20:
70:). The timariot was granted feudatory with the obligation to go mounted to war and to supply soldiers and sailors in numbers proportionate to the revenue of the appanage. The timariot owed personal service for his sword in time of war and for a certain sum of money owed a number of soldiers as a substitute (
170:
Timar-status could be inherited, but the pieces of land were not inheritable to avoid the creation of any stable landed nobility. Timars were not hereditary until a decree was passed in 1585. Those who vied for timar status were fiercely competitive and the barrier to entry was high. The sipahis were
166:
When the
Ottomans conquered new territory, it was common practice to grant timars to the local aristocracy of conquered lands. The Ottomans co-opted the local nobility and eased the burden of conquest. The first group of timars in the Balkans had a strong Christian majority (60 percent in Serbia and
106:
and then the sultan himself. This semi-feudal arrangement allowed for the
Ottomans to organize large armies at once, thus making an imperial army from what was still essentially a medieval economy. This system of using agricultural revenue to pay troops was influenced by a similar Byzantine practice
65:
The timariots provided the backbone of the
Ottoman cavalry force and the army as a whole. They were obligated to fight as cavalrymen in the Ottoman military when called upon. The timariots had to assemble with the army when at war, and had to take care of the land entrusted to him in times of peace.
119:
of each sanjak listed the specific amount of taxes and services that the timariot could collect. The central government enforced these laws rigorously, and a sipahi could lose his timar for violating regulations. The timar-holders took precautions to keep peasants on their land and were also owed
162:
horse had also to be equipped with armor of very thin steel. Tents for different purposes e.g., for treasury, kitchen, saddlery store, etc. had to be provided. This ensured that all equipment and troops for campaigns was determined in advance and
Ottoman commanders knew the exact number of their
62:, which were usually recently conquered plots of agricultural land in the countryside. Far less commonly, the sultan would grant a civil servant or member of the imperial family a timar. Also non-military timar holders were obliged to supply the imperial army with soldiers and provisions.
110:
During peace, timariots were expected to manage the lands they were given. Each timariot did not own the land that had been granted. All agricultural lands in the Empire that were considered state property (or
115:) could be granted as timars. Timariots could be removed and transferred when the sultan deemed it necessary. However, timariots were expected to collect taxes and manage the peasantry. The
462:
154:
had to be accompanied by a soldier in a coat of mail, for income above 15.000 akçe by additional soldier for each additional 3.000 akçe. Above a certain income of the
98:
being determined by revenue. The number of the timariots in the sultan's army fluctuated between 50,000 and 90,000 men. Timariots were themselves organized by
472:
467:
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per year, but most timariots did not make anywhere close to that. In the 1530s, 40 percent of timariots received less than 3,000
167:
82 percent in Bosnia in 1467-69), but the
Christian sipahis gradually disappeared due to dispossession or conversion to Islam.
370:
257:
218:
402:
Douglas, Harry (1987). "The
Ottoman 'timar' system and its transformation, 1563-1656" (Document). Indiana University.
78:) was bound to live on the timariot’s estate and look after the land. When summoned for campaign the timariot and his
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283:
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had to provide was dependent on the size of his land holdings. When the annual income of the holding was above 4.000
120:
certain labor from peasants, such as building a barn. The maximum amount of income from one timar was 9,999
66:
When at war, the timariot had to bring his own equipment and in addition a number of armed retainers (
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247:
403:
360:
8:
417:
The
Cambridge History of Turkey Volume 2: the Ottoman Empire as a World Power 1453-1603
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366:
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214:
41:
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52:. In return for service, each timariot received a parcel of revenue called a
49:
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also in constant competition for control of the
Ottoman military with the
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in revenue. Higher ranking officers could receive a ziamet (up to 100,000
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who ruled over groups of timars. The sanjak-beys were subordinate to the
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or men-at-arms as well as their own equipment on campaign, the number of
172:
103:
86:. When a timariot failed to obey the summon he was deprived of his
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Carnage and
Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
142:), depending on importance. The number of men and equipment the
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147:
19:
435:
An
Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914
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151:
45:
379:
316:
304:
87:
54:
426:
The Ottoman Empire : Conquest, Organization and Economy
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Land and Privilege in Byzantium: The Institution of Pronoia
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and other Near Eastern states prior to the Ottoman Empire.
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for one or two years. Timariots were expected to bring
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463:Cavalry units and formations of the Ottoman Empire
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433:İnalcık, Halil; Quataert, Donald, eds. (2003) .
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432:
415:Faroqhi, Suraiya N.; Fleet, Kate, eds. (2012).
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252:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 581–.
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275:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936
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473:Social classes in the Ottoman Empire
213:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
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246:Mark C. Bartusis (3 January 2013).
207:Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18).
13:
14:
484:
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82:had to present themselves with a
468:Feudalism in the Ottoman Empire
359:André Clot (13 February 2012).
437:. Cambridge University Press.
278:. BRILL. 1993. pp. 772–.
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1:
428:. Cambridge University Press.
419:. Cambridge University Press.
178:
424:İnalcık, Halil, ed. (1978).
7:
386:İnalcık & Quataert 2003
323:İnalcık & Quataert 2003
311:İnalcık & Quataert 2003
10:
489:
395:
44:) was the name given to a
163:forces for mobilization.
362:Suleiman the Magnificent
347:Faroqhi & Fleet 2012
299:Faroqhi & Fleet 2012
234:Faroqhi & Fleet 2012
16:Ottoman cavalry soldiers
365:. Saqi. pp. 43–.
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22:
48:cavalryman in the
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259:978-1-139-85146-6
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138:(over 100,000
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50:Ottoman army
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100:sanjak-beys
457:Categories
179:References
144:timariotes
104:beylerbeyi
408:303473407
173:janissary
117:kanunname
404:ProQuest
74:). The (
36:holder;
30:Timariot
396:Sources
175:class.
132:) or a
92:cebelus
84:cuirass
42:Turkish
38:tımarlı
441:
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369:
282:
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217:
160:sipahi
152:sipahi
96:cebelu
80:cebelu
76:cebelu
72:cebelu
68:cebelu
46:Sipahi
24:Sipahi
156:timar
130:akces
88:timar
55:timar
34:tımar
439:ISBN
367:ISBN
280:ISBN
254:ISBN
215:ISBN
158:the
150:the
148:akçe
140:akce
126:akce
122:akce
113:miri
60:fief
58:, a
32:(or
135:has
40:in
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