536:, chief of the tribe of the Jadaran, and forced them to become allies again, for they had hitherto become enemies. They did so, but with a distrust of one another. When the forces of coalition came together to fight Buyruq's army, they quickly realized that the Naiman lands were conducive to a long pursuit. Indeed, Toghrul had a hard time chasing his enemies because they had plenty of ground to escape. After a hike of a few hundred kilometers, Toghrul realized that he could never catch them and came back. Buyruq's general Kökse Sabraq attacked Toghrul who moved away from Temujin, defeated Toghrul's son Senggüm, capturing his son and wife in process. However they were beaten back thanks to aid from Temujin.
613:, Temujin received the help of the Qonggirats who had confronted him during the first battle of Kerulen and then fled to Jamukha. Toghrul and Ilga, however, were still more numerous. Temujin sent ambassadors to demand peace, as he wished to renew his friendship with Toghrul. Ilga, now choosing for his father, rejected the request. Other tribes joined Temujin during that year. He was then in possession of eleven tribes, which formed a third of the whole population of Mongolia. As the enemy increased in number, Jamukha, Qutchar and Altan conspired against Toghrul, but eventually left the Kerait to take refuge with the Naimans of the North. The Tayitchi'ut, Dorbed, Qatagin and Salji'ut followed them.
438:. Two of the tribal chiefs, Dair Usun and Toqto'a fled the camp, probably informed by people who had seen the army move. The coalition easily won the fight that followed and about 300 Merkit perished. The chiefs distributed the booty among themselves and gave the Merkit wives to the warriors. The children became slaves. Börte was found later in the evening. Toghrul returned to the Kerait camp with his men, proud of an easy victory.
38:
410:. He chose to help Toghrul because he had previously fought a battle with the Keraites against the Tatars. The Keraites were surprised when Yesugei attacked without having time to prepare. Despite the fact that the Keraites were much more numerous, their forces were dispersed throughout Central Mongolia. Toghrul resumed the command of the Keraites, and Gurkhan fled.
609:
to assassinate him, failed, and then confronted the hordes of
Temujin in a fierce battle in which he was wounded. Toghrul was present and assumed command, but he was more or less unable to fight himself given his advanced age and withdrew his men from the fight. Some of Keraits joined the forces with Temujin during and after the battle. After this battle, the
599:
took command of the armies in 1202. Temujin took the initiative to make a massacre among the Tatar, which dramatically reduced their numbers. Genghis and
Toghrul returned to the mountains, but this time in the southern portion and faced the newly-commanding Kuchuguden's men, among them were Merkit,
514:
inherited the northern part of the Naiman lands. Erke Qara fled for the second time, this time to Buyruq khan. To reward the Kerait who had remained faithful to him, Toghrul ordered them to plunder the weakened
Merkits for the third time. Significant Merkits, including two sons of Toqto'a-beki, were
608:
Toghrul was more than 70 years old by 1203 and did not have the same reflexes as in his youth. His son Ilga Senggüm took command of the Kerait armies and
Toghrul became a figurehead. Ambitious Ilga joined forces with Jamukha, Altan and Qutchar, who persuaded him to eliminate Temujin. Ilga attempted
527:
Around 1199, Toghrul wanted to finish once and for all with the
Naimans and the dispute between the two kings of this tribe was a useful chance to attack. If he attacked one of the brothers, it was almost certain that the other would do nothing and he could destroy them one after the other without
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of China. The Tatars were considered by the
Jurchens to be harmful and the opportunity was perfect to exterminate them. When the combined forces of Toghrul and Genghis Khan attacked the Tatars, they were caught in a vice as the Jurchen warriors behind them easily encircled the enemy tribe. The men
445:
who had long caused him problems, including the murder of his father, asked for help from
Toghrul in 1194; he willingly accepted, still satisfied with the victory he had had before. Toghrul's grandfather Marcus Buyruk Khan had also been assassinated by the Tatar, which gave him a similar reason to
505:
Living in exile, Toghrul was aided by
Temujin who undertook an attack to the Merkits for a second time and gave a large part of the booty to Toghrul who gifted it to different Kerait chiefs to consolidate allies with his tribe of origin. Temujin then allegedly attacked a Kerait clan, the Tumen
587:
joined
Jamukha. Toghrul and Temujin fought a defensive battle which was very difficult and perilous. Torrential rain made the rolling hills and mountains men fell from the top to finish in crevices and ravines. After the enemy had withdrawn his forces, Toghrul left to return to
600:
South Naiman, Oirats and tribes following
Jamukha. Six tribes had left Jamukha and there were only four. Again, steep slopes, trees and various natural obstacles greatly slowed down the enemies of Toghrul and Temujin and the fight gradually grew favorable.
467:
were slaughtered, the women were taken as concubines and the children were adopted or became servants and slaves. Some thousands of Tatar who had resisted and then escaped entrenched themselves. This was the time when he was given the name Wang Khan (
506:
Tubegen, and a large part of the survivors became Toghrul's followers. The Keraites returned fully to Toghrul around 1198. The Naimans remained neutral and offered no help to Erke Qara because the Naiman people were then divided between two kings.
380:
captured him during his childhood and he was reduced to slavery. It is possible that he left the Merkit after being freed by a ransom or simply escaped. However, according to the Secret History, he was again abducted at the age of thirteen by the
484:
Later that year he was overthrown by Erke Qara, whom he had not been able to assassinate and returned with the Naiman army. Many Keraites who were dissatisfied with the command of Toghrul probably also helped to drive Toghrul out. He fled to
620:
but was killed by a Naiman soldier named Qori Sübeči who did not recognize him. The majority of the Keraits allied themselves with Temujin. Toghrul's head was later noticed by Tayang who was panicked and then stepped on it, crushing it.
405:
to overthrow Gurkhan in turn, but their leader, Toqto'a Beki, refused despite the fact that Toghrul offered him his daughter because the Keraites were very numerous. Being unsuccessful, Toghrul went to see the father of Temujin,
397:, who were a neighboring tribe to the west of the Keraites. The two other brothers, Buqa-Timur and Tai-Timur Taïshi were executed. However, Toghrul's success was brief because his uncle only known with the title
48:, 15th century. He is depicted with the gown of a Cardinal rather than a King, and with his attendants (right) holding Christian crosses, in relation to his identification with
446:
fight them. He joined Temujin with a few thousand Keraits. The Jurkhin, a Mongolic tribe, were also invited, but declined the offer because they were somewhat hostile with the
592:
with his warriors. Temujin took advantage of the flight of his enemies to finish several on horseback. Targhutai was reportedly wounded to death as a result of the fight.
385:, who also took his own mother. When Toghrul returned to the Keraites later, his father was near death. Toghrul took his place and commanded the Keraites around 1165.
393:
In order to eliminate potential rivals, he started by killing his brothers between 1165 and 1171. One of them, namely Erke Qara managed to escape and fled to the
616:
He died after Temujin attacked the Keraits by surprise. 8,000 Mongol horsemen faced Keraits for three days but eventually Kerait surrendered. Toghrul fled to
493:. He stayed there a year according to the Secret History. It was after leaving the Qara-Khitai that he finally decided to join Genghis Khan. According to
543:, commanded by Targhutai Kiriltuk, an old enemy of Temujin, and Merkit led by Toqto'a Beki, who had recently recovered his son on the banks of the
579:). Toghrul decided to back Temujin in order to oppose growing power of Jamukha. Toghrul, Jakha Gambu and Temujin went into the valley called the
356:, early in the 11th century there is no credible proof that Toghrul was himself Christian as Mongolian sources say nothing about his religion.
583:
with 15000 men. When they saw the enemy, they climbed the mountains because they were shorthanded against the enemy. It was also when
752:
Li, Tang (2006). "Sorkaktani Beki: A prominent Nestorian woman at the Mongol Court". In Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter (eds.).
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means king or prince. During the 13th century, Toghrul was one of several Asian leaders who was identified with the legend of
764:
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having to confront the two tribes together, which could have formed a formidable alliance. He succeeded in bringing together
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Jackson, Peter (1997). Beckingham, Charles F.; Hamilton, Bernard (eds.). "Prester John "redivivus": A Review Article".
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captured while another was murdered. Meanwhile, Toghrul's brother, Jakha Gambhu became blood brothers by
497:, he would have reached Genghis Khan's encampment by 1196. Toghrul became his guest for about two years.
463:
401:
overthrew him. Toghrul fled with his daughter and a handful of faithful. He tried to get the help of the
335:
1095:
1010:
812:
755:
455:
919:
44:
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494:
1080:
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979:
The secret history of the Mongols : a Mongolian epic chronicle of the thirteenth century
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The empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history : between China and the Islamic world
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635:
373:
217:
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783:(in Japanese). Murakami, Masatsugu., 村上, 正二. 平凡社. May 1970 – August 1976. pp. 30–33.
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and served as an important early patron and ally to Yesugei's son Temüjin, later known as
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had resumed hostilities against Temujin. An impressive coalition of Mongol tribes of
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Poiski vymyshlennogo t︠s︡arstva : legenda o "Gosudarstve presvitera Ioanna"
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In 1200, Toghrul aided Temujin, who was attacked by an alliance formed by the
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woman and had at least two sons – Ilga Senggüm and Uyku. According to
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of Temujin. He led the coalition against Merkits when Temujin's wife
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376:, the leader of Keraites. Toghrul had a very difficult youth. The
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The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols
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Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia,
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and finally Tatars recognized Jamukha as "Khan Universal" (
37:
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was abducted in 1183, joined by his brother Jakha Gambhu,
949:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
981:. Rachewiltz, Igor de. Leiden: Brill. 2006. p. 74.
825:
18:
Mongol chieftain, khan of the Keraites (c. 1130–1203)
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Jamukha had fared badly during the first attack and
1028:(1st ed.). New York : Crown. p. 60.
827:
330:"Wang Khan" was the name given to Toghrul by the
52:in the Occident. He is receiving two envoys from
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450:. They eventually found allies in Wanyan Xiang (
1026:Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world
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830:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
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781:Mongoru hishi : Chingisu kan monogatari
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691:(Stanford University Press, 1971), p. 114.
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21:For the founder of the Seljuk Empire, see
885:Gumilev, L. N. (Lev Nikolaevich) (2002).
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489:without even going to seek the help of
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1040:"DOKUZ ḴĀTŪN – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
655:nobles claimed descent from Toghrul.
316:. The main source on his life is the
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759:. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH.
703:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
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858:Baumer, Christoph (30 May 2016).
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441:Temujin, intending to attack the
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826:Atwood, Christopher P. (2004).
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921:A Short History of the Mongols
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563:, Ikires, Qorolas, Salji'ut,
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319:Secret History of the Mongols
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364:He was born around 1130, to
300:. He was the blood brother (
155:1203 (aged 72–73)
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611:Battle of the Burning Sands
510:took the southern part and
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1024:Weatherford, Jack (2004).
756:Monumenta Serica Institute
571:, Qatagin, Besud, Merkit,
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924:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
864:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
715:10.1017/S1356186300009457
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889:. Moskva: Aĭris-Press.
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45:Le Livre des Merveilles
42:Wang Khan "Toghrul" in
1009:: CS1 maint: others (
945:Biran, Michal (2005).
811:: CS1 maint: others (
481:'King Khan').
1044:www.iranicaonline.org
918:Lane, George (2018).
629:He was married to a
374:Cyriacus Buyruk Khan
292:; died 1203), was a
218:Cyriacus Buyruk Khan
81:Cyriacus Buyruk Khan
443:Tatar Confederation
228:Nestorian Christian
685:Igor de Rachewiltz
418:Toghrul was, like
1096:Turkic Christians
834:. Facts On File.
766:978-3-8050-0534-0
636:Jami' al-Tawarikh
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456:Emperor Zhangzong
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1047:. Retrieved
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124:Merged with
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1086:1203 deaths
1049:10 November
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597:Buyruq khan
585:Buyruq khan
512:Tayang khan
508:Buyruq khan
464:Jin dynasty
336:Jin dynasty
175:Regnal name
110:Predecessor
105:1198 – 1203
77:Predecessor
56:(kneeling).
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896:5811200218
841:0816046719
790:4582801633
659:References
590:Tula river
545:Onon River
368:family of
360:Early life
338:of China;
247:Tooril han
244:Тоорил хан
142:Tuul River
1005:cite book
997:173262183
807:cite book
799:959654980
739:161811399
723:1356-1863
555:In 1201,
366:Nestorian
304:) of the
259:Wang Khan
240:Mongolian
118:Successor
113:Erke Qara
90:Erke Qara
87:Successor
72:1165–1194
965:59353154
905:52535246
731:25183412
561:Taichiud
541:Taichiud
370:Keraites
298:Keraites
289:Wáng Hán
263:Ong Khan
224:Religion
196:ᠣᠩ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ
146:Mongolia
653:Torghut
577:Gurkhan
557:Jamukha
534:Jamukha
530:Temujin
517:Temujin
491:Temujin
469:Chinese
460:Jurchen
458:of the
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420:Jamukha
408:Yesugei
403:Merkits
399:Gurkhan
395:Naimans
378:Merkits
332:Jurchen
310:Yesugei
296:of the
276:Chinese
272:Wan han
268:Ван хан
251:Chinese
236:Toghrul
208:Keraite
203:Dynasty
139:c. 1130
122:Keraits
31:Toghrul
23:Tughril
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565:Dörbet
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383:Tatars
308:chief
306:Mongol
286::
284:pinyin
278::
253::
214:Father
191:Mongol
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727:JSTOR
604:Death
573:Oirat
462:-led
428:Börte
389:Reign
334:-led
161:Issue
102:Reign
69:Reign
1051:2019
1011:link
993:OCLC
983:ISBN
961:OCLC
951:ISBN
926:ISBN
901:OCLC
891:ISBN
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