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automated electric motion control systems for moving the cameras to follow the growth of plants as they developed. He time-lapsed his entire greenhouse of plants and cameras as they worked – a virtual symphony of time-lapse movement. His work was featured on a late 1950s episode of the request TV show,
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Ott discovered that the movement of plants could be manipulated by varying the amount of water the plants were given, and varying the color-temperature of the lights in the studio. Some colors caused the plants to flower, and other colors caused the plants to bear fruit. Ott discovered ways to change
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frame of film (or video), and has also been applied to the use of long-shutter openings used in still photography in some older photography circles. In movies, both kinds of time-lapse can be used together, depending on the sophistication of the camera system being used. A night shot of stars moving
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A variation of these are rigs that move the camera during exposures of each frame of film, blurring the entire image. Under controlled conditions, usually with computers carefully making the movements during and between each frame, some exciting blurred artistic and visual effects can be achieved,
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intervalometers available. Some intervalometers can be connected to motion control systems that move the camera on any number of axes as the time-lapse photography is achieved, creating tilts, pans, tracks, and trucking shots when the movie is played at normal frame rate. Ron Fricke is the primary
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Another use of fast motion is to speed up slow segments of a TV program that would otherwise take up too much of the time allotted a TV show. This allows, for example, a slow scene in a house redecorating show of furniture being moved around (or replaced with other furniture) to be compressed in a
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In long exposure time-lapse, the exposure time will approximate the effects of a normal shutter angle. Normally, this means the exposure time should be half of the frame interval. Thus a 30-second frame interval should be accompanied by a 15-second exposure time to simulate a normal shutter. The
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Time-lapse can be achieved with some normal movie cameras by simply shooting individual frames manually. But greater accuracy in time-increments and consistency in exposure rates of successive frames are better achieved through a device that connects to the camera's shutter system (camera design
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So a film recorded at 12 frames per second will appear to move twice as fast. Shooting at camera speeds between 8 and 22 frames per second usually falls into the undercranked fast motion category, with images shot at slower speeds more closely falling into the realm of time-lapse, although these
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Ott's initial "day-job" career was that of a banker, with time-lapse movie photography, mostly of plants, initially just a hobby. Starting in the 1930s, Ott bought and built more and more time-lapse equipment, eventually building a large greenhouse full of plants, cameras, and even self-built
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to prove whether or not race horses hooves ever are simultaneously in the air when running. The experiments progressed for 6 years until 1878 when
Muybridge set up a series of cameras for every few feet of a track which had tripwires the horses triggered as they ran. The photos taken from the
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the sex of plants merely by varying the light source color-temperature. By using these techniques, Ott time-lapse animated plants "dancing" up and down in synch to pre-recorded music tracks. His cinematography of flowers blooming in such classic documentaries as Walt Disney's
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The technique has been used to photograph crowds, traffic, and even television. The effect of photographing a subject that changes imperceptibly slowly, creates a smooth impression of motion. A subject that changes quickly is transformed into an onslaught of activity.
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is a comparable technique; a subject that does not actually move, such as a puppet, can repeatedly be moved manually by a small distance and photographed. Then, the photographs can be played back as a film at a speed that shows the subject appearing to move.
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as the Earth rotates requires both forms. A long exposure of each frame is necessary to enable the dim light of the stars to register on the film. Lapses in time between frames provide the rapid movement when the film is viewed at normal speed.
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Long exposure time-lapse is less common because it is often difficult to properly expose film at such a long period, especially in daylight situations. A film frame that is exposed for 15 seconds will receive 750 times more light than its
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fps). The shutter will be open for some portion of that time. In short exposure time-lapse the film is exposed to light for a normal exposure time over an abnormal frame interval. For example, the camera will be set up to expose a frame for
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the camera at a glacially slow pace. When the image is projected it could appear that the camera is moving at a normal speed while the world around it is in time lapse. This juxtaposition can greatly heighten the time-lapse illusion.
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The frame rate of time-lapse movie photography can be varied to virtually any degree, from a rate approaching a normal frame rate (between 24 and 30 frames per second) to only one frame a day, a week, or longer, depending on subject.
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Day-to-night transitions are among the most demanding scenes in time-lapse photography and the method used to deal with those transitions is commonly referred to as the "Holy Grail" technique. In a remote area not affected by
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Processes that would normally appear subtle and slow to the human eye, such as the motion of the sun and stars in the sky or the growth of a plant, become very pronounced. Time-lapse is the extreme version of the
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As mentioned above, in addition to modifying the speed of the camera, it is important to consider the relationship between the frame interval and the exposure time. This relationship controls the amount of
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second). Adjusting the shutter angle on a film camera (if its design allows), can add or reduce the amount of motion blur by changing the amount of time that the film frame is actually exposed to light.
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second, the film is actually exposed to light for roughly half the time. The rest of the time, it is hidden behind the shutter. Thus exposure time for motion picture film is normally calculated to be
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Some of the most stunning time-lapse images are created by moving the camera during the shot. A time-lapse camera can be mounted to a moving car for example to create a notion of extreme speed.
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345:. Highlights of Oxford's work are slow-motion shots of a dog shaking water off himself, with close ups of drops knocking a bee off a flower, as well as time-lapse of the decay of a dead mouse.
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specializes in time-lapse and slow-motion systems, and has developed camera systems that can go into (and move through) small places. Their footage has appeared in TV documentaries and movies.
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1397:) at 50,000 times the normal speed in just 12 minutes. The camera was moved, manually, slightly each day, and so the film gives the viewer the impression of seamlessly travelling around the
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The same principles apply to video and other digital photography techniques. However, until very recently , video cameras have not been capable of recording at variable frame rates.
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astonished journalists with early demonstrations of high magnification time-lapse cine-micrography. but no filmmaker can be credited for popularizing time-lapse more than
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Even if the film camera is set to record at a slower speed, it will still be projected at 24 frame/s. Thus the image on screen will appear to move faster.
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speed increase. Similarly, film can also be played at a much lower rate than at which it was captured, which slows down an otherwise fast action, as in
1355:{\displaystyle \mathrm {actual\ speed} ={\frac {\mathrm {camera\ frame\ rate} }{\mathrm {projection\ frame\ rate} }}\times \mathrm {perceived\ speed} }
759:{\displaystyle \mathrm {perceived\ speed} ={\frac {\mathrm {projection\ frame\ rate} }{\mathrm {camera\ frame\ rate} }}\times \mathrm {actual\ speed} }
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featured a sub-plot involving time-lapse photography of decomposing animals and included a composition called "Time-lapse" written for the film by
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299:(1956), pioneered the modern use of time-lapse on film and television. Ott wrote several books on the history of his time-lapse adventures,
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The speed that the camera must move to create a perceived normal camera motion can be calculated by inverting the time-lapse equation:
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As the frame rate of time-lapse approaches normal frame rates, these "mild" forms of time-lapse are sometimes referred to simply as
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second every 30 seconds. Such a setup will create the effect of an extremely tight shutter angle giving the resulting film a
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1069:{\displaystyle \mathrm {exposure\ time} ={\frac {\mathrm {shutter\ angle} }{360^{\circ }}}\times \mathrm {frame\ interval} }
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Der heilige Gral der
Zeitraffer Kinematografie. Möglichkeiten zur Erstellung von Tag zu Nacht Zeitraffern mit DSLR Kameras.
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In time-lapse photography, the camera records images at a specific slow interval such as one frame every thirty seconds (
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of a scene may be captured at 1 frame per second but then played back at 30 frames per second; the result is an apparent
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The exposure time can be calculated based on the desired shutter angle effect and the frame interval with the equation:
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comic scene might be played in fast motion with accompanying music. (This form of special effect was often used in
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The change in speed of the onscreen image can be calculated by dividing the projection speed by the camera speed.
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from 1915 to 1918. Time-lapse photography was further pioneered in the 1920s via a series of feature films called
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EBSCO Industries. (2013). From ponies to
ProjectCam: The history of time lapse photography. Retrieved from
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the night sky is about ten million times darker than the sky on a sunny day, which is corresponding to 23
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The most classic example of this is the "slit-scan" opening of the "stargate" sequence toward the end of
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especially when the camera is mounted on a tracking system that enables its own movement through space.
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https://www.wingscapes.com/blog/from-peonies-to-the-projectcam-the-history-of-time-lapse-photography/
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Today, digital photography provides many ways to handle day-to-night transitions, such as automatic
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Time-lapse photography of biological phenomena was pioneered by Jean
Comandon in collaboration with
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series aired a full episode on time-lapse (and slow motion) photography and systems in 1981 titled
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will record images at 24 frame/s since the projection speed and the recording speed are the same.
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multiple cameras were then compiled into a collection of images that recorded the horses running.
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distinctions of terminology have not been entirely established in all movie production circles.
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The term "time-lapse" can also apply to how long the shutter of the camera is open during the
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motor. Two axis pans can be achieved as well, with contemporary motorized telescope mounts.
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A panning time-lapse can be easily and inexpensively achieved by using a widely available
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since it was originally achieved by cranking a handcranked camera slower than normal.
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Talbot, Frederick Arthur
Ambrose (1912). "Chapter XIV: Moving Pictures of Microbes".
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The opposite of fast motion is slow motion. Cinematographers refer to fast motion as
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358:(1983) contained time-lapse of clouds, crowds, and cities filmed by cinematographer
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smaller allotment of time while still allowing the viewer to see what took place.
467:(1989), in which a character outraces a speeding bullet, and Los Angeles animator
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1698:"Local Man Bares Wonders of Germ Life: Making Moving Pictures of Microbe Drama".
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A film camera normally records images at 24 frames per second (fps). During each
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Film technique where the frame rate is lower than that used to view the sequence
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shot on IMAX cameras. Fricke used the technique extensively in the documentary
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present in each frame and is, in principle, exactly the same as adjusting the
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Two examples of both techniques are the running sequence in Terry
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pioneered the use of time-lapse in nature photography with his 1910
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Ron Fricke designed his own motion control equipment that utilized
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The first use of time-lapse photography in a feature film was in
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as the year goes along, each day compressed into a few seconds.
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developer of such systems, which can be seen in his short film
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was one of the first films to use this effect to its extreme.
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John Ott. (1973, 2008) DVD-film version available since 2008.
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Spanning Time: The
Essential Guide to Time-lapse Photography
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on a movie camera. This is known as "dragging the shutter".
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seeds germinating, a 10-day time-lapse in roughly 1 minute
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362:. Years later, Ron Fricke produced a solo project called
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Some classic subjects of time-lapse photography include:
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for each frame. Three photographs are taken at separate
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to move the camera. A motion control rig can be set to
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471:'s 1980s short and feature-length films, both titled
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from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.
1464:Time-lapse can be combined with techniques such as
485:comedies in the early days of the cinema; see also
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389:shows and presentations have included time-lapse.
1098:can be used to compensate for the over-exposure.
1090:second counterpart. (Thus it will be more than 9
19:"Time lapse" redirects here. For other uses, see
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279:, whose life-work is documented in the DVD-film
121:is a technique in which the frequency at which
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1715:"Movie New Eye of Microscope in War on Germs"
1101:
1646:The Lucky Dog Picturehouse (8 August 2014).
1552:"ALMA Time-lapse Video Compilation Released"
3432:Conservation and restoration of photographs
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1109:However, to achieve the effect of a simple
426:, also utilised the technique extensively.
114:; 2 hours are compressed into a few seconds
3159:Comparison of digital and film photography
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1389:shows a whole year passing by in Norway's
1094:over normal exposure.) A scientific grade
3384:Photographs considered the most important
1621:McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez (2017-02-21).
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1776:. Grossman Publishers, New York. 1974.
1731:360 degree example using this method:
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802:(1992, released to video in 2001) and
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1468:. One method to achieve HDR involves
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1429:(1968), created by Douglas Trumbull.
385:Countless other films, commercials,
74:Total Solar Eclipse on April 8, 2024
3379:Museums devoted to one photographer
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1460:High-dynamic-range (HDR) time-lapse
1380:to pan, tilt and dolly the camera.
907:resulting film will appear smooth.
183:Evolution of a construction project
72:Ten Minute Time Lapse Video of the
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2921:Timeline of photography technology
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311:(1979), and the film documentary
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374:(1992) which he photographed on
322:Oxford Scientific Film Institute
3525:Film post-production technology
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1894:
1860:Time lapse photography tutorial
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1386:A Year Along the Abandoned Road
820:Exposure time in frame interval
174:Landscapes and celestial motion
1772:ICP Library of Photographers.
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1658:
1648:"The Birth Of A Flower (1910)"
1639:
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512:Film is often projected at 24
504:produces slow motion effects.
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1:
2971:Painted photography backdrops
2903:Golden triangle (composition)
2183:35 mm equivalent focal length
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796:(1985) and his feature films
1735:360 degree panning timelapse
1594:Weston, Chris (2015-12-22).
474:The Wizard of Speed and Time
260:Das Wolkenphänomen in Maloja
194:The inception of time-lapse
157:technique of undercranking.
7:
2681:Intentional camera movement
1782:. Current Biography (1967).
1511:
874:Blurring vs. exposure times
102:time-lapse of the night sky
21:Time lapse (disambiguation)
10:
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3374:Most expensive photographs
2726:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1466:high-dynamic-range imaging
1449:Motion control photography
1406:equatorial telescope mount
1102:Time-lapse camera movement
423:The Private Life of Plants
177:Plants and flowers growing
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1738:. 5 May 2007 – via
1454:Long-exposure photography
1113:, it is necessary to use
856:second (often rounded to
125:frames are captured (the
3308:Digital image processing
1713:H. H. Dunn (June 1931).
1538:
1480:Day-to-night transitions
3416:Photography periodicals
2976:Photography and the law
783:point-and-shoot cameras
399:A Zed & Two Noughts
3328:Gelatin silver process
2352:Science of photography
2337:Photographic processes
2315:Perspective distortion
1834:Exploring the Spectrum
1356:
1096:neutral density filter
1070:
875:
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777:permitting) called an
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314:Exploring the Spectrum
281:Exploring the Spectrum
198:occurred in 1872 when
147:high-speed photography
119:Time-lapse photography
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2781:Schlieren photography
2325:Photographic printing
2248:Exposure compensation
1758:Michael Arras (2014)
1426:2001: A Space Odyssey
1357:
1071:
901:stop-motion animation
873:
819:
761:
229:The Birth of a Flower
159:Stop motion animation
109:
97:
71:
51:
35:
3530:Photography by genre
3520:Animation techniques
3515:Cinematic techniques
2570:Straight photography
2208:Chromatic aberration
1687:. London: Heinemann.
1670:translate.google.com
1136:
917:
540:
508:How time-lapse works
216:Carrefour De L'Opera
3442:photographic plates
3117:Digital photography
2300:Hyperfocal distance
2213:Circle of confusion
1702:. November 3, 1929.
1518:The Benny Hill Show
1395:Hasvik Municipality
271:From 1929 to 1931,
2936:Autochrome Lumière
2931:Analog photography
2756:Pigeon photography
2550:Social documentary
2029:discontinued films
1846:2019-03-28 at the
1666:"Google Translate"
1433:Related techniques
1352:
1066:
876:
822:
756:
487:liquid electricity
418:David Attenborough
410:television series
204:Eadweard Muybridge
186:People in the city
133:. For example, an
116:
104:
86:
57:
38:
3497:
3496:
3288:Collodion process
3224:Chromogenic print
3211:Color photography
2721:Multiple exposure
2696:Lo-fi photography
2228:Color temperature
1335:
1300:
1286:
1268:
1221:
1203:
1160:
1040:
1017:
990:
947:
785:have hardware or
739:
713:
699:
681:
646:
628:
573:
265:The Holy Mountain
214:' motion picture
95:
69:
49:
36:Sunset time-lapse
33:
3542:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3474:
3348:Print permanence
3293:Cross processing
3251:CMYK color model
3236:Color management
3189:Foveon X3 sensor
3184:Three-CCD camera
2828:Miniature faking
2786:Sabattier effect
2403:Astrophotography
2258:Zebra patterning
1889:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1830:
1819:. Pocket Books.
1818:
1815:Health and Light
1804:
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1753:
1744:
1743:
1729:
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1722:
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1612:
1611:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1579:. Archived from
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1556:ESO Announcement
1548:
1523:Everyday (video)
1361:
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714:
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594:
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530:
420:'s 1995 series,
308:Health and Light
289:You Asked For It
96:
70:
50:
34:
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3549:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3541:
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3420:
3362:
3353:Push processing
3269:
3262:
3256:RGB color model
3205:
3111:
2995:
2907:
2873:Diagonal method
2859:
2604:
2508:Photojournalism
2371:
2203:Black-and-white
2171:
2150:Slide projector
2145:Movie projector
2024:available films
1898:
1893:
1856:
1848:Wayback Machine
1827:
1801:
1791:My Ivory Cellar
1769:
1764:
1754:
1747:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1719:Popular Science
1711:
1707:
1700:San Diego Union
1697:
1696:
1692:
1685:Moving Pictures
1681:
1677:
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1608:
1592:
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1549:
1545:
1541:
1528:The Longest Way
1514:
1491:exposure values
1487:light pollution
1482:
1474:exposure values
1462:
1435:
1421:Stanley Kubrick
1410:right ascension
1383:The short film
1374:cinematographer
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510:
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394:Peter Greenaway
302:My Ivory Cellar
297:Secrets of Life
200:Leland Stanford
168:
88:
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40:
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1854:External links
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1805:
1799:
1783:
1780:Roman Vishniac
1777:
1774:Roman Vishniac
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1690:
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1586:
1583:on 2014-12-03.
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1378:stepper motors
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1115:motion control
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779:intervalometer
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454:or (in video)
431:
428:
330:United Kingdom
252:Mountain films
244:Roman Vishniac
240:F. Percy Smith
238:from 1909, by
222:F. Percy Smith
212:Georges Méliès
188:
187:
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155:cinematography
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3389:Photographers
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3278:Bleach bypass
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3246:primary color
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3231:Reversal film
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3196:Image sharing
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3097:United States
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2956:Daguerreotype
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2801:Stopping down
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2766:Rephotography
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2398:Architectural
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2310:Metering mode
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2223:Color balance
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2188:Angle of view
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2135:Manufacturers
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
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1826:0-671-80537-1
1822:
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1802:
1800:9781176862326
1796:
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1628:
1627:Atlas Obscura
1624:
1617:
1609:
1607:9781317907466
1603:
1600:. CRC Press.
1599:
1598:
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1582:
1578:
1572:
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1534:
1533:Rephotography
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1132:
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1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:tracking shot
1107:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1019:
1012:
1008:
961:
913:
912:
911:
908:
904:
902:
872:
868:
834:
832:
831:shutter angle
828:
818:
809:
807:
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801:
800:
795:
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788:
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774:
771:
715:
590:
536:
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498:undercranking
494:
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436:
427:
425:
424:
419:
415:
414:
413:Early Edition
409:
405:
404:Michael Nyman
401:
400:
395:
392:For example,
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
366:
361:
357:
356:
355:Koyaanisqatsi
352:feature film
351:
350:non-narrative
346:
344:
340:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
315:
310:
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185:
182:
180:Fruit rotting
179:
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150:
148:
144:
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136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
113:
108:
101:
83:
79:
75:
54:
22:
3454:Polaroid art
3343:K-14 process
3338:Instant film
3333:Gum printing
3283:C-41 process
3268:Photographic
3169:Image sensor
3164:Film scanner
2834:
2818:Sun printing
2751:Print toning
2543:space selfie
2513:Pictorialism
2443:Ethnographic
2423:Conservation
2295:Guide number
2290:Focal length
1833:
1814:
1790:
1779:
1773:
1755:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:
1616:
1596:
1589:
1581:the original
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1546:
1499:
1495:camera angle
1483:
1463:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1403:
1384:
1382:
1364:
1128:
1108:
1105:
1078:
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905:
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835:
823:
803:
797:
791:
775:
772:
768:
532:
525:
522:
517:
511:
502:Overcranking
501:
497:
495:
491:
472:
469:Mike Jittlov
462:
460:
456:fast forward
455:
451:
449:
443:
437:
433:
421:
411:
397:
391:
384:
369:
364:
353:
347:
343:Moving Still
342:
336:
334:
319:
317:(DVD 2008).
312:
306:
300:
296:
293:
288:
285:
280:
270:
264:
259:
258:, including
256:Arnold Fanck
247:
242:in 1910 and
236:Pathé Frères
233:
228:
220:
215:
209:
193:
189:
169:
151:
138:
130:
118:
117:
3459:Stereoscopy
3318:E-6 process
3313:Dye coupler
3241:color space
3154:Digiscoping
3147:camera back
3062:Philippines
2991:Visual arts
2981:Glass plate
2966:Heliography
2865:Composition
2840:Ultraviolet
2796:Stereoscopy
2791:Slow motion
2776:Scanography
2691:Kite aerial
2636:Contre-jour
2528:Post-mortem
2518:Pornography
2498:Neues Sehen
2433:Documentary
2367:Zone System
2342:Reciprocity
2268:Film format
2198:Backscatter
2176:Terminology
2046:beauty dish
1950:rangefinder
1915:light-field
1896:Photography
1561:12 December
1439:Bullet time
827:motion blur
483:silent film
452:fast motion
430:Terminology
262:(1924) and
226:silent film
196:photography
143:slow motion
110:Blossoming
3504:Categories
3449:Lomography
3270:processing
3219:Print film
3135:comparison
3102:Uzbekistan
3052:Luxembourg
3012:Bangladesh
2961:Dufaycolor
2941:Box camera
2898:Simplicity
2855:Zoom burst
2850:Xerography
2845:Vignetting
2835:Time-lapse
2823:Tilt–shift
2716:Mordançage
2706:Luminogram
2671:Holography
2666:High-speed
2646:Fill flash
2631:Burst mode
2609:Techniques
2590:Vernacular
2585:Underwater
2580:Toy camera
2560:Still life
2488:Monochrome
2478:High-speed
2428:Cloudscape
2418:Conceptual
2320:Photograph
2305:Lens flare
2285:Film speed
2167:Zone plate
2113:wide-angle
2098:long-focus
1767:References
1721:: 27, 141.
1632:2019-10-14
1470:bracketing
1444:Hyperlapse
360:Ron Fricke
273:R. R. Rife
127:frame rate
3394:Norwegian
3358:Stop bath
3303:Developer
3298:Cyanotype
2926:Ambrotype
2888:Lead room
2811:Slit-scan
2746:Photogram
2741:Panoramic
2651:Fireworks
2483:Landscape
2128:telephoto
2076:reflector
2071:monolight
2066:lens hood
2051:cucoloris
1992:safelight
1903:Equipment
1809:Ott, John
1787:Ott, John
1303:×
1020:×
1013:∘
903:quality.
716:×
479:slapstick
248:Bergfilme
112:geraniums
53:Mung bean
3478:Category
3174:CMOS APS
3072:Slovenia
3000:Regional
2946:Calotype
2883:Headroom
2761:Redscale
2676:Infrared
2626:Brenizer
2600:Wildlife
2523:Portrait
2468:Forensic
2458:Fine-art
2393:Aircraft
2383:Abstract
2263:F-number
2243:Exposure
2218:Clipping
2193:Aperture
2061:hot shoe
1987:enlarger
1982:Darkroom
1844:Archived
1811:(1979).
1789:(1958).
1652:Archived
1512:See also
1502:exposure
1391:Børfjord
1370:Director
808:(2011).
787:software
440:exposure
396:'s film
382:) film.
305:(1958),
277:John Ott
268:(1926).
218:(1897).
139:30 times
78:Mazatlán
3489:Outline
3425:Related
3107:Vietnam
3092:Ukraine
3027:Denmark
3007:Albania
2986:Tintype
2913:History
2878:Framing
2771:Rollout
2736:Panning
2686:Kirlian
2595:Wedding
2473:Glamour
2453:Fashion
2438:Eclipse
2408:Banquet
2330:Albumen
2140:Monopod
2118:fisheye
2086:softbox
1940:pinhole
1930:instant
1920:digital
1740:YouTube
1408:with a
1085:⁄
894:⁄
883:⁄
861:⁄
851:⁄
841:⁄
805:Samsara
793:Chronos
514:frame/s
376:Todd-AO
365:Chronos
166:History
131:lapsing
3487:
3476:
3404:street
3399:Polish
3087:Turkey
3082:Taiwan
3067:Serbia
3057:Norway
3032:Greece
3017:Canada
2616:Afocal
2575:Street
2555:Sports
2538:Selfie
2493:Nature
2448:Erotic
2413:Candid
2388:Aerial
2376:Genres
2278:medium
2155:Tripod
2123:swivel
2036:Filter
2014:holder
2009:format
1910:Camera
1823:
1797:
1604:
1366:Baraka
1334:
1285:
1267:
1220:
1202:
1159:
1039:
989:
946:
799:Baraka
738:
698:
680:
645:
627:
572:
518:camera
371:Baraka
335:PBS's
326:Oxford
202:hired
82:Mexico
3409:women
3367:Lists
3323:Fixer
3201:Pixel
3130:D-SLR
3077:Sudan
3047:Korea
3042:Japan
3037:India
3022:China
2806:Strip
2731:Night
2711:Macro
2621:Bokeh
2565:Stock
2533:Ruins
2273:large
2103:prime
2081:snoot
2041:Flash
2019:stock
1960:still
1945:press
1935:phone
1925:field
1539:Notes
1399:fjord
1119:dolly
1092:stops
380:70 mm
254:) by
135:image
76:, in
3535:Time
3437:film
3142:MILC
2641:ETTR
2503:Nude
2463:Fire
2362:Sync
2160:head
2108:zoom
2093:Lens
2056:gobo
2004:base
1999:Film
1975:view
1821:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1563:2012
1504:and
1393:(in
1372:and
444:each
348:The
338:NOVA
320:The
123:film
100:ALMA
98:The
3179:CCD
1970:toy
1965:TLR
1955:SLR
1506:ISO
1423:'s
1123:pan
1121:or
1009:360
489:).
442:of
408:CBS
324:in
145:or
3506::
1793:.
1748:^
1717:.
1668:.
1650:.
1625:.
1554:.
1497:.
1087:50
896:50
885:30
863:50
853:48
843:24
387:TV
328:,
291:.
283:.
231:.
149:.
80:,
1888:e
1881:t
1874:v
1829:.
1803:.
1742:.
1672:.
1635:.
1610:.
1565:.
1349:d
1346:e
1343:e
1340:p
1337:s
1331:d
1328:e
1325:v
1322:i
1319:e
1316:c
1313:r
1310:e
1307:p
1297:e
1294:t
1291:a
1288:r
1282:e
1279:m
1276:a
1273:r
1270:f
1264:n
1261:o
1258:i
1255:t
1252:c
1249:e
1246:j
1243:o
1240:r
1237:p
1232:e
1229:t
1226:a
1223:r
1217:e
1214:m
1211:a
1208:r
1205:f
1199:a
1196:r
1193:e
1190:m
1187:a
1184:c
1178:=
1174:d
1171:e
1168:e
1165:p
1162:s
1156:l
1153:a
1150:u
1147:t
1144:c
1141:a
1083:1
1063:l
1060:a
1057:v
1054:r
1051:e
1048:t
1045:n
1042:i
1036:e
1033:m
1030:a
1027:r
1024:f
1004:e
1001:l
998:g
995:n
992:a
986:r
983:e
980:t
977:t
974:u
971:h
968:s
962:=
958:e
955:m
952:i
949:t
943:e
940:r
937:u
934:s
931:o
928:p
925:x
922:e
892:1
881:1
859:1
849:1
839:1
753:d
750:e
747:e
744:p
741:s
735:l
732:a
729:u
726:t
723:c
720:a
710:e
707:t
704:a
701:r
695:e
692:m
689:a
686:r
683:f
677:a
674:r
671:e
668:m
665:a
662:c
657:e
654:t
651:a
648:r
642:e
639:m
636:a
633:r
630:f
624:n
621:o
618:i
615:t
612:c
609:e
606:j
603:o
600:r
597:p
591:=
587:d
584:e
581:e
578:p
575:s
569:d
566:e
563:v
560:i
557:e
554:c
551:r
548:e
545:p
378:(
250:(
84:.
23:.
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