121:
1366:
1376:
379:
In 1925, time synchronisation began to be relayed through omnibus telephone systems and control circuits to organisations that needed to know the precise time. This continued until the 1940s, when time signals began to be broadcast using the radio by the government. Briefly during World War II,
295:
of 15 breaths/min used in modern medical research. The Surya
Siddhanta also described a method of converting local time to the standard time of Ujjain. Despite these early advances, standard time was not widely used outside astronomy. For most of
611:
Swerdlow, N. (January 1973). "A Lost
Monument of Indian Astronomy:Das heliozentrische System in der griechischen, persischen und indischen Astronomie B. L. van der Waerden".
933:
400:
politicians proposed following a daylight-saving schedule that would be ahead of IST by an hour, but as of March 2020 it has not been approved by the central government.
243:
The day used by ancient Indian astronomers began at sunrise at the prime meridian of Ujjain, and was divided into smaller time units in the following manner:
199:
380:
clocks under Indian
Standard Time were advanced by one hour, referred to as War Time. This provision lasted from 1 September 1942, to 15 October 1945.
396:
established IST as the official time for the whole country, although Mumbai and
Kolkata retained their own local time for a few more years. In 2014
737:
836:
157:
1331:
878:
406:
allows the union and state governments to define and set the local time for particular industrial areas. Due to this, in regions of
1280:
764:"Eclipses of the Satellites of Jupiter, observed by John Goldingham and under his Superintendence, at Madras, in the East Indies"
763:
538:
102:
943:
701:
Burgess, Ebenezer (1858). "Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu
Astronomy; With Notes, and an Appendix".
902:
1007:
352:
and as Madras time was intermediate to these, it was one of the early contenders for an Indian standard time zone. Though
1341:
360:
at 82.5° E longitude was picked as the central meridian for India, corresponding to a single time zone for the country (
344:
and this was later used widely by the railways in India. Local time zones were also set up in the important cities of
818:
496:
1255:
376:). However, Calcutta Time was officially maintained as a separate time zone until 1948 and Bombay Time until 1955.
548:
528:
114:
1300:
418:
time ('Tea Garden Time'), which is one hour ahead of IST. However, IST remains the only officially used time.
389:
1405:
433:
Earlier time zones, no longer in use after the adoption of a standardized time zone across India, were:
504:
500:
91:
741:
1090:
1336:
1022:
1000:
1295:
1200:
854:
106:
1400:
740:. Lectures on Science, civilization and society, Flinders University, Australia. Archived from
356:
did not officially adopt the standard time zones until 1905, when the meridian passing east of
313:
1410:
1305:
328:, up to 27 m (90 ft) high, which were used to accurately determine the local time.
317:
1250:
1215:
1170:
965:
543:
467:
365:
95:
83:
62:
54:
8:
1320:
1140:
1135:
1030:
993:
681:
568:
Schmidt, Olaf H. (1944). "The
Computation of the Length of Daylight in Hindu Astronomy".
533:
484:
393:
153:
1260:
1235:
1150:
1130:
1080:
1050:
1040:
718:
663:
628:
593:
585:
1375:
1346:
1225:
1220:
1100:
632:
597:
1290:
1240:
1195:
1175:
1165:
1065:
710:
655:
620:
577:
297:
1265:
1180:
1160:
1045:
1035:
938:
910:
492:
341:
171:
167:
163:
120:
646:
Das, Sukumar Ranjan (December 1928). "The
Equation of Time in Hindu Astronomy".
1310:
1245:
1210:
1145:
1125:
1115:
1075:
1060:
1055:
301:
280:
180:
175:
129:
1394:
1369:
1351:
1270:
1230:
1205:
1185:
1120:
1085:
1070:
447:
305:
215:
201:
1190:
1155:
1110:
1105:
247:
Time that is measurable is that which is in common use, beginning with the
507:, daylight saving was briefly used to reduce civilian energy consumption.
291:, or one respiratory cycle, equals 4 seconds, a value consistent with the
1379:
794:
516:
457:
437:
353:
337:
237:
667:
471:
461:
451:
441:
361:
309:
87:
79:
41:
722:
589:
369:
357:
26:
659:
714:
624:
581:
349:
325:
300:, ruling kingdoms kept their own local time, typically using the
985:
738:"Lecture 7: Living with the seasons—the calendar problem"
373:
345:
321:
193:
185:
125:
78:
uses only one time zone (even though it spans two geographical
855:"Time Zone & Clock Changes in Kolkata, West Bengal, India"
682:"Origin of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Conscious Humans."
407:
397:
75:
879:"India could get second time zone with Assam one hour ahead"
491:
during the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945. During the
82:) across the whole nation and all its territories, called
825:. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal: 49–55. April 1899.
774:. London: Stratford, Crown Court and Temple Bar: 153–156.
843:. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal: 62–66. June 1899.
768:
A Journal of
Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts
515:
India uses UTC+5:30, referred to as Asia/Kolkata in the
410:, tea gardens follow a separate time zone, known as the
368:
came into force on 1 January 1906, and also applied to
287:
Taking a day to be 24 hours, the smallest time unit,
109:contains only one zone pertaining to India, namely
925:
837:"On the Introduction of a Standard Time for India"
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
761:
1392:
576:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 205–211.
331:
931:
778:
1001:
841:Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
823:Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
184:, the ancient name for the historic city of
1008:
994:
478:
101:The official time signal is given by the
703:Journal of the American Oriental Society
610:
251:(or, the time span of one breath). The
178:, or zero longitude, as passing through
119:
94:(UTC). India does not currently observe
735:
700:
691::1813–1821. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
567:
539:History of measurement systems in India
158:History of measurement systems in India
103:Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory
1393:
694:
174:. The book described a custom of the
90:, i.e. five and a half hours ahead of
69:DST is not observed in this time zone.
989:
383:
932:Rahul Karmakar (24 September 2012).
510:
645:
426:
421:
271:, or astronomical day, contains 60
13:
907:National Resource Centre for Women
639:
14:
1422:
648:The American Mathematical Monthly
1374:
1365:
1364:
1015:
736:Tomczak, Matthias (2004-07-15).
145:
958:
895:
871:
847:
829:
762:William Nicholson, ed. (1809).
549:Daylight saving time by country
529:Date and time notation in India
115:date and time notation in India
1332:British Indian Ocean Territory
811:
755:
729:
674:
604:
561:
404:Plantations Labour Act of 1951
1:
554:
135:
332:During British colonial rule
7:
934:"Change clock to bagantime"
522:
10:
1427:
293:normal breathing frequency
151:
140:
117:shows some peculiarities.
92:Coordinated Universal Time
1360:
1319:
1279:
1021:
68:
60:
53:14:57, 27 September 2024
52:
47:
37:
32:
25:
20:
1081:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
799:Indian Railways Fan Club
318:Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh
312:units. For example, the
86:(IST), which equates to
1342:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
517:IANA time zone database
489:"daylight saving (DST)"
324:in 1733 contains large
192:, the ancient name for
107:IANA time zone database
479:Former daylight saving
285:
283:, consists of 30 days.
132:
98:(DST or summer time).
316:observatory built by
245:
123:
1256:United Arab Emirates
680:Piepoli, M. 1997.
544:Daylight saving time
468:Port Blair mean time
390:independence in 1947
366:Indian Standard Time
96:daylight saving time
84:Indian Standard Time
1283:limited recognition
970:cires1.colorado.edu
859:www.timeanddate.com
534:Hindu units of time
497:Indo–Pakistani Wars
485:Indian subcontinent
236:), a city near the
211: /
162:The 4th century CE
154:Hindu units of time
1406:Geography of India
903:"A matter of time"
819:"On Time in India"
384:After independence
281:astronomical month
133:
1388:
1387:
1325:other territories
511:Present time zone
394:Indian government
269:nakṣatra ahórātra
227:Rohitaka (Rohtak)
216:28.900°N 76.633°E
73:
72:
1418:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1337:Christmas Island
1023:Sovereign states
1010:
1003:
996:
987:
986:
980:
979:
977:
976:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
942:. Archived from
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
913:on 19 March 2006
909:. Archived from
899:
893:
892:
890:
889:
875:
869:
868:
866:
865:
851:
845:
844:
833:
827:
826:
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
791:
776:
775:
759:
753:
752:
750:
749:
733:
727:
726:
698:
692:
678:
672:
671:
643:
637:
636:
608:
602:
601:
565:
495:of 1962 and the
427:Former timezones
422:Former practices
235:
234:
232:
231:
230:
228:
223:
222:
217:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
130:Kannada numerals
18:
17:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1356:
1324:
1315:
1296:Northern Cyprus
1282:
1275:
1017:
1014:
984:
983:
974:
972:
964:
963:
959:
949:
947:
939:Hindustan Times
930:
926:
916:
914:
901:
900:
896:
887:
885:
877:
876:
872:
863:
861:
853:
852:
848:
835:
834:
830:
817:
816:
812:
803:
801:
795:"Odds and Ends"
793:
792:
779:
760:
756:
747:
745:
734:
730:
699:
695:
679:
675:
660:10.2307/2298168
654:(10): 540–543.
644:
640:
609:
605:
566:
562:
557:
525:
513:
493:Sino-Indian War
481:
429:
424:
386:
342:John Goldingham
334:
298:India's history
226:
224:
220:
218:
214:
213:
210:
205:
202:
200:
198:
197:
172:spherical Earth
168:Surya Siddhanta
160:
148:
143:
138:
12:
11:
5:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1005:
998:
990:
982:
981:
957:
946:on 6 June 2011
924:
894:
870:
846:
828:
810:
777:
754:
728:
715:10.2307/592174
693:
673:
638:
625:10.1086/351088
619:(2): 239–243.
603:
582:10.1086/358709
559:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
524:
521:
512:
509:
483:India and the
480:
477:
476:
475:
465:
455:
445:
428:
425:
423:
420:
385:
382:
340:was set up by
333:
330:
302:Hindu calendar
221:28.900; 76.633
176:prime meridian
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
71:
70:
66:
65:
61:Observance of
58:
57:
50:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
30:
29:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1423:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:Time in India
1399:
1398:
1396:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:South Ossetia
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
991:
988:
971:
967:
961:
945:
941:
940:
935:
928:
912:
908:
904:
898:
884:
880:
874:
860:
856:
850:
842:
838:
832:
824:
820:
814:
800:
796:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
773:
769:
765:
758:
744:on 2006-08-19
743:
739:
732:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
690:
686:
683:
677:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
642:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
607:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
564:
560:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
520:
518:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
473:
469:
466:
463:
459:
456:
453:
449:
448:Calcutta Time
446:
443:
439:
436:
435:
434:
431:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
399:
395:
391:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:British India
351:
347:
343:
339:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:Jantar Mantar
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
284:
282:
278:
277:nakṣatra māsa
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:contains six
254:
250:
244:
241:
239:
233:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
170:postulated a
169:
165:
159:
155:
150:
146:Ancient India
131:
127:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
67:
64:
59:
56:
51:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
28:
24:
21:Time in India
19:
16:
1411:Time in Asia
1321:Dependencies
1251:Turkmenistan
1216:Saudi Arabia
1095:
1016:Time in Asia
973:. Retrieved
969:
960:
950:22 September
948:. Retrieved
944:the original
937:
927:
915:. Retrieved
911:the original
906:
897:
886:. Retrieved
882:
873:
862:. Retrieved
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
802:. Retrieved
798:
771:
767:
757:
746:. Retrieved
742:the original
731:
706:
702:
696:
688:
684:
676:
651:
647:
641:
616:
612:
606:
573:
569:
563:
514:
488:
482:
472:UTC+06:10:37
462:UTC+05:21:14
452:UTC+05:53:20
432:
430:
415:
411:
403:
402:
387:
378:
335:
292:
288:
286:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
246:
242:
189:
179:
164:astronomical
161:
149:
111:Asia/Kolkata
110:
100:
74:
48:Current time
15:
1380:Asia portal
1281:States with
1201:Philippines
1141:South Korea
1136:North Korea
1031:Afghanistan
966:"Oldham, R"
917:25 November
709:: 183–186.
685:Circulation
458:Madras Time
438:Bombay Time
338:Madras Time
238:Kurukshetra
219: /
1395:Categories
1261:Uzbekistan
1236:Tajikistan
1151:Kyrgyzstan
1131:Kazakhstan
1051:Bangladesh
1041:Azerbaijan
975:2023-03-26
888:2023-03-26
864:2023-03-26
804:2006-11-25
748:2006-12-01
555:References
267:, and the
225: (
152:See also:
136:Background
80:time zones
33:UTC offset
1347:Hong Kong
1301:Palestine
1226:Sri Lanka
1221:Singapore
1101:Indonesia
633:146253100
598:145178197
487:observed
442:UTC+04:51
412:Chaibagan
370:Sri Lanka
362:UTC+05:30
358:Allahabad
166:treatise
124:Clock in
88:UTC+05:30
42:UTC+05:30
27:Time zone
1370:Category
1291:Abkhazia
1241:Thailand
1196:Pakistan
1176:Mongolia
1171:Maldives
1166:Malaysia
1066:Cambodia
883:NDTV.com
523:See also
398:Assamese
350:Calcutta
336:In 1802
326:sundials
304:in both
273:ghalikās
190:Rohitaka
1266:Vietnam
1181:Myanmar
1161:Lebanon
1091:Georgia
1046:Bahrain
1036:Armenia
668:2298168
261:ghalikā
259:. The
206:76°38′E
203:28°54′N
141:History
1311:Taiwan
1246:Turkey
1211:Russia
1146:Kuwait
1126:Jordan
1116:Israel
1076:Cyprus
1061:Brunei
1056:Bhutan
723:592174
721:
666:
631:
596:
590:330729
588:
392:, the
388:After
374:Ceylon
372:(then
346:Bombay
322:Jaipur
263:is 60
257:prāṇas
194:Rohtak
188:, and
186:Ujjain
181:Avanti
126:Mysore
113:. The
105:. The
1352:Macau
1271:Yemen
1231:Syria
1206:Qatar
1186:Nepal
1121:Japan
1096:India
1086:Egypt
1071:China
719:JSTOR
664:JSTOR
629:S2CID
594:S2CID
586:JSTOR
416:Bagan
408:Assam
310:solar
306:lunar
289:prāṇa
279:, or
275:. A
265:palas
249:prāṇa
128:with
76:India
1191:Oman
1156:Laos
1111:Iraq
1106:Iran
952:2008
919:2006
613:Isis
570:Isis
505:1971
503:and
501:1965
348:and
308:and
253:pala
156:and
1323:and
711:doi
687:.
656:doi
621:doi
578:doi
499:of
414:or
364:).
320:in
63:DST
55:IST
38:IST
1397::
968:.
936:.
905:.
881:.
857:.
839:.
821:.
797:.
780:^
772:22
770:.
766:.
717:.
705:.
689:95
662:.
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