Tilbury Fort - Knowledge

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their type in Britain. The Landport Gate lies behind the magazines, and has a gatehouse, called the Dead House, above the passageway leading into the interior of the fort. Past the north-west bastion, the soldiers' barracks would have stood opposite those of the officers', but was destroyed after the war and only the foundations of the building remain. The south-west magazine also holds a covered magazine, similar to that in the north-east bastion. Just to the west of the Water Gate is the fort's guardhouse and

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from 1898 to 1942, are on display. Facing the parade ground are the officers' quarters, a terrace of houses probably dating in its current form to the late 18th century, with a stables at the northern end, originally used to hold the commandant's horses. It now holds the Bernard Truss collection of military memorabilia. The north-east bastion was redesigned after 1868 and contains an earth-covered magazine, as well as emplacements for 9-inch (22 cm) rifled muzzle loading guns.

839:, the fort initially housed an improvised anti-aircraft operations room, controlling the defences of the Thames and Medway (North) Gun Zone between 1939 and 1940. Trenches were dug across the surrounding area to prevent an airborne attack. The enlisted barracks and the facilities block, as well as probably the sutler's house, were bombed and damaged, being demolished after the war. The fort was transferred out of military use relatively early in the post-war period, and in 1950 the 592: 3227: 44: 709:

rooms in the barracks, and no running water on the site. During the 19th century, a pump was installed to bring water up from a well 178 metres (584 ft) below the surface. Nationwide investigations into the standard of Army barracks during 1857 led to investment in better facilities at Tilbury; piped water was run into the site in 1877, and improved amenities and sanitation were installed after 1880.

67: 510:. Tilbury was controlled by Parliament, who placed the Tilbury and Gravesend forts under the command of a military governor, using them to control traffic entering London and to search for spies; it saw no military action during the war. Tilbury remained in use during the interregnum, having a garrison of three officers and sixty-six men in 1651. 749:, protected by brick walls, earthworks and iron shields. Initially 7-ton, 7-inch (7,112 kg, 17 cm) guns were deployed but these were upgraded to 9-inch (22 cm) weapons by 1888, supported by a heavier 25-ton, 11-inch (25,401 kg, 27 cm) gun. The old Tudor block-house was destroyed to make way for the new guns. 340:, the Holy Roman Emperor, and he took the annulment as a personal insult. This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538, and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England. An invasion of England appeared certain. In response, Henry issued an order, called a " 965:

Moving east from the Water Gate, the south-eastern curtain defences and the south-east bastion were rebuilt at the start of the 20th century to hold emplacements for four quick-firing guns and two 6-inch (15 cm) guns, with tunnels linking to an underground magazine. Four artillery pieces, dating

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were vulnerable to seaborne attacks arriving up the estuary, which was a major maritime route, carrying 80 per cent of England's exports. At the mouth of the estuary, the Thames narrowed considerably, forming a natural hub for communications: the "Long Ferry" took passengers into the capital, and the

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By the 1850s, the advent of steam ships meant that enemy vessels could sail up the Thames far more quickly than before, reducing the time available for forts to intercept them. Rifled guns and turret-mounted weapons and new armour-plating meant that enemy warships could fire on forts such as Tilbury

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and 17th-century weapons; when first built, the now-empty niche at the front probably held a statue of King Charles II. The building originally acted a house for the master gunner. Most of the inside of the fort is taken up by the parade ground, an area covering 2.5 acres (1.0 ha). The central

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The outer defences comprise outer and inner water-filled moats, fed by the Thames and separated by a ring of defensive ramparts. The inner moat is 50 metres (160 ft) wide but relatively shallow and the banks have been repeatedly strengthened with piles to protect them from erosion. The fort is

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Tilbury Fort remains largely unaltered from its reconstruction in the late 17th century under the direction of Sir Bernard de Gomme, with some 19th century additions. It was designed in a predominantly Dutch style, with a ring of outer and inner defences intended to allow the fort to attack hostile

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and smaller batteries were constructed further up the river in 1794. Tilbury continued to be an essential part of the capital's defences because of its control of the crossing point on the Thames, and the guns were upgraded with new traversing platforms; the Gravesend Volunteer Artillery was formed

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defended the entrance from the north. Two gun lines of gun platforms, facing the river, stretched alongside either the side of the fort. The Henrician blockhouse was incorporated into the defences, but the Elizabethan earthworks were destroyed. The interior of the fort was raised up above the level

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developed in the 19th century. It was redeveloped to hold heavy artillery after 1868, providing a second line of defence along the river, but further changes in technology meant that it had become obsolete by the end of the century. Instead Tilbury became a strategic depot, forming a logistical hub

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had to be brought from Norway for the project in 1671 to support the foundations in the marshy ground. The resources needed for the King's multiple defence projects became stretched, and one of the planned bastions at Tilbury, originally planned to face the river, was cancelled in 1681, in part to

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De Gomme prepared several plans for the King in 1665; a further iteration of the designs was submitted in 1670 and given royal approval. Work began the same year but it took until 1685 to complete the project. The work was carried out by skilled contractors, who were supplemented by large teams of

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Trust as a tourist attraction, receiving 16,154 visitors in 2014. Many of the more modern military features were demolished during the 1950s, with further restoration work taking place during the 1970s ahead of the site opening to the public in 1983. The 17th-century defences are considered by the

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Comparing early modern costs and prices with those of the modern period is challenging. £211 in 1539 could equate to between £118,900 and £54,140,000, depending on the price comparison used. For comparison, the total royal expenditure on all the Device Forts across England between 1539–47 came to

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On the north side of the parade are two early 18th century magazines, altered in the 19th century. These were specially designed to avoid the use of iron, which might have generated sparks and set off an explosion, instead being built using wood and copper; they are the only remaining examples of

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links the redan to the outer defences, which form a complex pattern of ramparts, protecting a covered way stretching around the defensive line. There are bastions on the north-west and north-east corners, and two triangular spurs, originally equipped with cannons, project from the defences on the

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was restored to the throne in 1660, he began a wide-ranging programme of work on the coastal defences. The Dutch fleet then attacked up the Thames in June 1667, but were deterred from going further for fear of the Tilbury and Gravesend fortifications. In reality, the forts were poorly prepared to

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in the south-west corner managed the water in the moats, and allowed them to be drained completely should the surfaces begin to freeze over in winter and provide an advantage to any attackers. To the west of the outer defences is the World's End pub, originally the local ferry house, dating from

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The size of the garrison varied during the first half of the century, but in 1830 the fort had space for 15 officers and 150 enlisted men. Despite the construction of a new range of facilities in 1809, the living conditions of the soldiers remained poor, with four men sharing each of the two-bed

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In the early 1600s, England was at peace with France and Spain and as a result the coastal defences received little attention; surveys reported multiple problems with Tilbury Fort including flooding caused by the estuary tides, and ferry passengers and animals making their way uninvited into the

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had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities, only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications, and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another, maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely. Basic defences,

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Plan of the fort; A – redan; B – outer defences and covered way; C – ravelin; D – outer moat; E – inner moat; F – Landport Gate; G – The World's End public house; H – magazines; I – officer's quarters; J – Water Gate, chapel and guard House; K – quick-firing emplacements; L – 6-inch (15 cm) gun

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for the officers and enlisted men were rebuilt in 1772, but the officers often preferred to live across the river in the more urban setting of Gravesend, near the military headquarters there. A cricket match in 1776 between men from the Kentish and Essex sides of the Thames reportedly ended in

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Naval and defensive technology continued to improve over the next few decades, rendering Tilbury Fort's bastion design out-moded. The government considered the defences further down the Thames to be sufficient and Tilbury was therefore not improved; it was largely redundant as a defensive

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in 1859. The Commission reported the following year and recommended that new, more powerful forts be built further downstream, with defences such as Tilbury Fort forming a second-line of defence. Work began on strengthening Tilbury in 1868, under the direction of the then Captain

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were built, able to hold 3,600 barrels of powder each, and the old blockhouse and other buildings were converted to act as further magazines. Eventually the fort could hold more than 19,000 barrels of gunpowder. It was also used as a transit depot for soldiers and, after the

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bloodshed when guns were seized from the guardroom; newspapers recounted how an Essex man and a sergeant were shot dead, and a soldier was bayonetted, before both sides fled the scene. It is uncertain how accurate the newspaper account was, although the historians

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inspected Tilbury in 1788 and reported that the defences facing the Thames were seriously inadequate. As a consequence, a new battery was built in the south-east corner of the defences, armed with 32-pounders (14.5 kg) pointing down-river, and a new battery,

411:, supported by three overseers; prior to the work, the estimated cost had been given as £211, allowing for stone, timber, 150,000 bricks and 200 tonnes (200 long tons; 220 short tons) of chalk. The D-shaped blockhouse was curved at the front, with two storeys of 1020: 682:

there were fears of a French attack on London. In 1780, the Army carried out a practice attack on the fort with 5,000 soldiers, but there were less than 60 guns left at the fort and many of these were in poor condition.

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mounted on the west gun platform, and 31 demi-cannons and one culverin on the east; the following year there were reported to be 161 guns in total at the fort, although 92 of these were in poor repair and inoperable.

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instead, giving enough time for the government to improve the defences along the Thames and mount 80 guns on the forts. In the wake of the conflict, the King instructed his Chief Engineer, a Dutchman called Sir

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The invasion threat passed and in 1553 all of the blockhouses were ordered to return their guns; Milton and Higham were demolished. In the summer of 1588, however, there was a fresh threat of invasion by the

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on the south side of the river, and West and East Tilbury on the opposite bank. West Tilbury Blockhouse, part of the inner line, was initially called the "Thermitage Bulwark", because it was on the site of a

921:. The ravelin formed a physical barrier to incoming artillery fire aimed at the entrance to the inner defences and could also have directed fire against enemy forces that breached the outer defensive line. 368:

along the sides of the estuary would have made landings difficult. Temporary defences had been constructed at Tilbury as early as the 14th and 15th centuries, although little is known about their design.

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Tilbury continued to function as a mobilisation store and, after the outbreak of the First World War, it was used to house up to 300 transit soldiers and to supply the new army camps established at

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parade ground was raised to its current height in the 17th and 19th centuries using chalk and dirt, and by the early 20th century much of it was occupied by four large warehouses, since destroyed.

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was built across the Thames for troop movements, guarded by the fort's guns. Until 1917, also used to house the headquarters of several infantry battalions. Electric lighting was installed, and a

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giving additional protection to the east. It was initially commanded by Captain Francis Grant and his deputy, and garrisoned with a porter, two soldiers and four gunners, equipped with up to five

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describes it as "England's most spectacular" example of a late 17th-century fort, and the historian Paul Pattison considers the defences the "best surviving example of their kind in Britain".

949:. From the south, the fort is entered through the Water Gate. This two-storeyed gatehouse dates from the late 17th century with a monumental stone facade featuring carved displays of 924:

On the south side of the outer defences, facing the river, are the West and East Lines of gun positions. These were built in the 18th century and have been subject to considerable

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to support a mobile strike force in the event of an invasion, part of the wider London Defence Scheme, and large storage buildings were built across the site to store materiel.

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until 1916, and by various reserve units for the rest of the war. The fort itself was used to store munitions while a depot for remounts was built just to the west; a

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By the start of the 18th century, Tilbury Fort was one of the most powerful in Britain. The number of artillery guns varied; in 1715 there were 17 demi-cannon and 26

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built a house inside the southern entrance, growing vegetables within the south-west bastion and enjoying an effective monopoly on selling food to the soldiers. New

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praised the new fort as "a Royal work indeede". Further work after 1694 replaced the wooden gun platforms alongside the river with more durable stone equivalents.

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historian Paul Pattison to be the "best surviving example of their kind in Britain", and the fort includes the only surviving early 18th century gunpowder

1814: 835:, the government concluded that the fort was no longer militarily useful and there were unsuccessful attempts to sell it off for development. During the 2904: 843:

took over the site. Restoration work took place in the 1970, including the construction of replica wooden bridges. It was opened to the public in 1982.

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raids of June 1915, anti-aircraft guns and searchlights mounted at the fort and they played a role in the shooting down of the German Navy Zeppelin,

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to the assembled forces. Fears of invasion continued even after the defeat of the Armada, and over the course of the next year the Italian engineer,

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The living conditions at the fort were poor. It was surrounded by marshes, with a poor road network, and the garrison had to survive on collected

447:. An army was mobilised to protect the mouth of the estuary and emergency improvements to the fortifications at Tilbury Blockhouse were made by 3544: 2306: 1750: 344:", in 1539, giving instructions for the "defence of the realm in time of invasion" and the construction of forts along the English coastline. 3855: 701:

to man the forts on both sides of the river. During the invasion scare of 1803, the Royal Trinity House Volunteer Artillery manned ten armed

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In addition to its role in protecting the Thames, the fort had various military uses during the 18th century. From 1716 onwards, the

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and the forts downstream gave sufficient protection for the capital and removed the artillery, leaving only machine-guns in place.

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Walton, Steven A. (2010). "State Building Through Building for the State: Foreign and Domestic Expertise in Tudor Fortification".

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Henry VIII's Coastal Artillery Fort at Camber Castle, Rye, East Sussex: An Archaeological Structural and Historical Investigation

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coast, with a few more impressive works in the north of England, but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale.

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In addition to protecting the Thames, in the 18th century Tilbury also began to be used as a transit depot and for storing

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save money. The total cost of the project is unknown, but was significantly more than the original estimate of £47,000.

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Under the King's new programme of work, the Thames was protected with a mutually reinforcing network of blockhouses at

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fortification by the end of the century, although still in use as a strategic depot. From 1889 onwards it formed a

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and operated as a tourist attraction, receiving 16,154 visitors in 2014. The site is protected under UK law as a

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brought in from across the region; during 1671, up to 256 workers were employed on the site. Around 3,000 timber

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The inner defences largely follow a pentagonal design, with four defensive bastions positioned around a central

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of the marshes to prevent flooding, and barracks and other buildings were constructed inside. The writer

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from downstream more easily while being protected from their guns. Fears of an potential invasion by

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and a steam crane on the quay were added to help to move material in and out of the fort. After the

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was strategically important, as the city of London and the newly constructed royal dockyards of

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prisoners of war. The Jacobite prisoners were kept in the gunpowder magazines and 45 died from

2977:(1960). "Tilbury Fort and the Development of Artillery Fortifications in the Thames Estuary". 917:, which is in turn linked to the inner defences by another replica bridge, protected with two 372: 3825: 3148: 2116: 742: 514: 471: 309: 192: 3779: 3688: 3328: 3287: 817: 746: 693: 627: 623: 607: 388: 268: 913:

A replica wooden bridge runs from the outer defences over the water to an island called a

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resist a Dutch attack; at Tilbury there were only two guns ready for action. The Dutch

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Chapple, Nick (2014). "A History of the National Collection: Volume Six, 1945–1953".

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Smith, Victor (1980). "The Milton Blockhouse, Gravesend: Research and Excavation".

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The parade ground, with the foundations of the soldiers' barracks in the foreground

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were positioned on Tilbury's south-east curtain wall, supplemented in 1904 by two

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The result was a large, five-sided, star-shaped fort with four angular bastions,

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Plan of the fort in 1725; the Tudor blockhouse is still in place, bottom centre.

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west and east sides, with assembly points for infantry soldiers on the inside.

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warships, while being protected from attack from the land. The heritage agency

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Tilbury Fort, Wind Against Tide (close up of fort) by Clarkson Stanfield 1846

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Fortress Britain: Artillery Fortifications in the British Isles and Ireland

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Biddle, Martin; Hiller, Jonathon; Scott, Ian; Streeten, Anthony (2001).

238:. It continued to be essential for the defence of the capital and a new 3357: 1275: 918: 794: 777:

Fresh concerns grew that the Thames might be vulnerable to attack from

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in brick, with an outer curtain of defences, including two moats and a

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Defending Essex: The Military Landscape from Prehistory to the Present

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entered from the north through a triangular defensive work known as a

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was built as a consequence of international tensions between England,

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from 1670 onwards to form a star-shaped defensive work, with angular

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19th-century copy of 1588 engraving, showing the defences along the

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Smith, Victor T. C. (1974). "The Artillery Defences at Gravesend".

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in England. The earliest version of the fort, comprising a small

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quick-firing 12-pounder, 12 cwt (5.4 kg, 50.8 kg) guns

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broke out between the supporters of King Charles I and those of

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was stretched across the river to Gravesend at a cost of £305.

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invasion scare, after which it was reinforced with earthwork

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emplacements; M – West Gun Line; N – quay; O – East Gun Line

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to protect London against attack from France as part of his

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with artillery covering the river, was constructed by King

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The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History

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by the King in 1536. It was designed by James Nedeham and

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in order to annul the long-standing marriage to his wife,

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for storing and moving troops and materiel throughout the

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Tilbury Fort: A Post-Medieval Fort and its Inhabitants

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quick-firing 12-pounder, 12 cwt (5.4 kg, 50.8 kg) gun

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Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom

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Gravesend – Kent, Archaeological Assessment Document

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and towers, existed in the south-west and along the

2879:. Maidstone, UK: Kent Council and English Heritage. 1656: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1571: 1569: 1567: 2690: 2688: 2543: 2541: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2004: 2002: 1720: 1718: 1542: 1540: 1276:Lawrence H. Officer; Samuel H. Williamson (2014), 2919:Henry VIII and the Development of Coastal Defence 1487: 1485: 1483: 1043: 1041: 705:placed across the river as a barrier at Tilbury. 3817: 1625: 1564: 183:, is an artillery fort on the north bank of the 2921:. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 2685: 2538: 2495: 2253: 1999: 1715: 1537: 846:In the 21st century, the fort is controlled by 215:of the 1640s. Following naval raids during the 2021: 2019: 2017: 1480: 1038: 1015: 1013: 643:before they were sent on to London for trial. 531:, to develop Tilbury Fort's defences further. 497:'s original plan for the redesigned fort, 1670 463:, reinforced the blockhouse with probably two 242:was added in the south-east corner during the 211:used it to help secure the capital during the 3521: 3156: 3085:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2150: 2148: 1815:"The Only People Ever Killed at Tilbury Fort" 991: 989: 987: 611:Late 18th-century cannon on the bastion walls 231:and two lines of guns facing onto the river. 2874: 1183: 262:Tilbury Fort is now operated by the charity 2014: 1812: 1010: 663:and Charles Kightly give it some credence. 3528: 3514: 3163: 3149: 2855: 2822:. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military. 2304: 2145: 1748: 1426: 1223: 1147: 1135: 1103: 984: 854:, with the officers' barracks a grade II* 380:, including Tilbury Fort (centre) and the 255:. The fort had only a limited role in the 1985: 1983: 336:, and remarry. Catherine was the aunt of 3080: 3032: 3005: 2973: 2954: 2746: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2476: 2451: 2439: 2413: 2351: 2322: 2292: 2280: 2276: 2264: 2247: 2239: 2168: 2139: 2111: 2081: 2069: 2053: 2041: 2029: 2025: 2008: 1993: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1946: 1934: 1906: 1902: 1890: 1886: 1870: 1866: 1854: 1850: 1808: 1796: 1766: 1736: 1724: 1709: 1705: 1677: 1665: 1650: 1638: 1619: 1615: 1603: 1587: 1575: 1558: 1546: 1531: 1519: 1515: 1503: 1474: 1462: 1450: 1434: 1430: 1410: 1406: 1387: 1375: 1371: 1359: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1311: 1259: 1255: 1235: 1179: 1167: 1059: 1047: 956: 886: 865: 764: 711: 665: 606: 590: 533: 489: 371: 308:in the final years of the reign of King 283: 163: 2935: 2781: 2347: 2192: 2180: 1922: 1910: 1874: 1838: 1205: 3818: 3099: 2916: 2798: 1980: 1391: 1151: 1115: 1087: 760: 586: 3509: 3144: 3067: 3054: 2902: 2817: 2243: 2065: 1989: 1784: 1591: 1491: 1446: 1414: 1347: 1315: 1251: 1239: 1211: 1199: 1187: 1163: 1023:, Visit Britain, 2014, archived from 292:The first permanent fortification at 3856:Buildings and structures in Thurrock 2912:. London, UK: Newham Museum Service. 2883: 2836: 2802:The History of the Town of Gravesend 2307:"Excavations at Tilbury Fort, Essex" 1751:"Excavations at Tilbury Fort, Essex" 1131: 1119: 1099: 1075: 1063: 199:. It was reinforced during the 1588 66: 3866:Military and war museums in England 2227:"Tilbury Fort during World War One" 2206:"Tilbury Fort during World War One" 2156:"Tilbury Fort during World War One" 2095:"Tilbury Fort during World War One" 13: 2097:, Thurrock Council, archived from 1229: 791:6-inch (15 cm) breech loading guns 723:, showing Tilbury Fort (left) and 288:Plan of the early Tudor blockhouse 14: 3892: 3129: 2940:. Stroud, UK: The History Press. 2860:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 2805:. London, UK: William Pickering. 1817:, English History, archived from 940: 882: 175:, also known historically as the 3545:Traditional parishes in Thurrock 3225: 3170: 2959:. London, UK: English Heritage. 2786:. London, UK: English Heritage. 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 65: 58: 42: 3851:English Heritage sites in Essex 3836:Napoleonic war forts in England 3136:English Heritage's visitor page 2888:. London, UK: Routledge Press. 2841:. London, UK: Hambledon Press. 2756: 2673: 2661: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2565: 2553: 2526: 2514: 2470: 2445: 2419: 2407: 2382: 2357: 2341: 2298: 2286: 2270: 2219: 2198: 2186: 2174: 2133: 2087: 2075: 2059: 2047: 2035: 1968: 1956: 1940: 1928: 1916: 1896: 1880: 1860: 1844: 1832: 1802: 1790: 1742: 1730: 1699: 1671: 1644: 1609: 1597: 1581: 1552: 1525: 1509: 1497: 1468: 1456: 1440: 1420: 1381: 1365: 1353: 1341: 1321: 1305: 1265: 1245: 1217: 1193: 1173: 1157: 1021:"2014 Full Attractions Listing" 861: 717:Tilbury Fort- Wind Against Tide 485: 328:In 1533, Henry broke with Pope 279: 219:, the fort was enlarged by Sir 3876:1539 establishments in England 3748:Historic buildings in Thurrock 3734:Thurrock Thameside Nature Park 3719:Rainham Marshes Nature Reserve 2799:Cruden, Robert Peirce (1843). 1141: 1125: 1109: 1093: 1081: 1069: 1053: 1: 3846:17th-century forts in England 3841:19th-century forts in England 3447:Devil's Point Artillery Tower 2884:King, D. J. Cathcart (1991). 1003: 259:and was demobilised in 1950. 3535: 773:on the south-eastern curtain 419:and a ditch, with extensive 7: 3669:Chafford Gorges Nature Park 3263:Great White Bulwark of Clay 2767:. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books. 48:Aerial view of Tilbury fort 10: 3897: 2856:Harrington, Peter (2007). 1297:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 905:to defend the entrance. A 870:The Water Gate (1676-1683) 747:rifled muzzle-loading guns 680:American Revolutionary War 635:, as a prison to hold 268 274: 3871:Forts on the River Thames 3755:Baker Street Mill, Orsett 3747: 3641: 3543: 3485: 3424: 3352: 3314: 3306:East and West Blockhouses 3296: 3234: 3223: 3178: 3083:The Decline of the Castle 3040:. Liphook, UK: Beaufort. 2991:10.1017/s0003581500061928 2858:The Castles of Henry VIII 736:led to the establishment 154: 144: 134: 129: 121: 84: 53: 41: 28: 23: 3785:Kings Head, West Tilbury 3642:Other places in Thurrock 3487:Yorkshire and the Humber 3452:Little Dennis Blockhouse 3192:Brightlingsea Blockhouse 3081:Thompson, M. W. (1987). 977: 520:struck the English fleet 16:Fortification in England 3795:South Ockendon Windmill 3344:West Tilbury Blockhouse 3324:East Tilbury Blockhouse 2979:The Antiquaries Journal 2955:Pattison, Paul (2004). 2839:Renaissance War Studies 633:Jacobite rising of 1745 181:West Tilbury Blockhouse 3025:Original 1960 edition 2936:Osborne, Mike (2013). 2917:Morley, B. M. (1976). 2818:Fegan, Thomas (2002). 2784:Research Report Series 2394:historicengland.org.uk 2369:historicengland.org.uk 962: 893: 871: 810:Royal Dublin Fusiliers 774: 734:Napoleon III of France 728: 675: 674:doors on the magazines 612: 596: 550: 498: 384: 289: 169: 3472:St Catherine's Castle 3070:Archaeologia Cantiana 3057:Archaeologia Cantiana 2903:Moore, Peter (1990). 2875:Kent Council (2004). 960: 890: 869: 768: 715: 669: 619:began to use it as a 610: 594: 537: 493: 375: 287: 167: 3780:High House, Purfleet 3689:High House, Purfleet 3329:Gravesend Blockhouse 2837:Hale, J. R. (1983). 1889:, pp. 165–166; 1449:, pp. 153–154; 1409:, pp. 155–156; 1314:, pp. 154–155; 1254:, pp. 344–345; 818:narrow-gauge railway 694:French Revolutionary 650:. A trader called a 317:based around simple 209:Parliamentary forces 106:51.45278°N 0.37472°E 3588:Horndon-on-the-Hill 3391:Sharpenrode Bulwark 3268:Little Turf Bulwark 3217:St Osyth Blockhouse 3197:Harwich blockhouses 3034:Saunders, Andrew D. 3011:Tilbury Fort: Essex 3007:Saunders, Andrew D. 2975:Saunders, Andrew D. 2305:M. Beasley (1995), 2114:, pp. 16, 29; 1749:M. Beasley (1995), 785:, and in 1903 four 761:20th–21st centuries 755:mobilisation centre 670:Early 18th-century 587:18th–19th centuries 431:pieces including a 334:Catherine of Aragon 248:military technology 102: / 3396:St Andrew's Castle 3258:Great Turf Bulwark 2484:, Historic England 2459:, Historic England 2429:, Historic England 2330:, Historic England 2229:, Thurrock Council 2208:, Thurrock Council 2195:, pp. 94, 107 2158:, Thurrock Council 1774:, Historic England 1680:, pp. 26–27; 1590:, pp. 11–13; 1494:, pp. 154–155 1433:, pp. 70–71; 1394:, pp. 251–253 1272:Biddle et al. 2001 1078:, pp. 176–177 963: 894: 872: 852:scheduled monument 775: 729: 721:Clarkson Stanfield 676: 613: 597: 551: 499: 461:Federigo Giambelli 409:Christopher Morice 385: 290: 177:Thermitage Bulwark 170: 3813: 3812: 3503: 3502: 3411:West Cowes Castle 3401:St Helens Bulwark 3371:East Cowes Castle 3339:Milton Blockhouse 3334:Higham Blockhouse 2709:, pp. 21, 23 2562:, pp. 19, 26 2122:, Victorian Forts 1813:Charles Kightly, 1184:Kent Council 2004 841:Ministry of Works 783:armoured cruisers 617:Board of Ordnance 538:The 17th-century 453:Earl of Leicester 306:Holy Roman Empire 240:artillery battery 213:English Civil War 162: 161: 111:51.45278; 0.37472 3888: 3861:Museums in Essex 3674:Chafford Hundred 3664:Bill Meroy Creek 3618:Stanford-le-Hope 3563:Chadwell St Mary 3530: 3523: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3467:Sandsfoot Castle 3457:Pendennis Castle 3229: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3125: 3096: 3077: 3064: 3051: 3027:available online 3024: 3002: 2985:(3–4): 152–174. 2970: 2951: 2932: 2913: 2911: 2899: 2880: 2871: 2852: 2833: 2814: 2795: 2778: 2750: 2745:, pp. 3–4; 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2683: 2682:, pp. 12–14 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2630:, pp. 15–16 2625: 2619: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2523:, pp. 19–20 2518: 2512: 2506: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2361: 2355: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2251: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2152: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2121: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2101:on 15 March 2016 2091: 2085: 2084:, pp. 29–30 2079: 2073: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2023: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1987: 1978: 1977:, pp. 7, 10 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1900: 1894: 1884: 1878: 1864: 1858: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1755: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1713: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1687: 1675: 1669: 1668:, pp. 14–15 1663: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1623: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1513: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1444: 1438: 1424: 1418: 1404: 1395: 1385: 1379: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1325: 1319: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1280:, MeasuringWorth 1269: 1263: 1249: 1243: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1177: 1171: 1161: 1155: 1145: 1139: 1129: 1123: 1122:, pp. 63–64 1113: 1107: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1017: 997: 993: 877:Historic England 848:English Heritage 837:Second World War 685:Thomas Hyde Page 529:Bernard de Gomme 495:Bernard de Gomme 312:. Traditionally 264:English Heritage 257:Second World War 221:Bernard de Gomme 217:Anglo-Dutch Wars 197:Device programme 139:English Heritage 130:Site information 117: 116: 114: 113: 112: 107: 103: 100: 99: 98: 95: 69: 68: 62: 46: 37: 21: 20: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3743: 3704:Mardyke (river) 3637: 3598:Little Thurrock 3539: 3534: 3504: 3499: 3481: 3477:St Mawes Castle 3462:Portland Castle 3442:Brownsea Castle 3420: 3416:Yarmouth Castle 3406:Southsea Castle 3348: 3310: 3292: 3283:Sandgate Castle 3230: 3221: 3174: 3169: 3132: 3093: 3048: 3021: 2967: 2948: 2929: 2909: 2896: 2868: 2849: 2830: 2775: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2496: 2487: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2254: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2161: 2159: 2154: 2153: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2104: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2028:, p. 172; 2024: 2015: 2007: 2000: 1988: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1905:, p. 166; 1901: 1897: 1885: 1881: 1873:, p. 165; 1865: 1861: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1824: 1822: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1716: 1704: 1700: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1626: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1518:, p. 166; 1514: 1510: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1481: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1445: 1441: 1427:Harrington 2007 1425: 1421: 1405: 1398: 1386: 1382: 1374:, p. 155; 1370: 1366: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1342: 1330:, p. 154; 1326: 1322: 1310: 1306: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1270: 1266: 1258:, p. 154; 1250: 1246: 1234: 1230: 1224:Harrington 2007 1222: 1218: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1178: 1174: 1166:, p. 342; 1162: 1158: 1148:Harrington 2007 1146: 1142: 1136:Harrington 2007 1130: 1126: 1114: 1110: 1104:Harrington 2007 1098: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1074: 1070: 1062:, p. 111; 1058: 1054: 1046: 1039: 1030: 1028: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1006: 1001: 1000: 994: 985: 980: 943: 885: 864: 856:listed building 833:inter-war years 763: 727:(right) in 1853 698:Napoleonic Wars 690:New Tavern Fort 661:Andrew Saunders 589: 488: 470:ramparts, with 282: 277: 253:First World War 244:Napoleonic Wars 227:, water-filled 147:the public 146: 110: 108: 104: 101: 96: 93: 91: 89: 88: 80: 79: 78: 77: 76: 75: 74: 70: 49: 29: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3894: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3831:Forts in Essex 3828: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3770:Coalhouse Fort 3767: 3765:Belmont Castle 3762: 3757: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3729:Terrel's Heath 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3684:Hangman's Wood 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3613:South Ockendon 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3386:Sandown Castle 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3366:Calshot Castle 3362: 3360: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3288:Sandown Castle 3285: 3280: 3275: 3273:Walmer Bulwark 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3242: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3188: 3186: 3176: 3175: 3168: 3167: 3160: 3153: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3131: 3130:External links 3128: 3127: 3126: 3114:10.1086/657263 3097: 3091: 3078: 3065: 3052: 3046: 3030: 3019: 3003: 2971: 2965: 2952: 2946: 2933: 2927: 2914: 2900: 2894: 2881: 2872: 2866: 2853: 2847: 2834: 2829:978-1781592038 2828: 2815: 2796: 2779: 2773: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2654:, p. 15; 2644: 2632: 2620: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2574:, p. 23; 2564: 2552: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2494: 2482:"Tilbury Fort" 2479:, p. 21; 2469: 2457:"Tilbury Fort" 2444: 2427:"Tilbury Fort" 2418: 2406: 2381: 2356: 2350:, p. 17; 2340: 2328:"Tilbury Fort" 2297: 2285: 2279:, p. 18; 2269: 2252: 2246:, p. 29; 2242:, p. 30; 2218: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2144: 2132: 2117:"Tilbury Fort" 2086: 2074: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2013: 1998: 1979: 1967: 1955: 1953:, pp. 6–7 1949:, p. 15; 1939: 1927: 1915: 1909:, p. 27; 1895: 1879: 1869:, p. 14; 1859: 1853:, p. 14; 1843: 1831: 1821:on 29 May 2016 1811:, p. 18; 1801: 1789: 1772:"Tilbury Fort" 1741: 1729: 1714: 1708:, p. 27; 1698: 1670: 1655: 1643: 1624: 1618:, p. 23; 1608: 1596: 1580: 1563: 1551: 1536: 1524: 1508: 1496: 1479: 1467: 1455: 1439: 1429:, p. 49; 1419: 1413:, p. 10; 1396: 1390:, p. 20; 1380: 1364: 1352: 1340: 1320: 1304: 1274:, p. 12; 1264: 1244: 1238:, p. 19; 1228: 1216: 1204: 1192: 1182:, p. 42; 1172: 1156: 1150:, p. 11; 1140: 1134:, p. 66; 1124: 1108: 1102:, p. 63; 1092: 1080: 1068: 1052: 1037: 1027:on 29 May 2016 1008: 1007: 1005: 1002: 999: 998: 982: 981: 979: 976: 942: 941:Inner defences 939: 884: 883:Outer defences 881: 863: 860: 814:pontoon bridge 806:Belhus Mansion 762: 759: 743:Charles Gordon 725:Coalhouse Fort 588: 585: 546:and the inner 502:fort. In 1642 487: 484: 445:Spanish Armada 281: 278: 276: 273: 201:Spanish Armada 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 127: 126: 125:Artillery fort 123: 119: 118: 86: 82: 81: 72: 71: 64: 63: 57: 56: 55: 54: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3893: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3628:West Thurrock 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3593:Langdon Hills 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3381:Netley Castle 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3354:Isle of Wight 3351: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3298:Pembrokeshire 3295: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3278:Walmer Castle 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3248:Camber Castle 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3020:0-1167-0311-3 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2966:9781850748663 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2947:9780752488349 2943: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2908: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2895:9780415003506 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2867:9781472803801 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2748: 2747:Saunders 1977 2744: 2743:Pattison 2004 2739: 2732: 2731:Pattison 2004 2727: 2720: 2719:Pattison 2004 2715: 2708: 2707:Saunders 1977 2703: 2696: 2695:Pattison 2004 2691: 2689: 2681: 2680:Pattison 2004 2676: 2669: 2668:Pattison 2004 2664: 2657: 2656:Saunders 1977 2653: 2652:Pattison 2004 2648: 2641: 2640:Pattison 2004 2636: 2629: 2628:Pattison 2004 2624: 2617: 2616:Saunders 1977 2614:, p. 5; 2613: 2612:Pattison 2004 2608: 2601: 2600:Saunders 1977 2596: 2589: 2588:Saunders 1977 2584: 2577: 2576:Pattison 2004 2573: 2572:Saunders 1977 2568: 2561: 2560:Saunders 1977 2556: 2549: 2548:Saunders 1977 2544: 2542: 2534: 2533:Pattison 2004 2529: 2522: 2521:Saunders 1977 2517: 2510: 2509:Saunders 1977 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2483: 2478: 2477:Saunders 1977 2473: 2458: 2454:, p. 9; 2453: 2452:Pattison 2004 2448: 2441: 2440:Saunders 1977 2428: 2422: 2415: 2414:Saunders 1977 2410: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2353: 2352:Pattison 2004 2349: 2344: 2329: 2325:, p. 6; 2324: 2323:Pattison 2004 2308: 2301: 2294: 2293:Pattison 2004 2289: 2282: 2281:Pattison 2004 2278: 2277:Saunders 1977 2273: 2266: 2265:Pattison 2004 2261: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2248:Saunders 1977 2245: 2241: 2240:Pattison 2004 2228: 2222: 2207: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2170: 2169:Pattison 2004 2157: 2151: 2149: 2141: 2140:Pattison 2004 2136: 2118: 2113: 2112:Pattison 2004 2100: 2096: 2090: 2083: 2082:Pattison 2004 2078: 2072:, p. 173 2071: 2070:Saunders 1960 2068:, p. 4; 2067: 2062: 2056:, p. 173 2055: 2054:Saunders 1960 2050: 2044:, p. 172 2043: 2042:Saunders 1960 2038: 2031: 2030:Pattison 2004 2027: 2026:Saunders 1960 2022: 2020: 2018: 2010: 2009:Pattison 2004 2005: 2003: 1995: 1994:Pattison 2004 1992:, p. 8; 1991: 1986: 1984: 1976: 1975:Pattison 2004 1971: 1964: 1963:Pattison 2004 1959: 1952: 1951:Pattison 2004 1948: 1947:Saunders 1977 1943: 1936: 1935:Saunders 1977 1931: 1924: 1919: 1912: 1908: 1907:Pattison 2004 1904: 1903:Saunders 1960 1899: 1892: 1891:Pattison 2004 1888: 1887:Saunders 1960 1883: 1876: 1872: 1871:Saunders 1960 1868: 1867:Saunders 1977 1863: 1856: 1855:Pattison 2004 1852: 1851:Saunders 1977 1847: 1840: 1835: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1809:Saunders 1977 1805: 1798: 1797:Saunders 1977 1793: 1786: 1773: 1769:, p. 6; 1768: 1767:Pattison 2004 1752: 1745: 1738: 1737:Pattison 2004 1733: 1726: 1725:Pattison 2004 1721: 1719: 1712:, p. 164 1711: 1710:Saunders 1960 1707: 1706:Pattison 2004 1702: 1684: 1679: 1678:Pattison 2004 1674: 1667: 1666:Saunders 1977 1662: 1660: 1652: 1651:Pattison 2004 1647: 1641:, p. 164 1640: 1639:Saunders 1960 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1622:, p. 163 1621: 1620:Saunders 1960 1617: 1616:Pattison 2004 1612: 1605: 1604:Saunders 1977 1600: 1593: 1589: 1588:Saunders 1977 1584: 1578:, p. 163 1577: 1576:Saunders 1960 1572: 1570: 1568: 1561:, p. 162 1560: 1559:Saunders 1960 1555: 1548: 1547:Saunders 1977 1543: 1541: 1533: 1532:Pattison 2004 1528: 1521: 1520:Saunders 1977 1517: 1516:Saunders 1960 1512: 1506:, p. 159 1505: 1504:Saunders 1960 1500: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1477:, p. 158 1476: 1475:Saunders 1960 1471: 1464: 1463:Saunders 1977 1459: 1452: 1451:Saunders 1977 1448: 1443: 1436: 1435:Saunders 1977 1432: 1431:Saunders 1989 1428: 1423: 1416: 1412: 1411:Saunders 1977 1408: 1407:Saunders 1960 1403: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1388:Pattison 2004 1384: 1377: 1376:Saunders 1977 1373: 1372:Saunders 1960 1368: 1362:, p. 155 1361: 1360:Saunders 1960 1356: 1350:, p. 347 1349: 1344: 1337: 1336:Pattison 2004 1334:, p. 9; 1333: 1332:Saunders 1977 1329: 1328:Saunders 1960 1324: 1317: 1313: 1312:Saunders 1960 1308: 1300: 1294: 1279: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1260:Saunders 1977 1257: 1256:Saunders 1960 1253: 1248: 1242:, p. 342 1241: 1237: 1236:Pattison 2004 1232: 1225: 1220: 1213: 1208: 1202:, p. 142 1201: 1196: 1190:, p. 341 1189: 1186:, p. 8; 1185: 1181: 1180:Saunders 1989 1176: 1169: 1168:Saunders 1989 1165: 1160: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1121: 1118:, p. 7; 1117: 1112: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1072: 1065: 1061: 1060:Thompson 1987 1056: 1049: 1048:Pattison 2004 1044: 1042: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1009: 992: 990: 988: 983: 975: 973: 967: 959: 955: 952: 948: 947:parade ground 938: 935: 931: 927: 922: 920: 916: 911: 908: 904: 900: 889: 880: 878: 868: 859: 857: 853: 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 779:torpedo boats 772: 767: 758: 756: 750: 748: 744: 739: 735: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 704: 699: 695: 691: 686: 681: 673: 668: 664: 662: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 629: 625: 622: 618: 609: 605: 602: 593: 584: 582: 577: 573: 569: 564: 561: 557: 549: 545: 541: 536: 532: 530: 525: 521: 516: 511: 509: 505: 496: 492: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449:Robert Dudley 446: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 403: 398: 394: 390: 383: 379: 374: 370: 367: 363: 358: 354: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 286: 272: 270: 265: 260: 258: 254: 249: 245: 241: 237: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 166: 157: 153: 149: 143: 140: 137: 133: 128: 124: 120: 115: 87: 83: 61: 52: 45: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 3826:Device Forts 3805:Tilbury Fort 3804: 3800:State Cinema 3760:Bata Factory 3739:Tilbury Town 3709:Orsett Heath 3694:Linford Wood 3649:Baker Street 3633:West Tilbury 3573:East Tilbury 3376:Hurst Castle 3202:Langar Point 3172:Device Forts 3108:(1): 66–84. 3105: 3101: 3082: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3056: 3037: 3010: 2982: 2978: 2957:Tilbury Fort 2956: 2937: 2918: 2905: 2885: 2876: 2857: 2838: 2819: 2801: 2783: 2764: 2757:Bibliography 2749:, p. 24 2738: 2733:, p. 33 2726: 2714: 2702: 2697:, p. 11 2675: 2670:, p. 15 2663: 2658:, p. 25 2647: 2642:, p. 16 2635: 2623: 2618:, p. 26 2607: 2602:, p. 26 2595: 2590:, p. 23 2583: 2578:, p. 17 2567: 2555: 2550:, p. 21 2535:, p. 10 2528: 2516: 2511:, p. 19 2486:, retrieved 2472: 2461:, retrieved 2447: 2431:, retrieved 2421: 2409: 2397:. Retrieved 2393: 2384: 2372:. Retrieved 2368: 2359: 2354:, p. 31 2348:Chapple 2014 2343: 2332:, retrieved 2314:, retrieved 2300: 2295:, p. 30 2288: 2283:, p. 31 2272: 2267:, p. 31 2250:, p. 18 2231:, retrieved 2221: 2210:, retrieved 2200: 2193:Osborne 2013 2188: 2183:, p. 94 2181:Osborne 2013 2176: 2171:, p. 30 2160:, retrieved 2142:, p. 29 2135: 2124:, retrieved 2103:, retrieved 2099:the original 2089: 2077: 2061: 2049: 2037: 2032:, p. 28 2011:, p. 28 1996:, p. 28 1970: 1965:, p. 10 1958: 1942: 1937:, p. 15 1930: 1925:, p. 61 1923:Osborne 2013 1918: 1913:, p. 61 1911:Osborne 2013 1898: 1893:, p. 27 1882: 1877:, p. 62 1875:Osborne 2013 1862: 1857:, p. 27 1846: 1841:, p. 59 1839:Osborne 2013 1834: 1823:, retrieved 1819:the original 1804: 1799:, p. 18 1792: 1787:, p. 16 1776:, retrieved 1758:, retrieved 1744: 1739:, p. 26 1732: 1727:, p. 27 1701: 1690:, retrieved 1673: 1653:, p. 25 1646: 1611: 1606:, p. 13 1599: 1583: 1554: 1549:, p. 11 1534:, p. 23 1527: 1522:, p. 11 1511: 1499: 1470: 1465:, p. 10 1458: 1453:, p. 10 1442: 1437:, p. 10 1422: 1383: 1367: 1355: 1343: 1338:, p. 21 1323: 1318:, p. 16 1307: 1282:, retrieved 1267: 1247: 1231: 1226:, p. 20 1219: 1207: 1195: 1175: 1170:, p. 42 1159: 1154:, p. 70 1143: 1127: 1111: 1095: 1083: 1071: 1066:, p. 63 1055: 1029:, retrieved 1025:the original 968: 964: 944: 923: 912: 895: 873: 862:Architecture 845: 830: 825: 799: 776: 751: 730: 716: 707: 677: 645: 614: 598: 565: 552: 512: 500: 486:17th century 441: 386: 378:River Thames 349:River Thames 346: 327: 291: 280:16th century 271:in Britain. 261: 233: 185:River Thames 180: 176: 173:Tilbury Fort 172: 171: 145:Open to 73:Tilbury Fort 24:Tilbury Fort 18: 3790:Orsett Hall 3724:Shell Haven 3699:Lower Horse 3495:Hull Castle 3253:Deal Castle 3212:Mersea Fort 3207:Langar Rode 2721:, p. 6 2442:, p. 5 2416:, p. 5 2312:, p. 4 1756:, p. 4 1594:, p. 7 1417:, p. 7 1392:Cruden 1843 1378:, p. 9 1262:, p. 9 1214:, p. 7 1152:Walton 2010 1138:, p. 6 1116:Morley 1976 1106:, p. 5 1090:, p. 7 1088:Morley 1976 1050:, p. 9 934:sluice gate 919:drawbridges 831:During the 678:During the 581:John Evelyn 556:pressed men 544:drawbridges 433:demi-cannon 362:Cross Ferry 319:blockhouses 109: / 85:Coordinates 3820:Categories 3568:Corringham 3316:The Thames 3092:1854226088 3076:: 341–362. 3063:: 141–168. 3047:1855120003 2928:0116707771 2848:0907628176 2774:0904220230 2244:Fegan 2002 2066:Moore 1990 1990:Moore 1990 1785:Moore 1990 1592:Moore 1990 1492:Smith 1974 1447:Smith 1974 1415:Moore 1990 1348:Smith 1980 1316:Moore 1990 1252:Smith 1980 1240:Smith 1980 1212:Moore 1990 1200:Smith 1974 1188:Smith 1980 1164:Smith 1980 1004:References 795:Royal Navy 637:Highlander 576:gatehouses 574:; two new 515:Charles II 508:Parliament 465:concentric 421:marshlands 310:Henry VIII 193:Henry VIII 189:blockhouse 94:51°27′10″N 3679:Globe Pit 3122:144384757 2999:129086005 2792:2046-9799 1132:Hale 1983 1120:Hale 1983 1100:Hale 1983 1076:King 1991 1064:Hale 1983 951:classical 901:, with a 769:A Mark V 648:rainwater 628:magazines 621:gunpowder 601:culverins 504:civil war 468:earthwork 429:artillery 413:gun-ports 405:dissolved 402:hermitage 389:Gravesend 338:Charles V 314:the Crown 269:magazines 236:gunpowder 155:Condition 97:0°22′29″E 3775:The Dell 3714:Purfleet 3623:Stifford 3537:Thurrock 3426:Cornwall 3036:(1989). 3009:(1977). 1293:cite web 907:causeway 822:Zeppelin 802:Purfleet 656:barracks 568:revetted 476:palisade 366:mudflats 357:Woolwich 353:Deptford 330:Paul III 304:and the 225:bastions 179:and the 3881:Tilbury 3603:Mucking 3578:Fobbing 3558:Bulphan 3184:Suffolk 2811:4773453 2399:22 June 2374:22 June 930:silting 926:erosion 915:ravelin 903:redoubt 572:redoubt 540:ravelin 472:ditches 417:rampart 294:Tilbury 275:History 205:bastion 31:Tilbury 3659:Biggin 3654:Belhus 3608:Orsett 3553:Aveley 3434:Dorset 3358:Solent 3240:Sussex 3120: 3102:Osiris 3089: 3044: 3017: 2997: 2963: 2944: 2925: 2892: 2864: 2845: 2826: 2809: 2790: 2771: 2488:28 May 2463:28 May 2433:28 May 2334:28 May 2316:28 May 2233:27 May 2212:27 May 2162:27 May 2126:28 May 2105:27 May 1825:22 May 1778:28 May 1760:28 May 1692:28 May 1284:29 May 1031:22 May 972:chapel 937:1788. 672:copper 652:sutler 641:typhus 524:Medway 513:After 474:and a 457:speech 451:, the 437:sakers 425:creeks 397:Higham 395:, and 393:Milton 342:device 323:Sussex 302:France 207:, and 158:Intact 3583:Grays 3430:Devon 3180:Essex 3118:S2CID 2995:S2CID 2910:(PDF) 2310:(PDF) 2120:(PDF) 1754:(PDF) 1686:(PDF) 978:Notes 899:redan 703:hulks 624:depot 560:piles 298:Essex 229:moats 135:Owner 35:Essex 3236:Kent 3087:ISBN 3042:ISBN 3015:ISBN 2961:ISBN 2942:ISBN 2923:ISBN 2890:ISBN 2862:ISBN 2843:ISBN 2824:ISBN 2807:OCLC 2788:ISSN 2769:ISBN 2490:2016 2465:2016 2435:2016 2401:2022 2376:2022 2336:2016 2318:2016 2235:2016 2214:2016 2164:2016 2128:2016 2107:2016 1827:2015 1780:2016 1762:2016 1694:2016 1299:link 1286:2015 1033:2015 928:and 804:and 781:and 696:and 548:moat 480:boom 478:. A 435:and 423:and 382:boom 355:and 347:The 122:Type 3110:doi 2987:doi 826:L15 719:by 522:at 296:in 150:Yes 3822:: 3432:/ 3428:/ 3356:/ 3238:/ 3182:/ 3116:. 3106:25 3104:. 3074:96 3072:. 3061:89 3059:. 2993:. 2983:40 2981:. 2687:^ 2540:^ 2497:^ 2438:; 2392:. 2367:. 2321:; 2255:^ 2238:; 2167:; 2147:^ 2110:; 2016:^ 2001:^ 1982:^ 1783:; 1765:; 1717:^ 1658:^ 1627:^ 1566:^ 1539:^ 1482:^ 1399:^ 1295:}} 1291:{{ 1040:^ 1012:^ 986:^ 858:. 542:, 439:. 391:, 33:, 3529:e 3522:t 3515:v 3164:e 3157:t 3150:v 3124:. 3112:: 3095:. 3050:. 3029:. 3023:. 3001:. 2989:: 2969:. 2950:. 2931:. 2898:. 2870:. 2851:. 2832:. 2813:. 2794:. 2777:. 2403:. 2378:. 1301:) 360:"

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Index