920:
3263:
2347:
571:
3479:
820:
280:
3233:
2267:
4305:
1431:
between adjacent timber members to connect them together. The rings were fit into circular grooves on in both timber members then the assembly was held together with through-bolts. The through-bolts only held the assembly together but were not load-carrying. Shear plate connectors were used to transfer loads between timber members and metal. Shear plate connectors resembled large washers, deformed on the side facing the timber in order to grip it, and were through-fastened with long bolts or lengths of threaded rod. A leading manufacturer of these types of timber connectors was the Timber
Engineering Company, or TECO, of Washington, DC. The proprietary name of their split-ring connectors was the "TECO Wedge-Fit".
2044:
368:
1992:
607:
1390:
384:
4356:
2717:
2923:
3615:
2802:
2386:
3652:, literally "binding work") is the traditional building style in almost all of Denmark, making it the only Nordic country where this style is prevalent in all regions. Along the west coast of Jutland, houses built entirely of bricks were traditionally more common due to lack of suitable wood. In the 19th and especially in the 20th century, bricks have been the preferred building material in all of Denmark, but traditional timber-frame houses remain common both in the towns and in the countryside. Different regions have different traditions as to whether the timber frame should be tarred and thus clearly visible or be limewashed or painted in the same colour as the infills.
1973:
904:
3105:
3463:
861:
2818:
583:
2768:
3850:
808:
404:
2752:
3552:
2852:
1782:
1054:
2989:
3533:
2283:
2363:
2868:
1560:
3884:
3865:
2331:
3203:
3296:
3451:
3251:
3896:
3835:
2299:
352:
3069:
845:
772:
2235:
2315:
1954:
3021:
544:
2414:
748:
2908:
760:
1938:
3037:
3005:
2100:
4014:
3218:
2888:
2024:
595:
3630:
3053:
517:
2943:
1423:
889:
619:
2008:
1545:
1185:
2737:
1480:(SIPs). Although the timbers can only be seen from inside the building when so enclosed, construction is less complex and insulation is greater than in traditional timber building. SIPs are "an insulating foam core sandwiched between two structural facings, typically oriented strand board" according to the Structural Insulated Panel Association. SIPs reduce dependency on bracing and auxiliary members, because the panels span considerable distances and add rigidity to the basic timber frame.
4332:
1078:
3439:
449:
3935:
1918:
2251:
784:
2834:
796:
4513:
nations as
Germany, where energy efficiency is highly regulated, the renovated building may be required to meet modern energy efficiencies, if it is to be used as a residential or commercial structure (museums and significant historic buildings have no semi-permanent habitade exempt). Many framework houses of significance are treated merely to preserve, rather than render inhabitable – most especially as the required heavy insecticidal fumigation is highly poisonous.
3093:
3915:
3427:
2146:
1659:, an ancient tradition thought to have originated in Scandinavia by 700 AD. In the U.S., a bough or small tree is attached to the peak of the timber frame after the frame is complete as a celebration. Historically, it was common for the master carpenter to give a speech, make a toast, and then break the glass. In Northern Europe, a wreath made for the occasion is more commonly used rather than a bough. In Japan, the "ridge raising" is a religious ceremony called the
3599:
2787:
1066:
877:
3584:
8824:
8068:
1448:
135:
532:
4033:
1440:
465:
3278:
3568:
4047:
38:
2428:
1725:
162:
8846:
8078:
1022:
4059:
8834:
8088:
1177:
3794:. Unlike other types of timber framing in Europe, the trestle frame construction uses no mortise and tenon joints. Archaeological excavations have uncovered similar wooden joints from more than 3,000 years ago, suggesting that this type of framing is an ancient unbroken tradition. Grindverk buildings are only found on part of the western coast of Norway, and most of them are boathouses and barns.
147:
2129:'home-made' – even temporary – appearance. Many such example can be found in the English shires. Equally, some relatively small buildings can be seen to incorporate substantial timbers and excellent craftsmanship, reflecting the relative wealth and status of their original owners. Important resources for the study of historic building methods in the UK are
1398:
was used for various building types including warehouses, factories, garages, barns, stores/markets, recreational buildings, barracks, bridges, and trestles. The use of these structures was promoted because of their low construction costs, easy adaptability, and performance in fire as compared to unprotected steel truss construction.
3365:) whenever it could be afforded. Timber was a sign of poverty. Oak-wood was cheaper than masonry: that is why, when the money was running out, the upper floor walls were mostly built timbered. Extant baserriak with half-timbered upper-floor façades were built from the 15th to 19th centuries and are found in all Basque regions with
3514:. In urban areas, the ground floor was formerly built in stone and the upper floors in timber framing. Also, as timber framing was seen as a cheaper way of building, often the visible structures of noble houses were in stone and bricks, and the invisible or lateral walls in timber framing. The open-air museums of
4512:
there are maybe more disadvantages than advantages today. Such houses are notoriously expensive to maintain let alone renovate and restore, most commonly owing to local regulations that do not allow divergence from the original, modification or incorporation of modern materials. Additionally, in such
4198:
style or "corner post construction" (and many other names) in which wood is used both for the frame and horizontal infill; for this reason it may be incorrect to call it "half-timbering". It is sometimes a blend of framing and log building with two styles: the horizontal pieces fit into groves in the
1467:
Timber-framed structures differ from conventional wood-framed buildings in several ways. Timber framing uses fewer, larger wooden members, commonly timbers in the range of 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in), while common wood framing uses many more timbers with dimensions usually in the 5- to 25-cm (2- to
650:
Wattle and daub was the most common infill in ancient times. The sticks were not always technically wattlework (woven), but also individual sticks installed vertically, horizontally, or at an angle into holes or grooves in the framing. The coating of daub has many recipes, but generally was a mixture
4634:
Noise from footsteps in adjacent rooms above, below, and on the same floor in such buildings can be quite audible. This is often resolved with built-up floor systems involving clever sound-isolation and absorption techniques and at the same time providing passage space for plumbing, wiring, and even
4494:
In North
America, heavy timber construction is classified Building Code Type IV: a special class reserved for timber framing which recognizes the inherent fire resistance of large timber and its ability to retain structural capacity in fire situations. In many cases this classification can eliminate
3962:
also known in
Eastern England as clasp board and in western England as weatherboard, then as more wood was available more cheaply, horizontal cladding in the 17th century. Perhaps owing to economic considerations, vertical cladding returned to fashion. Dutch wall framing is virtually always built in
1605:
Half-timbered construction in the
Northern European vernacular building style is characteristic of medieval and early modern Denmark, England, Germany, and parts of France and Switzerland, where timber was in good supply yet stone and associated skills to dress the stonework were in short supply. In
250:
Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in many parts of the world, many styles of historic framing have developed. These styles are often categorized by the type of foundation, walls, how and where the beams intersect, the use of curved timbers, and the roof framing details.
4653:
more readily than some other materials, making timber-frame buildings somewhat more susceptible to fire damage, although this idea is not universally accepted: Since the cross-sectional dimensions of many structural members exceed 15 cm Ă— 15 cm (6" Ă— 6"), timber-frame structures
2565:
building styles are extremely varied with a huge number of carpentry techniques which are highly regionalized. German planning laws for the preservation of buildings and regional architecture preservation dictate that a half-timbered house must be authentic to regional or even city-specific designs
2409:
Germany has several styles of timber framing, but probably the greatest number of half-timbered buildings in the world are to be found in
Germany and in Alsace (France). There are many small towns which escaped both war damage and modernisation and consist mainly, or even entirely, of half-timbered
1418:
arches, and lamella roof systems. Unique to this building type is the interlocking of the timber members of the roof trusses and supporting columns and their connection points. The timber members are held apart by "fillers" (blocks of timber). This leaves air spaces between the timber members which
1397:
In the 1930s a system of timber framing referred to as the "modern timber connector method" was developed. It was characterized by the use of timber members assembled into trusses and other framing systems and fastened using various types of metal timber connectors. This type of timber construction
1126:
was used throughout Europe, especially from the 12th century to the 19th century, and subsequently imported to North
America, where it was common into the early 19th century. In a scribe frame, timber sockets are fashioned or "tailor-made" to fit their corresponding timbers; thus, each timber piece
4215:
this style also became known as "Red River
Framing". "The support of horizontal timbers by corner posts is an old form of construction in Europe. It was apparently carried across much of the continent from Silesia by the Lausitz urnfield culture in the late Bronze Age." Similar building techniques
4156:
is a good example. The exterior walls of such buildings were often covered over with clapboards to protect the infill from erosion. Naturally, this required frequent maintenance, and the style was abandoned as a building method in the 18th century in Québec. For the same reasons, half-timbering in
1519:
that focuses on the engineering of wood structures. Timber is classified by tree species (e.g., southern pine, douglas fir, etc.) and its strength is graded using numerous coefficients that correspond to the number of knots, the moisture content, the temperature, the grain direction, the number of
1506:
Mudbricks also called adobe are sometimes used to fill in timber-frame structures. They can be made on site and offer exceptional fire resistance. Such buildings must be designed to accommodate the poor thermal insulating properties of mudbrick, however, and usually have deep eaves or a veranda on
2114:
The cruck frame design is among the earliest, and was in use by the early 13th century, with its use continuing to the present day, although rarely after the 18th century. Since the 18th century however, many existing cruck structures have been modified, with the original cruck framework becoming
1697:
identify the place where to cut joints and bore peg holes; carpenters also marked the location on a timber where they had levelled it, as part of the building process, and called these "level lines"; sometimes they made a mark two feet from a critical location, which was then called the "two-foot
1430:
Timber members in this type of framing system were connected with ferrous timber connectors of various types. Loads between timber members were transmitted using split-rings (larger loads), toothed rings (lighter loads), or spiked grid connectors. Split-ring connectors were metal rings sandwiched
1271:
conform t floor dimensions above, but are at right angles to the jetty-plates that conform to the shorter dimensions of "roof" of the floor below. Jetty beams are mortised at 45° into the sides of the dragon beams. They are the main constituents of the cantilever system, and determine how far the
2136:
It is often claimed that timber-framed buildings in
Britain contain reused ships' timbers. This belief is dismissed by experts, who point out that curved timbers are rarely suitable, that salt is destructive to cellulose in the wood, and that ships' timbers are generally slight compared to cruck
2128:
Generally speaking, the size of timbers used in construction, and the quality of the workmanship reflect the wealth and status of their owners. Small cottages often used quite small cross-section timbers which would have been deemed unsuitable by others. Some of these small cottages also have a
2083:
which is a half-timbering style of many studs spaced about the width of the studs apart (for example six-inch studs spaced six inches apart) until the middle of the 16th century and sometimes wider spacing after that time. Close studding was an elite style found mostly on expensive buildings. A
2078:
Historic timber-frame construction in
England (and the rest of the United Kingdom) showed regional variation which has been divided into the "eastern school", the "western school", and the "northern school", although the characteristic types of framing in these schools can be found in the other
4446:
The use of timber framing in buildings offers various aesthetic and structural benefits, as the timber frame lends itself to open plan designs and allows for complete enclosure in effective insulation for energy efficiency. In modern construction, a timber-frame structure offers many benefits:
3660:
The Swedish mostly built log houses but they do have traditions of several types of timber framing: Some of the following links are written in Swedish. Most of the half-timbered houses in Sweden were built during the Danish time and are located in what until 1658 used to be Danish territory in
1401:
During World War II, the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Canadian Military Engineers undertook to construct airplane hangars using this timber construction system in order to conserve steel. Wood hangars were constructed throughout North America and employed various technologies
2096:, and many other shapes. The northern school sometimes used posts which landed on the foundation rather than on a sill beam, the sill joining to the sides of the posts and called an interrupted sill. Another northern style was to use close studding but in a herring-bone or chevron pattern.
1472:
or other mechanical fasteners, whereas timber framing uses the traditional mortise and tenon or more complex joints that are usually fastened using only wooden pegs. Modern complex structures and timber trusses often incorporate steel joinery such as gusset plates, for both structural and
1134:
in the 18th century. It used housed joints in main timbers to allow for interchangeable braces and girts. Today, standardized timber sizing means that timber framing can be incorporated into mass-production methods as per the joinery industry, especially where timber is cut by precision
651:
of clay and chalk with a binder such as grass or straw and water or urine. When the manufacturing of bricks increased, brick infill replaced the less durable infills and became more common. Stone laid in mortar as an infill was used in areas where stone rubble and mortar were available.
4528:
strains and deform, shift position or both. This is a major structural issue as the house may deviate several degrees from perpendicular to its foundations (in the x-axis, y-axis, and even z-axis) and thus be unsafe and unstable or so out of square it is extremely costly to remedy.
730:, or left exposed. When left exposed, both the framing and infill were sometimes done in a decorative manner. Germany is famous for its decorative half-timbering and the figures sometimes have names and meanings. The decorative manner of half-timbering is promoted in Germany by the
1681:
Assembly or marriage marks were used to identify the individual timbers. Assembly marks include numbering to identify the pieces of the frame. The numbering can be similar to Roman numerals except the number four is IIII and nine is VIIII. These marks are chiseled, cut with a
967:, published in several volumes from 1823 to 1829. She uses the term picturesquely: "...passing through a gate in a quickset hedge, we arrived at the porch of an old half-timbered cottage, where an aged man and woman received us." By 1842, half-timbered had found its way into
2716:
1502:
is another alternative where straw bales are stacked for nonload-bearing infill with various finishes applied to the interior and exterior such as stucco and plaster. This appeals to the traditionalist and the environmentalist as this is using "found" materials to build.
3823:
All of these buildings disappeared as a consequence of this small provincial town of Christiania becoming the capital of independent Norway in 1814. This caused a rapid growth, with the population rising from 10 000 to 250 000 by 1900. Increasing prices caused a massive
1483:
An alternate construction method is with concrete flooring with extensive use of glass. This allows a solid construction combined with open architecture. Some firms have specialized in industrial prefabrication of such residential and light commercial structures such as
4206:
This technique of a timber frame walls filled in with horizontal planks or logs proved better suited to the harsh climates of Québec and Acadia, which at the same time had abundant wood. It became popular throughout New France, as far afield as southern Louisiana. The
1613:
Europe is full of timber-framed structures dating back hundreds of years, including manors, castles, homes, and inns, whose architecture and techniques of construction have evolved over the centuries. In Asia, timber-framed structures are found, many of them temples.
4536:
or half-timbered houses includes the following, though many can be avoided by thoughtful design and application of suitable paints and surface treatments and routine maintenance. Often, though when dealing with a structure of a century or more old, it is too late.
3132:) as filling in-between the timber frame. However, the half-timbered houses which can be observed nowadays have been built in regions that were historically German or had significant German cultural influence. As these regions were at some point parts of German
5941:
942:
was used informally to mean timber-framed construction in the Middle Ages. For economy, cylindrical logs were cut in half, so one log could be used for two (or more) posts. The shaved side was traditionally on the exterior and everyone knew it to be half the
307:(U.S.) or crossframe (UK); the individual timbers are each called a blade. More than 4,000 cruck frame buildings have been recorded in the UK. Several types of cruck frames are used; more information follows in English style below and at the main article
435:
are common in the U.S., the Netherlands, and Germany. Aisled buildings are wider than the simpler box-framed or cruck-framed buildings, and typically have purlins supporting the rafters. In northern Germany, this construction is known as variations of
3357:
or rubble laid in a clay mortar and then plastered over with white chalk or nogged with bricks. Although the entire supporting structure is made of wood, the timbering is only visible on the main façade, which is generally oriented to the southeast.
4199:
posts and can slide up and down or the horizontal pieces fit into individual mortises in the posts and are pegged and the gaps between the pieces chinked (filled in with stones or chips of wood covered with mud or moss briefly discussed in
919:
3849:
4188:(posts on a sill) is a general term for any kind of framing on a sill. However, sometimes it specifically refers to "vertical log construction" like poteaux-en-terre placed on sills with the spaces between the timbers infilled.
3614:
4489:
The generally larger spaces between the frames enable greater flexibility in the placement, at construction or afterwards, of windows and doors with less resulting weakening of the structural integrity and the need for heavy
819:
903:
1768:
Many historic hand tools used by timber framers for thousands of years have similarities, but vary in shape. Electrically powered tools first became available in the 1920s in the U.S. and continue to evolve. See the
5074:
Kessler, Karl; Custodis, Paul-Georg; Lang, Helmut R.; Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald; Elenz, Reinhold; Schrammel-Schäl, Nortrud G.; Kreisverwaltung des Westerwaldkreises; Schumacher, Angela; Weinert, Peter P. (1987).
2767:
1686:(a tool to cut lines and circles in wood), or saw cuts. The numbering can also be in Arabic numerals which are often written with a red grease pencil or crayon. German and French carpenters made some unique marks. (
3526:) show many examples of Belgian timber framing. Many post-and-beam houses can be found in cities and villages, but, unlike France, the United Kingdom, and Germany, there are few fully timber framed cityscapes.
212:, and in many cases the infill between timbers will be used for decorative effect. The country most known for this kind of architecture is Germany, where timber-framed houses are spread all over the country.
4249:(c. 1741), York, York County, Pennsylvania, which has the ground level of corner-post construction with the second floor of fachwerk (half timbered) and was built for a German with other Germanic features.
2597:
usually has a foundation of stone, or sometimes brick, perhaps up to several feet (a couple of metres) high, which the timber framework is mortised into or, more rarely, supports an irregular wooden sill.
177:
1338:
In the advanced manner, called frame construction, each story is constructed like a case, and the whole building is constructed like a pile of such cases. This frame construction in German is called
2107:
As houses were modified to cope with changing demands there sometimes were a combination of styles within a single timber-frame construction. The major types of historic framing in England are
1009:
in his books on architecture as a timber frame with wattlework infill. However, the same term is used to describe timber frames with an infill of stone rubble laid in mortar the Romans called
759:
643:
is now confusingly applied to a Roman stone/mortar infill as well. Similar methods to wattle and daub were also used and known by various names, such as clam staff and daub, cat-and-clay, or
3696:. Stave construction is a traditional timber frame with walls of vertical planks, the posts and planks landing in a sill on a foundation. Similar construction with earthfast posts is called
4516:
In some cases, it is more economical to build anew using authentic techniques and correct period materials than restore. One major problem with older structures is the phenomenon known as
4462:
in a shop, without the need for a machine or hand-cut production line. This allows faster erection on site and more precise alignments. Valley and hip timbers are not typically pre-fitted.
1582:
times, and have been used in many parts of the world during various periods such as ancient Japan, continental Europe, and Neolithic Denmark, England, France, Germany, Spain, parts of the
2670:
is thought to be the earliest method of connecting the wall plates and tie beams and is particularly identified with Swabia. A later innovation (also pioneered in Swabia) was the use of
2346:
1261:(horizontal piece) on which the projecting wall above rests, stretches across the whole width of the jetty wall. The bressummer is itself cantilevered forward, beyond the wall below it.
3768:
is common. All but one surviving stave churches are in Norway, one in Sweden. Replicas of stave churches and other Norwegian building types have been reproduced elsewhere, e.g. at the
2922:
2867:
1827:
in East Anglia, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, and Cheshire, where one of the most elaborate surviving English examples of half-timbered construction is
6343:
A good introductory book on carpentry and joinery from 1898 in London, England is titled Carpentry & Joinery by Frederick G. Webber and is a free ebook in the public domain:
2266:
1203:. If required, smaller timbers were ripsawn from the hewn baulks using pitsaws or frame saws. Today, timbers are more commonly bandsawn, and the timbers may sometimes be machine-
771:
3262:
6376:
For an English summary of important points presented in the Dutch language book Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940 (Wooden Roofs in the Netherlands: 1000–1940) use this link
860:
3808:
until the 18th century. Timber framing of the type used in large parts of Europe appeared occasionally in late medieval towns, but never became common, except for the capital
1598:
and southern Sweden. Timber framing is rare in Russia, Finland, northern Sweden, and Norway, where tall and straight lumber, such as pine and spruce, is readily available and
383:
2851:
3361:
Although the typical Basque house is now mostly associated with half-timbering, the outer walls and the fire-walls were built in masonry (rubble stone, bricks or, ideally,
1991:
6250:
3883:
707:
became the standard infill after the manufacturing of bricks made them more available and less expensive. Half-timbered walls may be covered by siding materials including
543:
315:
True cruck or full cruck: blades, straight or curved, extend from ground or foundation to the ridge acting as the principal rafters. A full cruck does not need a tie beam.
4116:(Brazil), where Germans settled. Later, they chose more suitable building materials for local conditions (most likely because of the great problem of tropical termites.)
2699:
In addition there is a myriad of regional scrollwork and fretwork designs of the non-loadbearing large timbers (braces) peculiar to particularly wealthy towns or cities.
2580:
and Switzerland) have more decoration using timber because of greater forest reserves in those areas. During the 19th century, a form of decorative timber-framing called
606:
3462:
6213:
367:
2362:
1319:
In the older (medieval) manner, called post construction, the vertical elements continue from the groundwork to the roof. This post construction in German is called
582:
570:
1972:
3621:
3523:
3353:. Big holes were left in the gable of the main façade for ventilation. The wooden beams were painted over, mostly in dark red. The vacancies were filled in with
2612:
In West Central German and Franconian timber-work houses (particularly in the Central Rhine and Moselle): the windows most commonly lie between the rails of the
1303:
2043:
4774:
3068:
2023:
7961:
3551:
2678:
tenons). The timbers were initially placed with the tenons left an inch or two out of intended position and later driven home after becoming fully seasoned.
4654:
benefit from the unique properties of large timbers, which char on the outside, forming an insulated layer that protects the rest of the beam from burning.
3232:
2801:
2330:
4984:
The lady of the manor being a series of conversations on the subject of confirmation. Intended for the use of the middle and higher ranks of young females
2228:) and mortised at the top into the plate. The openings were filled with many materials including mud and straw, wattle and daub, or horsehair and gypsum.
1085:
Traditional timber framing is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with various joints, commonly and originally with
4176:
or "earthfast" construction. The tops of the posts are joined to a beam and the spaces between are filled in with natural materials called bousillage or
4211:
used this technique for many of its trading posts, and this style of framing becoming known as Hudson Bay style or Hudson Bay corners. Also used by the
3250:
807:
4372:
2385:
456:, brick, and stone. The plaster coating which originally covered the infill and timbers is mostly gone. This building is in the central German city of
5909:
3895:
3834:
271:
framing). The distinction presented here is that the roof load is carried by the exterior walls. Purlins are also found even in plain timber frames.
2702:
A unique type of timber-frame house can be found in the region where the borders of Germany, the Czech Republic, and Poland meet – it is called the
1953:
4800:
2907:
1275:
The jetty-plates are designed to carry the jetty beams. The jetty plates themselves are supported by the corner posts of the recessed floor below.
5927:
3958:, allowed economically viable widespread use of protective wood covering over framework. In the late 17th century the Dutch introduced vertical
3116:
Historically, the majority of Polish cities as well as their central marketplaces possessed timber-framed dwellings and housing. Throughout the
2988:
1698:
mark". These marks are typically scratched on the timber with an awl-like tool until later in the 19th century, when they started using pencils.
4405:. During the 1920s increasingly minimal gestures towards some half-timbering in commercial speculative housebuilding saw the fashion diminish.
3820:
and the less affluent to use timber framing in the Danish manner. During the next two centuries, 50 per cent of the houses were timber framed.
3816:
ordered the town to be relocated to a new site. He outlawed log building to prevent future conflagrations and required wealthy burghers to use
2314:
2111:, box frame, and aisled construction. From the box frame, more complex framed buildings such as the Wealden House and Jettied house developed.
4164:(torchis), straw coated with mud and hung over horizontal staves (or otherwise held in place), colombage an eclisses, and colombage a lattes.
3410:
1025:
A variation of the second meaning of half-timbered: the ground floor is log and the upper floor is framed (half-timbered in the first sense).
3314:
The Spanish generally follow the Mediterranean forms of architecture with stone walls and shallow roof pitch. Timber framing is often of the
2084:
principal style of the western school is the use of square panels of roughly equal size and decorative framing utilizing many shapes such as
1748:
on trestles; on right carpenters striking a mortising chisel with a mallet and boring a hole with a T-auger; lower right on ground a two-man
1264:
The dragon-beam which runs diagonally from one corner to another, and supports the corner posts above and supported by the corner posts below
3864:
1636:
had all the necessary techniques for this construction. The earliest surviving (French) half-timbered buildings date from the 12th century.
6079:
6052:
3202:
2730:, built in 1346; in the past suggested as the oldest timber-frame house in Germany; nowadays 3 older houses are known only in Quedlinburg.
7951:
6160:
3746:
844:
6402:
4486:
Consequently, there are many half-timbered houses which still stand despite the foundation having partially caved in over the centuries.
3532:
4157:
New England, which was originally employed by the English settlers, fell out of favour soon after the colonies had become established.
3385:
3295:
2929:
2817:
3598:
3450:
2833:
2007:
3193:
5293:
3020:
2887:
2234:
747:
4861:
888:
5130:
3914:
2751:
1715:
Other markings in old buildings are called "ritual marks", which were often signs the occupants felt would protect them from harm.
8124:
1937:
1235:
sill-beams (also called ground-sills or sole-pieces, at the bottom of a wall into which posts and studs are fitted using tenons),
6238:
3238:
2298:
594:
351:
3478:
3269:
3858:
detail. Note how the sills lap and the post fits around the sills. The post is the stave from which these buildings are named.
2282:
1037:(1873) which distinguishes full-timbered houses from half-timbered, with half-timber houses having a ground floor in stone or
6443:
6371:
6197:
5967:
5889:
5828:
5084:
4846:
3420:
houses resembling old Basque farmsteads, with more or less respect for the principles of traditional half-timbered building.
3327:
2684:
The most characteristic feature is the spacing between the posts and the high placement of windows. Panels are enclosed by a
1153:
A jetty is an upper floor which sometimes historically used a structural horizontal beam, supported on cantilevers, called a
876:
102:
6220:
1468:
10-in) range. The methods of fastening the frame members also differ. In conventional framing, the members are joined using
516:
5406:"The Shakespeare Hotel- Stratford Upon Avon:: OS grid SP2054: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!"
4469:. This stage of preparing the assembled frame for the installation of windows, mechanical systems, and roofing is known as
3438:
2942:
1873:
74:
4264:
are H-framing also known as dropped-tie framing in the U.S. and the similar anchor beam framing as found in the New World
3004:
1306:
bracing (a decorative and supporting style of frame, usually at 45° to the upright and horizontal directions of the frame)
7936:
4316:
3036:
765:
Two curved saltires also called St. Andrews crosses during repairs to a building in Germany: The infill has been removed.
618:
5775:
4412:(Mock Tudor), the half-timbered appearance is superimposed on the brickwork or other material as an outside decorative
3786:
construction, consisting of a series of transversal frames of two posts and a connecting beam, supporting two parallel
795:
6053:"Corner-Post Log Construction: Description, Analysis, and Sources – A Report to Early American Industries Association"
5162:
5119:
TECO Timber Engineering Company. "Specify Timber with the TECO System for Industrial and Commercial Structures". 1950.
5077:
Fachwerk im Westerwald: Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald, Hachenburg, Ausstellung vom 11. September 1987 bis 30 April 1988
4569:
traditional gypsum, or wattle and daub containing organic materials (animal hair, straw, manure) which then decompose.
3052:
959:, but it is the standard English name for this style. One of the first people to publish the term "half-timbered" was
81:
8905:
8081:
7966:
6360:
6352:
6334:
6300:
6284:
6137:
5750:
5667:
5551:
5525:
5495:
5409:
5383:
5323:
4943:
121:
5641:
5469:
5353:
2736:
2250:
423:
than the posts in the exterior walls. This is the same concept of the aisle in church buildings, sometimes called a
8895:
7941:
5611:
5492:"Pembridge, Market Hall and New Inn:: OS grid SO3958: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!"
5439:
4304:
1586:, and Scotland. The timber-framing technique has historically been popular in climate zones which favour deciduous
279:
6188:
Bengtsson, Charlotte (1999). "Mechano-sorptive creep of wood in tension and compression". In Boström, Lars (ed.).
5581:
4548:
poor prevention of capillary movement of water within any exposed timber, leading to afore-described creep, or rot
3629:
3217:
1917:
8371:
4386:), though in Tudor times half-timbering had begun to look rustic and was increasingly limited to village houses (
3620:
Unskilled worker's thatched cottage (Hingeon 19th century) transplanted and reconstituted in the open-air museum
2212:
features two techniques: frameworks were built of four evenly spaced regularly hewn timbers set into the ground (
2115:
hidden. Aisled barns are of two or three aisled types, the oldest surviving aisled barn being the barley barn at
1157:
or 'jetty bressummer' to bear the weight of the new wall, projecting outward from the preceding floor or storey.
55:
4563:
non-beveled vertical beams (posts and clapboards) allow water absorption and retention through capillary action.
4172:(posts in ground) is a type of timber framing with the many vertical posts or studs buried in the ground called
4152:. The style had its origins in Normandy, and was brought to Canada by early Norman settlers. The Men's House at
3426:
1476:
Recently, it has become common practice to enclose the timber structure entirely in manufactured panels such as
1119:
or axe) and sawn timbers, two main carpentry methods were employed: scribe carpentry and square rule carpentry.
979:
of exposed timbered beams and infilled spaces created the distinctive "half-timbered", or occasionally termed, "
88:
8885:
8849:
8838:
7946:
5800:
5716:
5269:
5040:
4907:
4882:
4862:
Vitruvious On Architecture (translated in 1931 from the eighth century Latin), Book II, Chapter 8, paragraph 20
4454:
It is well suited to prefabrication, modular construction, and mass-production. Timbers can be pre-fit within
4435:
4355:
4046:
3349:. In the oldest farmsteads and, if existing, in the third floor the walls were sometimes covered with vertical
783:
59:
6366:
Timber Buildings. Low-energy constructions. Cristina Benedetti, Bolzano 2010, Bozen-Bolzano University Press,
4545:(weather-seasonally induced) and mechano-sorptive (moisture induced) creep of wood in tension and compression.
4013:
1389:
8880:
7956:
7666:
6684:
5548:"Historic buildings in Ludlow:: OS grid SO5174: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!"
4136:, half-timbered construction with the infill between the posts and studs of stone rubble and lime plaster or
2337:
1998:
1701:
Occasionally, carpenters or owners marked a date and/or their initials in the wood, but not like masons left
5006:
3946:
The Netherlands is often overlooked for its timbered houses, yet many exist, including windmills. It was in
8091:
7293:
4074:
As the result of centuries of German settlement and cultural influence, towns in the Baltic states such as
3583:
3104:
1843:
1770:
1532:, and various connection types. In the United States, structural frames are then designed according to the
1199:
Historically, the timbers would have been hewn square using a felling axe and then surface-finished with a
531:
70:
17:
1419:
improves air circulation and drying around the members which improves resistance to moisture borne decay.
8262:
8117:
6038:
Common places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, referencing V. Gordon Childe, The Bronze Age
4675:
4371:
When half-timbering regained popularity in Britain after 1860 in the various revival styles, such as the
4364:
4096:
Most "haft-timbered" houses existing in Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Texas were built by German settlers.
4091:
3166:
in southwestern Poland. There are also numerous examples of timber-framed secular structures such as the
1033:
A less common meaning of the term "half-timbered" is found in the fourth edition of John Henry Parker's
295:, England: The cruck blades are the tall, curved timbers which extend from near the ground to the ridge.
259:
A simple timber frame made of straight vertical and horizontal pieces with a common rafter roof without
8890:
8391:
8386:
7143:
6377:
4482:
it offers some structural benefits as the timber frame, if properly engineered, lends itself to better
4466:
3963:
bents and the three basic types of roof framing are the rafter roof, purlin roof, and ridge-post roof.
3769:
3277:
3242:
2777:(i.e. little place), the worldwide known timber frame ensemble, as the southern end of the Old town in
1563:
1477:
4960:
3567:
8762:
8359:
7971:
7890:
7109:
6436:
403:
4058:
3706:
construction where many vertical wall timbers or planks have their feet buried in the ground called
2576:
similar to that of the nearby Netherlands and England while the more southerly states (most notably
8727:
8666:
8167:
6246:
4727:
4144:
in France. Colombage was used from the earliest settlement until the 18th century but was known as
2914:
2778:
2758:
2448:
2421:
1238:
noggin-pieces (the horizontal timbers forming the tops and bottoms of the frames of infill panels),
731:
3192:
Another world-class type of wooden building Poland shares with some neighboring countries are its
2786:
2377:
318:
Base cruck: tops of the blades are truncated by the first transverse member such as by a tie beam.
8870:
8747:
8327:
7323:
6471:
6466:
4749:
4715:
4608:
4420:
4340:
4208:
3959:
2696:, and are crossed by two rails between which the windows are placed—like "two eyes peering out".
1885:
1824:
1728:
German carpenters in 1880: The tools, from left to right, are: a cart loaded with timbers, rough
1533:
1499:
419:
Aisled frames have one or more rows of interior posts. These interior posts typically carry more
48:
6396:
6190:
1st International RILEM Symposium on Timber Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, 13–14 September 1999
5960:
1st International RILEM Symposium on Timber Engineering: Stockholm, Sweden, 13–14 September 1999
2273:
2130:
1300:(slanting beams giving extra support between horizontal or vertical members of the timber frame)
1108:
the joints with allowance of about 1 inch (25 mm), enough room for the wood to move as it '
1053:
8827:
8317:
8312:
8110:
8048:
7129:
7099:
7094:
6800:
6086:
6056:
5866:. Heimatland Lippe: Zeitschrift d. Lippischen Heimatbundes. Vol. 7. Lippischer Heimatbund.
4710:
4705:
4700:
4149:
4109:
3870:
2898:
1516:
1452:
1415:
1073:) upper storeys of an English half-timbered village terraced house, the jetties plainly visible
6153:
4451:
It is rapidly erected. A moderately sized timber-frame home can be erected within 2 to 3 days.
4319:). Asian framing is significantly different from western framing, with its predominant use of
3999:
there are few examples of this type of architecture, most of those buildings being located in
2170:
1781:
8464:
8366:
7114:
6963:
6825:
6737:
4935:
3939:
3519:
3330:
have the most representative examples of the use of timber framing in the Iberian Peninsula.
2463:. It is more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) long, crossing Germany through the states of
2073:
1529:
5821:
The arts and architecture of German settlements in Missouri: a survey of a vanishing culture
3490:
Switzerland has many styles of timber framing which overlap with its neighboring countries.
1732:
with felling axes; in the green coat is the master carpenter carrying his tools including a
1677:
Carpenters' marks are markings left on the timbers of wooden buildings during construction.
95:
8900:
8212:
8071:
7976:
7860:
7751:
7245:
6925:
6905:
6845:
6429:
4521:
4246:
3972:
3840:
3511:
3499:
2703:
2547:
2523:
1978:
1493:
1403:
1297:
960:
267:
is not well defined and has been used for any kind of framing (with the usual exception of
5882:
Fachwerkhäuser in Deutschland: Konstruktion, Gestalt und Nutzung vom Mittelalter bis heute
2484:
1773:
for basic descriptions and images of unusual tools (The list is incomplete at this time).
498:= partitions), which are then filled-in with some kind of nonstructural material known as
8:
8610:
7701:
7696:
7230:
7215:
7195:
7190:
7066:
6948:
5285:
4739:
4376:
4284:
roofs, five sided ridge beams, plank-frame construction and plank-wall construction. The
4260:
Characteristics of traditional timber framing in the parts of the U.S. formerly known as
4100:
North Carolina has fine examples of German fachwerk buildings. Many are still present in
2933:
2710:). This type has a timber frame surrounding a log structure on part of the ground floor.
2369:
1982:
1889:
1828:
928:
can be built with half-timber walls. This house is in the Ryedale Folk Museum in England.
328:
150:
5184:
4476:
it can be customized with carvings or incorporate heirloom structures such as barns etc.
4032:
3507:
3319:
1559:
8527:
7759:
7269:
7205:
6830:
6785:
6557:
6517:
5235:
5227:
5135:(Unpublished master's thesis). Corvallis, OR.: School of Forestry, Oregon State College
4732:
4312:
3855:
2555:
1858:
1820:
1712:" cut into them which were numbers used to keep track of quantities of lumber (timber).
1656:
1571:
1360:
1188:
909:
Square-panel half-timbering with fired brick infill: Square paneling is typical of the
697:
692:
without any wooden support. The wall surfaces on the interior were often "ceiled" with
197:
5688:
Cruck Construction: an introduction and catalogue (CBA Research Report 42), pp. 61–92.
3889:
An example of grindverk framing. The tie beams are captured in slots in the post tops.
2125:
was introduced in the 13th century and continued to be used through the 16th century.
976:
8875:
8792:
8737:
8557:
8277:
8232:
8053:
7910:
7741:
7721:
7308:
7051:
6775:
6617:
6367:
6356:
6348:
6344:
6330:
6296:
6280:
6193:
6133:
5963:
5921:
5885:
5824:
5796:
5771:
5746:
5712:
5265:
5239:
5080:
5036:
4939:
4903:
4878:
4842:
4643:
4620:
4560:
timber ends, joints, and corners poorly protected through coatings, shape or position
4525:
4455:
4431:
4293:
4113:
3539:
3503:
3163:
3109:
2995:
2894:
2689:
2671:
2569:
A brief overview of styles follows, as a full inclusion of all styles is impossible.
2049:
1900:
programs demonstrating the building technique are available at both these locations.
1548:
1136:
1090:
1058:
777:
Several forms of 'man' figures are found in Germany; this one is called a 'wild man'.
483:
468:
304:
205:
201:
4020:
2153:
Elaborately half-timbered houses of the 13th through 18th centuries still remain in
1639:
Important resources for the study and appreciation of historic building methods are
8782:
8777:
8767:
8732:
8686:
8396:
8252:
8157:
7711:
7686:
7661:
7631:
7288:
6870:
6765:
6532:
6322:
5219:
4927:
4720:
4554:
that are too narrow or non-existent (thus allowing total exposure to rain and snow)
4465:
As an alternative to the traditional infill methods, the frame can be encased with
4348:
4289:
4212:
4168:
4153:
3142:(lit. Prussian wall) in Polish. A distinctive type of house associated with mostly
3112:
in southwestern Poland are the largest religious timberframed structures in Europe.
2535:
2413:
1687:
1595:
1489:
1123:
910:
408:
193:
8247:
1369:
216:
8797:
8302:
8043:
7656:
7592:
7366:
7086:
7056:
7016:
6930:
6632:
6412:
4982:
4754:
4744:
4695:
4580:
4320:
4216:
are apparently not found in France but exist in Germany and Switzerland known as
4184:
3717:
3366:
3354:
3350:
3315:
3125:
3121:
3027:
2674: – builders left timbers to season which were held in place by wooden pegs (
2527:
2440:
2436:
2116:
2099:
2085:
1835:
1702:
1640:
1469:
1367:
framing where the posts extend all the way to the ridge beams. Germans call this
1364:
1332:
1097:
is used to prevent "racking", or movement of structural vertical beams or posts.
838:
The collection of elements in half timbering are sometimes given specific names:
723:
712:
636:
457:
453:
420:
412:
339:
181:
5987:. Delftse Universitaire Pers, Delft / Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg, Zeist.
5846:
Die Fachwerkhäuser der Stadt Braunschweig: ein kunst und kulturhistorisches Bild
4038:
4004:
3415:
3185:(Germany) is also found in the neighboring areas of Poland, particularly in the
2646:
Holstein fachwerk houses are famed for their massive 12-inch (30 cm) beams.
2498:-listed town, which has over 1200 half-timbered houses spanning five centuries;
2079:
regions (except the northern school). A characteristic of the eastern school is
708:
208:
timber is left exposed on the exterior of the building it may be referred to as
8722:
8701:
8681:
8572:
8376:
8022:
8012:
7920:
7880:
7676:
7671:
7636:
7587:
7562:
7552:
7542:
7356:
7119:
6815:
6622:
6607:
6507:
6021:
Edwards, Jay Dearborn; Verton, Nicolas (2004). ""colombage pierroté" def. 1.".
5073:
4573:
4261:
4195:
4173:
3971:
Half-timbered houses can be found in Romania mostly in areas once inhabited by
3723:
3707:
3346:
3059:
2507:
2080:
1897:
1626:
1607:
1422:
1224:
996:
894:
689:
680:
215:
The method comes from working directly from logs and trees rather than pre-cut
4252:
Settlers in New France also built horizontal log, brick, and stone buildings.
2858:
2659:
1544:
1536:
method or the Load Reduced Factor Design method (the latter being preferred).
1184:
1168:
exemplifies this, where jettied houses seem to almost touch above the street.
8864:
8752:
8671:
8661:
8567:
8522:
8515:
8182:
7992:
7885:
7855:
7557:
7527:
7522:
7512:
7459:
7313:
7298:
7260:
7210:
7200:
6953:
6910:
6667:
6592:
6542:
6502:
6497:
6391:
4680:
4587:
4402:
4397:
and rambling half-timbered beach houses appeared on dune-front properties in
4331:
4101:
3947:
3901:
3828:, which resulted in all wooden structures being replaced with office blocks.
3825:
3483:
3334:
3178:
3075:
2874:
2468:
1801:
1741:
1094:
1077:
1001:
631:
556:
448:
292:
240:
3992:
3934:
1315:
Historically were two different systems of the position of posts and studs:
8656:
8605:
8542:
8479:
8292:
8257:
8222:
8197:
7805:
7800:
7736:
7691:
7681:
7646:
7577:
7572:
7532:
7504:
7439:
7424:
7361:
7333:
7277:
7273:
7265:
6935:
6915:
6652:
6627:
6612:
6572:
6537:
6103:
5663:
5547:
5517:
5491:
5405:
5315:
5154:
4398:
4336:
4285:
3813:
3773:
3765:
3751:
3742:
3741:
Norway has at least two significant types of timber-framed structures: the
3693:
3398:
To a lesser extent timbered houses are also found in villages and towns as
2962:
Several half-timbered houses can be found in Northern Italy, especially in
2464:
1959:
1904:
1903:
One of the surviving streets lined with almost-touching houses is known as
1753:
1749:
1665:
1618:
1583:
1567:
1520:
holes, and other factors. There are design specifications for sawn lumber,
1407:
1204:
1165:
1038:
980:
972:
236:
5633:
5461:
5375:
5345:
4987:. Vol. 5. Wellington, Salop. London: F. Houlston and Son. p. 168
4557:
too much exterior detailing that does not allow adequate rainwater run-off
3950:
where the import of cheaper timber, combined with the Dutch innovation of
8802:
8787:
8772:
8436:
8322:
8177:
8027:
8017:
7905:
7731:
7716:
7582:
7567:
7517:
7464:
7429:
7371:
7318:
7250:
6991:
6707:
6657:
6452:
5603:
5431:
4598:
4409:
4395:
The Half-Timber House: Its Origin, Design, Modern Plan, and Construction,
4382:
4277:
3805:
3683:
3390:
3381:
3117:
2839:
2743:
2723:
2587:
2491:
2145:
2034:
1881:
1877:
1709:
1694:
1652:
1460:
1411:
1131:
1109:
1042:
1026:
925:
693:
560:
499:
424:
324:
Middle cruck: blades land on masonry wall, and are truncated by a collar.
244:
139:
6406:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 836.
6192:. RILEM proceedings. Vol. 8. RILEM Publications. pp. 317–327.
5962:. RILEM proceedings. Vol. 8. RILEM Publications. pp. 317–327.
5573:
4642:
that are non-destructive to the wood but are harmful to humans, such as
4360:
4075:
3976:
3764:
essentially means a framed church, a distinction made in a region where
1610:(split) in half provided the complete skeletal framing of the building.
1065:
8625:
8592:
8474:
8451:
8344:
8267:
8227:
8162:
7915:
7870:
7651:
7597:
7547:
7537:
7489:
7479:
7434:
7376:
7341:
7281:
7036:
7026:
7021:
6885:
6840:
6689:
6602:
6567:
6395:
6183:
6181:
5115:
5113:
4685:
4662:
4650:
4459:
4265:
4224:
when beams are used as the infill. In Sweden the technique is known as
4177:
4137:
4125:
3787:
3323:
2693:
2685:
2613:
2531:
2089:
1819:
Molded plaster ornamentation, pargetting further enriched some English
1786:
1683:
1447:
1258:
1154:
674:
656:
374:
232:
134:
5953:
5951:
5231:
5207:
5147:
5060:(4th ed.). Poole, Dorset: New Orchard Editions. pp. 178–179.
3151:
3092:
1800:
Some of the earliest known timber houses in Europe have been found in
1439:
8635:
8630:
8510:
8505:
8459:
8441:
8349:
8272:
8217:
8207:
8202:
7850:
7820:
7815:
7706:
7641:
7484:
7469:
7444:
7255:
7235:
7180:
7170:
7104:
7076:
7011:
6647:
6582:
6527:
6522:
6512:
6159:. Orange, CA: Technical Services Information Bureau. September 2008.
4690:
4616:
4200:
4105:
4097:
3996:
3874:
3817:
3801:
3797:
3732:. This is a traditional timber frame with walls of horizontal planks.
3399:
3286:
3224:
3209:
3171:
3143:
2881:(Saxony). The timber frame is outside a log wall on the ground floor.
2667:
2606:
2511:
2476:
2392:
1924:
1893:
1839:
1809:
1805:
1733:
1633:
1599:
1579:
1552:
1220:
1112:', then cut the pegs, and drive the beam home fully into its socket.
1101:
1086:
1006:
991:
The most ancient known half-timbered building is called the House of
734:, several planned routes people can drive to see notable examples of
704:
486:
timber, creating spaces between the timbers called panels (in German
6178:
5110:
3984:
3980:
3097:
2093:
1335:
method common in North America until the middle of the 20th century.
37:
8808:
8742:
8651:
8620:
8600:
8582:
8562:
8552:
8532:
8484:
8431:
8414:
8354:
8332:
8282:
7830:
7810:
7454:
7419:
7155:
7031:
6958:
6900:
6865:
6860:
6757:
6676:
6587:
6552:
6547:
5948:
5223:
4603:
4344:
3951:
3703:
3666:
3590:
3403:
3342:
3283:
3256:
Granary in Bydgoszcz, built in 1795 upon 15th-century gothic cellar
3162:). The biggest timber-framed religious buildings in Europe are the
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2949:
2824:
2808:
2793:
2582:
2515:
2182:
2122:
2053:
2014:
1813:
1757:
1737:
1587:
1485:
1456:
1200:
1148:
1105:
1070:
669:
523:
502:. The frame is often left exposed on the exterior of the building.
358:
321:
Raised cruck: blades land on masonry wall, and extend to the ridge.
224:
5069:
5067:
4932:
The Buildings of England: Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West
4646:. These fungi may also thrive on many "modern" building materials.
4428:
Roundwood Timber Framing: Building Naturally Using Local Resources
3662:
3543:
3302:
2427:
1724:
588:
The wattle and daub was covered with a decorated layer of plaster.
464:
8717:
8691:
8615:
8426:
8419:
8381:
8339:
8007:
8002:
7895:
7865:
7825:
7769:
7623:
7602:
7494:
7449:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7381:
7351:
7346:
7220:
7124:
7061:
7006:
6895:
6850:
6805:
6727:
6717:
6702:
6597:
6577:
4612:
4591:
3955:
3670:
3605:
3515:
3374:
3338:
3186:
3167:
3133:
3079:
2971:
2843:
2577:
2519:
2480:
2417:
2289:
2186:
2154:
2057:
1944:
1866:
1790:
1745:
1525:
390:
288:
196:, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and
8102:
4430:
by Ben Law (East Meon, Hampshire: Permanent Publications; 2010.
4416:
rather than forming the main frame that supports the structure.
3975:, in cities, towns and villages with Germanic influence such as
3468:
Timbered house from Guadilla de Villamar (Spain). Popular style.
2205:. Alsace is the region with the most timbered houses in France.
1241:
wall-plates (at the top of timber-framed walls that support the
1021:
247:
tools, artisans or framers could gradually assemble a building.
8676:
8577:
8537:
8242:
8237:
8152:
8141:
7997:
7726:
7474:
7225:
7175:
7071:
7041:
6981:
6855:
6780:
6742:
6695:
6562:
6480:
6003:
Wood, brick, and stone: the North American settlement landscape
5100:
5064:
4801:"Timber framing – A rediscovered technique for building a home"
4639:
4413:
4281:
4024:
4000:
3791:
3636:
3362:
3182:
3147:
3011:
2663:
2655:
2629:
2617:
2518:("Romance city" with a half-timbered church dating from 1320);
2499:
2495:
2305:
2257:
2178:
2162:
2030:
1884:
tradition). The original English colonial settlements, such as
1794:
1729:
1521:
1384:
1214:
1176:
472:
260:
220:
6421:
5814:
5812:
5376:"Shakespeare's Birthplace in Stratford... (C) Frederick Blake"
4898:
Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005).
161:
8757:
8489:
8469:
8287:
8187:
8172:
7875:
7784:
7779:
7764:
7185:
6976:
6969:
6940:
6920:
6890:
6875:
6835:
6820:
6810:
6795:
6790:
6770:
6747:
6722:
6642:
5910:"Domy z szachulca, czyli co łączy Sudety i Pomorze Gdańskie?"
4658:
4624:
4551:
4495:
the need and expense of fire sprinklers in public buildings.
4379:
and others, it was often used to evoke a "Tudor" atmosphere (
3988:
3574:
3558:
3370:
3043:
2878:
2640:
2543:
2503:
2472:
2373:
2321:
2241:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2108:
1850:
1629:
1287:
1283:
1268:
1246:
1242:
1057:
Joints in a pre-modern French roof; the wooden pegs hold the
665:
661:
431:. However, a nave is often called an aisle, and three-aisled
344:
End cruck is not a style, but on the gable end of a building.
335:
308:
300:
284:
268:
165:
154:
6025:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 65.
5105:
Construction Information Series: Lumber and It's Utilization
2636:
foothills, angle braces often form fully extended triangles.
8192:
8133:
7774:
7303:
7240:
7165:
7046:
7001:
6996:
6732:
6476:
5809:
5007:"LacusCurtius • Vitruvius de Architectura – Liber Secundus"
4900:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
4520:
or slanting: where wood beams absorb moisture whilst under
4079:
3921:
3905:
3809:
2633:
2539:
2353:
1963:
1928:
1908:
1862:
1854:
1846:" (c. 1500), shows traditional half-timbered construction.
1761:
1622:
1310:
1291:
1161:
1116:
1081:
This is a part of a timber frame, before pegs are inserted.
727:
716:
475:, Germany, with half-timbered buildings dating from c. 1480
432:
428:
228:
146:
3995:. However the number of half-timbered houses is small. In
2651:
Southern Germany including the Black and Bohemian Forests
1286:(the slanting timbers forming the triangular framework at
612:
Here, the plaster infill itself is sculpted and decorated.
8547:
7900:
7391:
7160:
6986:
6880:
6712:
6378:
Herman Janse, Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940 · dbnl
5462:"West End Farm, Pembridge, Herefordshire (C) Doug Elliot"
4628:
4323:
framing and an almost complete lack of diagonal bracing.
3561:
House (18th century), in the Fourneau Saint-Michel Museum
2459:) is a tourist route that connects towns with remarkable
2103:
Roof structure of the Barley Barn, Cressing Temple, Essex
1591:
1223:(subsidiary upright limbs in framed walls), for example,
1045:
which was a log cabin with a timber-framed second floor.
947:
The term half-timbering is not as old as the German name
200:
timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs. If the
157:, France, a city renowned for its half-timbered buildings
142:, Germany, showing an ensemble of half-timbered buildings
6417:. The country house library. NY: McBride, Nast & Co.
5770:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 313.
5316:"Pargetting on the White Horse, Pleshey (C) Colin Smith"
4877:. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications. pp. 7–8.
3800:
was the common construction used for housing humans and
2554:
and one of Southern Germany's oldest buildings, now the
1880:
and the mid-Atlantic colonies for clapboard facings (an
1393:
Typical lapped joint assemblies of split-ring connectors
722:
The infill may be covered by other materials, including
6085:. Dyker Heights Civic Association. 2007. Archived from
5875:
5873:
5286:"History of "topping out" during building construction"
5218:. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 166–195.
4426:
For information about "roundwood framing" see the book
4288:
always contains an "English tying joint" and the later
3395:) feature an overhanged upper floor in half-timbering.
3120:
it was customary in Poland to use either bare brick or
2490:
Some of the more prominent towns (among many) include:
1570:, England: Its timber framing is typical of vernacular
1257:
The jetty bressummer (or breastsummer), where the main
334:
Jointed cruck: blades are made from pieces joined near
5857:
5855:
5099:
National Lumber Manufacturer's Association. "Airplane
4921:
4919:
4423:, as well as all of the clubhouse, shops, and marina.
4315:
is believed to be descended from Chinese framing (see
4245:
A particularly interesting example in the U.S. is the
2913:
Fachwerk (timber framing) under construction in 2013,
1816:
are some of the rare examples of these constructions.
882:
Fachwerk in Upper Franconia often used to be detailed.
7962:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
5185:"National Design Specification for Wood Construction"
5132:
Modern Timber Connectors for Modern Timber Structures
4503:
5870:
5262:
Why Do Clocks Run Clockwise? And Other Imponderables
4839:
Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction
4326:
2601:
The three main forms may be divided geographically:
2400:
2189:. Timber framing in French is known colloquially as
1960:
Intersection of Shambles and Little Shambles streets
1876:
in the early 17th century but was soon abandoned in
1823:
houses. Half-timbering is characteristic of English
1217:(main supports at corners and other major uprights),
303:
is a pair of crooked or curved timbers which form a
5852:
4916:
4479:
it can use recycled or otherwise discarded timbers.
4308:
Wall framing of a Japanese house under construction
4124:In the historical region of North America known as
3498:Nowadays, timber framing is primarily found in the
2625:Northern Germany, Central Germany and East German:
1578:The techniques used in timber framing date back to
1115:To cope with variable sizes and shapes of hewn (by
813:
Relief carvings adorn some half-timbered buildings.
327:Upper cruck: blades land on a tie beam, similar to
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5864:Torbögen und Inschriften lippischer Fachwerkhäuser
5346:"Half-timbered house in Laxfield (C) Toby Speight"
4897:
1180:The completed frame of a modern timber-frame house
1164:in the United Kingdom, the famous street known as
389:Rural old railway station timber framing style in
6410:
6023:A Creole Lexicon: Architecture, Landscape, People
5634:"Spreadeagle Hotel 1430: Midhurst (C) Pam Brophy"
4961:"The Look of Medieval Half-Timbered Construction"
4419:The style was used in many of the homes built in
3482:An exceptional fachwerk house called Eglihaus in
1515:Timber design or wood design is a subcategory of
753:Simple saltires or St. Andrews crosses in Germany
427:, where the center aisle is technically called a
8862:
6321:
6067:– via Huntingdon History Research Network.
5518:"The Feathers Hotel, Ludlow (C) Humphrey Bolton"
5260:Abrams, Robert J. (1988). Feldman, David (ed.).
5208:"Roman Building-Materials in South-East England"
4566:surface point or coatings allowed to deteriorate
4280:contain certain framing elements such as common
3409:Currently, it has again become popular to build
1253:When jettying, horizontal elements can include:
600:Like wattle and daub, but with horizontal stakes
6001:Noble, Allen George; Geib, M. Margaret (1984).
4836:
4631:(quite famously so in many children's stories).
3938:A half timbered building without the infill in
1857:and Sussex, the half-timbered structure of the
741:Gallery of some named figures and decorations:
452:Half-timbered wall with three kinds of infill:
192:are traditional methods of building with heavy
5818:
5765:
5604:"Little Moreton Hall: Cheshire (C) Pam Brophy"
4925:
4601:pest organisms such as (common in Europe) the
3337:elements are detached farm houses (in Basque:
1736:; on the ground, a ring dog (precursor to the
1606:half-timbered construction, timbers that were
8118:
6437:
6020:
6005:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
4233:
4226:
3727:
3711:
3697:
3687:
3674:
3456:Half-timbered houses from Uztarritz (Lapurdi)
1896:often associated with the American frontier.
1892:had timber-framed buildings, rather than the
5908:www.eura7.com, Agencja interaktywna EURA7-.
5574:"Half timbered building (C) Andy and Hilary"
4584:, insect, fungus or bacterial decomposition.
3908:, timber-framed building 1750, extended 1790
3156:
3137:
2982:region and in the Iglesiente mining region.
2550:with both the largest medieval complex, the
2453:
2222:
2214:
2199:
2191:
1385:Modern timber connector method (1930s–1950s)
1375:
1346:
1339:
1326:
1320:
954:
948:
801:Wild man (center), half-man (at the corners)
493:
487:
6130:Timber Design & Construction Sourcebook
6035:
5926:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4508:In terms of the traditional half-timber or
4351:, built in 1899 has half-timber decoration.
4082:also preserve German-style Fachwerkhäuser.
3843:in Lærdal, Sogn og Fjordane country, Norway
3661:southern Sweden, primarily in the province
3074:A rare example of a half-timbered house in
2842:Castle, a hunting lodge built in 1887 near
1632:sites demonstrate that sophisticated Roman
825:The foot braces are carved with sun discs (
8125:
8111:
6444:
6430:
6290:
6279:(3rd rev. ed.), Shire Publications, 1993,
6036:Upton, Dell; Vllach, John Michael (1930).
5766:Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2007).
5161:. Structural Insulated Panel Association.
4837:Davies, Nikolas; Jokiniemi, Erkki (2008).
3924:. Timber-framed building from around 1800.
2861:mostly have plastered and painted facades.
963:(1775–1851), who employed it in her book,
629:The earliest known type of infill, called
6187:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6000:
5907:
3301:19th-century timber frame manor house in
2037:, England, a three-bay Wealden hall house
1872:Half-timbered construction traveled with
1539:
624:Top: wattle and daub, bottom: rubblestone
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
7952:Building and Wood Workers' International
6390:
5996:
5994:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5205:
4980:
4872:
4354:
4330:
4303:
3933:
3692:. Scandinavia is famous for its ancient
3477:
3208:Timber frame architecture, Mill Island,
3103:
3091:
2426:
2412:
2144:
2098:
2013:The south range of Little Moreton Hall,
1780:
1723:
1558:
1543:
1510:
1446:
1438:
1421:
1388:
1311:Post construction and frame construction
1183:
1175:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1020:
829:), a typical design of the North-German
463:
447:
402:
278:
160:
145:
133:
6219:. Canadian Wood Council. Archived from
5957:
5903:
5901:
5795:. Cheshire County Council. p. 69.
5790:
5711:. London: R. Hale Ltd. pp. 46–48.
4160:Other variations of half-timbering are
3333:Most traditional Basque buildings with
3136:, half-timbered walls are often called
2586:became popular in Bavaria, Austria and
1911:, and is a popular tourist attraction.
1646:
1492:or – dependent on location –
1130:Square-rule carpentry was developed in
1016:
14:
8863:
6128:Gotz, Karl-Heinz; et al. (1989).
6121:
6009:
5879:
5861:
5264:. Perennial Library/Harper & Row.
5259:
5055:
5030:
4958:
4775:"Немецкий фахверк | DW | 14 July 2021"
3341:). Their upper floors were built with
2071:For Timber-framed houses in Wales see:
1100:Originally, German (and other) master
938:According to Craven (2019), the term:
933:
897:is found in England, Spain and France.
482:refers to a structure with a frame of
407:Interior of a two-aisled market hall,
8106:
6425:
6050:
5991:
5982:
5740:
5725:
5706:
5691:
5550:. Geograph.org.uk. 24 February 2007.
5165:from the original on 10 February 2013
5128:
3812:. After a fire in 1624 in Oslo, King
3673:. In Swedish half-timber is known as
3444:Aranguren dorretxea (Orozko, Bizkaia)
1688:Abbundzeichen (German assembly marks)
1443:Porch of a modern timber-framed house
1363:is a structurally simple and ancient
866:An example of Fachwerk in Franconia (
8833:
8087:
6243:Structural Material Behavior in Fire
6127:
5985:Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940
5898:
5843:
5143:– via Scholars Archive at OSU.
4902:. New York: Routledge. p. 229.
4841:. Architectural Press. p. 181.
4458:or wall-sections and aligned with a
4393:In 1912, Allen W. Jackson published
3710:or earthfast construction is called
3432:Inharri baserri in Ibarron (Lapurdi)
2928:Half-timbered mansion of the former
2572:In general the northern states have
2320:14th-century early corbelled house,
2220:) or into a continuous wooden sill (
1776:
1672:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
8845:
8077:
7937:American Association of Woodturners
6277:Discovering Timber-framed Buildings
6080:"Saitta House – Report Part 1"
5793:Timber Framed Buildings in Cheshire
5432:"Huddington Court (C) Richard Dunn"
5296:from the original on 11 August 2016
4317:Ancient Chinese wooden architecture
2181:, and many other cities, except in
2149:Coupesarte Manor (Normandy, France)
2140:
1865:with bays on either side and often
1507:four sides for weather protection.
995:. It was buried by the eruption of
522:Decorative fired-brick infill with
505:
24:
6310:
6236:
5709:Timber-framed buildings of England
5614:from the original on 5 August 2016
5584:from the original on 5 August 2016
5528:from the original on 5 August 2016
5494:. Geograph.org.uk. 10 April 2006.
5472:from the original on 5 August 2016
5442:from the original on 5 August 2016
5356:from the original on 5 August 2016
5326:from the original on 5 August 2016
5058:Classic Dictionary of Architecture
4504:Traditional or historic structures
4146:bousillage entre poteaus sur solle
4064:A half-timbered building in Sinaia
3760:(a post or pole) indicates that a
3150:and the Netherlands, known as the
2666:, and Switzerland, the use of the
2435:, a narrow, timber-frame house in
1874:British colonists to North America
1617:Some Roman carpentry preserved in
1434:
1192:
1035:Classic Dictionary of Architecture
986:
789:A figure called an Alemannic woman
537:Ordinary brick infill left exposed
25:
8917:
8132:
7967:National Wood Carvers Association
6384:
6166:from the original on 28 July 2011
6051:Shedd, Nancy S. (10 March 1986).
5848:(in German). Druckerei Appelhaus.
5670:from the original on 15 July 2012
5644:from the original on 4 March 2016
5035:. London: Routledge. p. 82.
4327:Revival styles in later centuries
4276:Some time periods/regions within
4255:
3373:(Soule), but are concentrated in
3181:rural housing tradition of south
2065:
1943:Historic timber-framed houses in
1708:Boards on the building may have "
1459:, often sold as "Fachwerk", near
1127:must be numbered (or "scribed").
443:
8844:
8832:
8823:
8822:
8086:
8076:
8067:
8066:
7942:Architectural Woodwork Institute
6327:Traditional Buildings of England
6040:. NY: Macmillan. pp. 206–8.
5823:. University of Missouri Press.
5819:Van Ravenswaay, Charles (2006).
5554:from the original on 8 July 2012
5498:from the original on 8 July 2012
5412:from the original on 7 July 2012
5079:. Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald.
4498:
4069:
4057:
4052:"Olimpia" Sports Complex, Brașov
4045:
4031:
4012:
3913:
3894:
3882:
3863:
3848:
3833:
3628:
3613:
3597:
3582:
3566:
3550:
3531:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3294:
3276:
3268:Sts. Peter & Paul Church in
3261:
3249:
3231:
3216:
3201:
3067:
3051:
3035:
3019:
3003:
2987:
2941:
2921:
2906:
2886:
2866:
2850:
2832:
2816:
2800:
2785:
2766:
2750:
2735:
2715:
2384:
2361:
2345:
2329:
2313:
2297:
2281:
2265:
2249:
2233:
2042:
2022:
2006:
1990:
1971:
1952:
1936:
1916:
1231:The horizontal timbers include:
999:in 79 AD in Herculaneum, Italy.
969:The Encyclopedia of Architecture
918:
902:
887:
875:
859:
843:
818:
806:
794:
782:
770:
758:
746:
617:
605:
593:
581:
569:
542:
530:
515:
382:
366:
350:
36:
8372:Oriented structural straw board
6451:
6253:from the original on 9 May 2008
6230:
6206:
6146:
6096:
6072:
6044:
6029:
5976:
5934:
5837:
5784:
5768:The Buildings of England: Essex
5759:
5682:
5656:
5626:
5596:
5566:
5540:
5510:
5484:
5454:
5424:
5398:
5386:from the original on 1 May 2018
5368:
5338:
5308:
5278:
5253:
5199:
5177:
5122:
5093:
5049:
5024:
4999:
4974:
4408:In the revival styles, such as
3604:Small "chapel" (shrine) at the
3154:, is called an "arcade house" (
2893:20th-century timber framing in
1663:. In Germany, it is called the
983:" style, or "black-and-white".
398:
338:in a number of ways. See also:
47:needs additional citations for
7947:British Woodworking Federation
5033:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
4981:Sherwood, Mary Martha (1827).
4959:Craven, Jackie (3 July 2019).
4952:
4891:
4866:
4855:
4830:
4819:
4793:
4767:
4635:heating and cooling equipment.
4401:or under palm-lined drives of
4271:
3929:
3473:
3096:Timber-frame house in central
2706:(Umgebindehaus, translates as
2502:, another UNESCO-listed town;
1210:The vertical timbers include:
703:Brick infill sometimes called
647:(French), to name only three.
576:Some stone infill left visible
274:
27:Traditional building technique
13:
1:
7957:Caricature Carvers of America
6269:
5187:. American Wood Council. 2018
4441:
4367:combined half-timber framing.
4119:
2338:Saint-Sulpice-de-Grimbouville
1838:, the oldest timber house in
1744:); in the background sawyers
1594:. Its northernmost areas are
1279:The sloping timbers include:
5884:(in German). Primus Verlag.
5056:Parker, Joyn Henry (1986) .
4781:(in Russian). Deutsche Welle
2857:The half-timbered houses in
1771:list of timber framing tools
1693:Layout marks left over from
1426:Shear plate timber connector
1353:
1331:. It is somewhat similar to
1048:
254:
190:"post-and-beam" construction
7:
6104:"About us – Palangos Vėtra"
5958:Boström, Lars, ed. (1999).
4676:American historic carpentry
4669:
4532:A summary of problems with
4299:
4092:American historic carpentry
4085:
1478:structural insulated panels
852:from 1582/83 in Eppingen BW
10:
8922:
8763:Non-timber forest products
8387:Structural insulated panel
6411:Jackson, Allen W. (1912).
5129:Raser, William V. (1941).
5031:Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006).
4363:, built in 2008 has glass
4089:
3966:
3770:Scandinavian Heritage Park
3643:
3635:Timber-frame structure in
3493:
3243:Lower Silesian Voivodeship
2742:Timber frame town hall of
2639:Lower Saxon houses have a
1999:Queens' College, Cambridge
1171:
1146:
1142:
1137:computer numerical control
913:, and is found in England.
678:, planks as in the German
672:, stones sometimes called
287:half-timbered building in
243:(brace and bit) and other
8818:
8710:
8644:
8591:
8498:
8450:
8407:
8301:
8140:
8062:
8036:
7985:
7972:Society of Wood Engravers
7929:
7843:
7793:
7750:
7622:
7615:
7503:
7390:
7332:
7151:
7142:
7085:
6756:
6675:
6666:
6490:
6459:
5880:Stiewe, Heinrich (2007).
4826:Oxford English Dictionary
4607:family, particularly the
3736:
3655:
3589:The former water mill of
3087:
2811:, 16th century first half
2605:West Central Germany and
2526:and nearby UNESCO-listed
510:Gallery of infill types:
8906:Wood-related terminology
8728:Destructive distillation
6397:"Half-timber Work"
6247:University of Manchester
5862:SĂĽvern, Wilhelm (1971).
5791:McKenna, Laurie (1994).
5206:Williams, J. H. (1971).
4934:. New Haven and London:
4873:Sunshine, Paula (2006).
4760:
4728:German Timber-Frame Road
4388:illustration, above left
4220:when planks are used or
4134:maçonnerie entre poteaux
3402:, as the photo from the
3309:
2957:
2449:German Timber-Frame Road
2422:German Timber-Frame Road
2272:Half-timbered houses in
2240:Half-timbered houses in
1719:
1473:architectural purposes.
1089:, and then later pegged
732:German Timber-Frame Road
664:, unfired brick such as
8896:Vernacular architecture
8748:Green building and wood
6403:Encyclopædia Britannica
6345:Carpentry & joinery
5844:Edel, Heinrich (1928).
5107:, vol. IV, ch. 8, 1941.
4750:Vernacular architecture
4609:common furniture beetle
4421:Lake Mohawk, New Jersey
4313:Japanese timber framing
3726:construction is called
3194:wooden church buildings
3058:Half-timbered house in
3042:Half-timbered house in
3026:Half-timbered house in
3010:Half-timbered house in
2994:Half-timbered house in
2566:before being accepted.
2455:Deutsche FachwerkstraĂźe
1997:The President's Lodge,
1886:Plymouth, Massachusetts
1861:, consisted of an open
1825:vernacular architecture
1602:were favored, instead.
1564:Anne Hathaway's Cottage
1534:Allowable Stress Design
1524:members, prefabricated
1500:Straw-bale construction
850:Upper German Fachwerk (
235:and using hand-powered
8392:Wood–plastic composite
8318:Glued laminated timber
8313:Cross-laminated timber
8049:Frameless construction
7130:Wood-plastic composite
5983:Janse, Herman (1989).
5292:. Tennessee Aquarium.
4711:Framing (construction)
4706:Cross-laminated timber
4518:mechano-sorptive creep
4368:
4352:
4309:
4290:New England style barn
4234:
4227:
3943:
3871:Kaupanger stave church
3728:
3712:
3698:
3688:
3675:
3487:
3157:
3146:immigrant groups from
3138:
3129:
3113:
3101:
2454:
2444:
2424:
2352:16th-century house in
2223:
2215:
2200:
2197:and half-timbering as
2192:
2150:
2104:
1797:
1765:
1760:, and (hard to see) a
1575:
1556:
1540:History and traditions
1517:structural engineering
1464:
1453:prefabricated building
1444:
1427:
1394:
1376:
1347:
1340:
1327:
1321:
1196:
1181:
1082:
1074:
1062:
1030:
955:
949:
945:
654:Other infills include
494:
488:
476:
461:
416:
373:Half-timbered houses,
357:Half-timbered houses,
296:
185:
169:
158:
143:
8886:Medieval architecture
8465:Corrugated fiberboard
8367:Oriented strand board
6414:The half-timber house
5707:Brown, R. J. (1997).
5011:penelope.uchicago.edu
4936:Yale University Press
4701:Glue laminated timber
4484:seismic survivability
4358:
4334:
4307:
3937:
3622:Fourneau Saint-Michel
3524:Fourneau Saint-Michel
3481:
3380:Some medieval Basque
3223:Wheelwright croft in
3107:
3095:
2936:-Glasbach (Thuringia)
2430:
2416:
2378:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
2368:Framing of the roof,
2356:, (Occitanie, France)
2148:
2102:
2074:Architecture of Wales
1784:
1727:
1562:
1547:
1511:Engineered structures
1494:zero-energy buildings
1450:
1442:
1425:
1392:
1195:(right, with jetties)
1187:
1179:
1147:Further information:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1024:
965:The Lady of the Manor
940:
719:, or slate shingles.
635:by the Romans, was a
467:
451:
406:
282:
164:
149:
138:The market square of
137:
8881:Building engineering
8850:WikiProject Forestry
7977:Timber Framers Guild
6831:Australian Blackwood
6092:on 16 December 2008.
6059:on 25 September 2013
4938:. pp. 710–711.
4359:The Old Mill Hotel,
4247:Golden Plough Tavern
4209:Hudson's Bay Company
4162:colombage Ă teurques
3973:Transylvanian Saxons
3841:Borgund stave church
2948:Low German house in
2704:Upper Lusatian house
2552:Holy Spirit Hospital
2524:Vaihingen an der Enz
2340:, (Normandy, France)
2336:15th-century manor,
2274:Châlons-en-Champagne
2119:dated to 1205–1235.
2029:The Yeoman's House,
1979:Bessie Surtees House
1647:Topping out ceremony
1555:, Denmark, from 1560
1017:Alternative meanings
961:Mary Martha Sherwood
868:Fränkisches Fachwerk
549:Stone infill called
377:im Odenwald, Germany
56:improve this article
8611:Ramial chipped wood
7697:Hammer-headed tenon
7216:Janka hardness test
6291:John Vince (1994).
6154:"IBC Building Type"
5666:. Geograph.org.uk.
5408:. Geograph.org.uk.
4740:Norman architecture
4377:Richard Norman Shaw
3804:in Norway from the
3724:Swedish plank-frame
3665:and secondarily in
2548:Biberach an der RiĂź
2292:(Champagne, France)
2276:(Champagne, France)
2260:(Champagne, France)
1983:Newcastle upon Tyne
1890:Jamestown, Virginia
1829:Little Moreton Hall
1267:The jetty beams or
1207:on all four sides.
953:or the French name
934:History of the term
870:). Image:I, Metzner
639:type construction.
283:A "true" or "full"
168:, Germany, downtown
151:Rue du Gros-Horloge
8528:Cellulosic ethanol
6558:Japanese carpentry
6293:The Timbered House
5743:The Timbered House
5741:Vince, J. (1994).
4926:Pollard, Richard;
4805:Walls with Stories
4733:Woodworking joints
4621:powderpost beetles
4369:
4353:
4310:
4238:and in Denmark as
4140:and simply called
4130:colombage pierroté
3944:
3856:Garmo Stave Church
3684:Stave construction
3488:
3114:
3102:
2708:round-framed house
2556:Braith-Mali-Museum
2445:
2425:
2401:German tradition (
2395:(Brittany, France)
2391:Trinity Church of
2376:. Illustration by
2324:(Normandy, France)
2308:(Brittany, France)
2210:Normandy tradition
2151:
2105:
2088:, stars, crosses,
1859:Wealden hall house
1821:Tudor architecture
1798:
1785:The timber-framed
1766:
1576:
1572:Tudor architecture
1557:
1465:
1445:
1428:
1395:
1361:Ridge-post framing
1348:Stockwerksbauweise
1197:
1189:Ridge-post framing
1182:
1083:
1075:
1063:
1031:
975:(1784–1863). This
696:and plastered for
477:
462:
417:
297:
217:dimensional lumber
170:
159:
144:
8891:Structural system
8858:
8857:
8793:Wood preservation
8738:Engineered bamboo
8558:Pyroligneous acid
8100:
8099:
8054:Green woodworking
7911:Wood preservation
7839:
7838:
7742:Tongue and groove
7722:Mortise and tenon
7611:
7610:
7309:Warrington hammer
7138:
7137:
6826:African Blackwood
6618:Segmented turning
6372:978-88-6046-033-2
6316:English tradition
6199:978-2-912143-10-5
5969:978-2-912143-10-5
5891:978-3-89678-589-3
5830:978-0-8262-1700-4
5086:978-3-921548-37-0
4928:Pevsner, Nikolaus
4848:978-0-7506-8502-3
4543:thermo-mechanical
4292:were built using
4114:Rio Grande do Sul
3776:, United States.
3164:Churches of Peace
3110:Churches of Peace
2996:Ozzano Monferrato
2970:, in the city of
2558:, dated to 1318.
2485:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
2050:The Crooked House
1777:British tradition
1673:Carpenters' marks
1549:Anne Hvides Gaard
1490:low-energy houses
1091:mortise and tenon
1061:joinery together.
1059:mortise and tenon
1005:was mentioned by
831:Weser-Renaissance
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
8913:
8848:
8847:
8836:
8835:
8826:
8825:
8783:Timber recycling
8778:Reclaimed lumber
8768:Natural building
8733:Dry distillation
8687:Split-rail fence
8127:
8120:
8113:
8104:
8103:
8090:
8089:
8080:
8079:
8070:
8069:
7620:
7619:
7289:Thickness planer
7149:
7148:
6943:(lime, basswood)
6673:
6672:
6533:Chainsaw carving
6446:
6439:
6432:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6407:
6399:
6340:
6323:Ronald Brunskill
6306:
6275:Richard Harris,
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6218:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6185:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6165:
6158:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6084:
6076:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6055:. Archived from
6048:
6042:
6041:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6018:
6007:
6006:
5998:
5989:
5988:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5955:
5946:
5945:
5942:"Pałac Jugowice"
5938:
5932:
5931:
5925:
5917:
5914:www.foveotech.pl
5905:
5896:
5895:
5877:
5868:
5867:
5859:
5850:
5849:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5816:
5807:
5806:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5738:
5723:
5722:
5704:
5689:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5155:"What Are SIPs?"
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5108:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4870:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4834:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4771:
4721:Platform framing
4575:poteaux-en-terre
4373:Queen Anne style
4237:
4230:
4218:Bohlenstanderbau
4213:Red River Colony
4169:Poteaux-en-terre
4154:Lower Fort Garry
4061:
4049:
4035:
4016:
3917:
3898:
3886:
3867:
3852:
3837:
3755:
3731:
3715:
3701:
3691:
3678:
3632:
3617:
3601:
3586:
3570:
3554:
3538:The house where
3535:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3419:
3394:
3320:Castile and LeĂłn
3298:
3280:
3265:
3253:
3235:
3220:
3205:
3160:
3141:
3071:
3055:
3039:
3023:
3007:
2991:
2945:
2925:
2910:
2890:
2870:
2854:
2836:
2820:
2804:
2789:
2770:
2754:
2739:
2719:
2536:Gottlieb Daimler
2457:
2420:, Hesse, on the
2388:
2365:
2349:
2333:
2317:
2301:
2285:
2269:
2253:
2244:(Centre, France)
2237:
2226:
2218:
2203:
2195:
2141:French tradition
2131:open-air museums
2046:
2026:
2010:
1994:
1975:
1956:
1940:
1920:
1641:open-air museums
1596:Baltic countries
1530:composite lumber
1379:
1350:
1343:
1330:
1324:
1322:Geschossbauweise
1095:Diagonal bracing
958:
952:
922:
911:Low German house
906:
891:
879:
863:
847:
822:
810:
798:
786:
774:
762:
750:
700:and appearance.
684:, timbers as in
681:ständerbohlenbau
621:
609:
597:
585:
573:
546:
534:
519:
506:Infill materials
497:
491:
409:Chipping Campden
386:
370:
354:
202:structural frame
186:Fachwerkbauweise
180:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
71:"Timber framing"
64:
40:
32:
21:
8921:
8920:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8861:
8860:
8859:
8854:
8814:
8798:Wood processing
8706:
8640:
8587:
8494:
8446:
8403:
8333:parallel strand
8304:
8297:
8145:
8136:
8131:
8101:
8096:
8058:
8044:Frame and panel
8032:
7981:
7925:
7835:
7794:Surface piecing
7789:
7746:
7667:Crown of thorns
7607:
7593:Smoothing plane
7499:
7386:
7328:
7231:Milling machine
7134:
7095:Cross-laminated
7081:
6752:
6662:
6633:Spindle turning
6623:Shingle weaving
6593:Pallet crafting
6486:
6455:
6450:
6387:
6337:
6313:
6311:Further reading
6303:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6256:
6254:
6237:Bailey, Colin.
6235:
6231:
6226:on 30 May 2008.
6223:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6186:
6179:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6140:
6132:. McGraw-Hall.
6126:
6122:
6112:
6110:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6089:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6062:
6060:
6049:
6045:
6034:
6030:
6019:
6010:
5999:
5992:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5956:
5949:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5919:
5918:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5878:
5871:
5860:
5853:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5739:
5726:
5719:
5705:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5671:
5664:"Wealden house"
5662:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5645:
5638:geograph.org.uk
5632:
5631:
5627:
5617:
5615:
5608:geograph.org.uk
5602:
5601:
5597:
5587:
5585:
5578:geograph.org.uk
5572:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5555:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5522:geograph.org.uk
5516:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5466:geograph.org.uk
5460:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5443:
5436:geograph.org.uk
5430:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5380:geograph.org.uk
5374:
5373:
5369:
5359:
5357:
5350:geograph.org.uk
5344:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5320:geograph.org.uk
5314:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5297:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5127:
5123:
5118:
5111:
5103:Construction".
5098:
5094:
5087:
5072:
5065:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5029:
5025:
5015:
5013:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4875:Wattle and Daub
4871:
4867:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4820:
4810:
4808:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4755:Weatherboarding
4745:Open-air museum
4716:Balloon framing
4696:Engineered wood
4672:
4597:infestation of
4581:poteaux-sur-sol
4506:
4501:
4444:
4329:
4321:post and lintel
4302:
4274:
4258:
4222:blockstanderbau
4192:Piece-sur-piece
4185:Poteaux-sur-sol
4150:Lower Louisiana
4122:
4094:
4088:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4053:
4050:
4041:
4036:
4027:
4017:
3969:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3909:
3899:
3890:
3887:
3878:
3868:
3859:
3853:
3844:
3838:
3749:
3739:
3718:Palisade church
3658:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3624:
3618:
3609:
3608:Open Air Museum
3602:
3593:
3587:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3555:
3546:
3536:
3496:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3457:
3454:
3445:
3442:
3433:
3430:
3413:
3406:village shows.
3388:
3367:oceanic climate
3355:wattle and daub
3316:post and lintel
3312:
3305:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3266:
3257:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3158:dom podcieniowy
3122:wattle and daub
3090:
3083:
3072:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3040:
3031:
3028:Arquata Scrivia
3024:
3015:
3008:
2999:
2992:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2937:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2902:
2891:
2882:
2871:
2862:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2827:, built in 1698
2821:
2812:
2805:
2796:
2790:
2781:
2771:
2762:
2755:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2720:
2643:for every post.
2632:and around the
2534:(birthplace of
2528:Maulbronn Abbey
2504:Hanau-Steinheim
2443:, built in 1417
2407:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2366:
2357:
2350:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2302:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2238:
2216:poteau en terre
2143:
2117:Cressing Temple
2068:
2061:
2047:
2038:
2027:
2018:
2011:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1976:
1967:
1957:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1921:
1836:South Yorkshire
1779:
1722:
1675:
1649:
1590:trees, such as
1542:
1513:
1437:
1435:Modern features
1416:glued laminated
1387:
1365:post and lintel
1333:balloon framing
1328:Ständerbauweise
1313:
1272:jetty projects.
1174:
1160:In the city of
1151:
1145:
1051:
1029:, Montana, U.S.
1019:
989:
987:Oldest examples
936:
929:
923:
914:
907:
898:
892:
883:
880:
871:
864:
855:
848:
834:
823:
814:
811:
802:
799:
790:
787:
778:
775:
766:
763:
754:
751:
724:weatherboarding
713:weatherboarding
686:ständerblockbau
637:wattle and daub
625:
622:
613:
610:
601:
598:
589:
586:
577:
574:
565:
553:by the Romans,
547:
538:
535:
526:
520:
508:
458:Bad Langensalza
454:wattle and daub
446:
421:structural load
413:Gloucestershire
401:
394:
387:
378:
371:
362:
355:
340:hammerbeam roof
277:
257:
176:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8919:
8909:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8871:Timber framing
8856:
8855:
8853:
8852:
8842:
8830:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8812:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8723:Certified wood
8720:
8714:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8704:
8699:
8697:Timber framing
8694:
8689:
8684:
8682:Sawdust brandy
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8648:
8646:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8597:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8573:Sandalwood oil
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8508:
8502:
8500:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8456:
8454:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8377:Particle board
8374:
8369:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8342:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8315:
8309:
8307:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8149:
8147:
8138:
8137:
8130:
8129:
8122:
8115:
8107:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8084:
8074:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8040:
8038:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8023:Quarter sawing
8020:
8015:
8013:Wood splitting
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7989:
7987:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7933:
7931:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7923:
7921:Wood finishing
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7881:Paint stripper
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7756:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7628:
7626:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7588:Shoulder plane
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7563:Moulding plane
7560:
7555:
7553:Japanese plane
7550:
7545:
7543:Grooving plane
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7509:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7396:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7357:Flooring clamp
7354:
7349:
7344:
7338:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7314:Winding sticks
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7294:Timber-framing
7291:
7286:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7120:Particle board
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7100:Glue laminated
7097:
7091:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6762:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6681:
6679:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6638:Timber framing
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6608:Relief carving
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6508:Bush carpentry
6505:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6474:
6469:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6449:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6408:
6394:, ed. (1911).
6392:Chisholm, Hugh
6386:
6385:External links
6383:
6382:
6381:
6374:
6364:
6341:
6335:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6301:
6288:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6229:
6205:
6198:
6177:
6145:
6138:
6120:
6108:Old Mill Hotel
6095:
6071:
6043:
6028:
6008:
5990:
5975:
5968:
5947:
5933:
5897:
5890:
5869:
5851:
5836:
5829:
5808:
5801:
5783:
5777:978-0300116144
5776:
5758:
5751:
5724:
5717:
5690:
5681:
5655:
5625:
5595:
5565:
5539:
5509:
5483:
5453:
5423:
5397:
5367:
5337:
5307:
5277:
5270:
5252:
5224:10.2307/525807
5198:
5176:
5146:
5121:
5109:
5092:
5085:
5063:
5048:
5041:
5023:
4998:
4973:
4951:
4944:
4915:
4908:
4890:
4883:
4865:
4854:
4847:
4829:
4818:
4807:. 17 June 2017
4792:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4655:
4647:
4636:
4632:
4595:
4585:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4534:Fachwerkhäuser
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4463:
4452:
4443:
4440:
4328:
4325:
4301:
4298:
4273:
4270:
4262:New Netherland
4257:
4256:New Netherland
4254:
4196:Post-and-plank
4194:also known as
4174:post in ground
4132:, also called
4121:
4118:
4110:Santa Catarina
4090:Main article:
4087:
4084:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4021:Pelișor Castle
4018:
4011:
4003:, such as the
3968:
3965:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3910:
3900:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3881:
3879:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3832:
3782:translates as
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3713:palissadteknik
3708:post in ground
3694:stave churches
3657:
3654:
3648:Timber frame (
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3612:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3577:(17th century)
3572:
3565:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3547:
3537:
3530:
3495:
3492:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3424:
3347:close studding
3345:box frames in
3335:half-timbering
3328:Basque Country
3322:, par example
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2952:(Lower Saxony)
2947:
2940:
2938:
2927:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2722:Ständerbau in
2721:
2714:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2637:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2508:Brothers Grimm
2406:
2403:Fachwerkhäuser
2399:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2304:Old houses in
2303:
2296:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2256:Old houses in
2255:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:poteau de sole
2142:
2139:
2081:close studding
2067:
2066:English styles
2064:
2063:
2062:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1915:
1898:Living history
1869:upper floors.
1844:Bishops' House
1778:
1775:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1674:
1671:
1657:builders' rite
1655:ceremony is a
1648:
1645:
1627:Romano-British
1541:
1538:
1512:
1509:
1436:
1433:
1386:
1383:
1358:
1357:
1336:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1265:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1225:close studding
1218:
1173:
1170:
1144:
1141:
1050:
1047:
1018:
1015:
997:Mount Vesuvius
988:
985:
935:
932:
931:
930:
924:
917:
915:
908:
901:
899:
895:Close studding
893:
886:
884:
881:
874:
872:
865:
858:
856:
849:
842:
836:
835:
827:Sonnenscheiben
824:
817:
815:
812:
805:
803:
800:
793:
791:
788:
781:
779:
776:
769:
767:
764:
757:
755:
752:
745:
627:
626:
623:
616:
614:
611:
604:
602:
599:
592:
590:
587:
580:
578:
575:
568:
566:
548:
541:
539:
536:
529:
527:
521:
514:
507:
504:
480:Half-timbering
445:
444:Half-timbering
442:
400:
397:
396:
395:
388:
381:
379:
372:
365:
363:
356:
349:
346:
345:
342:
332:
325:
322:
319:
316:
276:
273:
256:
253:
173:Timber framing
130:
129:
112:September 2018
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8918:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8851:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8831:
8829:
8821:
8820:
8817:
8811:
8810:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8753:List of woods
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8709:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8662:Billet (wood)
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8643:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8590:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8523:Hemicellulose
8521:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8497:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8449:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8406:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8300:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8248:Railroad ties
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8134:Wood products
8128:
8123:
8121:
8116:
8114:
8109:
8108:
8105:
8093:
8085:
8083:
8075:
8073:
8065:
8064:
8061:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7993:Chainsaw mill
7991:
7990:
7988:
7984:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7930:Organizations
7928:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7886:Steam bending
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7856:French polish
7854:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7792:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7749:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7727:Rabbet/Rebate
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7712:Mason's mitre
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7621:
7618:
7614:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7558:Jointer plane
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7528:Compass plane
7526:
7524:
7523:Chamfer plane
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7513:Bedrock plane
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7299:Veneer hammer
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7211:Impact driver
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7027:Red Quebracho
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6503:Bow and arrow
6501:
6499:
6498:Boat building
6496:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6447:
6442:
6440:
6435:
6433:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6416:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6379:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6361:9781246034189
6358:
6354:
6353:9781236011923
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6336:0-575-05299-6
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6304:
6302:1-874329-75-3
6298:
6294:
6289:
6286:
6285:0-7478-0215-7
6282:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6222:
6215:
6214:"Fire Safety"
6209:
6201:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6182:
6162:
6155:
6149:
6141:
6139:0-07-023851-0
6135:
6131:
6124:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6088:
6081:
6075:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6039:
6032:
6024:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6004:
5997:
5995:
5986:
5979:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5954:
5952:
5943:
5937:
5929:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5902:
5893:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5874:
5865:
5858:
5856:
5847:
5840:
5832:
5826:
5822:
5815:
5813:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5779:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5754:
5752:1-874329-75-3
5748:
5744:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5720:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5685:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5273:
5267:
5263:
5256:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5186:
5180:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5134:
5133:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5088:
5082:
5078:
5070:
5068:
5059:
5052:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4986:
4985:
4977:
4962:
4955:
4947:
4945:0-300-10910-5
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4863:
4858:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4827:
4822:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4681:Boat building
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4499:Disadvantages
4496:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4403:Beverly Hills
4400:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4341:Dyker Heights
4338:
4333:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4102:Colonia Tovar
4099:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4070:Baltic states
4060:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3948:North Holland
3942:, Netherlands
3941:
3936:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3902:Frogner Manor
3897:
3892:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:urban renewal
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3653:
3651:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3486:, Switzerland
3485:
3484:Hombrechtikon
3480:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3351:weatherboards
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:Umgebindehaus
3175:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3081:
3077:
3076:Central Italy
3070:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2915:Tirschenreuth
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:Umgebindehaus
2869:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2807:Buildings in
2803:
2798:
2795:
2792:Buildings in
2788:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2506:(home of the
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:Saxony-Anhalt
2466:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2439:at the river
2438:
2434:
2433:Spitzhäuschen
2429:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2109:'cruck frame'
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:Farmhouse in
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:Great Britain
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:masons' marks
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:of the roof).
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1193:story framing
1190:
1186:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1069:Projecting ("
1067:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1011:opus incertum
1008:
1004:
1003:
1002:Opus craticum
998:
994:
993:opus craticum
984:
982:
978:
977:juxtaposition
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
951:
944:
939:
927:
926:Cruck framing
921:
916:
912:
905:
900:
896:
890:
885:
878:
873:
869:
862:
857:
853:
846:
841:
840:
839:
832:
828:
821:
816:
809:
804:
797:
792:
785:
780:
773:
768:
761:
756:
749:
744:
743:
742:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
652:
648:
646:
642:
641:Opus craticum
638:
634:
633:
632:opus craticum
620:
615:
608:
603:
596:
591:
584:
579:
572:
567:
564:
562:
558:
557:opus craticum
555:The House of
552:
551:opus incertum
545:
540:
533:
528:
525:
518:
513:
512:
511:
503:
501:
496:
490:
485:
481:
474:
470:
466:
459:
455:
450:
441:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
410:
405:
392:
385:
380:
376:
369:
364:
360:
353:
348:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
330:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
313:
312:
310:
306:
302:
294:
293:Herefordshire
290:
286:
281:
272:
270:
266:
262:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
210:half-timbered
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
167:
163:
156:
152:
148:
141:
136:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
8837:
8807:
8702:Wooden masts
8696:
8672:Dugout canoe
8657:Bavin (wood)
8606:Black liquor
8543:Liquid smoke
8293:Utility pole
8278:Timber truss
8198:Log building
7861:Heat bending
7806:Edge banding
7578:Router plane
7573:Rebate plane
7533:Finger plane
7264:
6968:
6962:
6942:
6936:Lignum vitae
6694:
6688:
6653:Wood carving
6637:
6628:Shipbuilding
6613:Root carving
6573:Log building
6538:Chip carving
6413:
6401:
6329:. Gollancz.
6326:
6292:
6276:
6255:. Retrieved
6242:
6232:
6221:the original
6208:
6189:
6168:. Retrieved
6148:
6129:
6123:
6111:. Retrieved
6107:
6098:
6087:the original
6074:
6061:. Retrieved
6057:the original
6046:
6037:
6031:
6022:
6002:
5984:
5978:
5959:
5936:
5913:
5881:
5863:
5845:
5839:
5820:
5792:
5786:
5767:
5761:
5742:
5708:
5684:
5672:. Retrieved
5658:
5646:. Retrieved
5637:
5628:
5616:. Retrieved
5607:
5598:
5586:. Retrieved
5577:
5568:
5556:. Retrieved
5542:
5530:. Retrieved
5521:
5512:
5500:. Retrieved
5486:
5474:. Retrieved
5465:
5456:
5444:. Retrieved
5435:
5426:
5414:. Retrieved
5400:
5388:. Retrieved
5379:
5370:
5358:. Retrieved
5349:
5340:
5328:. Retrieved
5319:
5310:
5298:. Retrieved
5289:
5280:
5261:
5255:
5243:. Retrieved
5215:
5211:
5201:
5189:. Retrieved
5179:
5167:. Retrieved
5158:
5149:
5137:. Retrieved
5131:
5124:
5104:
5095:
5076:
5057:
5051:
5032:
5026:
5014:. Retrieved
5010:
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4983:
4976:
4964:. Retrieved
4954:
4931:
4899:
4893:
4874:
4868:
4857:
4838:
4832:
4825:
4821:
4809:. Retrieved
4804:
4795:
4783:. Retrieved
4778:
4769:
4602:
4579:
4574:
4542:
4541:"slanting"-
4533:
4531:
4517:
4515:
4510:fachwerkhaus
4509:
4507:
4493:
4483:
4470:
4445:
4427:
4425:
4418:
4407:
4399:Rhode Island
4394:
4392:
4387:
4380:
4370:
4365:curtain wall
4337:Saitta House
4311:
4286:English barn
4275:
4259:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4205:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4182:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4145:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4095:
4073:
4039:PeleČ™ Castle
4005:PeleČ™ Castle
3970:
3945:
3920:Brugata 14,
3822:
3814:Christian IV
3798:Log building
3796:
3790:bearing the
3783:
3779:
3778:
3774:North Dakota
3766:log building
3762:stave church
3761:
3757:
3743:stave church
3740:
3716:. (see also
3659:
3650:bindingsværk
3649:
3647:
3542:was born in
3540:André Grétry
3520:Saint-Hubert
3497:
3489:
3408:
3397:
3382:tower houses
3379:
3369:, except in
3360:
3332:
3313:
3289:arcade house
3191:
3176:
3155:
3115:
2961:
2774:
2727:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2683:
2675:
2600:
2595:fachwerkhaus
2594:
2592:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2489:
2465:Lower Saxony
2460:
2452:
2446:
2432:
2408:
2402:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2190:
2152:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2113:
2106:
2077:
2070:
2069:
1981:, Quayside,
1905:The Shambles
1902:
1871:
1848:
1833:
1818:
1804:, dating to
1799:
1767:
1754:steel square
1750:crosscut saw
1676:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1638:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1584:Roman Empire
1577:
1568:Warwickshire
1514:
1505:
1498:
1482:
1475:
1466:
1429:
1400:
1396:
1374:
1368:
1359:
1345:
1341:Rähmbauweise
1314:
1278:
1252:
1230:
1209:
1198:
1166:The Shambles
1159:
1152:
1129:
1122:Scribing or
1121:
1114:
1099:
1087:lap jointing
1084:
1041:such as the
1034:
1032:
1010:
1000:
992:
990:
973:Joseph Gwilt
968:
964:
946:
941:
937:
867:
851:
837:
830:
826:
740:
735:
721:
702:
688:, or rarely
685:
679:
673:
655:
653:
649:
644:
640:
630:
628:
554:
550:
509:
484:load-bearing
479:
478:
469:Krämerbrücke
437:
418:
399:Aisled frame
329:knee rafters
298:
264:
258:
249:
214:
209:
206:load-bearing
189:
172:
171:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
18:Timber-frame
8901:Woodworking
8803:Woodworking
8788:Wood drying
8773:Papermaking
8593:By-products
8499:Derivatives
8437:Pellet fuel
8178:Flitch beam
8082:WikiProject
8028:Rift sawing
8018:Flat sawing
7906:Wood drying
7583:Scrub plane
7568:Razee plane
7518:Block plane
7372:Mitre clamp
7319:Wood scribe
7270:Combination
7012:Purpleheart
6708:Douglas fir
6658:Woodturning
6491:Occupations
6453:Woodworking
6347:or reprint
6113:29 November
5191:13 December
4617:cockroaches
4599:xylophagous
4522:compression
4410:Tudorbethan
4383:Tudorbethan
4278:New England
4272:New England
4235:skiftesverk
3930:Netherlands
3810:Christiania
3806:Middle Ages
3788:wall plates
3756:. The term
3750: [
3729:skiftesverk
3699:stolpteknik
3573:A House in
3474:Switzerland
3414: [
3389: [
3377:(Labourd).
3118:Middle Ages
2899:Mecklenburg
2859:DinkelsbĂĽhl
2840:Gelbensande
2744:Wernigerode
2728:Wordgasse 3
2726:(Germany),
2724:Quedlinburg
2660:WĂĽrttemberg
2593:The German
2588:South Tyrol
2492:Quedlinburg
2193:pan de bois
2090:quatrefoils
2035:West Sussex
1882:East Anglia
1878:New England
1710:tally marks
1695:marking out
1653:topping out
1461:West Linton
1352:and allows
1304:Herringbone
1191:(left) and
1139:machinery.
1132:New England
1043:Kluge House
1027:Kluge House
738:buildings.
694:wainscoting
561:Herculaneum
438:Ständerhaus
425:hall church
275:Cruck frame
263:. The term
245:woodworking
233:draw knives
140:Dornstetten
8865:Categories
8645:Historical
8626:Wood flour
8475:Paperboard
8345:Fiberboard
8303:Engineered
8163:Bressummer
8037:Techniques
7986:Conversion
7916:Wood stain
7844:Treatments
7632:Birdsmouth
7598:Spokeshave
7548:Jack plane
7538:Fore plane
7377:Pipe clamp
7342:Band clamp
7266:Carpenters
7087:Engineered
7037:Rubberwood
6886:Eucalyptus
6690:Calocedrus
6603:Pyrography
6568:Kohlrosing
6295:. Sorbus.
6270:References
5802:0906765161
5745:. Sorbus.
5718:0709060920
5290:tnaqua.org
5271:0060915153
5169:1 February
5042:0415973341
4909:0415969301
4884:0747806527
4686:Berg house
4663:subsidence
4644:black mold
4590:including
4442:Advantages
4436:1856230414
4375:houses by
4266:Dutch barn
4178:pierrotage
4138:bousillage
4126:New France
4120:New France
3993:Sighișoara
3873:interior,
3686:is called
3512:Luxembourg
3400:row houses
3326:, and the
3324:La Alberca
3139:mur pruski
3062:, Piedmont
3046:, Lombardy
3030:, Piedmont
3014:, Piedmont
2998:, Piedmont
2934:Mellenbach
2779:Rothenburg
2759:Rothenburg
2532:Schorndorf
2437:Bernkastel
2370:Notre-Dame
2288:Church of
1894:log cabins
1787:Staple Inn
1746:pit sawing
1684:race knife
1621:layers of
1600:log houses
1463:, Scotland
1402:including
1370:Firstsäule
1221:wall studs
1155:bressummer
1102:carpenters
675:pierrotage
657:bousillage
375:Miltenberg
223:this with
82:newspapers
8667:Clapboard
8636:Woodchips
8631:Wood wool
8511:Cellulose
8506:Birch-tar
8460:Cardboard
8442:Wood fuel
8350:hardboard
8253:Reclaimed
8218:Panelling
8208:Log house
8203:Log cabin
7826:Parquetry
7821:Oystering
7816:Marquetry
7657:Butterfly
7324:Workbench
7256:Sandpaper
7236:Mitre box
7181:Drawknife
7171:Burnisher
7156:Abrasives
7105:Hardboard
6766:Afromosia
6648:Whittling
6598:Parquetry
6583:Marquetry
6528:Certosina
6523:Carpentry
6513:Cabinetry
6460:Overviews
6325:(1992) .
5240:162393242
5212:Britannia
4691:Carpentry
4471:drying in
4228:sleppvegg
4201:Log cabin
4142:colombage
4106:Venezuela
4098:Old Salem
3997:Wallachia
3954:-powered
3875:Kaupanger
3818:brickwork
3802:livestock
3780:Grindverk
3747:Grindverk
3676:korsvirke
3500:provinces
3411:NĂ©obasque
3339:baserriak
3287:Mennonite
3225:Zgorzelec
3210:Bydgoszcz
3172:Bydgoszcz
3168:granaries
3144:Mennonite
3130:szachulec
2932:mĂĽhle in
2823:House in
2761:(Bavaria)
2757:House in
2668:lap-joint
2607:Franconia
2512:Bad Urach
2477:Thuringia
2393:Langonnet
2201:colombage
2137:trusses.
2060:, England
2017:, England
2001:, England
1985:, England
1966:, England
1947:, England
1931:, England
1925:Wormshill
1840:Sheffield
1810:Balbridie
1806:Neolithic
1734:frame saw
1666:Richtfest
1661:jotoshiki
1634:carpentry
1580:Neolithic
1553:Svendborg
1451:A modern
1414:trusses,
1404:bowstring
1093:joints.
1049:Structure
1007:Vitruvius
956:colombage
524:owl holes
415:, England
393:, Germany
361:, Germany
265:box frame
255:Box frame
225:broadaxes
178:‹See Tfd›
8876:Building
8828:Category
8809:Yakisugi
8743:Forestry
8711:See also
8652:Axe ties
8621:Tall oil
8601:Barkdust
8583:Wood gas
8563:Pine tar
8553:Methanol
8485:Pulpwood
8432:Firewood
8415:Charcoal
8408:Fuelwood
8355:Masonite
8283:Treenail
8183:Flooring
8072:Category
7851:Adhesive
7831:Purfling
7811:Intarsia
7752:Profiles
7677:Dovetail
7616:Geometry
7455:Hand saw
7440:Crosscut
7425:Circular
7420:Chainsaw
7367:Holdfast
7032:Rosewood
6964:American
6959:Mahogany
6931:Jelutong
6901:Hornbeam
6866:Cocobolo
6861:Chestnut
6776:Andiroba
6588:Millwork
6553:Intarsia
6548:Fretwork
6543:Ébéniste
6472:Glossary
6251:Archived
6239:"Timber"
6161:Archived
5922:cite web
5674:29 April
5668:Archived
5642:Archived
5612:Archived
5582:Archived
5558:29 April
5552:Archived
5526:Archived
5502:29 April
5496:Archived
5470:Archived
5440:Archived
5416:29 April
5410:Archived
5384:Archived
5354:Archived
5324:Archived
5294:Archived
5245:20 April
5163:Archived
5159:sips.org
5139:20 April
4991:20 April
4966:20 April
4930:(2006).
4670:See also
4661:or soil
4613:termites
4604:Ptinidae
4572:in both
4490:lintels.
4361:KlaipÄ—da
4349:New York
4345:Brooklyn
4300:Japanese
4086:Americas
4076:KlaipÄ—da
3977:Bistrița
3960:cladding
3956:sawmills
3952:windmill
3877:, Norway
3704:Palisade
3689:stavverk
3667:Blekinge
3591:Lierneux
3404:Uztaritz
3386:Dorretxe
3284:Trutnowy
3239:AntoniĂłw
3189:region.
3187:Silesian
3100:, Poland
3082:, Umbria
2980:Barbagia
2976:Sardinia
2968:Lombardy
2964:Piedmont
2950:Walsrode
2825:Schwerin
2809:Braubach
2794:Hornburg
2775:Plönlein
2692:, and a
2583:bundwerk
2574:fachwerk
2563:fachwerk
2516:Eppingen
2461:fachwerk
2410:houses.
2183:Provence
2123:Jettying
2086:lozenges
2054:Lavenham
2015:Cheshire
1758:broadaxe
1738:cant dog
1588:hardwood
1526:I-joists
1486:Huf Haus
1457:Huf Haus
1455:made by
1377:Hochstud
1354:jettying
1201:broadaxe
1149:Jettying
1110:seasoned
1071:jettied"
950:Fachwerk
736:Fachwerk
670:mudbrick
660:, fired
359:Backnang
8839:Commons
8718:Biomass
8692:Tanbark
8616:Sawdust
8427:Firelog
8420:biochar
8382:Plywood
8340:I-joist
8258:Shingle
8213:Molding
8092:Commons
8008:Whipsaw
8003:Sawmill
7896:Varnish
7891:Thermal
7866:Lacquer
7801:Binding
7770:Chamfer
7637:Biscuit
7603:Surform
7495:Whipsaw
7465:Keyhole
7450:Fretsaw
7430:Compass
7415:Bucksaw
7405:Bandsaw
7400:Backsaw
7382:Sawbuck
7352:F-clamp
7347:C-clamp
7221:Jointer
7125:Plywood
7077:Zebrano
7017:Ovankol
6982:Meranti
6970:African
6941:Linden
6896:Hickory
6851:Cedrela
6846:Camphor
6841:Bubinga
6836:Boxwood
6816:Bilinga
6801:Avodire
6718:Juniper
6703:Cypress
6578:Luthier
6467:History
6170:15 July
6063:4 March
4811:15 July
4785:15 July
4592:dry rot
4526:tension
3967:Romania
3940:Limburg
3792:rafters
3784:trestle
3671:Halland
3644:Denmark
3606:Bokrijk
3516:Bokrijk
3504:Limburg
3494:Belgium
3375:Lapurdi
3371:Zuberoa
3363:ashlars
3343:jettied
3318:style.
3152:Olędrzy
3134:Prussia
3080:Spoleto
2978:in the
2972:Bologna
2895:Ribnitz
2844:Rostock
2618:lintels
2578:Bavaria
2561:German
2520:Mosbach
2481:Bavaria
2441:Moselle
2418:Idstein
2290:Drosnay
2187:Corsica
2155:Bourges
2058:Suffolk
1945:Warwick
1867:jettied
1849:In the
1842:, the "
1814:Fengate
1808:times;
1791:Holborn
1284:Trusses
1243:trusses
1172:Timbers
1143:Jetties
943:timber.
709:plaster
705:nogging
645:torchis
563:, Italy
391:Metelen
289:Weobley
261:purlins
194:timbers
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8677:Potash
8578:Tannin
8538:Lignin
8452:Fibers
8397:lumber
8323:veneer
8263:Siding
8243:Rafter
8238:Purlin
8153:Batten
8146:timber
8142:Lumber
7998:Hewing
7737:Splice
7692:Halved
7687:Groove
7682:Finger
7662:Coping
7647:Bridle
7624:Joints
7505:Planes
7490:Veneer
7480:Scroll
7475:Ripsaw
7460:Jigsaw
7435:Coping
7334:Clamps
7261:Square
7251:Shaper
7246:Router
7226:Mallet
7201:Gimlet
7176:Chisel
7072:Willow
7062:Walnut
7052:Totara
7042:Sapele
7007:Poplar
6992:Padauk
6954:Merbau
6926:Jarrah
6911:Imbuia
6906:Idigbo
6871:Cumaru
6856:Cherry
6781:Anigre
6743:Spruce
6696:Cedrus
6563:Khatam
6518:Caning
6481:lumber
6370:
6359:
6351:
6333:
6299:
6283:
6196:
6136:
5966:
5888:
5827:
5799:
5774:
5749:
5715:
5268:
5238:
5232:525807
5230:
5101:hangar
5083:
5039:
4942:
4906:
4881:
4845:
4779:DW.COM
4665:damage
4657:prior
4638:Other
4627:, and
4434:
4414:façade
4282:purlin
4240:bulhus
4025:Sinaia
4001:Sinaia
3985:MediaČ™
3981:Brașov
3737:Norway
3702:. and
3656:Sweden
3637:Bruges
3510:, and
3183:Saxony
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3088:Poland
3012:Biella
2930:Zirkel
2672:tenons
2664:Alsace
2656:Swabia
2630:Saxony
2546:; and
2500:Goslar
2496:UNESCO
2483:, and
2306:Rennes
2258:Troyes
2179:Rennes
2171:Thiers
2163:Troyes
2031:Bignor
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1742:peavey
1730:hewing
1619:anoxic
1522:glulam
1410:, and
1408:Warren
1298:Braces
1288:gables
1269:joists
1247:joists
1205:planed
1124:coping
1104:would
698:warmth
500:infill
495:Fächer
489:Gefach
473:Erfurt
241:augers
237:braces
231:, and
221:Hewing
198:joined
188:) and
182:German
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
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8568:Pitch
8490:Rayon
8470:Paper
8288:Truss
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8223:Plank
8188:Joist
8173:Cruck
7876:Paint
7785:Ovolo
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7485:Table
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7362:Gripe
7278:Speed
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7206:Gauge
7196:Float
7191:Fence
7186:Drill
7144:Tools
7067:Wenge
7057:Utile
7022:Ramin
6977:Maple
6949:Lovoa
6921:Iroko
6891:Hazel
6876:Ebony
6821:Birch
6811:Beech
6806:Balsa
6796:Aspen
6791:Apple
6771:Alder
6728:Kauri
6723:Larch
6685:Cedar
6668:Woods
6643:Treen
6257:4 May
6224:(PDF)
6217:(PDF)
6164:(PDF)
6157:(PDF)
6090:(PDF)
6083:(PDF)
5648:1 May
5618:1 May
5588:1 May
5532:1 May
5476:1 May
5446:1 May
5390:1 May
5360:1 May
5330:1 May
5300:1 May
5236:S2CID
5228:JSTOR
5016:1 May
4761:Notes
4659:flood
4651:burns
4649:Wood
4640:fungi
4552:eaves
4456:bents
4294:bents
3989:Sibiu
3758:stave
3754:]
3663:SkĂĄne
3575:Theux
3559:Sugny
3544:Liège
3508:Liège
3418:]
3393:]
3310:Spain
3303:Toruń
3270:Sułów
3078:, in
3044:Monza
2974:, in
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2879:Oybin
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2641:joist
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2242:Tours
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7775:Ogee
7760:Bead
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7672:Dado
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7304:Vise
7241:Rasp
7166:Adze
7047:Teak
7002:Plum
6997:Pear
6758:Hard
6738:Rimu
6733:Pine
6677:Soft
6477:Wood
6368:ISBN
6357:ISBN
6349:ISBN
6331:ISBN
6297:ISBN
6281:ISBN
6259:2008
6194:ISBN
6172:2009
6134:ISBN
6115:2023
6065:2023
5964:ISBN
5928:link
5886:ISBN
5825:ISBN
5797:ISBN
5772:ISBN
5747:ISBN
5713:ISBN
5676:2012
5650:2018
5620:2018
5590:2018
5560:2012
5534:2018
5504:2012
5478:2018
5448:2018
5418:2012
5392:2018
5362:2018
5332:2018
5302:2018
5266:ISBN
5247:2022
5193:2018
5171:2013
5141:2022
5081:ISBN
5037:ISBN
5018:2018
4993:2022
4968:2022
4940:ISBN
4904:ISBN
4879:ISBN
4843:ISBN
4813:2021
4787:2021
4629:rats
4625:mice
4578:and
4467:SIPs
4432:ISBN
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4335:The
4112:and
4080:Riga
4078:and
4019:The
3991:and
3922:Oslo
3906:Oslo
3745:and
3669:and
3557:The
3518:and
3177:The
3108:The
3060:Susa
2773:The
2686:sill
2634:Harz
2616:and
2540:Calw
2494:, a
2447:The
2431:The
2354:Albi
2208:The
2185:and
1964:York
1929:Kent
1909:York
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1855:Kent
1812:and
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1651:The
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1292:roof
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1245:and
1162:York
1117:adze
1039:logs
429:nave
305:bent
239:and
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8548:Lye
8360:MDF
8328:LVL
8168:CLS
7901:Wax
7871:Oil
7707:Lap
7642:Box
7410:Bow
7282:Try
7161:Axe
7115:OSB
7110:MDF
6987:Oak
6916:IpĂŞ
6881:Elm
6786:Ash
6748:Yew
6713:Fir
6355:or
5220:doi
4588:rot
4524:or
4460:jig
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4232:or
4203:.)
4148:in
4108:),
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