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and are doubled up in places where a wall will be aligned over them, and sometimes tripled where heavy roof-loaded support walls are placed above them. They consist of a top and bottom chord or flange made from dimensional lumber with a webbing in-between made from oriented strand board (OSB) (or, latterly, steel mesh forms which allow passage of services without cutting). The webbing can be removed up to certain sizes or shapes according to the manufacturer's or engineer's specifications, but for small holes, wooden I-joists come with "knockouts", which are perforated, pre-cut areas where holes can be made easily, typically without engineering approval. When large holes are needed, they can typically be made in the webbing only and only in the center third of the span; the top and bottom chords lose their integrity if cut. Sizes and shapes of the hole, and typically the placing of a hole itself, must be approved by an engineer prior to the cutting of the hole and in many areas, a sheet showing the calculations made by the engineer must be provided to the building inspection authorities before the hole will be approved. Some I-joists are made with W-style webbing like a truss to eliminate cutting and to allow ductwork to pass through.
2294:– trusses are used in home construction as a pre-fabricated replacement for roof rafters and ceiling joists (stick-framing). It is seen as an easier installation and a better solution for supporting roofs than the use of dimensional lumber's struts and purlins as bracing. In the southern U.S. and elsewhere, stick-framing with dimensional lumber roof support is still predominant. The main drawbacks of trusses are reduced attic space, time required for engineering and ordering, and a cost higher than the dimensional lumber needed if the same project were conventionally framed. The advantages are significantly reduced labor costs (installation is faster than conventional framing), consistency, and overall schedule savings.
2272:, 14, 16, 18 and 24 inches (240, 300, 360, 410, 460 and 610 mm), and are often doubled or tripled up. They function as beams to provide support over large spans, such as removed support walls and garage door openings, places where dimensional lumber is insufficient, and also in areas where a heavy load is bearing from a floor, wall or roof above on a somewhat short span where dimensional lumber is impractical. This type of lumber is compromised if it is altered by holes or notches anywhere within the span or at the ends, but nails can be driven into it wherever necessary to anchor the beam or to add hangers for I-joists or dimensional lumber joists that terminate at an LVL beam.
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retard fires, was developed in 1936 by the
Protexol Corporation, in which lumber is heavily treated with salt. Wood does not deteriorate simply because it gets wet. When wood breaks down, it is because an organism is eating it. Preservatives work by making the food source inedible to these organisms. Properly preservative-treated wood can have 5 to 10 times the service life of untreated wood. Preserved wood is used most often for railroad ties, utility poles, marine piles, decks, fences and other outdoor applications. Various treatment methods and types of chemicals are available, depending on the attributes required in the particular application and the level of protection needed.
2282:– solid dimensional lumber lengths typically are limited to lengths of 22 to 24 feet (6.7–7.3 m), but can be made longer by the technique of "finger-jointing" by using small solid pieces, usually 18 to 24 inches (460–610 mm) long, and joining them together using finger joints and glue to produce lengths that can be up to 36 feet (11 m) long in 2×6 size. Finger-jointing also is predominant in precut wall studs. It is also an affordable alternative for non-structural hardwood that will be painted (staining would leave the finger-joints visible). Care is taken during construction to avoid nailing directly into a glued joint as stud breakage can occur.
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final finished dimensions and the mill cuts the logs to whatever size it needs to achieve those final dimensions. Typically, that rough cut is smaller than the nominal dimensions because modern technology makes it possible to use the logs more efficiently. For example, a "2×4" board historically started out as a green, rough board actually 2 by 4 inches (51 mm × 102 mm). After drying and planing, it would be smaller by a nonstandard amount. Today, a "2×4" board starts out as something smaller than 2 inches by 4 inches and not specified by standards, and after drying and planing is minimally
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530:. The length of a board is usually specified separately from the width and depth. It is thus possible to find 2×4s that are four, eight, and twelve feet in length. In Canada and the United States, the standard lengths of lumber are 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24 feet (1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.7, 4.3, 4.9, 5.5, 6.1, 6.7 and 7.3 m). For wall framing, precut "stud" lengths are available, and are commonly used. For ceilings heights of 8, 9 or 10 feet (2.4, 2.7 or 3.0 m),
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the logging, saw milling and paper-making processes. In particular, they view it as a way to lower greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the consumption of oil and gas while supporting the growth of forestry, agriculture and rural economies. Studies by the U.S. government have found the country's combined forest and agriculture land resources have the power to sustainably supply more than one-third of its current petroleum consumption.
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3204:(LCA). The study aimed to assess and compare the environmental impacts of wood waste management from building construction activities using different alternative management scenarios in Hong Kong. Despite various advantages of lumber and its waste, the contribution to the study of the circular economy of lumber is still very small. Some areas where improvements can be made to improve the circularity of lumber is as follows:
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combinations of pressure and vacuum are used to force adequate levels of chemical into the wood. Pressure-treating preservatives consist of chemicals carried in a solvent. Chromated copper arsenate, once the most commonly used wood preservative in North
America began being phased out of most residential applications in 2004. Replacing it are amine copper quat and copper azole.
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considerable volume of waste, which includes solid wood waste, harmful gases, and residual water. Therefore, it is important to identify and apply measures to reduce environmental contamination, giving a financial return to the industries (e.g., selling the waste to wood chippings manufacturers) and maintaining a healthy relationship between the environment and industries.
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controlling moisture. Once decay fungi are established, the minimum moisture content for decay to propagate is 22 to 24 percent, so building experts recommend 19 percent as the maximum safe moisture content for untreated wood in service. Water by itself does not harm the wood, but rather, wood with consistently high moisture content enables fungal organisms to grow.
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the buyer. The
National Lumber Grades Authority (NLGA) is responsible for writing, interpreting and maintaining Canadian lumber grading rules and standards. The Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board (CLSAB) monitors the quality of Canada's lumber grading and identification system. Their common grade abbrievation, CLS,
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hardwoods and those in most common use (in increasing strength) are D24, D30, D40, D50, D60, and D70. For these classes, the number refers to the required 5th percentile bending strength in newtons per square millimetre. There are other strength classes, including T-classes based on tension intended for use in
1539: in (21 mm). In 1928, that was reduced by 4%, and yet again by 4% in 1956. In 1961, at a meeting in Scottsdale, Arizona, the Committee on Grade Simplification and Standardization agreed to what is now the current U.S. standard: in part, the dressed size of a 1-inch (nominal) board was fixed at
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Small set of specified lengths: Fixed-length hardwood boards in the United States are most common in 4–6 ft (1.2–1.8 m) lengths, with a good representation of 8 ft (2.4 m) lengths in a variety of widths, and a few widths with occasional dimensional sizes to 12 ft (3.7 m)
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Timber undergo multiple processing stages before lumber of desired shapes, size, and standards are achieved for commercial use. The process generates a lot of waste which in most cases is disregarded. But being an organic waste, the positive aspect of such waste is that it can be used as a fertiliser
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The circular economy can be considered as a model that aims to eliminate waste by targeting materials, and products at their maximum value of utility and time. In short, it is a whole new model of production and consumption that ensures sustainable development over time. It is related to the reuse of
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The United
Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Australia, Fiji, Madagascar, Mongolia, Russia, Denmark, Switzerland, and Eswatini governments all support an increased role for energy derived from biomass, which are organic materials available on a renewable basis and include residues and/or byproducts of
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There are two basic methods of treating: with and without pressure. Non-pressure methods are the application of preservatives by brushing, spraying, or dipping the piece to be treated. Deeper, more thorough penetration is achieved by driving the preservative into the wood cells with pressure. Various
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To avoid decay and termite infestation, untreated wood is separated from the ground and other sources of moisture. These separations are required by many building codes and are considered necessary to maintain wood elements in permanent structures at a safe moisture content for decay protection. When
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Also in North
America, hardwood lumber is commonly sold in a "quarter" system, when referring to thickness; 4/4 (four quarter) refers to a 1-inch-thick (25 mm) board, 8/4 (eight quarter) is a 2-inch-thick (51 mm) board, etc. This "quarter" system is rarely used for softwood lumber; although
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The basic understanding of lumber, or "sawn planks", came about in North
America in the seventeenth century. Lumber is the most common and widely used method of sawing logs. Plain sawn lumber is produced by making the first cut on a tangent to the circumference of the log. Each additional cut is then
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Wooden I-joists – sometimes called "TJI", "Trus Joists" or "BCI", all of which are brands of wooden I-joists, they are used for floor joists on upper floors and also in first floor conventional foundation construction on piers as opposed to slab floor construction. They are engineered for long spans
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As previously noted, less wood is needed to produce a given finished size than when standards called for the green lumber to be the full nominal dimension. However, even the dimensions for finished lumber of a given nominal size have changed over time. In 1910, a typical finished 1-inch (25 mm)
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of the tree it is milled from. In general the maximum length is 24 ft (7.32 m). Engineered wood products, manufactured by binding the strands, particles, fibers, or veneers of wood, together with adhesives, to form composite materials, offer more flexibility and greater structural strength
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was exporting 36 million feet of pine boards and at least 300 ship masts per year to the
British Empire. The timber supply began to dwindle at the start of the twentieth century due to significant harvest volumes, so the logging industry was forced to seek timber elsewhere; hence, the expansion
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In early periods of society, to make wood for building, the trunks of trees were split with wedges into as many and as thin pieces as possible. If it was necessary to have them still thinner, they were hewn, by some sharp instrument, on both sides, to the proper size. This simple but wasteful manner
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Green building minimizes the impact or "environmental footprint" of a building. Wood is a major building material that is renewable and replenishable in a continuous cycle. Studies show manufacturing wood uses less energy and results in less air and water pollution than steel and concrete. However,
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used for sales and specification of softwoods – hardwood boards are often sold totally rough cut, or machine planed only on the two (broader) face sides. When hardwood boards are also supplied with planed faces, it is usually both by random widths of a specified thickness (normally matching milling
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In Europe, strength grading of rectangular sawn lumber/timber (both softwood and hardwood) is done according to EN-14081 and commonly sorted into classes defined by EN-338. For softwoods, the common classes are (in increasing strength) C16, C18, C24, and C30. There are also classes specifically for
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Lumber manufacturing globally is determined by the preferred style of building; areas with a "wood building culture" (homes were built from wood rather than other materials like brick) are the countries with significant sawmilling industries. Historical wood-frame home building regions are: Europe,
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Wood is among the most demanding materials, which makes it important to come up with a model of the circular economy. The lumber industry creates a lot of waste, especially in its manufacturing process. From log debarking to finished products, there are several stages of processing that generate a
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easily calculated, without resorting to specific figures for each scale. The dimensions of timbers in similar applications show a gradual diminution from the Sui dynasty (580–618) to the modern era; a 1st class timber during the Sui was reconstructed as 15×10 (Sui dynasty inches, or 29.4 mm).
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Canada has grading rules that maintain a standard among mills manufacturing similar woods to assure customers of uniform quality. Grades standardize the quality of lumber at different levels and are based on moisture content, size, and manufacture at the time of grading, shipping, and unloading by
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are larger than the actual standard dimensions of finished lumber. Historically, the nominal dimensions were the size of the green (not dried), rough (unfinished) boards that eventually became smaller finished lumber through drying and planing (to smooth the wood). Today, the standards specify the
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Wood waste can be recycled at its end of life to make new products. Recycled chips can be used to make wood panels, which is beneficial for both the environment and industry. Such practice reduces the use of virgin raw materials, eliminating emissions that would have otherwise been emitted in its
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Wood can be treated with a preservative that improves service life under severe conditions without altering its basic characteristics. It can also be pressure-impregnated with fire-retardant chemicals that improve its performance in a fire. One of the early treatments to "fireproof lumber", which
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There are two main natural forces responsible for causing defects in timber and lumber: abnormal growth and rupture of tissues. Rupture of tissue includes cracks or splits in the wood called "shakes". "Ring shake", "wind shake", or "ring failure" is when the wood grain separates around the growth
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Timber smaller than the 8th class were called "unclassed" (等外). The width of a timber is referred to as one "timber" (材), and the dimensions of other structural components were quoted in multiples of "timber"; thus, as the width of the actual timber varied, the dimensions of other components were
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The move to set national standards for lumber in the United States began with the publication of the
American Lumber Standard in 1924, which set specifications for lumber dimensions, grade, and moisture content; it also developed inspection and accreditation programs. These standards have changed
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Pre-cut studs save a framer much time, because they are pre-cut by the manufacturer for use in 8-, 9-, and 10-foot ceiling applications, which means the manufacturer has removed a few inches or centimetres of the piece to allow for the sill plate and the double top plate with no additional sizing
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it is easy to manufacture prefabricated lumber, from which pieces can be assembled simultaneously (with relatively little labor). This reduces material waste, avoids massive on-site inventory, and minimizes on-site disruption. According to the softwood lumber industry, "Mass timber buildings are
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Biomass is already an important source of energy for the North
American forest products industry. It is common for companies to have cogeneration facilities, also known as combined heat and power, which convert some of the biomass that results from wood and paper manufacturing to electrical and
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Circular economy practices offer effective solutions concerning waste. It targets its unnecessary generation through waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. There is no clear explicit evidence of circular economy in the wood panel industry. However, based on the circular economy concept and its
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The primary objective when addressing moisture loads is to keep water from entering the building envelope in the first place and to balance the moisture content within the building itself. Moisture control by means of accepted design and construction details is a simple and practical method of
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The circular saw, as used in modern sawmills, was invented by an
Englishman named Miller in 1777. It was not until the nineteenth century, however, that it was generally applied, and its great work belongs to that period. The first insertable teeth for this saw were invented by W. Kendal, an
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material, which means it naturally absorbs and releases water to balance its internal moisture content with the surrounding environment. The moisture content of wood is measured by the weight of water as a percentage of the oven-dry weight of the wood fiber. The key to controlling decay is
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An EPA study showed the typical end-of-life scenario for wood waste from municipal solid waste (MSW), wood packaging, and other miscellaneous wood products in the US. Based on the 2018 data, about 67% of wood waste was landfilled, 16% incinerated with energy recovery, and 17% recycled.
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Covering exposed ground in any crawl spaces with 6-mil polyethylene film and maintaining at least 12 to 18 inches (300 to 460 mm) of clearance between the ground and the bottom of framing members above (12 inches to beams or girders, 18 inches to joists or plank flooring
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sent settlers to Madeira and the settlers started clearing the huge expanses of forest in order to grow crops. Felled trees were made into planks by water-powered mills and the timber (cedar and yew) was shipped to Portugal and Spain. About 1427, the first sawmill in Germany was built.
2202:-inch, 19 mm, or 1x. In recent years architects, designers, and builders have begun to use the "quarter" system in specifications as a vogue of insider knowledge, though the materials being specified are finished lumber, thus conflating the separate systems and causing confusion.
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of lumber is typically either kiln- or air-dried. Defects due to seasoning are the main cause of splits, bowing and honeycombing. Seasoning is the process of drying timber to remove the bound moisture contained in the walls of the wood cells to produce seasoned timber.
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Building materials and construction make up 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Though the exact amount will depend on tree species, forestry practices, transportation costs, and several other factors, that one cubic meter of lumber sequesters roughly one tonne of
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government in the early twelfth century, timbers were standardized to eight cross-sectional dimensions. Regardless of the actual dimensions of the timber, the ratio between width and height was maintained at 1:1.5. Units are in Song dynasty inches (31.2 mm).
600:(2×4s, 2×6s, 2×8s, 2×10s, and 2×12s), named for traditional board thickness in inches, along with the 4×4 (89 mm × 89 mm), are common lumber sizes used in modern construction. They are the basic building blocks for such common structures as
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Substituting lumber for concrete or steel avoids the carbon emissions of those materials. Cement and concrete manufacture is responsible for around 8% of global GHG emissions while the iron and steel industry is responsible for another 5% (half a ton of
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North America, Japan. Different areas of the world are recognized as significant timber suppliers; however, these areas (Indonesia, Sarawak, New Guinea, etc.) are exporters of raw logs and do not have a significant domestic lumber producing industry.
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Fixed board lengths do not apply in all countries; for example, in Australia and the United States, many hardwood boards are sold to timber yards in packs with a common width profile (dimensions) but not necessarily consisting of boards of identical
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Hardwoods cut for furniture are cut in the fall and winter, after the sap has stopped running in the trees. If hardwoods are cut in the spring or summer the sap ruins the natural color of the lumber and decreases the value of the wood for furniture.
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Forest Products Laboratory. Design Values for Wood Construction, which is a supplement to the ANSI/AF&PA National Design Specification® for Wood Construction, provides these lumber design values, which are recognized by the model building codes.
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First, regulations to support recycled lumber use. For example, establishing grading standards and enforcing penalties for improper disposal, especially in sectors that produce big quantities of wood waste, such as the construction and demolition
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of softwood dimensional lumber) and somewhat random lengths. But besides those older (traditional and normal) situations, in recent years some product lines have been widened to also market boards in standard stock sizes; these usually retail in
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Under proper conditions, wood provides excellent, lasting performance. However, it also faces several potential threats to service life, including fungal activity and insect damage – which can be avoided in numerous ways. Section 2304.11 of the
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Grading rules for African and South American sawn lumber have been developed by ATIBT according to the rules of the Sciages Avivés Tropicaux Africains (SATA) and is based on clear cuttings – established by the percentage of the clear surface.
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addresses protection against decay and termites. This section provides requirements for non-residential construction applications, such as wood used above ground (e.g., for framing, decks, stairs, etc.), as well as other applications.
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In the case of fire, the outer layer of mass timber will tend to char in a predictable way that effectively self-extinguishes and shields the interior, allowing it to retain structural integrity for several hours, even in an intense
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and follow the grain. Like shakes, checks can hold water promoting rot. A "split" goes all the way through a timber. Checks and splits occur more frequently at the ends of lumber because of the more rapid drying in these locations.
2288:– created from 2×4 or 2×6 stock by gluing the faces together to create beams such as 4×12 or 6×16. As such, a beam acts as one larger piece of lumber – thus eliminating the need to harvest larger, older trees for the same size beam.
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All wood preservatives used in the United States and Canada are registered and regularly re-examined for safety by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Health Canada's Pest Management and Regulatory Agency, respectively.
2649:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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Individual pieces of lumber exhibit a wide range in quality and appearance with respect to knots, slope of grain, shakes and other natural characteristics. Therefore, they vary considerably in strength, utility, and value.
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In quarter sawn thicknesses, meaning the thickness and width dimensions as they come out of the sawmill's table. Because lengths vary most with temperature, hardwood boards in the US often have a bit of extra length.
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standards, which consider the effect of strength reducing characteristics, load duration, safety, and other influencing factors. The applicable standards are based on results of tests conducted in cooperation with the
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from many smaller widths, the industry generally only does minimal processing, preserving as much board width as is practicable. This leaves culling and width decisions totally in the hands of the craftsman building
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Lippke, B., E. Oneil, R. Harrison, K. Skog, L. Gustavsson, and R. Sathre. 2011. Life cycle impacts of forest management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation: knowns and unknowns. Carbon Management 2(3):
1668:. The result is a more precise understanding of the strength of each piece of lumber than is possible with visually graded lumber, which allows designers to use full-design strength and avoid overbuilding.
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Re-manufactured lumber is the result of secondary or tertiary processing of previously milled lumber. Specifically, it refers to lumber cut for industrial or wood-packaging use. Lumber is cut by ripsaw or
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U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Energy Biomass as a Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply, 2005 Executive Summary
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Lumber is a sustainable and environmentally friendly construction material that could replace modern building materials (e.g. concrete and steel) given its structural performance, capacity to fixate CO
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denotes waste material that has been recycled and injected back into use as productive material. Lumber has a high potential to be used as a secondary raw material at various stages, as listed below:
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Third, increase demand by introducing incentives to the construction sector and new homeowners to use recycled lumber. This can be in the form of reduced taxes for the construction of the new build.
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de Carvalho Araújo, Cristiane Karyn; Salvador, Rodrigo; Moro Piekarski, Cassiano; Sokulski, Carla Cristiane; de Francisco, Antonio Carlos; de Carvalho Araújo Camargo, Sâmique Kyene (January 2019).
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There are four recommended methods to protect wood-frame structures against durability hazards and thus provide maximum service life for the building. All require proper design and construction:
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Wood with less than 25% moisture (dry weight basis) can remain free of decay for centuries. Similarly, wood submerged in water may not be attacked by fungi if the amount of oxygen is inadequate.
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In rough-sawn lumber it immediately clarifies that the lumber is not yet milled, avoiding confusion with milled dimension lumber which is measured as actual thickness after machining. Examples –
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Second, creating a stronger supply force. This can be achieved by improving demolition protocol and technology and enhancing the secondary raw materials market through circular business models.
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Dimensional lumber is lumber that is cut to standardized width and depth, often specified in millimetres or inches (but see below for information on nominal dimensions vs. actual dimensions).
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step of production). The "quarter" system of reference is a traditional North American lumber industry nomenclature used specifically to indicate the thickness of rough sawn hardwood lumber.
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over the years to meet the changing needs of manufacturers and distributors, with the goal of keeping lumber competitive with other construction products. Current standards are set by the
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Because working expensive hardwoods is far more difficult and costly, and because an odd width might well be conserved and be of use in making such surfaces as a cabinet side or tabletop
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and squared with a saw, broadaxe or adze, and then joined together with joinery without nails. Modern timber framing has been growing in popularity in the United States since the 1970s.
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characteristics, there are opportunities present in the wood panel industry from the raw material extraction phase to its end-of-life. Therefore, there lies a gap yet to be explored.
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is the most common method, because sawing allows logs of lower quality, with irregular grain and large knots, to be used and is more economical. There are various types of sawing:
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against decay. For applications with a high risk of staying wet, designers specify durable materials such as naturally decay-resistant species or wood that has been treated with
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rings either while standing or during felling. Shakes may reduce the strength of a timber and the appearance thus reduce lumber grade and may capture moisture, promoting decay.
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made up 13 and 26% of waste collected. Construction and demolition waste made up the biggest bulk of waste collectively at 52%, with the remaining 10% coming from industry.
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who invented the first mechanical sawmill, which was wind-powered, on December 15, 1593. This made the conversion of log timber into planks 30 times faster than previously.
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Plain sawn (flat sawn, through and through, bastard sawn) – A log sawn through without adjusting the position of the log and the grain runs across the width of the boards.
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469:– These terms have been confused in history but generally mean lumber sawn so the annual rings are reasonably perpendicular to the sides (not edges) of the lumber.
358: – an archipelago comprising four islands off the northwest coast of Africa and an autonomous region of Portugal – was discovered.
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Installing wood framing and sheathing in exterior walls at least eight inches above exposed earth; locating siding at least six inches from the finished grade
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Attempts to maintain lumber quality over time have been challenged by historical changes in the timber resources of the United States – from the slow-growing
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and web joints. Machine grading measures a characteristic such as stiffness or density that correlates with the structural properties of interest, such as
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If allowed by local regulation, treating the soil around the foundation with an approved termiticide to provide protection against subterranean termites
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began in 1607 when the Jamestown settlers cut timber to build the first settlement in the new world. America's first sawmill was built at the Falls of
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thermal energy in the form of steam. The electricity is used to, among other things, dry lumber and supply heat to the dryers used in paper-making.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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The largest lumber manufacturing regions in the world are: China (18%); United States (17%); Canada (10%); Russia (9%); Germany (5%); Sweden (4%).
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is the raw material for furniture-making, and manufacture of other items requiring cutting and shaping. It is available in many species, including
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Waste generated during the manufacturing of lumber products can be used to produce thermal energy. Lumber products after their end-of-life can be
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Otherwise, logs were sawn using a two-person whipsaw, or pit-saw, using saddleblocks to hold the log, and a pit for the pitman who worked below.
175:, but also some hardwood, for high-grade flooring. It is more commonly made from softwood than hardwoods, and 80% of lumber comes from softwood.
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For buildings in termite zones, basic protection practices addressed in current building codes include (but are not limited to) the following:
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Providing quality assurance during design and construction and throughout the building's service life using appropriate maintenance practices
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as "based on the principles of designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems."
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Supporting post columns by concrete piers so that there is at least 6 inches (150 mm) of clear space between the wood and exposed earth
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in the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, while in other parts of the world (mainly the United States and Canada) the term
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Dimensional lumber is available in green, unfinished state, and for that kind of lumber, the nominal dimensions are the actual dimensions.
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demonstrated the proportional waste stream of recovered lumber in the UK. The study showed that timber from municipal solid waste and
2872:. A "check" is a crack on the surface of the wood caused by the outside of a timber shrinking as it seasons. Checks may extend to the
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Structural lumber may also be produced from recycled plastic and new plastic stock. Its introduction has been strongly opposed by the
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is lumber created by a manufacturer and designed for a certain structural purpose. The main categories of engineered lumber are:
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Machine stress-rated and machine-evaluated lumber are readily available for end-uses where high strength is critical, such as
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retentions of 0.60, 0.80 and 2.50 pounds per cubic foot (9.6, 12.8 and 40.0 kg/m) if treatment is required.
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In North America, market practices for dimensional lumber made from hardwoods varies significantly from the regularized
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The longest plank in the world (2002) is in Poland (near Szymbark) and measures 36.83 metres (about 120 ft 10 in) long.
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The American colonies were essential to England in the role of supplier of lumber for the British fleet. By the 1790s,
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into chips and be used as biomass to produce thermal energy. It is beneficial for industries that need thermal energy.
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lumber into two or more thinner pieces of full-length boards. For example, splitting a 10-foot-long (3.0 m) 2×4 (
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it is not possible to separate wood from the sources of moisture, designers often rely on preservative-treated wood.
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made parallel to the one before. This method produces the widest possible boards with the least amount of log waste.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Special fasteners are used with treated lumber because of the corrosive chemicals used in its preservation process.
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and using only a relatively small set of specified lengths; in all cases hardwoods are sold to the consumer by the
1616:
Design values for most species and grades of visually graded structural products are determined in accordance with
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now common in today's commercial forests. Resulting declines in lumber quality have been of concern to both the
316:
industry. Blending fiberglass in plastic lumber enhances its strength, durability, and fire resistance. Plastic
7108:
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Roy, Robert L. Timber framing for the rest of us. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2004. 6. Print.
4001:
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4402:
3714:"A Brief History of Wood-Splitting Technology, Part 3: The Wind-Powered Sawmill That Changed Dutch History"
2732:
Chip mark: this defect is indicated by the marks or signs placed by chips on the finished surface of timber
2362:(A partially sawn log such as sawn on two sides or squared to a large size and later resawn into lumber. A
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4840:
3162:
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396:, in 1634. Unauthenticated records, however, claim that as early as 1633 several mills were operating in
59:
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3303:
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Using durable materials such as pressure-treated or naturally durable species of wood where appropriate
2728:
During the process of converting timber to commercial forms of lumber the following defects may occur:
2366:
is a type of cant with wane on one or both sides). Various pieces are also known by their uses such as
1697:
than C24 can offer. TR26 is also a common trussed rafter strength class in long standing use in the UK.
303:
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7133:
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4542:"Life Cycle Energy and Environmental Impacts of Cross Laminated Timber Made with Coastal Douglas-fir"
2435:
393:
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roughly 25% faster to construct than concrete buildings and require 90% less construction traffic".
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is a style of construction that uses heavier framing elements (larger posts and beams) than modern
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2175:
softwood decking is sometimes sold as 5/4, even though it is actually one inch thick (from milling
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3968:
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38:
31:
17:
4038:"Strength grading of sawn lumber/timber in Europe: an explanation for engineers and researchers"
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3545:"ASTM D6108 – 09 Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Plastic Lumber and Shapes"
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8:
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3448:"Europe Timber Market - Europe Timber & Wood Products Prices -01 – 15th January 2021"
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Torn grain: when a small dent is made on the finished surface due to falling of some tool
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standard E 84," which means it burns more slowly than almost all treated wood lumber.
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The Forest Products Laboratory. U.S. main wood products research lab. Madison, WI (E)
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3728:"Chapter 3 - Evolution of the Lumber Industry | Industrial Workers of the World"
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lumber is a natural insulator which makes it particularly good for windows and doors.
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In contrast, in Britain, and some other Commonwealth nations and Ireland, the term
79:
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Fungi attack wood (both timber and lumber) when these conditions are all present:
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and consumers and have caused increased use of alternative construction products.
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is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry – primarily
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3050:, which uses smaller standard dimensional lumber. The timbers are cut from log
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Free of heart center (FOHC) – A side-cut timber, post or beam without any pith.
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Where appropriate, ventilating crawl spaces according to local building codes
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Grading the building site away from the foundation to provide proper drainage
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is not used for softwoods at the retailer (to the cognizance of the buyer).
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Defects occurring in lumber are grouped into the following four divisions:
2453:
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321:
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83:
4540:
Puettmann, Maureen; Sinha, Arijit; Ganguly, Indroneil (1 September 2019).
3529:
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remains within the timber, post or beam, with some allowance for exposure.
290: in or 19 by 89 mm) of the same length is considered re-sawing.
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4092:
Ridley-Ellis, Dan; Gil-Moreno, David; Harte, Annette M. (19 March 2022).
3363:
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The length of a unit of dimensional lumber is limited by the height and
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2990:
Removing building material scraps from the job site before backfilling.
2955:
2930:
2869:
2688:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2395:
2391:
1730:
1549: inch; while the dressed size of 2 inch (nominal) lumber was
317:
107:
98:). Lumber has many uses beyond home building. Lumber is referred to as
91:
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7012:
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4657:"Circular Economy Practices on Wood Panels: A Bibliographic Analysis"
3991:"Material substitution in the U.S. residential construction industry"
3394:
3313:
3283:
3249:
3242:
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2379:
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C30, prefab roof trusses and where design requires somewhat stronger
531:
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75:
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2315:
494:
204:
is rarely used in relation to wood and has several other meanings.)
6992:
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4738:
A Synthesis of Research on Wood Products and Greenhouse Gas Impacts
3961:"Minimizing the use of lumber products in residential construction"
3368:
3298:
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1685:
613:
609:
370:
313:
235:
231:
144:
134:
126:
122:
3530:"Recycling and Deregulation: Opportunities for Market Development"
2741:
Wane: presence of original rounded surface in the finished product
7169:
7164:
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6931:
6785:
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to create dimensions that are not usually processed by a primary
148:
114:
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3268:
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616:
boards are more commonly used for making cabinets or furniture.
7159:
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4875:
4775:(Rules for Grading Hardwood Lumber – Inspector Training School)
3349:
Table of Wood and Bamboo Mechanical and Agricultural Properties
2419:
2383:
2319:
1701:
1673:
1657:
444:
168:
160:
5583:
3505:"Conceptual Reference Database for Building Envelope Research"
3189:
materials, components, and products over a longer life cycle.
2813:
which are usually responsible for the decay of timber/lumber:
110:, such as cut logs or standing trees that have yet to be cut.
78:
into uniform and useful sizes (dimensional lumber), including
7037:
6946:
6941:
6926:
6347:
6138:
6131:
6102:
6082:
6052:
6037:
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5982:
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4036:
Ridley-Ellis, Dan; Stapel, Peter; Baño, Vanesa (1 May 2016).
2406:
2387:
2291:
1694:
1653:
429:
220:
172:
4802:
4490:"The hottest new thing in sustainable building is, uh, wood"
4179:"Austin Energy page describing engineered structural lumber"
4081:. Centre for Wood Science & Technology. 1 December 2015.
2754:
The wood moisture content is above 25% on a dry-weight basis
1733:(144 cubic inches or 2,360 cubic centimetres), whereas that
230:
Re-sawing is the splitting of 1-to-12-inch (25–305 mm)
63:
The harbor of Bellingham, Washington, filled with logs, 1972
6936:
6465:
6402:
6327:
6208:
6163:
6158:
5894:
5638:
4915:
4856:
4807:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4091:
3825:
3417:
lengths. Often the longer sizes need be special ordered.
3107:
is emitted to manufacture a ton of concrete; two tons of CO
2911:
Controlling moisture using design techniques to avoid decay
2873:
2375:
2327:
1622:
1617:
473:
325:
152:
71:
4790:
4094:"Strength grading of timber in the UK and Ireland in 2021"
3936:"What is CLS timber and what DIY projects is it good for?"
2658:
to this template: there are already 1,886 articles in the
183:
In the United States and Canada, milled boards are called
7062:
6553:
6322:
6148:
6042:
5874:
5270:
4784:
3759:"Is Timber Scarce? The Economics Of A Renewable Resource"
3200:
One of the studies conducted in Hong Kong was done using
3111: are emitted in the manufacture of a ton of steel).
2965:
2962:
are examples of potential applications for treated wood.
2914:
Providing effective control of termites and other insects
2542:
great halls 3 small bays wide or halls 3 large bays wide
156:
4778:
4718:
Encyclopedia of American forest and conservation history
4350:
4140:
3099:
and low energy demand during the manufacturing process.
4772:
3916:
2514:
great halls 5 or 3 bays wide or halls 7 or 5 bays wide
4035:
3234:
Recovery of branches and leaves for use as fertilisers
7124:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
4539:
2185: in or 3.2 mm off each side in a motorized
324:
rating of 25 or less, when tested in accordance with
3264:
3238:
or to protect the soil in severe weather conditions.
2642:
369:(or Krelis Lootjes) was a Dutch windmill owner from
348:
of making boards is still continued in some places.
3660:
3658:
3656:
2745:
2638:
a machine-translated version of the German article.
2244:-inch (44 mm) thicknesses with depths such as
4791:TRADA: Timber Research And Development Association
4734:
3491:"Hardwood vs Softwood – Difference and Comparison"
3057:
2441:
27:Wood that has been processed into beams and planks
4817:June 20–24, 2010, Riva del Garda, Trentino, Italy
4481:
3833:. USDA Forest Service, Forest Product Laboratory.
1741:North American hardwood dimensional lumber sizes
659:North American softwood dimensional lumber sizes
7266:
4515:"Energy Technology Perspectives 2016 – Analysis"
3923:. Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board.
3653:
4270:"Understanding & working with wood defects"
3145:Less construction time, labor costs, and waste:
3079:power is a growing trend in the United States.
1634:is well utilised in the construction industry.
2893:
2684:accompanying your translation by providing an
2629:Click for important translation instructions.
2616:expand this article with text translated from
1641:common over a century ago to the fast-growing
498:A common 50 by 100 mm (2-by-4-inch) board
5599:
4841:
4690:"Insights in Timber Recycling and Demolition"
4626:"Insights in Timber Recycling and Demolition"
4341:"Lumber is Made Fireproof by Salt Treatment"
3845:"American Lumber Standard Committee: History"
2528:great halls 3 bays wide or halls 5 bays wide
266: in or 38 by 89 mm) into two 1×4s (
200:is used in both senses. (In the UK, the word
37:"Timber" redirects here. For other uses, see
4808:WCTE, World Conference on Timber Engineering
4000:, School of Forest Resources. Archived from
3927:
3420:
4267:
3899:"National Lumber Grades Authority (Canada)"
1711:
579:
485:Free of knots (FOK) – No knots are present.
117:, or surfaced on one or more of its faces.
5606:
5592:
4848:
4834:
4250:U. S. Department of Agriculture. "Shake",
4045:European Journal of Wood and Wood Products
3172:
2298:
612:is typically used for construction, while
411:
4821:Forest Products data in Canada since 1990
4672:
4109:
3219:
2735:Diagonal grain: improper sawing of timber
207:
7114:Building and Wood Workers' International
4694:Centre for Wood Science & Technology
4630:Centre for Wood Science & Technology
4432:2016-05-22 at the Portuguese Web Archive
4153:"African and South American sawn timber"
3967:. Nebraska Energy Office. Archived from
3689:"The Portuguese Colonization of Madeira"
3090:
3007:
1591:
522:in Australia, New Zealand, and the UK),
493:
479:Heart center – the center core of a log.
415:
58:
45:
4487:
4295:"WoodWorks Durability and Service Life"
3933:
3863:"Structural Properties and Performance"
3828:"History of yard lumber size standards"
3548:ASTM Committee D20.20 on Plastic Lumber
1587:
655:inches (38 mm × 89 mm).
510:wooden buildings. Common sizes include
14:
7267:
4687:
4623:
4145:
3686:
3559:"SAFPLANK Interlocking Decking System"
2966:Controlling termites and other insects
608:housing. Dimensional lumber made from
589:than typical wood building materials.
506:extensively use dimensional lumber in
320:structural lumber can have a "class 1
5587:
4829:
4779:Timber Development Association of NSW
4650:
4648:
4646:
4246:
4244:
4229:王, 貴祥. "关于隋唐洛阳宫乾阳殿与乾元殿的平面_结构与形式之探讨".
489:
7249:
5556:
4773:National Hardwood Lumber Association
4588:"4 Things to Know About Mass Timber"
3826:Smith, L. W. and L. W. Wood (1964).
3375:
2757:The environment is sufficiently warm
2598:
2594:
2209:
191:describes standing or felled trees.
113:Lumber may be supplied either rough-
7239:
7099:American Association of Woodturners
5568:
4688:cramer, marlene (2 November 2020).
4624:cramer, marlene (2 November 2020).
4098:International Wood Products Journal
3934:Jenkins, Steve (3 September 2023).
3802:"American Softwood Lumber Standard"
3745:"The History of Logging in the USA"
3621:"The Structure of a Japanese House"
2924:
106:refers specifically to unprocessed
24:
4710:
4643:
4488:Roberts, David (15 January 2020).
4241:
3917:"CLSAB and Lumber Grading Quality"
3497:
1607:American Lumber Standard Committee
25:
7306:
7129:National Wood Carvers Association
4855:
4766:
4203:
4159:. Fordaq S.A., The Timber Network
3032:
2852:
1690:C16 and C24, general construction
293:
7248:
7238:
7229:
7228:
7104:Architectural Woodwork Institute
5567:
5555:
5546:
5545:
3397:or furniture with the boards.
3267:
3070:
3063:demand for lumber is blamed for
2997:
2746:Defects due to fungi and animals
2603:
90:, as well as finishing (floors,
5613:
5095:Oriented structural straw board
4785:TDA: Timber Decking Association
4744:(2nd ed.). FPInnovations.
4735:Sathre, R; O'Conner, J (2010).
4681:
4617:
4606:
4580:
4533:
4507:
4463:
4437:
4415:
4396:
4380:
4334:
4319:
4287:
4261:
4222:
4197:
4171:
4134:
4085:
4071:
4029:
4011:
3983:
3953:
3909:
3891:
3837:
3819:
3794:
3776:
3751:
3720:
3706:
3680:
3627:
3613:
3581:"The Strange Story of 'Lumber'"
3410:
3400:
3382:
3058:Environmental effects of lumber
2442:Historical Chinese construction
2413:
7109:British Woodworking Federation
4445:"EERE News: EERE Network News"
3587:
3573:
3552:
3538:
3523:
3483:
3473:"Southern Pine Cost Estimates"
3465:
3440:
3152:
3128:Reduction of carbon emissions:
2809:Following are the insects and
2694:You may also add the template
2570:pagodas and small great halls
2486:great halls 11 or 9 bays wide
2446:Under the prescription of the
2310:Square and rectangular forms:
178:
13:
1:
7119:Caricature Carvers of America
4228:
4111:10.1080/20426445.2022.2050549
3940:Homebuilding & Renovating
3434:
3245:for thermal energy generation
2771:Fungi lumber/timber defects:
2723:
2500:great halls 7 or 5 bays wide
2228:Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
137:, because of their low cost.
4268:karenkoenig (4 April 2016).
3075:The conversion from coal to
2880:
2696:{{Translated|de|Holzfehler}}
1752:S2S (surfaced on two sides)
518:and other variants, such as
86:. Lumber is mainly used for
7:
3872:. WoodWorks. Archived from
3763:elischolar.library.yale.edu
3635:"Forest product statistics"
3260:
3163:Edinburgh Napier University
2901:International Building Code
2894:Durability and service life
2666:will aid in categorization.
2584:small pagodas and ceilings
1749:S1S (surfaced on one side)
443:into lumber by being sawn,
10:
7311:
5486:Non-timber forest products
5110:Structural insulated panel
4730:online review of this book
3693:World History Encyclopedia
3666:"History of Saw Milling –"
3304:Hardwood timber production
3179:Ellen MacArthur Foundation
3161:A 2020 study conducted by
3036:
3001:
2856:
2641:Machine translation, like
2302:
2213:
1746:Nominal (rough-sawn size)
1611:U.S. Secretary of Commerce
1567: inch to the current
562:inches (2.66 m), and
388:, on the line between the
331:
304:Fiber-reinforced composite
297:
211:
36:
29:
7224:
7198:
7147:
7134:Society of Wood Engravers
7091:
7005:
6955:
6912:
6784:
6777:
6665:
6552:
6494:
6313:
6304:
6247:
5918:
5837:
5828:
5652:
5621:
5541:
5433:
5367:
5314:
5221:
5173:
5130:
5024:
4863:
4613:EPA’s study on Wood Waste
4558:10.3992/1943-4618.14.4.17
4546:Journal of Green Building
4057:10.1007/s00107-016-1034-1
2618:the corresponding article
2436:chromated copper arsenate
2434:pilings are available in
1521:
1518:
1515:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1322:
1210:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1014:
1011:
899:
896:
893:
818:
815:
812:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
394:Province of New Hampshire
7295:Wood-related terminology
5451:Destructive distillation
4252:The Encyclopedia of Wood
4210:. China: Song Government
3998:University of Washington
2556:pagodas and small halls
1712:North American hardwoods
1632:Canadian Lumber Standard
580:North American softwoods
408:into the American West.
50:Wood cut from Victorian
5471:Green building and wood
4813:27 January 2010 at the
3173:In the circular economy
2958:and exposed timbers or
2705:For more guidance, see
2409:), stick (staff, baton)
2299:Various pieces and cuts
1790: in (7.9 mm)
1778: in (9.5 mm)
412:Conversion of wood logs
39:Timber (disambiguation)
32:Lumber (disambiguation)
7211:Frameless construction
6292:Wood-plastic composite
5115:Wood–plastic composite
5041:Glued laminated timber
5036:Cross-laminated timber
3227:secondary raw material
3220:Secondary raw material
3013:
2449:Method of Construction
2418:In the United States,
2166: in (95 mm)
2150: in (97 mm)
2119: in (70 mm)
2103: in (71 mm)
2072: in (44 mm)
2056: in (46 mm)
2025: in (33 mm)
2009: in (35 mm)
1965: in (27 mm)
1949: in (29 mm)
1905: in (21 mm)
1893: in (22 mm)
1866: in (14 mm)
1854: in (16 mm)
1828: in (11 mm)
1816: in (13 mm)
1597:
576:inches (2.96 m).
548:inches (2.35 m),
499:
436:
354:In 1420 the island of
308:Wood-plastic composite
208:Re-manufactured lumber
64:
56:
5188:Corrugated fiberboard
5090:Oriented strand board
4434:(Polity Press, 2011).
3668:. Woodchuckcanuck.com
3202:life-cycle assessment
3115:Advantages of lumber:
3091:Environmental impacts
3011:
2707:Knowledge:Translation
2678:copyright attribution
2452:(營造法式) issued by the
2424:southern yellow pines
2303:Further information:
2280:Finger-jointed lumber
1700:C40, usually seen in
1595:
497:
419:
367:Cornelis Corneliszoon
298:Further information:
62:
49:
7139:Timber Framers Guild
5993:Australian Blackwood
5573:WikiProject Forestry
4796:6 March 2010 at the
4363:"About Treated Wood"
4331:, March 1944, p. 59.
3641:on 26 September 2022
3595:"How Lumber Is Sawn"
2868:is known for having
2422:are mainly cut from
2292:Manufactured trusses
1660:, laminating stock,
1588:Grades and standards
1360:191 × 191
1208:140 × 140
88:construction framing
30:For other uses, see
6859:Hammer-headed tenon
6378:Janka hardness test
5334:Ramial chipped wood
4326:"Wood That Fights."
4274:Woodworking Network
3533:Resource Recycling,
3511:on 23 February 2008
3139:Natural insulation:
2940:wood-frame building
2171:
1742:
1609:, appointed by the
1513:38 × 286
1476:19 × 286
1432:38 × 235
1395:19 × 235
1320:89 × 184
1283:38 × 184
1246:19 × 184
1171:89 × 140
1134:38 × 140
1097:19 × 140
1050:19 × 114
660:
377:American, in 1826.
151:species, including
5720:Japanese carpentry
5251:Cellulosic ethanol
4716:Davis, Richard C.
4674:10.3390/su11041057
4475:2008-08-25 at the
4409:2011-11-10 at the
4347:bottom-left p. 560
3905:on 11 August 2011.
3687:Cartwright, Mark.
3601:. 19 December 2021
3564:2013-04-26 at the
3452:www.globalwood.org
3014:
2818:Woodboring beetles
2686:interlanguage link
2170:
1740:
1598:
1009:89 × 89
972:38 × 89
935:19 × 89
891:38 × 64
854:19 × 64
810:38 × 38
773:19 × 38
658:
500:
490:Dimensional lumber
472:Boxed heart – The
437:
65:
57:
53:Eucalyptus regnans
7262:
7261:
7216:Green woodworking
7073:Wood preservation
7001:
7000:
6904:Tongue and groove
6884:Mortise and tenon
6773:
6772:
6471:Warrington hammer
6300:
6299:
5988:African Blackwood
5780:Segmented turning
5581:
5580:
5516:Wood preservation
5461:Engineered bamboo
5281:Pyroligneous acid
4761:on 21 March 2012.
4751:978-0-86488-546-3
4424:and Jane Lister,
4343:Popular Mechanics
4185:on 22 August 2006
3599:Hood Distribution
3376:Explanatory notes
3121:Fire performance:
3004:Wood preservation
2718:
2717:
2630:
2626:
2595:Defects in lumber
2588:
2587:
2358: in ),
2221:Engineered lumber
2216:Engineered lumber
2210:Engineered lumber
2172:
2169:
1526:
1525:
596:In the Americas,
534:are available in
514:(pictured) (also
390:Province of Maine
382:American colonies
16:(Redirected from
7302:
7252:
7251:
7242:
7241:
7232:
7231:
6782:
6781:
6451:Thickness planer
6311:
6310:
6105:(lime, basswood)
5835:
5834:
5695:Chainsaw carving
5608:
5601:
5594:
5585:
5584:
5571:
5570:
5559:
5558:
5549:
5548:
5506:Timber recycling
5501:Reclaimed lumber
5491:Natural building
5456:Dry distillation
5410:Split-rail fence
4850:
4843:
4836:
4827:
4826:
4762:
4760:
4754:. Archived from
4743:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4652:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4621:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4485:
4479:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4447:. Archived from
4441:
4435:
4419:
4413:
4400:
4394:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4359:
4348:
4338:
4332:
4329:Popular Sciences
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4300:. Archived from
4299:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4265:
4259:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4181:. Archived from
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4149:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4113:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4042:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4021:. Archived from
4019:"Naturally:wood"
4015:
4009:
4008:
4007:on 20 June 2010.
4006:
3995:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3971:on 20 March 2017
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3901:. Archived from
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3879:on 26 March 2020
3878:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3786:. Archived from
3784:"Naturally:wood"
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3662:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3637:. Archived from
3631:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3571:
3556:
3550:
3542:
3536:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3507:. Archived from
3501:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3444:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3386:
3354:Timber treatment
3344:Recycling timber
3339:Reclaimed lumber
3334:Natural building
3277:
3272:
3271:
3183:circular economy
2925:Moisture control
2697:
2691:
2665:
2664:|topic=
2662:, and specifying
2647:Google Translate
2628:
2624:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2460:
2459:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2344: in ×
2343:
2342:
2338:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1743:
1739:
1720:dimension lumber
1666:bending strength
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1480:2 × 12
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1447:1 × 12
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1399:2 × 10
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1366:1 × 10
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
987:
984:
969:
968:
964:
961:
955:
954:
950:
947:
932:
931:
927:
924:
918:
917:
913:
888:
887:
883:
880:
874:
873:
869:
866:
851:
850:
846:
843:
837:
836:
832:
807:
806:
802:
799:
793:
792:
788:
785:
770:
769:
765:
762:
756:
755:
751:
661:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
640:
639:
635:
632:
575:
574:
570:
567:
561:
560:
556:
553:
547:
546:
542:
539:
451:. Sawing with a
289:
288:
284:
281:
275:
274:
270:
265:
264:
260:
257:
251:
250:
246:
243:
214:Timber recycling
84:planks or boards
21:
7310:
7309:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7280:Timber industry
7265:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7220:
7206:Frame and panel
7194:
7143:
7087:
6997:
6956:Surface piecing
6951:
6908:
6829:Crown of thorns
6769:
6755:Smoothing plane
6661:
6548:
6490:
6393:Milling machine
6296:
6257:Cross-laminated
6243:
5914:
5824:
5795:Spindle turning
5785:Shingle weaving
5755:Pallet crafting
5648:
5617:
5612:
5582:
5577:
5537:
5521:Wood processing
5429:
5363:
5310:
5217:
5169:
5126:
5056:parallel strand
5027:
5020:
4868:
4859:
4854:
4815:Wayback Machine
4798:Wayback Machine
4769:
4758:
4752:
4741:
4713:
4711:Further reading
4708:
4698:
4696:
4686:
4682:
4653:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4595:
4594:. 25 April 2018
4586:
4585:
4581:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4486:
4482:
4477:Wayback Machine
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4422:Peter Dauvergne
4420:
4416:
4411:Wayback Machine
4401:
4397:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4361:
4360:
4351:
4339:
4335:
4324:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4307:on 5 April 2012
4304:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4266:
4262:
4249:
4242:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4135:
4090:
4086:
4079:"What is TR26?"
4077:
4076:
4072:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4025:on 22 May 2016.
4017:
4016:
4012:
4004:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3932:
3928:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3790:on 22 May 2016.
3782:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3747:. 5 April 2016.
3743:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3566:Wayback Machine
3557:
3553:
3543:
3539:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3294:Engineered wood
3289:Deck (building)
3273:
3266:
3263:
3222:
3197:manufacturing.
3175:
3167:packaging waste
3155:
3134:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3073:
3060:
3041:
3035:
3006:
3000:
2968:
2927:
2896:
2883:
2866:Eastern hemlock
2861:
2855:
2822:Marine borers (
2763:
2748:
2726:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2695:
2689:
2663:
2631:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2444:
2416:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2307:
2301:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:– LVL comes in
2218:
2212:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1714:
1647:lumber industry
1590:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:8 × 8
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1287:4 × 8
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:2 × 8
1240:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1217:1 × 8
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:6 × 6
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:4 × 6
1128:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:2 × 6
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:1 × 6
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:1 × 5
1003:
999:
996:
994:
989:
985:
982:
980:
976:4 × 4
966:
962:
959:
957:
952:
948:
945:
943:
939:2 × 4
929:
925:
922:
920:
915:
911:
910:
906:1 × 4
885:
881:
878:
876:
871:
867:
864:
862:
858:2 × 3
848:
844:
841:
839:
834:
830:
829:
825:1 × 3
804:
800:
797:
795:
790:
786:
783:
781:
777:2 × 2
767:
763:
760:
758:
753:
749:
748:
744:1 × 2
651:
647:
644:
642:
637:
633:
630:
628:
582:
572:
568:
565:
563:
558:
554:
551:
549:
544:
540:
537:
535:
492:
414:
380:Logging in the
334:
310:
296:
286:
282:
279:
277:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
255:
253:
248:
244:
241:
239:
216:
210:
181:
165:spruce-pine-fir
141:Finished lumber
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7308:
7298:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7246:
7236:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7185:Quarter sawing
7182:
7177:
7175:Wood splitting
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7083:Wood finishing
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7043:Paint stripper
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7009:
7007:
7003:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6918:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6790:
6788:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6750:Shoulder plane
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6725:Moulding plane
6722:
6717:
6715:Japanese plane
6712:
6707:
6705:Grooving plane
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6671:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6519:Flooring clamp
6516:
6511:
6506:
6500:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6476:Winding sticks
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6456:Timber-framing
6453:
6448:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6282:Particle board
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6262:Glue laminated
6259:
6253:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5924:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5843:
5841:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5800:Timber framing
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5770:Relief carving
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5670:Bush carpentry
5667:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5611:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5588:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5553:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5446:Certified wood
5443:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5420:Timber framing
5417:
5412:
5407:
5405:Sawdust brandy
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5296:Sandalwood oil
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5231:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5100:Particle board
5097:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4805:
4800:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4768:
4767:External links
4765:
4764:
4763:
4750:
4732:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4680:
4661:Sustainability
4642:
4616:
4605:
4579:
4532:
4506:
4480:
4462:
4451:on 29 May 2011
4436:
4414:
4395:
4379:
4349:
4333:
4318:
4286:
4260:
4258:, 2007. Print.
4240:
4221:
4196:
4170:
4157:www.fordaq.com
4144:
4133:
4104:(2): 127–136.
4084:
4070:
4051:(3): 291–306.
4028:
4010:
3982:
3965:www.neo.ne.gov
3952:
3926:
3908:
3890:
3854:
3836:
3818:
3793:
3775:
3750:
3733:
3719:
3705:
3679:
3652:
3626:
3612:
3586:
3572:
3569:Strongwell.com
3551:
3537:
3535:September 1996
3522:
3496:
3482:
3464:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3409:
3399:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3174:
3171:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3072:
3069:
3059:
3056:
3044:Timber framing
3039:Timber framing
3037:Main article:
3034:
3033:Timber framing
3031:
3002:Main article:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2964:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2895:
2892:
2882:
2879:
2857:Main article:
2854:
2853:Natural forces
2851:
2850:
2849:
2847:Carpenter bees
2844:
2842:Carpenter ants
2839:
2834:
2831:Teredo navalis
2827:
2824:Barnea similis
2820:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2692:
2670:
2667:
2655:adding a topic
2650:
2639:
2632:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2443:
2440:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2214:Main article:
2211:
2208:
2168:
2167:
2151:
2135:
2121:
2120:
2104:
2088:
2074:
2073:
2057:
2041:
2027:
2026:
2010:
1994:
1967:
1966:
1950:
1934:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1727:big-box stores
1718:standardized '
1713:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1680:C14, used for
1639:virgin forests
1589:
1586:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
978:
973:
970:
941:
936:
933:
908:
902:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
860:
855:
852:
827:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
779:
774:
771:
746:
740:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
606:platform-frame
581:
578:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
480:
477:
470:
460:
413:
410:
398:New Netherland
333:
330:
300:Plastic lumber
295:
294:Plastic lumber
292:
209:
206:
180:
177:
163:(collectively
74:that has been
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7307:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7285:Wood products
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7255:
7247:
7245:
7237:
7235:
7227:
7226:
7223:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7197:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7155:Chainsaw mill
7153:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7092:Organizations
7090:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7048:Steam bending
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7018:French polish
7016:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7004:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6889:Rabbet/Rebate
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6874:Mason's mitre
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6720:Jointer plane
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6690:Compass plane
6688:
6686:
6685:Chamfer plane
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6675:Bedrock plane
6673:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6461:Veneer hammer
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6373:Impact driver
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6189:Red Quebracho
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
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6147:
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6134:
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6128:
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6119:
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6011:
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5896:
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5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5665:Bow and arrow
5663:
5661:
5660:Boat building
5658:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5604:
5602:
5597:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5574:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5554:
5552:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5476:List of woods
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5385:Billet (wood)
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:Hemicellulose
5244:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:Railroad ties
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4857:Wood products
4851:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4740:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4728:, 871pp. See
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4614:
4609:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4575:
4571:
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4551:
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4516:
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4474:
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4431:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4346:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4303:
4296:
4290:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4256:Skyhorse Pub.
4253:
4247:
4245:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4209:
4208:
4204:李, 誡 (1103).
4200:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3986:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3875:
3871:
3870:woodworks.org
3864:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3829:
3822:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3729:
3723:
3715:
3709:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3622:
3616:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3478:
3477:patscolor.com
3474:
3468:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3423:
3413:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Wood industry
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:List of woods
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3071:Residual wood
3068:
3066:
3065:deforestation
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:stick framing
3045:
3040:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3005:
2998:Preservatives
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:preservatives
2941:
2938:protecting a
2935:
2932:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2891:
2888:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2661:
2660:main category
2657:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2614:You can help
2610:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2203:
2190:
2188:
2152:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2105:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2058:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2011:
1995:
1969:
1968:
1951:
1935:
1909:
1908:
1895:
1883:
1870:
1869:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1793:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1552:
1512:
1497: ×
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1460: ×
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1431:
1416: ×
1402:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1379: ×
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1344: ×
1330:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1304: ×
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1267: ×
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1230: ×
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1192: ×
1178:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1155: ×
1141:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1118: ×
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1081: ×
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1034: ×
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1008:
993: ×
979:
977:
974:
971:
956: ×
942:
940:
937:
934:
919: ×
909:
907:
904:
903:
890:
875: ×
861:
859:
856:
853:
838: ×
828:
826:
823:
822:
809:
794: ×
780:
778:
775:
772:
757: ×
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
694:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
662:
656:
625:
623:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:balloon-frame
599:
594:
590:
587:
577:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
496:
484:
481:
478:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
458:
457:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
435:
431:
427:
426:floating logs
423:
418:
409:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
374:
372:
368:
364:
361:
360:King Henry VI
357:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
309:
305:
301:
291:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
215:
205:
203:
199:
198:
192:
190:
186:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:window frames
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
55:
54:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7023:Heat bending
6968:Edge banding
6740:Router plane
6735:Rebate plane
6695:Finger plane
6426:
6130:
6124:
6104:
6098:Lignum vitae
5856:
5850:
5815:Wood carving
5790:Shipbuilding
5775:Root carving
5735:Log building
5700:Chip carving
5642:
5560:
5530:
5425:Wooden masts
5395:Dugout canoe
5380:Bavin (wood)
5329:Black liquor
5266:Liquid smoke
5016:Utility pole
5001:Timber truss
4921:Log building
4864:
4756:the original
4737:
4722:vol 1 online
4717:
4697:. Retrieved
4693:
4683:
4664:
4660:
4633:. Retrieved
4629:
4619:
4608:
4596:. Retrieved
4591:
4582:
4552:(4): 17–33.
4549:
4545:
4535:
4523:. Retrieved
4518:
4509:
4497:. Retrieved
4493:
4483:
4465:
4453:. Retrieved
4449:the original
4439:
4425:
4417:
4398:
4382:
4370:. Retrieved
4366:
4345:, April 1936
4342:
4336:
4328:
4321:
4309:. Retrieved
4302:the original
4289:
4277:. Retrieved
4273:
4263:
4254:. New York:
4251:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4212:. Retrieved
4206:
4199:
4189:10 September
4187:. Retrieved
4183:the original
4173:
4161:. Retrieved
4156:
4147:
4136:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4073:
4048:
4044:
4031:
4023:the original
4013:
4002:the original
3985:
3973:. Retrieved
3969:the original
3964:
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3939:
3929:
3921:www.clsab.ca
3920:
3911:
3903:the original
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3874:the original
3869:
3857:
3849:www.alsc.org
3848:
3839:
3821:
3809:. Retrieved
3805:
3796:
3788:the original
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3762:
3753:
3722:
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3692:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3645:26 September
3643:. Retrieved
3639:the original
3629:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3598:
3589:
3575:
3568:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3509:the original
3499:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:
3442:
3422:
3412:
3402:
3384:
3275:Trees portal
3255:
3241:Recovery of
3226:
3223:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3181:defines the
3176:
3160:
3156:
3144:
3138:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3061:
3043:
3042:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
2969:
2960:glulam beams
2936:
2928:
2906:
2897:
2884:
2862:
2859:Wood warping
2808:
2770:
2767:
2764:) is present
2749:
2727:
2719:
2682:edit summary
2673:
2653:
2623:
2615:
2589:
2454:Song dynasty
2447:
2445:
2417:
2414:Timber piles
2363:
2359:
2331:
2286:Glulam beams
2219:
2204:
2191:
2173:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1670:
1651:
1636:
1628:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1583:
1581: inch.
1550:
1527:
1479:
1446:
1398:
1365:
1326:
1286:
1249:
1216:
1174:
1137:
1100:
1067:
1020:
975:
938:
905:
857:
824:
776:
743:
621:
618:
597:
595:
591:
583:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
501:
463:Quarter sawn
440:
438:
402:
379:
375:
365:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
335:
322:flame spread
311:
229:
217:
201:
195:
193:
188:
184:
182:
140:
139:
119:Rough lumber
118:
112:
103:
99:
67:
66:
51:
43:
7290:Woodworking
7244:WikiProject
7190:Rift sawing
7180:Flat sawing
7068:Wood drying
6745:Scrub plane
6730:Razee plane
6680:Block plane
6534:Mitre clamp
6481:Wood scribe
6432:Combination
6174:Purpleheart
5870:Douglas fir
5820:Woodturning
5653:Occupations
5615:Woodworking
5526:Woodworking
5511:Wood drying
5496:Papermaking
5316:By-products
5222:Derivatives
5160:Pellet fuel
4901:Flitch beam
4781:– Australia
4699:7 September
4667:(4): 1057.
4635:10 February
4521:. June 2016
3806:Roof Online
3768:10 February
3698:14 November
3457:14 November
3364:Woodworking
3324:Lumber room
3153:End-of-life
2956:sill plates
2931:hygroscopic
2428:Douglas-fir
2401:Rod forms:
2334:(typically
2305:Woodworking
1682:scaffolding
1643:plantations
593:necessary.
520:four-by-two
516:two-by-four
405:New England
386:Piscatauqua
179:Terminology
92:wall panels
7269:Categories
7199:Techniques
7148:Conversion
7078:Wood stain
7006:Treatments
6794:Birdsmouth
6760:Spokeshave
6710:Jack plane
6700:Fore plane
6539:Pipe clamp
6504:Band clamp
6428:Carpenters
6249:Engineered
6199:Rubberwood
6048:Eucalyptus
5852:Calocedrus
5765:Pyrography
5730:Kohlrosing
5368:Historical
5349:Wood flour
5198:Paperboard
5068:Fiberboard
5026:Engineered
4886:Bressummer
4592:Think Wood
4392:0865715084
3435:References
3329:Lumberjack
3250:downcycled
2929:Wood is a
2870:ring shake
2776:Blue stain
2724:Conversion
2625:(May 2016)
2396:wall plate
2392:sill plate
1731:board-foot
1529:board was
624:dimensions
504:Carpenters
318:fiberglass
212:See also:
149:coniferous
131:white pine
129:, such as
108:wood fiber
6988:Parquetry
6983:Oystering
6978:Marquetry
6819:Butterfly
6486:Workbench
6418:Sandpaper
6398:Mitre box
6343:Drawknife
6333:Burnisher
6318:Abrasives
6267:Hardboard
5928:Afromosia
5810:Whittling
5760:Parquetry
5745:Marquetry
5690:Certosina
5685:Carpentry
5675:Cabinetry
5622:Overviews
5390:Clapboard
5359:Woodchips
5354:Wood wool
5234:Cellulose
5229:Birch-tar
5183:Cardboard
5165:Wood fuel
5073:hardboard
4976:Reclaimed
4941:Panelling
4931:Log house
4926:Log cabin
4724:see also
4598:8 October
4574:214201061
4566:1552-6100
4525:8 October
4128:247578984
4120:2042-6445
3975:26 August
3945:22 August
3672:18 August
3605:18 August
3493:. Diffen.
3314:Log house
3284:Cubic ton
3243:woodchips
3224:The term
2887:seasoning
2881:Seasoning
2829:Teredos (
2804:White rot
2795:Sap stain
2791:Heart rot
2781:Brown rot
2760:Oxygen (O
2700:talk page
2652:Consider
2620:in German
2332:strapping
619:Lumber's
467:rift sawn
441:converted
439:Logs are
424:with the
127:softwoods
123:hardwoods
76:processed
7275:Forestry
7234:Category
7013:Adhesive
6993:Purfling
6973:Intarsia
6914:Profiles
6839:Dovetail
6778:Geometry
6617:Hand saw
6602:Crosscut
6587:Circular
6582:Chainsaw
6529:Holdfast
6194:Rosewood
6126:American
6121:Mahogany
6093:Jelutong
6063:Hornbeam
6028:Cocobolo
6023:Chestnut
5938:Andiroba
5750:Millwork
5715:Intarsia
5710:Fretwork
5705:Ébéniste
5634:Glossary
5551:Category
5532:Yakisugi
5466:Forestry
5434:See also
5375:Axe ties
5344:Tall oil
5324:Barkdust
5306:Wood gas
5286:Pine tar
5276:Methanol
5208:Pulpwood
5155:Firewood
5138:Charcoal
5131:Fuelwood
5078:Masonite
5006:Treenail
4906:Flooring
4811:Archived
4794:Archived
4726:2 online
4473:Archived
4455:29 March
4430:Archived
4407:Archived
4279:12 March
4231:中國建築史論匯刊
4065:18860384
3562:Archived
3515:28 March
3427:lengths.
3395:cabinets
3369:Yakisugi
3299:Forestry
3261:See also
2978:members)
2952:shingles
2948:Cladding
2837:Termites
2811:molluscs
2676:provide
2124:4 in or
2077:3 in or
2030:2 in or
1871:1 in or
1686:formwork
688:Nominal
682:Nominal
676:Nominal
670:Nominal
664:Nominal
614:hardwood
610:softwood
392:and the
371:Uitgeest
314:forestry
236:softwood
232:hardwood
187:, while
145:softwood
135:red pine
7254:Commons
7170:Whipsaw
7165:Sawmill
7058:Varnish
7053:Thermal
7028:Lacquer
6963:Binding
6932:Chamfer
6799:Biscuit
6765:Surform
6657:Whipsaw
6627:Keyhole
6612:Fretsaw
6592:Compass
6577:Bucksaw
6567:Bandsaw
6562:Backsaw
6544:Sawbuck
6514:F-clamp
6509:C-clamp
6383:Jointer
6287:Plywood
6239:Zebrano
6179:Ovankol
6144:Meranti
6132:African
6103:Linden
6058:Hickory
6013:Cedrela
6008:Camphor
6003:Bubinga
5998:Boxwood
5978:Bilinga
5963:Avodire
5880:Juniper
5865:Cypress
5740:Luthier
5629:History
5562:Commons
5441:Biomass
5415:Tanbark
5339:Sawdust
5150:Firelog
5143:biochar
5105:Plywood
5063:I-joist
4981:Shingle
4936:Molding
4720:(1983)
4499:5 April
4404:303–33.
3811:27 July
3319:Logging
3209:sector.
3077:biomass
2799:Wet rot
2786:Dry rot
2698:to the
2680:in the
2622:.
2432:Treated
2420:pilings
2353:⁄
2339:⁄
2267:⁄
2258:,
2253:⁄
2239:⁄
2197:⁄
2187:planing
2180:⁄
2161:⁄
2145:⁄
2129:⁄
2114:⁄
2098:⁄
2082:⁄
2067:⁄
2051:⁄
2035:⁄
2020:⁄
2004:⁄
1988:⁄
1978:⁄
1960:⁄
1944:⁄
1928:⁄
1918:⁄
1900:⁄
1888:⁄
1876:⁄
1861:⁄
1849:⁄
1837:⁄
1823:⁄
1811:⁄
1799:⁄
1785:⁄
1773:⁄
1761:⁄
1735:measure
1722:' sizes
1662:I-beams
1658:rafters
1654:trusses
1576:⁄
1562:⁄
1551:reduced
1544:⁄
1534:⁄
1522:
1519:
1516:
1506:⁄
1492:⁄
1469:⁄
1455:⁄
1441:
1438:
1435:
1425:⁄
1411:⁄
1388:⁄
1374:⁄
1353:⁄
1339:⁄
1323:
1313:⁄
1299:⁄
1276:⁄
1262:⁄
1239:⁄
1225:⁄
1211:
1201:⁄
1187:⁄
1164:⁄
1150:⁄
1127:⁄
1113:⁄
1090:⁄
1076:⁄
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1043:⁄
1029:⁄
1015:
1012:
1002:⁄
988:⁄
965:⁄
951:⁄
928:⁄
914:⁄
900:
897:
894:
884:⁄
870:⁄
847:⁄
833:⁄
819:
816:
813:
803:⁄
789:⁄
766:⁄
752:⁄
735:inches
732:inches
726:inches
723:inches
717:inches
714:inches
708:inches
705:inches
699:inches
696:inches
691:Actual
685:Actual
679:Actual
673:Actual
667:Actual
650:⁄
636:⁄
622:nominal
598:two-bys
571:⁄
557:⁄
543:⁄
508:framing
453:rip saw
434:Finland
422:sawmill
356:Madeira
332:History
285:⁄
271:⁄
261:⁄
247:⁄
225:sawmill
173:hemlock
147:, from
18:Timbers
7160:Hewing
6899:Splice
6854:Halved
6849:Groove
6844:Finger
6824:Coping
6809:Bridle
6786:Joints
6667:Planes
6652:Veneer
6642:Scroll
6637:Ripsaw
6622:Jigsaw
6597:Coping
6496:Clamps
6423:Square
6413:Shaper
6408:Router
6388:Mallet
6363:Gimlet
6338:Chisel
6234:Willow
6224:Walnut
6214:Totara
6204:Sapele
6169:Poplar
6154:Padauk
6116:Merbau
6088:Jarrah
6073:Imbuia
6068:Idigbo
6033:Cumaru
6018:Cherry
5943:Anigre
5905:Spruce
5858:Cedrus
5725:Khatam
5680:Caning
5643:lumber
5400:Potash
5301:Tannin
5261:Lignin
5175:Fibers
5120:lumber
5046:veneer
4986:Siding
4966:Rafter
4961:Purlin
4876:Batten
4869:timber
4865:Lumber
4748:
4572:
4564:
4427:Timber
4390:
4311:1 June
4237:: 116.
4126:
4118:
4063:
3390:joined
2466:height
2384:rafter
2364:flitch
2320:batten
1983:in or
1923:in or
1702:glulam
1695:joists
1674:glulam
526:, and
306:, and
202:lumber
197:timber
189:timber
185:lumber
171:, and
161:spruce
104:timber
100:timber
68:Lumber
7038:Paint
6947:Ovolo
6942:Ogive
6927:Bevel
6894:Scarf
6879:Miter
6647:Table
6632:Miter
6607:Frame
6524:Gripe
6440:Speed
6436:Miter
6368:Gauge
6358:Float
6353:Fence
6348:Drill
6306:Tools
6229:Wenge
6219:Utile
6184:Ramin
6139:Maple
6111:Lovoa
6083:Iroko
6053:Hazel
6038:Ebony
5983:Birch
5973:Beech
5968:Balsa
5958:Aspen
5953:Apple
5933:Alder
5890:Kauri
5885:Larch
5847:Cedar
5830:Woods
5805:Treen
5481:Mulch
5291:Pitch
5213:Rayon
5193:Paper
5011:Truss
4951:Plate
4946:Plank
4911:Joist
4896:Cruck
4759:(PDF)
4742:(PDF)
4570:S2CID
4372:7 May
4305:(PDF)
4298:(PDF)
4214:8 May
4163:7 May
4141:ATIBT
4124:S2CID
4061:S2CID
4041:(PDF)
4005:(PDF)
3994:(PDF)
3883:7 May
3877:(PDF)
3866:(PDF)
3831:(PDF)
3124:fire.
3052:boles
2643:DeepL
2472:uses
2469:width
2463:Class
2407:dowel
2388:joist
2324:board
2312:plank
1553:from
586:girth
532:studs
449:split
447:, or
430:Kotka
221:resaw
169:cedar
80:beams
6937:Ogee
6922:Bead
6864:Knee
6834:Dado
6814:Butt
6554:Saws
6466:Vise
6403:Rasp
6328:Adze
6209:Teak
6164:Plum
6159:Pear
5920:Hard
5900:Rimu
5895:Pine
5839:Soft
5639:Wood
5256:Dyes
5239:nano
5203:Pulp
5028:wood
4996:Stud
4991:Sill
4956:Post
4916:Lath
4881:Beam
4787:– UK
4746:ISBN
4701:2022
4637:2024
4600:2021
4562:ISSN
4527:2021
4501:2024
4457:2011
4388:ISBN
4374:2017
4313:2011
4281:2018
4216:2016
4207:營造法式
4191:2006
4165:2017
4116:ISSN
3977:2009
3947:2024
3885:2017
3813:2018
3770:2024
3700:2023
3674:2022
3647:2022
3607:2022
3517:2008
3459:2023
3177:The
2885:The
2874:pith
2674:must
2672:You
2636:View
2564:5.25
2494:8.25
2426:and
2403:pole
2380:stud
2376:girt
2372:beam
2368:post
2360:cant
2328:lath
2316:slat
1684:and
1623:USDA
1618:ASTM
474:pith
465:and
445:hewn
326:ASTM
159:and
153:pine
133:and
125:and
115:sawn
82:and
72:wood
7063:Wax
7033:Oil
6869:Lap
6804:Box
6572:Bow
6444:Try
6323:Axe
6277:OSB
6272:MDF
6149:Oak
6078:Ipê
6043:Elm
5948:Ash
5910:Yew
5875:Fir
5271:Lye
5083:MDF
5051:LVL
4891:CLS
4669:doi
4554:doi
4519:IEA
4494:Vox
4367:CWC
4106:doi
4053:doi
2645:or
2578:4.5
2575:8th
2567:3.2
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2547:6th
2539:4.4
2536:6.6
2533:5th
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2134:in
2087:in
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1993:in
1933:in
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1766:in
738:mm
729:mm
720:mm
711:mm
702:mm
641:by
604:or
564:116
550:104
528:4×4
524:2×6
512:2×4
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245:1
242:+
240:1
41:.
34:.
20:)
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