrast 1549:parathyroid glands 1525:high blood calcium 1464:anterior pituitary 1432:Deiodinase enzymes 1426:and about 10–20% T 1385:thyroid peroxidase 1331: 1291:thyroid peroxidase 1221:Hormone production 1189:, which bind with 991: 945:thyroid dysgenesis 818: 699: 679:thyroid ima artery 637: 559:thyroid ima artery 555:anatomical variant 549:, a branch of the 541:, a branch of the 523:pretracheal fascia 512:parathyroid glands 496:infrahyoid muscles 464: 377:anterior pituitary 335: – 6156: 6155: 5996: 5995: 5920:Parathyroid gland 5891: 5890: 5833:Gonadotropic cell 5806:Somatotropic cell 5708:978-0-8089-2371-8 5689:978-1-4160-3165-9 5670:978-0-7020-3085-7 5651:978-0-07-174889-6 5632:978-1-4160-4574-8 5613:978-0-07-162243-1 5585:The Thyroid Gland 5503:978-0-03-910284-5 5452:978-0-7817-5047-9 5358:10.1159/000360534 4914:978-1-4377-2419-6 4889:978-0-7295-4198-5 4878:Talley N (2014). 4761:10.3390/nu4111740 4728:978-1-284-03445-5 4704:Robert McCarrison 4614:10.4274/Jcrpe.845 4339:"Thyroid nodules" 4253:(16): 1552–1565. 4240:"Graves' Disease" 3936:(6220): 1260419. 3894:, pp. 988–9. 3807:The thyroid gland 3781:978-1-4377-0324-5 3727:Endocrine Reviews 3704:978-1-4160-2328-9 3525:978-1-4511-9164-6 3412:978-0-7817-4059-3 3365:978-0-443-06583-5 3265:978-0-443-06850-8 3229:978-0-340-80677-7 3204:978-1-4160-6257-8 3050:978-1-4557-0418-7 3025:978-0-443-07168-3 2998:, pp. 342–3. 2953:, pp. 462–4. 2884:978-1-4377-1753-2 2634:Adolf Magnus-Levy 2563:Leonardo da Vinci 2561:In 1500 polymath 2456:incidentally find 2369:with a low TSH). 2257:endemic cretinism 2245:Iodine deficiency 2228:Iodine in biology 2166:newborn screening 2044:Addison's disease 1999:acute thyroiditis 1773:Iodine deficiency 1769:a slow heart rate 1705:. Alternatively, 1654:pituitary adenoma 1640:. Causes include 1615:otolaryngologists 1603:internal medicine 1476:negative feedback 1265:pumps iodide (I) 1249:secretory pathway 1229:Synthesis of the 1199:DNA transcription 1072:breakdown of fats 987:negative feedback 874:start to secrete 858:thyroglossal duct 726:Thyroid follicles 707:thyroid follicles 703:microscopic level 656:thyroglossal duct 605:sympathetic trunk 601:sympathetic nerve 484:cricoid cartilage 480:thyroid cartilage 427:iodine deficiency 365:protein synthesis 265: 264: 260: 112:(an extension of 6191: 6179:Endocrine system 6105:Corpora arenacea 5970:Zona reticularis 5965:Zona fasciculata 5960:Zona glomerulosa 5948: 5947: 5845:Chromophobe cell 5838:Thyrotropic cell 5774: 5773: 5761:endocrine system 5753: 5746: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5712: 5693: 5674: 5655: 5636: 5617: 5598: 5570: 5569: 5560:(1–3): 185–205. 5549: 5543: 5542: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5489: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5321:www.medscape.com 5312: 5306: 5305: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5186: 5162: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5123:on 3 August 2021 5119:. Archived from 5109: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5028: 5019: 5016:Greenspan's 2011 5013: 5007: 5006:, p. 188-9. 5004:Greenspan's 2011 5001: 4995: 4992:Greenspan's 2011 4989: 4983: 4980:Greenspan's 2011 4977: 4971: 4965: 4954: 4951:Greenspan's 2011 4948: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4875: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4850:. Archived from 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4773: 4763: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4683: 4659: 4653: 4650:Greenspan's 2011 4647: 4636: 4635: 4625: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4580: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4515: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4479: 4478:, pp. 2238. 4473: 4464: 4463:, pp. 2230. 4458: 4445: 4444:, pp. 2237. 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4407:. Archived from 4397: 4391: 4385: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4296: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4275: 4269:. Archived from 4244: 4235: 4222: 4221:, p. 741-3. 4216: 4210: 4204: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4171:www.racgp.org.au 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4132: 4126: 4123:Thyroid Problems 4120: 4114: 4113: 4103: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4038: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4012: 4001:10.1002/jmrs.390 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3882:, pp. 2215. 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3856:Greenspan's 2011 3853: 3847: 3844:Greenspan's 2011 3841: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3769: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3690: 3681: 3678:Greenspan's 2011 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3655:. Archived from 3647:Bowen R (2000). 3644: 3635: 3632:Greenspan's 2011 3629: 3623: 3622:, p. 935-6. 3617: 3611: 3605: 3590: 3584: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3489:. Archived from 3479: 3466: 3465: 3455: 3444:10.1172/JCI18236 3423: 3417: 3416: 3398: 3389: 3386:Greenspan's 2011 3383: 3370: 3369: 3353: 3350:Human embryology 3343: 3334: 3333: 3323: 3299: 3293: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3253: 3243: 3234: 3233: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3127: 3118: 3112: 3101: 3100: 3064: 3055: 3054: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2954: 2948: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2870: 2861: 2855: 2815:propylthiouracil 2687:Theodor Billroth 2661:Hakaru Hashimoto 2614:Bernard Courtois 2608: 2607: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2567:Andreas Vesalius 2514:Sushruta Samhita 2491: 2316:Pemberton's sign 2190:anterior to the 2132:may be given to 2111:thyroid lymphoma 2073:The most common 1969:simply monitored 1885:thyroid adenomas 1808:thyroid hormones 1741:will be needed. 1695:propylthiouracil 1607:Endocrinologists 1389:monoiodotyrosine 1343:follicular lumen 1327:triiodothyronine 1253:thyroid follicle 1247:and follows the 1231:thyroid hormones 1211:adenylyl cyclase 1076:free fatty acids 1010:triiodothyronine 1006:thyroid hormones 1000:Thyroid hormones 994:Thyroid hormones 969:thyroid hormones 947:which can cause 934:pharyngeal pouch 892:triiodothyronine 835:tuberculum impar 790:triiodothyronine 774:follicular cells 770:follicular lumen 764:Follicular lumen 748:Follicular cells 611:supply from the 504:carotid arteries 333:thyroid hormones 323:that surround a 317:follicular cells 313:thyroid follicle 302: 257:edit on Wikidata 254: 131:Endocrine system 99: 98: 95: 94: 91: 88: 85: 82: 79: 52: 40: 28: 27: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6109: 6086: 6048: 5992: 5988:Chromaffin cell 5974: 5937: 5914: 5905:Follicular cell 5887: 5868:Median eminence 5849: 5786:Pars intermedia 5769:Pituitary gland 5763: 5759:Anatomy of the 5757: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5690: 5671: 5652: 5633: 5614: 5595: 5578: 5573: 5554:Human Evolution 5550: 5546: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5490: 5481: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5424: 5422: 5420:www.hormones.gr 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5338: 5334: 5325: 5323: 5315:Hamdy, Roland. 5313: 5309: 5278: 5274: 5263: 5259: 5248: 5244: 5229: 5225: 5214: 5210: 5163: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5117:www.thyroid.org 5111: 5110: 5077: 5029: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4970:, p. 2229. 4968:Harrison's 2011 4966: 4957: 4949: 4934: 4930:, p. 2228. 4928:Harrison's 2011 4926: 4922: 4915: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4876: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4828: 4826: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4674:(6): 2290–303. 4660: 4656: 4648: 4639: 4598: 4594: 4557:Cerebral Cortex 4549: 4545: 4539:Harrison's 2011 4537: 4533: 4527:Davidson's 2010 4525: 4518: 4512:Davidson's 2010 4510: 4503: 4499:, p. 2242. 4497:Harrison's 2011 4495: 4482: 4476:Harrison's 2011 4474: 4467: 4461:Harrison's 2011 4459: 4448: 4442:Harrison's 2011 4440: 4436: 4430:Davidson's 2010 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4388:Davidson's 2010 4386: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4335: 4328: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4242: 4236: 4225: 4219:Davidson's 2010 4217: 4213: 4207:Davidson's 2010 4205: 4198: 4192:Davidson's 2010 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4072: 4068: 4062:Davidson's 2010 4060: 4056: 4050:Davidson's 2010 4048: 4041: 4035:Davidson's 2010 4033: 4026: 3981: 3977: 3971:Davidson's 2010 3969: 3965: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3911: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3880:Harrison's 2011 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3760: 3756: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3593: 3585: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3542:Davidson's 2010 3540: 3533: 3526: 3512: 3505: 3496: 3494: 3481: 3480: 3469: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3373: 3366: 3344: 3337: 3300: 3296: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3191: 3187: 3155: 3151: 3128: 3121: 3115:Elsevier's 2007 3113: 3104: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3006: 3002: 2996:Elsevier's 2007 2994: 2990: 2984:Elsevier's 2007 2982: 2957: 2949: 2904: 2898:Harrison's 2011 2896: 2892: 2885: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2831: 2784: 2719: 2699:William Halsted 2674: 2643: 2639: 2612:French chemist 2559: 2530:Pliny the Elder 2498: 2464: 2414: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2336: 2297:The thyroid is 2295: 2284:thyroid cancers 2272:nuclear fission 2230: 2224: 2150: 2085:are most often 2083:Thyroid cancers 2071: 2065: 2036:Type 1 diabetes 1983: 1977: 1945: 1939: 1899:carcinomas and 1881:colloid nodules 1869:Thyroid nodules 1866: 1860: 1838:Graves' disease 1835: 1833:Graves' disease 1829: 1827:Graves' disease 1824: 1753: 1747: 1660:, or following 1650:thyroid adenoma 1642:Graves' disease 1638:hyperthyroidism 1634: 1632:Hyperthyroidism 1628: 1626:Hyperthyroidism 1623: 1611:thyroidologists 1596: 1563: 1557: 1547:), but not the 1513: 1507: 1499:glucocorticoids 1460: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1284: 1274: 1261:- Meanwhile, a 1260: 1238: 1223: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1161:and binding to 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1116:menstrual cycle 1109: 1105: 1090:Cardiovascular. 1064:uptake by cells 1046: 1042: 1026:peptide hormone 1023: 1015: 1002: 996: 982: 975: 961: 939:Aberrations in 897: 889: 826:gestational age 824:, at 3–4 weeks 810: 759: 755: 687: 639:There are many 625: 535: 448: 443: 423:Graves' disease 412:thyroid nodules 392:hyperthyroidism 353:peptide hormone 348: 340: 277:endocrine gland 261: 118:pharyngeal arch 76: 72: 59: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6197: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6037:Granulosa cell 6034: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6006: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5883:Herring bodies 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5811:Prolactin cell 5808: 5801:Acidophil cell 5798: 5793: 5791:Pars tuberalis 5788: 5782: 5780: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5756: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5719: 5718:External links 5716: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5694: 5688: 5675: 5669: 5656: 5650: 5637: 5631: 5618: 5612: 5599: 5593: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5544: 5525:(3): 155–162. 5509: 5502: 5479: 5458: 5451: 5431: 5406: 5381: 5332: 5307: 5272: 5257: 5242: 5231:His W (1895). 5223: 5208: 5134: 5075: 5020: 5018:, p. 190. 5008: 4996: 4994:, p. 189. 4984: 4982:, p. 186. 4972: 4955: 4953:, p. 184. 4932: 4920: 4913: 4895: 4888: 4865: 4835: 4810: 4785: 4754:(11): 1740–6. 4734: 4727: 4707: 4695: 4654: 4652:, p. 164. 4637: 4592: 4563:(6): 1462–75. 4543: 4531: 4529:, p. 752. 4516: 4514:, p. 751. 4501: 4480: 4465: 4446: 4434: 4432:, p. 750. 4422: 4392: 4390:, p. 744. 4367: 4326: 4286: 4223: 4211: 4209:, p. 743. 4196: 4194:, p. 741. 4184: 4157: 4127: 4115: 4066: 4064:, p. 745. 4054: 4052:, p. 739. 4039: 4037:, p. 740. 4024: 3995:(2): 111–118. 3975: 3973:, p. 738. 3963: 3920: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3870:, p. 896. 3860: 3858:, p. 177. 3848: 3846:, p. 174. 3836: 3822: 3799: 3787: 3780: 3754: 3710: 3703: 3682: 3680:, p. 178. 3670: 3636: 3634:, p. 169. 3624: 3612: 3610:, p. 936. 3591: 3589:, p. 937. 3570: 3568:, p. 934. 3558: 3556:, p. 909. 3546: 3544:, p. 736. 3531: 3524: 3503: 3467: 3418: 3411: 3390: 3388:, p. 179. 3371: 3364: 3335: 3294: 3284:2013-01-23 at 3271: 3264: 3235: 3228: 3210: 3203: 3185: 3149: 3119: 3117:, p. 343. 3102: 3056: 3049: 3031: 3024: 3000: 2988: 2986:, p. 342. 2955: 2902: 2890: 2883: 2862: 2860:, p. 907. 2849: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2827: 2782: 2760:exocrine gland 2718: 2715: 2707:Theodor Kocher 2691:Theodor Kocher 2673: 2670: 2646:Andrew Schally 2641: 2637: 2571:Thomas Wharton 2558: 2557:Scientific era 2555: 2497: 2494: 2484:Thomas Wharton 2472:Thomas Wharton 2463: 2460: 2442:histopathology 2413: 2410: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2335: 2332: 2294: 2291: 2249:endemic goitre 2223: 2220: 2149: 2146: 2128:. Radioactive 2101:, followed by 2069:Thyroid cancer 2067:Main article: 2064: 2061: 1979:Main article: 1976: 1973: 1941:Main article: 1938: 1935: 1864:Thyroid nodule 1862:Main article: 1859: 1856: 1842:autoantibodies 1831:Main article: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1757:hypothyroidism 1751:Hypothyroidism 1749:Main article: 1746: 1745:Hypothyroidism 1743: 1630:Main article: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1595: 1592: 1556: 1553: 1509:Main article: 1506: 1503: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1403: 1393:diiodotyrosine 1222: 1219: 1207:calcium ATPase 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1120: 1119: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100:Developmental. 1097: 1087: 1044: 1040: 1021: 1013: 998:Main article: 995: 992: 980: 973: 960: 957: 919:neuroendocrine 895: 887: 841:copula linguae 809: 806: 798: 797: 766: 765: 757: 753: 750: 749: 723: 722: 686: 683: 648:pyramidal lobe 633:pyramidal lobe 624: 621: 573:, and via the 534: 531: 447: 444: 442: 439: 416:thyroid cancer 396:hypothyroidism 361:metabolic rate 346: 338: 263: 262: 253: 247: 246: 241: 235: 234: 229: 223: 222: 217: 211: 210: 205: 199: 198: 193: 187: 186: 181: 175: 174: 170: 169: 156: 150: 149: 140: 134: 133: 128: 122: 121: 107: 101: 100: 70: 66: 65: 61: 60: 53: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6196: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6043: 6042:Corpus luteum 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6032:Theca interna 6030: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5943:Adrenal gland 5940: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5823:Basophil cell 5821: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:Pars distalis 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5594:0-88167-668-3 5590: 5586: 5581: 5580: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5468: 5462: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5435: 5421: 5417: 5416:"Hormones.gr" 5410: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5352:(2): 95–100. 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5288:(1): 263–91. 5287: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5219: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043:(4): 601–17. 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5025: 5017: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4929: 4924: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4535: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4508: 4506: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4356: 4352: 4349:(3): 559–66. 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4307:(6): 901–11. 4306: 4302: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4276:on 2020-08-01 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4188: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3893: 3888: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3819:1-85996-252-1 3816: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3641: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3342: 3340: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3314:(1): 213–50. 3313: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3290:Endocrinology 3287: 3286:archive.today 3283: 3280: 3275: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3075:(7): 768–71. 3074: 3070: 3063: 3061: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2894: 2886: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2867: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2717:Other animals 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2618:Eugen Baumann 2615: 2610: 2602: 2601:Ancient Greek 2597: 2591: 2585: 2580: 2579:medical Latin 2576: 2575:thyroid gland 2572: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2426:technetium-99 2423: 2418: 2409: 2407: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2181:levothyroxine 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2136:the thyroid. 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1855: 1852: 1851:pathomnomonic 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1801:myxedema coma 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1688:beta blockers 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572:thyroglobulin 1568: 1565:About 20,000 1562: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1545:thyroidectomy 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487:thermogenesis 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1455: 1433: 1413: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367:. This is an 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335:thyroglobulin 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241:Thyroglobulin 1236: 1232: 1227: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1163:intracellular 1160: 1159:cell membrane 1155: 1153: 1138:and 0.3% of T 1133: 1129: 1128:transthyretin 1126:(about 70%), 1125: 1117: 1112: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1019: 1011: 1007: 1001: 988: 983: 976: 970: 965: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 893: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 866: 861: 859: 855: 851: 850:foramen cecum 847: 843: 842: 837: 836: 831: 827: 823: 814: 805: 803: 795: 794: 793: 791: 787: 783: 782:thyroglobulin 779: 775: 771: 763: 762: 761: 747: 746: 745: 743: 740: 736: 735:thyroglobulin 732: 727: 720: 719: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 696: 691: 682: 680: 676: 672: 667: 665: 661: 660:foramen cecum 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 634: 629: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 530: 528: 524: 520: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 461: 457: 452: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 342: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 315:, lined with 314: 310: 306: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 273:thyroid gland 270: 258: 252: 248: 245: 242: 240: 236: 233: 230: 228: 224: 221: 218: 216: 212: 209: 206: 204: 200: 197: 194: 192: 188: 185: 182: 180: 176: 171: 168: 164: 160: 157: 155: 151: 148: 144: 141: 139: 135: 132: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 108: 106: 102: 97: 71: 69:Pronunciation 67: 62: 57: 51: 46: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 6092:Pineal gland 6082:Epsilon cell 6020:Sertoli cell 5933:Oxyphil cell 5896: 5863:Pars nervosa 5698: 5679: 5660: 5641: 5622: 5603: 5584: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5493: 5471:. Retrieved 5461: 5441: 5434: 5423:. Retrieved 5419: 5409: 5397:. Retrieved 5393: 5384: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5324:. Retrieved 5320: 5310: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5266: 5260: 5251: 5245: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5174: 5170: 5125:. Retrieved 5121:the original 5116: 5040: 5036: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4923: 4904: 4898: 4879: 4856:. Retrieved 4852:the original 4847: 4838: 4827:. Retrieved 4825:. 2001-05-08 4822: 4813: 4801:. Retrieved 4797: 4788: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4717: 4710: 4698: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4605: 4595: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4534: 4437: 4425: 4415:18 September 4413:. Retrieved 4409:the original 4404: 4395: 4358:. Retrieved 4346: 4342: 4304: 4300: 4278:. Retrieved 4271:the original 4250: 4246: 4214: 4187: 4175:. Retrieved 4170: 4160: 4148:. Retrieved 4144:the original 4139: 4130: 4118: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4057: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3966: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3912:. Retrieved 3908: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3830: 3825: 3810: 3802: 3790: 3765: 3757: 3733:(1): 38–89. 3730: 3726: 3694: 3673: 3661:. Retrieved 3657:the original 3652: 3627: 3615: 3561: 3549: 3515: 3495:. Retrieved 3491:the original 3486: 3438:(7): 954–7. 3435: 3431: 3421: 3402: 3349: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3289: 3274: 3249: 3219: 3213: 3194: 3188: 3166:(1): 84–91. 3163: 3159: 3152: 3138:(4): 524–8. 3135: 3131: 3072: 3068: 3040: 3034: 3010: 3003: 2991: 2893: 2874: 2853: 2785:trigger the 2776: 2753: 2742: 2731: 2703:George Crile 2695:Charles Mayo 2675: 2650: 2627: 2623:David Marine 2611: 2574: 2560: 2548: 2545:pharmacology 2499: 2481: 2450: 2435: 2419: 2415: 2378: 2371: 2337: 2328: 2296: 2288: 2265: 2253:iodised salt 2243: 2209: 2185: 2170: 2158:birth defect 2151: 2123: 2095: 2072: 2051: 2015: 1984: 1975:Inflammation 1965: 1946: 1924: 1905: 1867: 1836: 1805: 1761:constipation 1754: 1692: 1676:palpitations 1669: 1635: 1597: 1564: 1514: 1495:somatostatin 1484: 1472:hypothalamus 1461: 1397: 1355: 1337:. This is a 1332: 1302: 1205:, including 1197:to modulate 1156: 1121: 1099: 1094:mitochondria 1089: 1051: 1003: 938: 916: 868:hypothalamus 862: 856:through the 854:diverticulum 839: 834: 819: 799: 777: 769: 767: 751: 742:glycoprotein 724: 700: 685:Microanatomy 668: 647: 645: 638: 632: 583: 536: 516: 488:Adam's apple 469: 465: 400:inflammation 389: 385:hypothalamus 345:thyroxine (T 309:Adam's apple 304: 296: 272: 268: 266: 220:A11.3.00.001 195: 183: 56:Adam's apple 25: 6143:Development 6126:Paraganglia 6100:Pinealocyte 6015:Leydig cell 5127:13 November 4858:18 December 4803:23 December 4360:6 September 4086:(1): 32–7. 3663:22 February 2803:salamanders 2734:vertebrates 2512:, the book 2343:blood tests 2320:stethoscope 2263:mandatory. 2134:radioablate 2091:risk factor 2025:lymphocytes 1987:thyroiditis 1981:Thyroiditis 1961:amyloidosis 1957:sarcoidosis 1793:sarcoidosis 1789:amyloidosis 1735:vocal cords 1703:methimazole 1699:carbimazole 1648:, solitary 1533:osteoblasts 1529:osteoclasts 1480:thyrotropes 1450:(95%) and T 1391:(MIT), and 1369:ion channel 1317:by various 1315:Proteolysis 1309:endocytosis 1303:conjugation 1271:endothelium 1130:(10%), and 1080:cholesterol 808:Development 695:endothelial 652:Lalouette's 593:pretracheal 404:thyroiditis 327:containing 295:called the 281:vertebrates 173:Identifiers 6163:Categories 6077:Delta cell 6062:Alpha cell 5928:Chief cell 5473:2007-07-28 5425:2016-11-13 5399:14 January 5326:2016-11-13 4829:2010-05-25 4668:Pediatrics 4280:2020-07-22 4177:11 January 4150:11 January 3914:2017-09-25 3497:2016-11-13 2846:References 2811:amphibians 2801:amphibian 2754:In larval 2665:antibodies 2606:θυρεοειδής 2596:thyreoidea 2422:iodine-123 2391:and free T 2293:Evaluation 2148:Congenital 2130:Iodine-131 2103:follicular 2087:carcinomas 2057:childbirth 1912:ultrasound 1901:metastasis 1889:follicular 1873:prevalence 1781:amiodarone 1680:chest pain 1658:amiodarone 1570:synthesis— 1517:calcitonin 1511:Calcitonin 1505:Calcitonin 1458:Regulation 1377:antiporter 1321:liberates 1257:exocytosis 1184:, and TR-β 1060:generation 1052:Metabolic. 1029:calcitonin 1024:) and the 926:calcitonin 878:(TRH) and 830:epithelial 802:calcitonin 675:hyoid bone 545:, and the 398:, thyroid 357:calcitonin 196:θυρεοειδής 6067:Beta cell 5878:Pituicyte 5855:Posterior 5566:0393-9375 5539:1872-3136 4748:Nutrients 2823:evolution 2819:apoptosis 2772:endostyle 2764:tunicates 2745:tetrapods 2653:cretinism 2518:Aristotle 2496:Antiquity 2406:sensitive 2310:consider 2216:misplaced 2177:cretinism 2138:Thyroxine 2107:medullary 2099:papillary 1897:medullary 1893:papillary 1684:diarrhoea 1323:thyroxine 1319:proteases 1068:breakdown 1018:thyroxine 953:cretinism 900:full-term 884:thyroxine 872:pituitary 788:(T4) and 786:thyroxine 739:iodinated 721:Follicles 623:Variation 585:Lymphatic 441:Structure 116:into 2nd 105:Precursor 6138:Placenta 6010:Testicle 5778:Anterior 5376:25114872 5203:21966648 5067:27271508 4823:BBC News 4780:23201844 4690:16740880 4632:23154158 4587:19812240 4355:12588078 4321:19041821 4267:27797318 4110:23781316 4019:32232955 3950:25613900 3749:11844744 3462:12671044 3282:Archived 3180:23031220 3144:17457471 3097:22063700 3089:19000342 2829:See also 2809:. Among 2799:neotenic 2768:amphioxi 2756:lampreys 2738:teleosts 2657:myxedema 2590:Glandula 2522:Xenophon 2446:cytology 2307:palpable 2299:examined 2268:isotopes 2047:vitiligo 1920:cytology 1822:Diseases 1797:myxedema 1729:and the 1491:dopamine 1381:oxidized 1351:tyrosine 1287:oxidized 1283:manner. 1267:actively 1037:tyrosine 959:Function 838:and the 641:variants 615:and the 563:superior 446:Features 275:, is an 159:Superior 143:Superior 114:endoderm 6169:Thyroid 6072:PP cell 5980:Medulla 5897:Thyroid 5367:4109514 5302:8527221 5194:3169859 5058:4956631 4771:3509517 4623:3608007 4578:2871377 4101:3680965 4010:7276191 3930:Science 3321:2032150 3160:Thyroid 3016:538–539 2807:axolotl 2791:tadpole 2749:mammals 2676:Either 2672:Surgery 2542:Chinese 2506:seaweed 2462:History 2412:Imaging 2312:tapping 2192:trachea 2079:adenoma 2032:T cells 1858:Nodules 1785:lithium 1665:imaging 1521:calcium 1478:to the 1395:(DIT). 1373:pendrin 1339:protein 1297:tyrosyl 1281:passive 1277:pendrin 1203:enzymes 1166:nuclear 1132:albumin 820:In the 778:colloid 731:colloid 701:At the 476:trachea 456:cricoid 329:colloid 297:isthmus 269:thyroid 208:D013961 64:Details 31:Thyroid 6174:Glands 6002:Gonads 5952:Cortex 5705: 5686: 5667: 5648: 5629: 5610: 5591: 5564: 5537: 5500: 5449: 5374: 5364: 5300: 5201: 5191: 5065: 5055: 4911: 4886: 4778: 4768: 4725: 4688: 4630: 4620: 4585: 4575: 4353: 4319: 4265: 4108: 4098: 4017: 4007: 3958:802377 3956: 3948: 3817: 3778: 3747: 3701: 3522: 3460: 3453:152596 3450: 3409: 3362: 3358:–374. 3328: 3318: 3262: 3258:–335. 3226: 3201: 3178: 3142: 3095: 3087: 3047: 3022: 2881: 2787:change 2727:goitre 2678:Aetius 2502:sponge 2324:bruits 2222:Iodine 2200:tongue 2109:, and 2063:Cancer 2028:B cell 2019:is an 1949:goitre 1943:Goitre 1937:Goitre 1883:, and 1791:, and 1601:, and 1586:, and 1578:, and 1497:, and 1442:and RT 1361:iodide 1357:Iodine 1213:, and 1180:, TR-β 1176:, TR-α 1066:, and 1033:iodine 1016:) and 902:. The 792:(T3). 713:, and 631:Clear 478:. 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