446:
26:
325:
1081:
472:
255:
353:
391:. Although the behaviors of numerous birds and lizards were said to be omens, particular attention was paid to the tigmamanukan. Before Christianisation, the Tagalogs believed that the tigmamanukan was sent by Bathala to give hints to mankind whether they needed to proceed on a journey or not. In some Philippine creation myths, the tigmamanukan bird was sent by Bathala to crack open the primordial bamboo whence the first man and woman came out.
425:("meeting", "encounter"). The term most likely evolved from the practice of augury i. e. foretelling omens using the ritual sacrifice of chickens (although sometimes other animals as well like pigs). Ancient Filipino priestesses or shamans would butcher a chicken, dissect it and read its entrails for omens, thus the practice of augury and
457:(one of the few primary written sources for Philippine precolonial culture), the Tagalogs believed that the direction of a tigmamanukan flying across one's path at the beginning a journey indicated the undertaking's result. If it flew to the right, the expedition would be a success. This sign was called "
563:
which was singing in the tree, or if they chanced upon anyone who sneezed, they returned at once to their house, considering the incident as an augury that some evil might befall them if they should continue their journey—especially when the above-mentioned bird sang. This song had two different
564:
forms: in the one case it was considered as an evil omen; in the other, as a good omen, and then they continued their journey. They also practiced divination, to see whether weapons, such as a dagger or knife, were to be useful and lucky for their possessor whenever occasion should offer."
492:
In at least one telling of the
Filipino creation myth, the Tigmamanukan was responsible for opening the bamboo from which emerged the first man, Malakas, and first woman, Maganda. It is said that the specific tigmamanukan that pecked the bamboo was named by Bathala as
1047:
419:, as documented by Spanish accounts early into the colonisation, the word tigmamanukan was attributed widely for "any bird, lizard or snake that crossed one's path as an omen". Such encounters were called
1077:
497:, however, in other sources, it was the bird form of Amihan, the deity of peace and wind, that pecked the bamboo. Some sources also state that Amihan's bird form is Manaul.
433:, etc.) were translated in several early Spanish-Tagalog dictionaries (e.g. De los Santos, 1703) as a term for shamans who practiced divination or augury (i.e. augurs; Sp.
559:"They were, moreover, very liable to find auguries in things they witnessed. For example, if they left their house and met on the way a serpent or rat, or a bird called
1842:
505:
While the name "tigmamanukan" is no longer used today, some early western explorers say that the specific bird referred to by the name is a fairy bluebird (genus
519:
613:
There were myriads of species considered "omen birds" in ancient
Philippines. Many of them share a characteristic: blue plumage. In Mindanao, a dove called a
1867:
1857:
1852:
684:
226:
461:", a term still present in some Filipino languages with the meaning "proceed". If the bird flew to the left, the travelers would surely never return.
1471:
737:
527:). In any case, most of the sources which describe the tigmamanukan agree that it is distinguished by a "blue" color. In a study confirmed by the
283:
236:
400:
1069:
844:
421:
826:
1213:
1146:
1208:
206:
178:
201:
625:
whose songs were listened to for signs and omens. Another, omen bird known among the hinterlands of the
Tagalog region was the
483:) is one of two species that have been suggested to be the actual bird referred to by the ancient Tagalogs as the tigmamanukan.
783:(Oct 1885). "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago. A Narrative of Travel and Exploration from 1878 to 1883".
416:
340:
omen bird behind him. The non-traditional image is influenced by modernity as the tigmamanukan is wrongfully portrayed as a
1105:
1086:
276:
231:
219:
1062:
551:) in 2017. The Visayas faunal region and Mindoro faunal region are not known to have populations of any Irena species.
1564:
464:
It was also said that if a hunter caught a tigmamanukan in a trap, they would cut its beak and release it, saying "
269:
1877:
1756:
1654:
1529:
145:
1908:
1649:
1481:
1361:
1055:
688:
588:, to which they attributed the name of Bathala, which, as above stated, was among them a name for divinity."
140:
77:
67:
1253:
1594:
1110:
766:
1796:
741:
617:
was similarly believed by the
Mandaya, Bagobo, and Manobo to be an omen bird. A bird in Luzon was called
543:) which naturally lives in the Palawan faunal region and was confirmed to be a separate species from the
949:
1827:
1781:
1115:
995:
903:
449:
Some stories say the
Tigmamanukan pecked open the bamboo shoot that contained the first man and woman.
1494:
702:
630:
532:
445:
25:
1018:
865:
723:
1913:
539:) which naturally lives in the Luzon and Mindanao faunal regions, and the Palawan fairy-bluebird (
1320:
1832:
1872:
1847:
1822:
852:
710:
668:
1761:
1090:
792:
544:
476:
372:
17:
926:
8:
1801:
1741:
1731:
972:
626:
880:
796:
1882:
1862:
1837:
1751:
1705:
1162:
808:
259:
1776:
1736:
1695:
1466:
1325:
1315:
1284:
812:
404:
399:
The root word of the word tigmamanukan is "manĂłk" (descended from Proto-Austronesian
1887:
1746:
1377:
1223:
990:
944:
898:
800:
780:
429:
of events was linked to the word for chicken. The word manok (initially written as
324:
1035:
1715:
1690:
1415:
1248:
1218:
847:(1979). "Readings in Philippine Prehistory". Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild, Inc.
584:"The Tagálogs worshiped a blue bird as large as a turtle-dove, which they called
183:
1435:
1425:
1192:
1187:
1177:
507:
380:
360:
356:
82:
1902:
1619:
1430:
1410:
1299:
981:
935:
889:
767:"The Role of Birds and Serpents in Philippine Mythology • THE ASWANG PROJECT"
471:
87:
1791:
1420:
1405:
531:
in 2017, it noted that the
Philippines has two Irena species, namely, the
1786:
1604:
1579:
1440:
1279:
1233:
1182:
1080:
316:
72:
352:
1771:
1710:
1554:
1544:
1238:
1141:
523:) while another specifically identified the Philippine fairy bluebird (
426:
62:
1700:
1664:
1639:
1599:
1534:
1499:
1400:
1289:
1258:
1243:
1228:
642:
572:"The Tagalos adored a blue bird, as large as a thrush, and called it
341:
150:
130:
47:
1634:
1629:
1614:
1574:
1539:
1509:
1504:
1167:
1136:
804:
517:). One explorer specifically identified the Asian fairy bluebird (
513:
345:
105:
1674:
1669:
1524:
1519:
1392:
1351:
1294:
1131:
614:
608:
408:
364:
329:
160:
120:
1346:
1644:
1609:
1514:
1456:
1263:
1172:
494:
388:
135:
125:
57:
42:
745:
1806:
1766:
1624:
1589:
1584:
1559:
1549:
1489:
1461:
1356:
1341:
241:
115:
52:
829:"The Tagals Tigmamanukan". In Blumentritt, Ferdinand (ed.).
468:" ("You are free, so when I set forth, sing on the right.")
1569:
1382:
528:
384:
110:
600:, which was a blue bird of the size of a turtledove..."
580:
Fr. Pedro
Chirino, Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (1604)
970:
924:
878:
359:
are believed to be the tigmamanukan omen birds of the
568:
Fr. Juan de
Plasencia, Customs of the Tagalogs (1589)
466:
Kita ay iwawala, kung ako'y mey kakaunan, lalabay ka.
950:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103775167A132193456.en
996:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103775156A93991401.en
904:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704936A93991677.en
1900:
701:
609:Other omen birds of the Philippine archipelago
1063:
705:(1613). "Vocabulario de lengua Tagala". Pila.
633:. These birds were considered taboo to kill.
629:. Another kingfisher species was also called
277:
592:Fr. Francisco Colin, Labor Evangelica (1663)
576:, which was among them a term of divinity."
1070:
1056:
284:
270:
1037:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Vol. 12
1020:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Vol. 40
994:
948:
902:
670:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Vol. 40
1091:including their mythologies and folklore
470:
444:
351:
323:
1023:. Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 178.
662:
660:
658:
1901:
843:
779:
736:
673:. Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 70.
554:
332:, depicting him in the middle with an
1051:
1033:
1027:
1016:
666:
453:According to San Buenaventura's 1613
1087:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
1010:
655:
604:Fr. San Antonio, Cronicas, (1738-44)
232:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines
982:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
936:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
890:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
831:Dictionario Mitologica de Pilipinas
500:
13:
455:Dictionary of the Tagalog Language
24:
14:
1925:
825:
1079:
253:
971:BirdLife International (2016).
964:
925:BirdLife International (2018).
918:
879:BirdLife International (2016).
487:
1757:Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko
872:
837:
819:
773:
759:
730:
695:
677:
336:guardian underneath him and a
1:
1362:Witchcraft in the Philippines
648:
407:is exclusively used for the
394:
296:Philippine mythical creature
7:
1797:Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang
636:
10:
1930:
1828:Philippine folk literature
1040:. Arthur H. Clark Company.
943:: e.T103775167A132193456.
703:San Buenaventura, Pedro de
237:Shrines and sacred grounds
1815:
1724:
1683:
1480:
1449:
1391:
1370:
1334:
1308:
1272:
1201:
1155:
1124:
1098:
989:: e.T103775156A93991401.
596:"The Tagálogs adored now
533:Philippine fairy-bluebird
312:
304:
1202:Epic and folklore heroes
897:: e.T22704936A93991677.
413:Gallus gallus domesticus
1321:Battle of Dolores River
785:The American Naturalist
440:
417:Before Christianisation
1843:Kapampangan literature
1833:Philippine epic poetry
860:Cite journal requires
718:Cite journal requires
484:
450:
368:
349:
308:Omen/mythological bird
260:Philippines portal
207:Mythological creatures
29:
1873:Pangasinan literature
1848:Hiligaynon literature
1823:Philippine literature
474:
448:
355:
327:
28:
1909:Philippine mythology
1034:Blair, Emma (1906).
1017:Blair, Emma (1906).
742:"Nagbuhat Sa Bughaw"
740:(24 February 2005).
667:Blair, Emma (1906).
545:Asian fairy-bluebird
520:Irena puella turcosa
481:Irena puella turcosa
477:Asian fairy bluebird
379:was believed by the
373:Philippine mythology
202:Mythological figures
18:Philippine mythology
1868:Mindanao literature
1802:The Mythology Class
1742:Ang Mahiwagang Baul
1254:Malakas and Maganda
845:Garcia, Mauro (Ed.)
833:. pp. 34, 118.
797:1885Natur..32..218W
555:Historical accounts
328:A sacred symbol of
301:
20:
1883:Tagbanwa mythology
1878:Tagalog literature
1863:Ilokano literature
1838:Cebuano literature
1706:Hudhud hi Aliguyon
1482:Mythical creatures
685:"The Tigmamanukan"
485:
451:
403:) which in modern
369:
350:
299:
30:
16:
1896:
1895:
1858:Ifugao literature
1853:Ibanag literature
1696:Code of Kalantiaw
1467:Code of Kalantiaw
1450:Legendary objects
1371:Spiritual persons
1326:Negros Revolution
1316:Dagohoy Rebellion
1309:Historical events
1285:Francisco Dagohoy
1273:Historical people
883:Irena cyanogastra
748:on 5 October 2007
537:Irena cyanogastra
525:Irena cyanogastra
322:
321:
294:
293:
1921:
1888:Waray literature
1816:Literary sources
1747:Aso ni San Roque
1378:Filipino shamans
1352:Pulajan religion
1224:Daragang Magayon
1111:Creation stories
1084:
1083:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
998:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
952:
929:Irena tweeddalii
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
906:
876:
870:
869:
863:
858:
856:
848:
841:
835:
834:
823:
817:
816:
777:
771:
770:
763:
757:
756:
754:
753:
744:. Archived from
738:Zamora, Adelaida
734:
728:
727:
721:
716:
714:
706:
699:
693:
692:
687:. Archived from
681:
675:
674:
664:
541:Irena tweeddalii
501:Possible species
302:
298:
286:
279:
272:
258:
257:
256:
100:Mythical animals
21:
15:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1914:Legendary birds
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1811:
1772:Encantadia Saga
1725:Popular culture
1720:
1691:Biag ni Lam-ang
1679:
1476:
1472:Gintong Salakot
1445:
1387:
1366:
1330:
1304:
1268:
1264:Princess Urduja
1219:Bernardo Carpio
1197:
1151:
1125:Supreme deities
1120:
1094:
1078:
1076:
1046:
1045:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
969:
965:
955:
953:
923:
919:
909:
907:
877:
873:
861:
859:
850:
849:
842:
838:
824:
820:
791:(10): 975–977.
778:
774:
765:
764:
760:
751:
749:
735:
731:
719:
717:
708:
707:
700:
696:
683:
682:
678:
665:
656:
651:
639:
611:
557:
503:
490:
443:
397:
357:Fairy bluebirds
297:
290:
254:
252:
247:
246:
227:Tagalog beliefs
222:
212:
211:
197:
189:
188:
184:Bernardo Carpio
174:
173:Mythical heroes
166:
165:
101:
93:
92:
38:
37:Mythical beings
12:
11:
5:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1782:Juan dela Cruz
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1684:Literary works
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1436:Mount Pinatubo
1433:
1428:
1426:Mount Makiling
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1335:Belief systems
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1156:Lesser deities
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1026:
1009:
963:
917:
871:
862:|journal=
836:
818:
805:10.1086/274069
772:
758:
729:
720:|journal=
694:
691:on 2019-10-19.
676:
653:
652:
650:
647:
646:
645:
638:
635:
610:
607:
556:
553:
502:
499:
489:
486:
442:
439:
396:
393:
381:Tagalog people
320:
319:
314:
310:
309:
306:
295:
292:
291:
289:
288:
281:
274:
266:
263:
262:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
234:
229:
223:
220:Folk religions
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
181:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
85:
83:Maria Makiling
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
36:
35:
32:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Nuno sa punso
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:Mount Kanlaon
1414:
1412:
1411:Mount Banahaw
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1393:Sacred places
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1300:Nardong Putik
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1116:Soul concepts
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1013:
997:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
976:
967:
951:
946:
942:
938:
937:
932:
930:
921:
905:
900:
896:
892:
891:
886:
884:
875:
867:
854:
846:
840:
832:
828:
822:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:Forbes, Henry
776:
769:. 2017-06-09.
768:
762:
747:
743:
739:
733:
725:
712:
704:
698:
690:
686:
680:
672:
671:
663:
661:
659:
654:
644:
641:
640:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
606:
605:
601:
599:
598:Tigmamanoquìn
594:
593:
589:
587:
586:tigmamanuquin
582:
581:
577:
575:
570:
569:
565:
562:
561:Tigmamanuguin
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:
516:
515:
510:
509:
498:
496:
482:
478:
473:
469:
467:
462:
460:
456:
447:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
363:supreme god,
362:
358:
354:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
287:
282:
280:
275:
273:
268:
267:
265:
264:
261:
251:
250:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
221:
216:
215:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
97:
96:
89:
88:Nuno sa punso
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
44:
41:
40:
34:
33:
27:
23:
22:
19:
1792:Luna Mystika
1660:Tigmamanukan
1659:
1421:Mount Lantoy
1406:Mount Arayat
1036:
1029:
1019:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
986:
980:
975:Irena puella
974:
966:
954:. Retrieved
940:
934:
928:
920:
908:. Retrieved
894:
888:
882:
874:
853:cite journal
839:
830:
821:
788:
784:
775:
761:
750:. Retrieved
746:the original
732:
711:cite journal
697:
689:the original
679:
669:
631:tigmamanukan
622:
618:
612:
603:
602:
597:
595:
591:
590:
585:
583:
579:
578:
573:
571:
567:
566:
560:
558:
549:Irena puella
548:
540:
536:
524:
518:
512:
506:
504:
491:
488:In mythology
480:
465:
463:
458:
454:
452:
434:
430:
420:
412:
398:
389:augural bird
377:Tigmamanukan
376:
370:
338:tigmamanukan
337:
333:
300:Tigmamanukan
156:Tigmamanukan
155:
1787:Luna Blanca
1605:Manananggal
1580:Hantu Demon
1441:Mount Pulag
1431:Mount Mayon
1280:Dios Buhawi
1234:Irong-Irong
827:Meyer, A.B.
511:and family
317:Philippines
78:Mangkukulam
73:Manananggal
68:Mambabarang
1903:Categories
1711:Juan Tamad
1555:Dalaketnon
1545:Bungisngis
1239:Juan Tamad
1142:Mangindusa
752:2007-09-30
649:References
623:balantikis
427:divination
63:Juan Tamad
1701:Hinilawod
1665:Tikbalang
1640:Sarimanok
1600:Kumakatok
1535:Berberoka
1530:Berbalang
1500:Amalanhig
1401:Mount Apo
1290:Papa Isio
1259:Sarimanok
1244:Kalantiaw
1229:Datu Daya
1106:Religions
1002:9 January
956:9 January
910:9 January
813:222323556
643:Sarimanok
395:Etymology
383:to be an
342:sarimanok
151:Tikbalang
131:Sarimanok
48:Berbalang
1762:Dyesebel
1716:Maragtas
1635:Sarangay
1630:Santelmo
1615:Minokawa
1575:Engkanto
1540:Biringan
1510:Anggitay
1505:Amomongo
1295:Pulajans
1214:Aliguyon
1193:Sinukuan
1188:Makiling
1168:Bakunawa
1147:Kabunian
1137:Kan-Laon
637:See also
627:salaksak
619:balatiti
514:Irenidae
422:salĂşbong
405:Filipino
346:Mindanao
305:Grouping
196:Subjects
106:Bakunawa
1675:Wak Wak
1670:Tiyanak
1655:Siyokoy
1585:Higante
1565:Duwende
1525:Batibat
1520:Bal-Bal
1249:Lam-ang
1209:Ama-ron
1132:Bathala
1099:General
793:Bibcode
615:Limokon
574:Bathala
409:chicken
365:Bathala
361:Tagalog
330:Bathala
179:Ama-ron
161:Tiyanak
146:Siyokoy
121:Limokon
1752:Bagani
1732:Alamat
1650:Sirena
1645:Sigbin
1610:Manaul
1560:Diwata
1515:Aswang
1457:Agimat
1173:Mayari
1163:Amihan
1085:
811:
495:Manaul
435:aguero
401:*manuk
375:, the
313:Region
141:Sirena
136:Sigbin
126:Manaul
58:Duende
53:Diwata
43:Aswang
1807:Trese
1777:Indio
1767:Dyosa
1737:Amaya
1625:Pugot
1595:Kataw
1590:Kapre
1550:Busaw
1462:Anito
1357:Hilot
1342:Anito
1183:Cacao
809:S2CID
508:Irena
459:labay
431:manuc
344:from
334:anito
242:Anito
116:Kapre
1570:Ekek
1495:Alan
1490:Agta
1383:Datu
1347:Gabâ
1178:Tala
1004:2020
987:2016
958:2020
941:2018
912:2020
895:2016
866:help
724:help
529:IUCN
475:The
441:Omen
385:omen
111:Ekek
991:doi
945:doi
899:doi
801:doi
621:or
437:).
415:).
387:or
371:In
1905::
985:.
979:.
939:.
933:.
893:.
887:.
857::
855:}}
851:{{
807:.
799:.
789:19
787:.
715::
713:}}
709:{{
657:^
1093:)
1089:(
1071:e
1064:t
1057:v
1006:.
993::
977:"
973:"
960:.
947::
931:"
927:"
914:.
901::
885:"
881:"
868:)
864:(
815:.
803::
795::
755:.
726:)
722:(
547:(
535:(
479:(
411:(
367:.
348:.
285:e
278:t
271:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
