Toilet - Knowledge

2078: 1436: 67: 1448: 2492: 2460: 2058: 1738: 1693: 2397: 4906: 1907: 1026: 1827:. Water closets only started to be moved from outside to inside of the home around 1850. The integral water closet started to be built into middle-class homes in the 1860s and 1870s, firstly on the principal bedroom floor and in larger houses in the maids' accommodation, and by 1900 a further one in the hallway. A toilet would also be placed outside the back door of the kitchen for use by gardeners and other outside staff such as those working with the horses. The speed of introduction was varied, so that in 1906 the predominantly working-class town of 2412: 515: 49: 1730: 1677: 1854:, British housemaids collected all of the household's chamber pots and carried them to a room known as the housemaids' cupboard. This room contained a "slop sink", made of wood with a lead lining to prevent chipping china chamber pots, for washing the "bedroom ware" or "chamber utensils". Once running water and flush toilets were plumbed into British houses, servants were sometimes given their own lavatory downstairs, separate from the family lavatory. The practice of emptying one's own chamber pot, known as 2894: 1405: 1010: 1038: 543: 2444: 58: 1050: 2476: 1326: 6331: 1311:, inmates may utilize toilets and the associated plumbing to communicate messages and pass products. The acoustic properties of communicating through the toilet bowl, known as toilet talk, potty talk, toilet telephone is influenced by flush patterns and bowl water volumes. Prisoners may also send binary signals by ringing the sewage or water pipes. Toilet talk enables communication for those in solitary confinement. Toilets have been subject to wiretaps. 1719: 1665: 1066: 2257:). Euphemisms for the toilet that bear no direct reference to the activities of urination and defecation are ubiquitous in modern Western languages, reflecting a general attitude of unspeakability about such bodily function. These euphemistic practices appear to have become pronounced following the emergence of European colonial practices, which frequently denigrated colonial subjects in Africa, Asia and South America as 'unclean'. 4922: 1653: 428: 1421: 4934: 2428: 1119: 1096: 991:. This means that the posture for defecation and for female urination is to place one foot on each side of the toilet drain or hole and to squat over it. There are several types of squat toilets, but they all consist essentially of a toilet pan or bowl at floor level. Such a toilet pan is also called a "squatting pan". A squat toilet may use a water seal and therefore be a 588:, bus toilets, and ships with plumbing often use vacuum toilets. The lower water usage saves weight, and avoids water slopping out of the toilet bowl in motion. Aboard vehicles, a portable collection chamber is used; if it is filled by positive pressure from an intermediate vacuum chamber, it need not be kept under vacuum. 1710:, a receptacle, usually of ceramic or metal, into which one would excrete waste. This method was used for hundreds of years; shapes, sizes, and decorative variations changed throughout the centuries. Chamber pots were in common use in Europe from ancient times, even being taken to the Middle East by medieval pilgrims. 1329: 1328: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1334: 1842:

of 1918 that recommended that semi-skilled workers should be housed in suburban cottages with kitchens and internal WC. As recommended floor standards waxed and waned in the building standards and codes, the bathroom with a water closet and later the low-level suite became more prominent in the home.

1803:

In the early 19th century, public officials and public hygiene experts studied and debated sanitation for several decades. The construction of an underground network of pipes to carry away solid and liquid waste was only begun in the mid 19th-century, gradually replacing the cesspool system, although

1787:

and cesspools were increasingly dug into the ground near houses in Europe as a means of collecting waste, as urban populations grew and street gutters became blocked with the larger volume of human waste. Rain was no longer sufficient to wash away waste from the gutters. A pipe connected the latrine

470:

The water in the toilet bowl is connected to a pipe shaped like an upside-down U. One side of the U channel is arranged as a siphon tube longer than the water in the bowl is high. The siphon tube connects to the drain. The bottom of the drain pipe limits the height of the water in the bowl before it

719:

A vault toilet is a non-flush toilet with a sealed container (or vault) buried in the ground to receive the excreta, all of which is contained underground until it is removed by pumping. A vault toilet is distinguished from a pit latrine because the waste accumulates in the vault instead of seeping

1569:

had elaborate decorative motifs carved around the toilets. Several types of toilets were developed; these include lavatories with ring-well pits, underground terracotta pipes that lead to septic pits, urinary pits with large bottomless clay pots of decreasing size placed one above the other. These

1969:

in 1775, and still in use today. This device uses the standing water to seal the outlet of the bowl, preventing the escape of foul air from the sewer. It was only in the mid-19th century, with growing levels of urbanisation and industrial prosperity, that the flush toilet became a widely used and

865:

in a holding tank and uses chemicals to minimize odors. They do not require a connection to a water supply and are used in a variety of situations. These toilets are usually, but not always, self-contained and movable. A chemical toilet is structured around a relatively small tank, which requires

2004:

or "bottom washers"; blow dryers, or artificial flush sounds to mask noises. Others include medical monitoring features such as urine and stool analysis and the checking of blood pressure, temperature, and blood sugar. Some toilets have automatic lid operation, heated seats, deodorizing fans, or

1977:

Flush toilets were also known as "water closets", as opposed to the earth closets described above. WCs first appeared in Britain in the 1880s, and soon spread to Continental Europe. In America, the chain-pull indoor toilet was introduced in the homes of the wealthy and in hotels in the 1890s.

760:

without any flush water has many advantages, such as odor-free operation and pathogen reduction by drying. While dried feces and urine harvested from UDDTs can be and routinely are used in agriculture (respectively, as a soil amendment and nutrient-rich fertilizer—this practice being known as

486:

allow the user to select between a flush for urine or feces, saving a significant amount of water over conventional units. One type of dual flush system allows the flush handle to be pushed up for one kind of flush and down for the other, whereas another design is to have two buttons, one for

498:

Another variant is the pour-flush toilet. This type of flush toilet has no cistern but is flushed manually with a few liters of a small bucket. The flushing can use as little as 2–3 litres (0.44–0.66 imp gal; 0.53–0.79 US gal). This type of toilet is common in many Asian

814:

or mobile toilet (colloquial terms: thunderbox, porta-john, porta-potty or portaloo) is any type of toilet that can be moved around, some by one person, some by mechanical equipment such as a truck and crane. Most types do not require any pre-existing services or infrastructure, such as

1585:. Roman latrines, like the ones pictured here, are commonly thought to have been used in the sitting position. The Roman toilets were probably elevated to raise them above open sewers which were periodically "flushed" with flowing water, rather than elevated for sitting. Romans and 1331: 1335: 525:

use two pits used alternatively, when one pit gets full over a few months or years. The pits are of an adequate size to accommodate a volume of waste generated over one or two years. This allows the contents of the full pit enough time to transform into a partially sanitized,

2366:("English place", used from around 1770 to refer to English-style toilets installed for travelers). Other proposed etymologies include a supposed tendency to place toilets in room 100 (hence "loo") in English hotels, a sailors' dialectal corruption of the nautical term " 1103:

There are cultural differences in socially accepted and preferred voiding positions for urination around the world: in the Middle East and Asia, the squatting position is more prevalent, while in the Western world the standing and sitting position are more common.

896:

are well-known types of chemical toilets. As they are usually used for short periods and because of their high prices, they are mostly rented rather than bought, often including servicing and cleaning. A simpler type of chemical toilet may be used in

1522:

in Orkney, Scotland, which was occupied from about 3100 BC until 2500 BC. Some of the houses there have a drain running directly beneath them, and some of these had a cubicle over the drain. Around the 18th century BC, toilets started to appear in

2093: 596:

A floating toilet is essentially a toilet on a platform built above or floating on the water. Instead of excreta going into the ground they are collected in a tank or barrel. To reduce the amount of excreta that needs to hauled to shore, many use

1639:, most commonly found in upper-class dwellings. Essentially, they were flat pieces of wood or stone spanning from one wall to the other, with one or more holes to sit on. These were above chutes or pipes that discharged outside the castle or 2138:, including a mirror, hairbrushes, and containers for powder and makeup. The time spent at such a table also came to be known as one's "toilet"; it came to be a period during which close friends or tradesmen were received as "toilet-calls". 1285:

to people with disabilities. Depending on the culture, there may be varying degrees of separation between males and females and different levels of privacy. Typically, the entire room, or a stall or cubicle containing a toilet, is lockable.

1511:), houses belonging to the upper class had private toilets connected to a covered sewer network constructed of brickwork held together with a gypsum-based mortar that emptied either into the surrounding water bodies or alternatively into 601:. The floating toilet was developed for residents without quick access to land or connection to a sewer systems. It is also used in areas subjected to prolonged flooding. The need for this type of toilet is high in areas like 437: 436: 3490: 1330: 499:

countries. The toilet can be connected to one or two pits, in which case it is called a "pour flush pit latrine" or a "twin pit pour flush to pit latrine". It can also be connected to a septic tank.

710:. Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 700,000 deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days. Pit latrines are a low-cost method of separating feces from people. 1804:

cesspools were still in use in some parts of Paris into the 20th century. Even London, at that time the world's largest city, did not require indoor toilets in its building codes until after the

918:

by a chute, is still in use to a limited extent. It was common in rural China, and was known in Japan, Korea, and India. The "fish pond toilet" depends on the same principle, of livestock (often

438: 1745:

By the Early Modern era, chamber pots were frequently made of china or copper and could include elaborate decoration. They were emptied into the gutter of the street nearest to the home.

381:", however, is essential for those who are movement impaired. Sitting toilets are often referred to as "western-style toilets". Sitting toilets are more convenient than squat toilets for 4411: 4142:

Genc, Melda. "The Evolution of Toilets and Its Current State." Thesis. Middle East Technical University, 2009. Harold B. Lee Library. Brigham Young University, 2009. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.

2648:

s parody "If it doesn't say 'eau de toilette' on the label, it most likely doesn't come from the famed region of Eau de Toilette in France and might not even come from toilets at all."

1553:, the techniques of the construction of toilets and lavatories developed over several stages. A highly developed stage in this process is discernible in the constructions at the 827:, at festivals, for camping, on boats, on construction sites, and at film locations and large outdoor gatherings where there are no other facilities. Most portable toilets are 1500:), toilets were built into the outer walls of homes. These toilets had vertical chutes, via which waste was disposed of into cesspits or street drains. In the Indus city of 690:(pour-flush pit latrine). When properly built and maintained, pit latrines can decrease the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human feces in the environment from 3217: 2197:

a euphemism, but is no longer understood as such. As old euphemisms have become the standard term, they have been progressively replaced by newer ones, an example of the

4602:

Alison Moore, Colonial Visions of ‘Third World’ Toilets: A Nineteenth-Century Discourse That Haunts Contemporary Tourism. In Olga Gershenson and Barbara Penner (eds.),

1298:. In many cultures, it is customary to tip the attendant, especially if they provide a specific service, such as might be the case at upscale nightclubs or restaurants. 455:(tank) that enables rapid filling with water, and on the "down" side to a drain pipe that removes the effluent. When a toilet is flushed, the sewage should flow into a 4160:

Powell, Christine A. "Port Royal Chamberpots Introduction." Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University. Texas A&M University, 1 Dec. 1996. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.

2491: 3498: 2229:

are referred to as "toilets", even though they carry the cachet of higher cost and quality. Toto (an abbreviation of Tōyō Tōki, 東洋陶器, Oriental Ceramics) is used in

439: 4121:

Abhayagiri Vihara at Anuradhapura – Page 46, Tī. Jī Kulatuṅga (1999), Central Cultural Fund, Ministry of Cultural and Religious Affairs, University of Virginia

3869: 2459: 1233:, such as age related limited mobility or inability to walk due to impairments. Additional measures to add toilet accessibility are providing more space and 999:. The term "squat" refers only to the expected defecation posture and not any other aspects of toilet technology, such as whether it is water flushed or not. 4085: 2396: 1546:, containing fish and shattered animal bones, provided information on the diet of humans and dogs, and on the types of parasites each had to contend with. 1539: 1273:

for use by the general public. The facilities are available to customers, travelers, employees of a business, school pupils or prisoners and are commonly

1435: 765:

in agriculture), many UDDT installations do not apply any sort of recovery scheme. The UDDT is an example of a technology that can be used to achieve a

3462: 2077: 4966: 4056: 1561:

where toilets and baths dating back to 2nd century BC to 3rd century CE are known, later forms of toilets from 5th century CE to 13th century CE in

5914: 3021: 2678: 1643:. Garderobes would be placed in areas away from bedrooms because of the smell and also near kitchens or fireplaces to keep their enclosures warm. 487:

urination and the other for defecation. In some places, users are encouraged not to flush after urination. Flushing toilets can be plumbed to use

2694: 1792:, who pumped out liquid waste, then shovelled out the solid waste and collected it during the night. This solid waste, euphemistically known as 4814: 4764: 4403: 1165:

may be plumbed in. The left hand is used for cleansing, for which reason that hand is considered impolite or polluted in many Asian countries.

3120: 3004: 1819:

times, started to assume its currently known form, with an overhead cistern, s-bends, soil pipes and valves around 1770. This was the work of

2443: 1683: 478:

The amount of water used by conventional flush toilets usually makes up a significant portion of personal daily water usage. However, modern

2308: 2181:. These two uses, the fixture and the room, completely supplanted the other senses of the word during the 20th century except in the form " 1538:

In 2012, archaeologists found what is believed to be Southeast Asia's earliest latrine during the excavation of a neolithic village in the

3341: 1788:

to the cesspool, and sometimes a small amount of water washed waste through. Cesspools were cleaned out by tradesmen, known in English as

5854: 1049: 4031: 1838:

with external rows of privies, to the through terraced houses of the 1880 with their sculleries and individual external WC. It was the

3894: 3417: 1692: 6220: 4130:

Mattelaer, Johan J. "Some Historical Aspects of Urinals and Urine Receptacles." World Journal of Urology 17.3 (1999): 145–50. Print.

3783: 3190: 4199: 3561:

Douching is commonly practiced in Catholic countries. The bidet ... is still commonly found in France and other Catholic countries.

1570:

pots under urinals contained "sand, lime and charcoal" through which urine filtered down to the earth in a somewhat purified form.

1961:

and related advances in technology, the flush toilet began to emerge into its modern form. A crucial advance in plumbing, was the

1207:

There are toilets on the market with seats having integrated spray mechanisms for anal and genital water sprays (see for example

4661: 3228: 5934: 5793: 5738: 5624: 2780: 2592: 2546: 1542:, southern Vietnam. The toilet, dating back 1500 BC, yielded important clues about early Southeast Asian society. More than 30 1394: 1025: 495:(drinking water). Some modern toilets pressurize the water in the tank, which initiates flushing action with less water usage. 4112:

A History of Medicine in Sri Lanka From the Earliest Times to 1948, Page 151, By C. G. Uragoda (1987), University of Michigan

5929: 4959: 4790: 4325: 4228: 4179: 3904: 3795: 3759: 3725: 3691: 3661: 3627: 2856: 2764: 2737: 1676: 3366: 2122:("little cloth") draped over one's shoulders during hairdressing. During the late 17th century, the term came to be used by 2073:

series (1743), a young countess receives her lover, tradesmen, hangers-on, and an Italian tenor as she finishes her toilette

5826: 2141:

The use of "toilet" to describe a special room for grooming came much later (first attested in 1819), following the French

307:

use very basic, and often unhygienic, toilets – and nearly one billion people have no access to a toilet at all; they must

2951: 558:, and removes waste by suction. They may use very little water (less than a quarter of a liter per flush) or none, (as in 5743: 4006: 2531: 2466: 2000:"High-tech" toilets, which can be found in countries like Japan, include features such as automatic-flushing mechanisms; 1447: 3253:

Walker, CL; Rudan, I; Liu, L; Nair, H; Theodoratou, E; Bhutta, ZA; O'Brien, KL; Campbell, H; Black, RE (20 April 2013).

534:

pollution when pits are located in areas with a high or variable water table, and/or fissures or cracks in the bedrock.

6215: 5375: 3585: 3161: 3101: 3074: 2566: 6085: 5589: 4527: 4308: 3967: 3554: 3529: 3376: 2083: 1340: 1065: 4032:"Time capsule – Life & Style – Vietnam News | Politics, Business, Economy, Society, Life, Sports – VietNam News" 3069:(2nd Revised ed.). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. 5753: 4952: 2411: 1858:, continued in British prisons until as recently as 2014 and was still in use in 85 cells in Ireland in July 2017. 1664: 819:, and are completely self-contained. The portable toilet is used in a variety of situations, for example in urban 629:, does not use flush water. Dry toilets do not use water to move excreta along or block odors. They do not produce 377:

Toilets can be designed to be used either in a sitting or in a squatting posture. Each type has its benefits. The "

3043: 2475: 1294:

or commercial businesses may provide public toilet facilities. Some are unattended while others are staffed by an

831:

single units with privacy ensured by a simple lock on the door. Some portable toilets are small molded plastic or

6175: 6145: 6115: 5341: 3959: 3470: 3316: 2551: 5889: 4568: 958:. The filled and tied plastic bags are then discarded in ditches or on the roadside. Associated especially with 4283: 4258: 3403: 1974:, especially in London, which made the flush toilet particularly attractive for health and sanitation reasons. 1971: 1780:(the other house). In general, toilets were functionally non-existent in rural Denmark until the 18th century. 1351: 1346:

To this day, 1 billion people in developing countries have no toilets in their homes and are resorting to

328: 66: 3368:

Environmental History of Water: Global Views on Community Water Supply and ... – Petri S. Juuti – Google Books

2820: 6165: 5989: 5949: 3870:"Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)" 3017: 2987: 1986:

in 1906, which used pressurized water directly from the supply line for faster recycle time between flushes.

4458: 3985:"1 Chapter 2 Sanitation and wastewater technologies in Harappa/Indus valley civilization (ca. 2600–1900 BC)" 2969: 2732:(2nd ed.). Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). 962:, they are called flying toilets "because when you have filled them, you throw them as far away as you can". 237:

In private homes, depending on the region and style, the toilet may exist in the same bathroom as the sink,

5609: 2382:

prompted his parishioners to bring along chamber pots, and his surname was applied to the pots themselves.

2272:"The Jacks" is Irish slang for toilet. It perhaps derives from "jacques" and "jakes", an old English term. 984: 4926: 6366: 6361: 6090: 4834: 3156:(2 ed.). Dübendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). 2851:(2 ed.). Dübendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). 2210: 2206: 2017: 1957:, such systems did not come into widespread use until the late nineteenth century. With the onset of the 1009: 2009:

have been developed in several countries, allowing users to play video games. The "Toylet", produced by

6230: 5997: 5380: 5262: 5129: 2498: 2057: 1339:

Toilets should be innovated and "reinvented" to properly address the global sanitation crisis says the

1290:, if present in a male toilet, are typically mounted on a wall with or without a divider between them. 988: 778: 737: 730: 562:). Some flush with coloured disinfectant solution rather than with water. They may be used to separate 168: 156: 1953:

Although a precursor to the flush toilet system which is widely used nowadays was designed in 1596 by

6002: 4912: 4905: 3819: 3602: 2586: 2277: 2209:) or social class. American manufacturers show an uneasiness with the word and its class attributes: 1954: 1486: 1413: 3128: 3064: 2727: 2617: 2265:"Crapper" was already in use as a coarse name for a toilet, but it gained currency from the work of 1796:, was sold as fertilizer for agricultural production (similarly to the closing-the-loop approach of 1489:

in northwestern India and Pakistan was home to the world's first known urban sanitation systems. In

5919: 5819: 5644: 5594: 5326: 5066: 1824: 1151: 382: 2370:" in reference to the shipboard need to urinate and defecate with the wind prior to the advent of 6190: 6130: 6057: 5899: 5548: 5507: 5492: 5457: 2641: 2516: 1177: 1169: 581: 273: 28: 6047: 6042: 6007: 5778: 5763: 5196: 2726:

Tilley, Elizabeth; Ulrich, Lukas; Lüthi, Christoph; Reymond, Philippe; Zurbrügg, Chris (2014).

2681:. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017 2379: 2162: 2013:, uses pressure sensors to detect the flow of urine and translates that into on-screen action. 1889: 1872:

Long-established sanitary wear manufacturers in the United Kingdom include Adamsez, founded in

1737: 1636: 1440: 1369:, which still affects some 3 million people each year, can be largely prevented when effective 875: 766: 460: 121:

do not. They can be designed for a sitting position popular in Europe and North America with a

4587: 3681: 3418:"Influence of voiding posture on urodynamic parameters in men: a literature review (in Dutch)" 2427: 6381: 5733: 5634: 5584: 5346: 4035: 2556: 1958: 1881: 1797: 1652: 790: 769:

system. This dry excreta management system (or "dry sanitation" system) is an alternative to

678:

enter the pit through a drop hole in the floor, which might be connected to a toilet seat or

625:(or non-flush toilet, no flush toilet or toilet without a flush) is a toilet which, unlike a 4665: 2613: 2269:, who popularized flush toilets in England and held several patents on toilet improvements. 1906: 1820: 1459:

The fourth millennium BC would witness the invention of clay pipes, sewers, and toilets, in

6256: 6067: 5649: 5497: 5390: 5316: 4547: 3653:

Dead Run: The Untold Story of Dennis Stockton and America's Only Mass Escape from Death Row

3424: 2526: 2225:, words which also carry other meanings. Confusingly, products imported from Japan such as 1839: 1278: 1037: 464: 393: 389: 312: 304: 3091: 2898: 2893: 2754: 1605:

into which chamber pots of urine were emptied. The urine was then collected by fullers." (

1554: 1155: 8: 6376: 6170: 6155: 6110: 5909: 5812: 5748: 5599: 5543: 5306: 5171: 4876: 4278:. Illustrated by Christopher Powell (2nd. ed.). London: Methuen. pp. 336, 337. 3182: 2536: 2312: 2198: 1979: 1873: 1610: 1230: 1173: 475:

entering the building. Sewer gas escapes through a vent pipe attached to the sewer line.

343:

The number of different types of toilets used worldwide is large, but can be grouped by:

316: 3302: 1850:

under one's bed at night and then to dispose of its contents in the morning. During the

6371: 6296: 6261: 6205: 6125: 6100: 5869: 5849: 5697: 5462: 5416: 5272: 5176: 5061: 4808: 4643: 3279: 3254: 2933: 2875: 2571: 2304: 2253:), and "WC" (an initialism for "water closet"), "lavatory" and its abbreviation "lav" ( 2006: 1966: 1936: 1835: 1295: 1185: 824: 570:, and process them separately (for instance, the fairly dry blackwater can be used for 563: 223: 143: 3270: 491:(water that was previously used for washing dishes, laundry, and bathing) rather than 6335: 6120: 6017: 5864: 5421: 5411: 5296: 5252: 5159: 5139: 5124: 5094: 5039: 4796: 4786: 4758: 4647: 4635: 4523: 4389: 4304: 4279: 4254: 4224: 4175: 4172:

A History of the Crusades, Volume IV: The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States

3963: 3900: 3791: 3755: 3721: 3687: 3657: 3623: 3581: 3550: 3525: 3372: 3284: 3157: 3097: 3070: 2852: 2760: 2733: 2521: 2371: 2296: 2127: 1877: 1861:

With rare exceptions, chamber pots are no longer used. Modern related implements are

1282: 1265:, restroom, public bathroom or washroom is a room or small building with toilets (or 1226: 1220: 889: 585: 575: 483: 281: 183: 160: 126: 4687: 2952:"Vacuum Toilet | SSWM – Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water management!" 1729: 1361:

system, although other elements are also needed: transport, treatment, disposal, or

1016: 6356: 6251: 6210: 6195: 6095: 6075: 5788: 5783: 5773: 5639: 5321: 5311: 5186: 5073: 5024: 4627: 4433: 4253:. Illustrated by Christopher Powell (2nd. ed.). London: Methuen. p. 214. 3274: 3266: 2581: 2576: 2375: 2250: 2246: 2234: 2213:, the largest firm, sells them as "toilets", yet the higher-priced products of the 2166: 2041: 1995: 1948: 1931:

officials who supported the use of "dry earth closets" – nowadays known either as

1362: 1208: 1193: 1147: 786: 762: 559: 522: 514: 479: 405: 300: 277: 203: 199: 187: 1518:

Other very early toilets that used flowing water to remove the waste are found at

6286: 6160: 5874: 5558: 5517: 5512: 5431: 5385: 5216: 5191: 5165: 5154: 5119: 5078: 4730: 4631: 4563: 3749: 3715: 3651: 3617: 3382: 2679:

Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines

2631: 2292: 2287: 2254: 2230: 2066: 2025: 1962: 1805: 1749: 1594: 1347: 1291: 1274: 955: 885: 858: 850: 811: 804: 745: 703: 691: 598: 452: 397: 396:. Poor people in low-income countries often have no toilets at all and resort to 311:

and urinate. These issues can lead to the spread of diseases transmitted via the

308: 289: 285: 207: 191: 164: 3921: 1597:

has described how there were large receptacles in the streets of cities such as

6311: 6291: 6281: 6276: 6266: 6246: 6185: 6080: 6012: 5954: 5939: 5884: 5362: 5051: 4938: 4573: 4543: 4151:"Middle Ages Hygiene." Middle Ages. The Middle Ages Website. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. 2636: 2332: 2266: 2226: 2214: 2158: 2135: 2131: 2100: 1901: 1885: 1593:, which they brought to meals and drinking sessions. Johan J. Mattelaer said, " 1586: 1582: 1532: 1382: 1189: 1127: 1113: 898: 893: 879: 774: 634: 4749:

Ross, Alan S.C. (1954), "Linguistic Class-Indicators in Present-Day English",

4221:

Mission and Method: The Early Nineteenth-Century French Public Health Movement

2635:("toilet water") is sometimes used as a sophisticated synonym for perfume and 2307:. In the 1950s the use of the word "loo" was considered one of the markers of 1404: 943: 19:

This article is about the fixture generally. For the common flush toilet, see

6350: 5969: 5894: 5758: 5629: 5553: 5452: 5356: 5226: 5109: 4800: 4639: 3574:

Made in Naples. Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa (e come continua a farlo)

2657:

Yachtsmen still tend to refer to their toilets as "loos" rather than "heads".

2561: 2403: 2154: 2089: 2029: 1928: 1866: 1851: 1834:

The working-class home had transitioned from the rural cottage, to the urban

1262: 1255: 1134:

In the Western world, the most common method of cleaning the anal area after

939: 932: 862: 707: 642: 492: 370: 366: 257: 253: 195: 114: 24: 4326:"Brutal sex killer claims having to slop out cell breaches his human rights" 388:

People use different toilet types based on the country that they are in. In

174:

The technology used for modern toilets varies. Toilets are commonly made of

6316: 6200: 6150: 6022: 5979: 5712: 5533: 5426: 5395: 5370: 5301: 5267: 5247: 5242: 5149: 5104: 5056: 5009: 5004: 4204: 3288: 2021: 1924: 1855: 1816: 1812: 1574: 1566: 1558: 1524: 1490: 1428: 1424: 1201: 1162: 1139: 992: 980: 973: 951: 679: 626: 555: 542: 448: 422: 359: 348: 246: 219: 211: 134: 130: 110: 80: 76: 20: 4780: 3018:"Article, Govt: Bt900bn needed (in Thailand), The Nation October 31, 2011" 2589:– organization which focuses on toilets and sanitation at the global level 1320: 272:

urinals) which are available for use by the general public. Products like

6306: 6301: 6225: 6180: 6140: 6037: 5944: 5707: 5692: 5677: 5672: 5619: 5237: 5221: 5211: 5034: 5029: 3956:

Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies Through the Centuries

3149: 3062: 2844: 2824: 2795: 2339: 2282: 2233:

to visually indicate toilets or other things that look like toilets (see

2170: 2097: 2045: 1983: 1932: 1910: 1847: 1789: 1753: 1707: 1640: 1617: 1590: 1562: 1460: 1378: 1238: 1197: 954:

when there is a lack of proper toilets and people are forced to practise

947: 871: 867: 836: 770: 753: 675: 667: 663: 656: 638: 531: 456: 347:

Having water (which seals in odor) or not (which usually relates to e.g.

152: 138: 122: 106: 84: 57: 5019: 5014: 4850: 2281:

notes the 1922 appearance of "How much cost? Waterloo. Watercloset." in

2169:

in such rooms (apparently first in the United States) as these replaced

6271: 6135: 5835: 5768: 5717: 5702: 5538: 5351: 5336: 5206: 5201: 5134: 4829: 2915: 2182: 1757: 1621: 1519: 1475: 1452: 1370: 1358: 1135: 996: 911: 866:

frequent emptying. It is not connected to a hole in the ground (like a

832: 782: 773:

and flush toilets, especially where water is scarce, a connection to a

749: 741: 683: 682:

for user comfort. Pit latrines can be built to function without water (

622: 615: 401: 352: 296: 215: 118: 4604: 3320: 3150:

Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014).

3063:

Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014).

2845:

Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014).

1741:

19th century thunderbox, a heavy wooden commode to enclose chamber pot

1718: 1485:, of internal small rooms over a communal drain, rather than pit. The 6105: 6052: 5904: 5687: 5614: 5579: 5563: 5502: 5482: 5436: 5231: 4351:"Slopping out ended in Cork Prison | Irish Penal Reform Trust (IPRT)" 2541: 2450: 2418: 2150: 1793: 1765: 1761: 1632: 1550: 1543: 1374: 1242: 1090: 695: 567: 488: 472: 358:

Being used in a sitting or squatting position (sitting toilet versus

324: 261: 179: 4618:

Anderson, Warwick (2010). "Crap on the map, or postcolonial waste".

4572:

series in Egerton or the extensive discussion of a lady's toilet in

1846:

Before the introduction of indoor toilets, it was common to use the

6032: 5924: 5859: 5667: 5604: 5472: 5099: 4989: 4350: 3984: 2482: 2300: 2174: 2123: 2111: 1828: 1578: 1512: 1234: 1211:). This can be useful for the elderly or people with disabilities. 878:. When the tank is emptied, the contents are usually pumped into a 816: 602: 503: 210:

are specially designed to operate in the air. The need to maintain

98: 35: 3151: 2846: 835:

portable rooms with a lockable door and a receptacle to catch the

530:-like material that can be manually excavated. There is a risk of 331:

wants to "achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and

5959: 5682: 5467: 5331: 5277: 5257: 5181: 5144: 5114: 4921: 4169: 3896:

Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations

2367: 2202: 2178: 1784: 1606: 1602: 1366: 1308: 1287: 1126:

of the traditional type, available in many southern European and

471:

flows down the drain. The water in the bowl acts as a barrier to

427: 332: 320: 242: 238: 182:), concrete, plastic, or wood. Newer toilet technologies include 175: 16:

Piece of hardware for the collection or disposal of human excreta

4910:

Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the

4375: 1420: 1180:

which encourages washing after all instances of defecation. The

5964: 5487: 5477: 4994: 4933: 3578:

Made in Naples. How Naples civilised Europe (And still does it)

2821:"Tucson lawmaker wants tax credits for water-conserving toilet" 2434: 2149:. Similar to "powder room", "toilet" then came to be used as a 1862: 1501: 1409: 1266: 915: 828: 752:

in a variety of contexts worldwide. The separate collection of

687: 630: 571: 551: 265: 245:(also called "bathroom") and a separate one for the toilet and 148: 48: 3788:

Security, With Care: Restorative Justice and Healthy Societies

1467:

today exhibiting the earliest known internal pit toilet, from

1354:

to provide toilets (sanitation services) to everyone by 2030.

1118: 666:, also known as pit toilet, is a type of toilet that collects 129:, or for a squatting posture more popular in Asia, known as a 5879: 5804: 4999: 2001: 1528: 1373:

and water treatment prevents fecal matter from contaminating

1181: 1143: 1123: 1056: 959: 757: 671: 231: 227: 102: 3751:

Games Prisoners Play: The Tragicomic Worlds of Polish Prison

2134:(also covered by a cloth) and for the equipment composing a 1970:

marketed invention. This period coincided with the dramatic

3491:"Eight surprisingly rude gestures to avoid when travelling" 2010: 1598: 1464: 1281:, especially for small or single-occupancy public toilets, 1270: 919: 820: 527: 249: 133:. In urban areas, flush toilets are usually connected to a 4944: 3845: 3396: 3096:. EOOS and WEDC, Loughborough University, UK. p. 40. 2759:. EOOS and WEDC, Loughborough University, UK. p. 40. 1515:, the latter of which were regularly emptied and cleaned. 1095: 241:, and shower. Another option is to have one room for body 75:

Toilets come in various forms around the world, including

4200:"Unexpected Viking toilet discovery leads to controversy" 3603:"A hose: the strange device next to every Finnish toilet" 3580:] (in Italian). Addictions-Magenes Editoriale. 2013. 2897: This article incorporates text available under the 2358:("place of ease", used euphemistically for a toilet), or 2217:, often installed in more expensive housing, are sold as 1200:

countries such as Greece and Finland respectively, where

1150:, the facilities are designed to enable people to follow 874:, nor is it plumbed into a municipal system leading to a 699: 2725: 451:

is a ceramic bowl (pan) connected on the "up" side to a

292:) may be brought in for large and temporary gatherings. 6027: 4459:"Gives Space Station Crew 'Go' to Drink Recycled Water" 3365:

Juuti, Petri; Katko, Tapio; Vuorinen, H. (2012-11-14).

2205:, but also on social situation and level of formality ( 995:, or it can be without a water seal and therefore be a 147:

and the combined effluent, including other sources, is

4608:(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009), 97–113. 3423:. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor urologie. Archived from 2315:". "Loo" may have derived from a corruption of French 264:) consist of one or more toilets (and commonly single 3469:, MSA West Compendium of Muslim Texts, archived from 3212: 3210: 3208: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3115: 3113: 2449:

Duo toilet for child training in a banquet hall near

1055:

Porcelain squat toilet with water tank for flushing (

365:

Being located in the private household or in public (

127:

additional considerations for those with disabilities

4057:"Asia's First Toilet Discovered In Southern Vietnam" 3953: 3441: 3255:"Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea" 3143: 3058: 3056: 2970:"How does the toilet in a commercial airliner work?" 2785:

Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

2338:– ("mind the water", used in reference to emptying 1706:

The other main way of handling toilet needs was the

482:

designs allow the use of much less water per flush.

280:

help maintain the smell and cleanliness of toilets.

4404:"Fordington, Biography, Rev Henry Moule, 1801–1880" 4138: 4136: 2005:automated replacement of paper toilet-seat-covers. 1895: 163:, or other storage and treatment device, including 3714:Jabusch, David M.; Littlejohn, Stephen W. (1995). 3649: 3364: 3309: 3252: 3205: 3170: 3110: 2295:'s arguments that it derived in some fashion from 2245:Different dialects use "bathroom" and "restroom" ( 1831:had 750 water closets for a population of 10,000. 1581:using flowing water were sometimes part of public 502:Flush toilets on ships are typically flushed with 4267: 4170:Setton, Kenneth M. & Harry W. Hazard (1977). 3784:"hapter 7. Geometry of Individuals and Relations" 3713: 3153:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies 3066:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies 3053: 2848:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies 2729:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies 1725:chamber pots from the Austrian Imperial household 1071:Japanese-style squat toilet with automatic sensor 6348: 4133: 4086:"Sanitation and healthcare in ancient Sri Lanka" 4007:"Old toilet find offers civilsation start clues" 1350:instead. Therefore, it is one of the targets of 1302: 1099:A man seen from behind urinating while standing. 554:toilet is a flush toilet that is connected to a 404:crisis which international initiatives (such as 392:, access to toilets is also related to people's 4782:The dirt on clean : an unsanitized history 3686:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 179–181. 3675: 3673: 3547:Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications 3522:Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications 3083: 2201:at work. The choice of word relies not only on 1942: 1869:, used in hospitals and the homes of invalids. 950:that is used as a simple collection device for 299:has been a concern from the earliest stages of 4431: 4223:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–9. 3650:Jackson, Joe; Burke (Jr.), William F. (1999). 3449:Zu viel Moralismus macht den Körper schmutzig. 2402:Men's toilet designed by artist and architect 2114:(first attested in 1540) that referred to the 5820: 4960: 4174:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 47. 3549:. University of Michigan Press. p. 613. 3044:"Floating toilets to clean up Cambodia's act" 2782:Ladies and gents – Public toilets and gender. 2342:into the street from an upper-story window), 2275:"Loo" – The etymology of loo is obscure. The 1670:View looking down into garderobe seat opening 748:that can be used to provide safe, affordable 4518:Egerton, Judy (1998), "The British School", 3670: 3303:"What Is a Chemical Toilet? (with pictures)" 2876:"Single Ventilated Improved Pit – Akvopedia" 2639:but is generally received jokingly, as with 2360: 2352: 2344: 2325: 2317: 2143: 2116: 1764:language had several terms for referring to 1408:Sewage and toilet structures in the city of 925: 230:after urination, is widely used (as well as 4605:Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender 3754:. Princeton University Press. p. 105. 3093:A Collection of Contemporary Toilet Designs 2756:A Collection of Contemporary Toilet Designs 2157:, particularly in the context of signs for 2155:rooms dedicated to urination and defecation 2126:in both languages for the whole complex of 1733:Early 18th century British three-seat privy 467:, this treatment step does not take place. 5827: 5813: 4967: 4953: 4813:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4763:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4753:, vol. 55, Helsinki, pp. 113–149 4244: 4242: 4240: 2910: 2908: 2779:Gershenson, Olga; Penner, Barbara (2009): 2612:For a full list of English synonyms, see " 983:(or squatting toilet) is a toilet used by 4785:(First ed.). New York. p. 138. 4778: 4706: 4704: 4408:freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com 4396: 3278: 3121:"Fact sheets on environmental sanitation" 2870: 2868: 1627: 914:, which consists of a toilet linked to a 723: 4742: 4617: 4298: 4218: 3892: 3747: 3720:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 74. 3679: 3616:Sifakis, Carl (30 June 2014). "Muling". 3544: 3519: 2926: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2076: 2056: 1927:, there were inventors, scientists, and 1905: 1748:In pre-modern Denmark, people generally 1736: 1728: 1717: 1446: 1434: 1419: 1403: 1324: 1314: 1188:where water is considered essential for 1117: 1107: 1094: 905: 546:Vacuum toilet in a train in Switzerland. 541: 513: 434: 426: 4517: 4273: 4248: 4237: 4219:La Berge, Ann Elizabeth Fowler (2002). 4093:The Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities 4079: 4077: 3781: 3615: 3460: 2916:"Aircraft Toilets/Toilets of the World" 2905: 2838: 2823:. Cronkite News Service. Archived from 1888:in 1849, by Thomas Twyford and his son 1357:Toilets are one important element of a 1283:public toilets are sometimes accessible 1229:is designed to accommodate people with 6349: 5739:History of water supply and sanitation 5625:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets 4701: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4276:A Social History of Housing, 1815–1985 4251:A Social History of Housing, 1815–1985 4197: 4193: 4191: 3415: 3406:BBC News. Retrieved 28 September 2007. 3024:from the original on September 6, 2012 3005:"Sample Designs: Floating UDD Toilets" 2865: 2689: 2687: 2671: 2547:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets 2311:speech, featuring in a famous essay, " 2165:. Finally, it came to be used for the 1923:Before the widespread adoption of the 1455:, China, Eastern Han dynasty 25–220 AD 1395:History of water supply and sanitation 1275:separated into male and female toilets 702:. These pathogens are major causes of 226:), which may also be used to wipe the 23:. For a room containing a toilet, see 5808: 4948: 4425: 4303:. London: HarperCollins. p. 64. 3919: 3820:"Inmates' toilet talk can be trouble" 3817: 3782:Elliott, Elizabeth M. (21 May 2020). 3463:"Qadaahul Haajah (Relieving Oneself)" 3342:"Caravan toilets: the ultimate guide" 3183:"Simple pit latrine (fact sheet 3.4)" 2788: 2712: 2096:). She is doing her toilet, with her 1876:in 1880, by M.J. and S.H. Adams, and 1698:Toilet in Rosenborg Castle Copenhagen 1620:in China two thousand years ago used 1214: 4881:Muzeum historických nočníků a toalet 4748: 4729: 4585: 4542: 4323: 4084:W.I., Siriweera (14 December 2004). 4083: 4074: 3790:. Fernwood Publishing. p. 127. 3622:. Infobase Publishing. p. 172. 3619:The Encyclopedia of American Prisons 3089: 2752: 2695:"Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation" 2599: 2240: 1965:, invented by the Scottish mechanic 5794:Workers' right to access the toilet 5744:Human right to water and sanitation 4484: 4434:"'Toylet' Games in Japan's Urinals" 4188: 3862: 3497:. November 21, 2013. Archived from 3454: 3404:"Why Uganda hates the plastic bag." 2773: 2746: 2684: 2593:Workers' right to access the toilet 2532:Human right to water and sanitation 2467:Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb 2188: 1989: 509: 303:. However, many poor households in 13: 6216:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation 5376:Toilet-related injuries and deaths 4827: 4562:See, e.g., the description of the 3954:Andreas N. Angelakis, ed. (2014). 3748:Kaminski, Marek M. (5 June 2018). 3042:Cain, Geoffrey. (April 19, 2010). 2567:Toilet-related injuries and deaths 1399: 1031:Old-style squat toilet (Hong Kong) 882:or directly to a treatment plant. 843: 797: 591: 335:for all and end open defecation". 14: 6393: 6086:Agricultural wastewater treatment 5590:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue 4898: 4566:painting "The Toilette" from his 4506:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 4432:Geere, Duncan. (6 January 2011). 4198:Newitz, Annalee (June 22, 2017). 3893:Mitchell, Piers D. (2016-03-03). 3843: 3680:Lombardo, A. G. (13 March 2018). 3600: 3467:The Prescribed Prayer Made Simple 3193:from the original on 3 March 2016 2130:and body care that centered at a 1713: 1341:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 1248: 1237:to ease transfer to and from the 922:) eating human excreta directly. 694:. This decreases the transfer of 6330: 6329: 5754:Infection prevention and control 4932: 4920: 4904: 3982: 3922:"Scotland and the indoor toilet" 3818:Banks, Gabrielle (6 July 2007). 3717:Elements of Speech Communication 3524:. University of Michigan Press. 2892: 2490: 2474: 2458: 2442: 2426: 2410: 2395: 2378:, whose long sermons at Paris's 1896:Development of dry earth closets 1691: 1675: 1663: 1651: 1254:This section is an excerpt from 1064: 1048: 1036: 1024: 1008: 972:This section is an excerpt from 966: 931:This section is an excerpt from 892:and at large gatherings such as 849:This section is an excerpt from 803:This section is an excerpt from 729:This section is an excerpt from 655:This section is an excerpt from 614:This section is an excerpt from 608: 537: 459:or into a system connected to a 327:. Therefore, the United Nations 65: 56: 47: 6146:Industrial wastewater treatment 6116:Decentralized wastewater system 5342:Privatization of public toilets 4869: 4843: 4821: 4772: 4723: 4680: 4654: 4611: 4596: 4579: 4556: 4536: 4511: 4475: 4451: 4414:from the original on 2011-05-09 4382: 4368: 4343: 4317: 4292: 4212: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4049: 4024: 3999: 3976: 3960:International Water Association 3947: 3938: 3913: 3886: 3837: 3811: 3775: 3741: 3707: 3643: 3609: 3594: 3566: 3538: 3513: 3483: 3409: 3358: 3334: 3295: 3246: 3036: 3010: 2998: 2980: 2962: 2944: 2651: 2623: 2552:Sustainable Sanitation Alliance 2374:, or the 17th-century preacher 789:are needed for agriculture, or 714: 416: 5834: 4851:"Why do they call it the loo?" 4589:On Learning the English Tongue 4324:Cole, Paul (26 October 2014). 3402:Whitaker, Mark. 30 June 2007. 3218:"Call to action on sanitation" 2813: 2796:"World Toilet Day 19 November" 2606: 2249:), "bathroom" and "washroom" ( 2194: 1682:Exterior view of garderobe at 1443:archeological site, Sri Lanka. 1352:Sustainable Development Goal 6 1241:, including enough room for a 901:(caravans) and on small boats. 649: 329:Sustainable Development Goal 6 218:is universally recognized and 1: 6166:Rotating biological contactor 4779:Ashenburg, Katherine (2008). 4751:Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 4390:"History – TWYFORD BATHROOMS" 3271:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60222-6 2664: 2260: 1914: 1505: 1494: 1479: 1468: 1303:Communication through toilets 633:, and are not connected to a 518:Design of a twin pit latrine. 411: 400:instead. This is part of the 101:hardware that collects human 5610:Public toilets in Bratislava 4632:10.1080/13688790.2010.496436 4586:Bell, Vicars Walker (1953). 4034:. 2021-04-28. Archived from 3656:. Times Books. p. 124. 3601:H, Santiago (July 8, 2014). 2052: 1943:Development of flush toilets 1540:Rạch Núi archaeological site 1192:, and in some traditionally 1084: 781:is not feasible or desired, 7: 5280:(combined toilet and bidet) 4974: 4835:Online Etymology Dictionary 4522:, New Series, p. 167, 4520:National Gallery Catalogues 2509: 2018:International Space Station 1972:growth in the sewage system 1949:Flush toilet § History 1474:. The Neolithic village of 1184:is common in predominantly 1156: 338: 10: 6398: 6231:Wastewater treatment plant 5998:Adsorbable organic halides 5381:Toilet Revolution in China 3920:Ailes, Emma (2013-04-19). 3451:, in: FAZ, 24 aprile 2010. 2934:"What are Vacuum Toilets?" 2499:urine-diverting dry toilet 2385: 2042:Toilet (room) § Names 2039: 1993: 1946: 1899: 1752:or other places where the 1392: 1388: 1321:WASH § Health aspects 1318: 1253: 1218: 1111: 1088: 971: 930: 848: 802: 779:wastewater treatment plant 738:urine-diverting dry toilet 731:Urine-diverting dry toilet 728: 720:into the underlying soil. 708:intestinal worm infections 698:between feces and food by 654: 645:falls through a drop hole. 613: 420: 137:; in isolated areas, to a 33: 18: 6325: 6239: 6066: 6003:Biochemical oxygen demand 5988: 5842: 5726: 5660: 5572: 5526: 5445: 5404: 5287: 5087: 4982: 4717:Oxford English Dictionary 4504:Oxford English Dictionary 4299:Flanders, Judith (2003). 3899:. Routledge. p. 30. 3346:www.outandaboutlive.co.uk 3125:World Health Organization 3007:. Asian Development Bank. 2587:World Toilet Organization 2278:Oxford English Dictionary 1902:Dry toilet § History 1635:were toilets used in the 1487:Indus Valley Civilisation 1178:biblical toilet etiquette 670:in a hole in the ground. 315:, or the transmission of 5645:Toilets in New York City 5595:Modern Toilet Restaurant 5327:Islamic toilet etiquette 4061:Asian Scientist Magazine 3962:Publishing. p. 32. 2988:"EVAC Bus Vacuum Toilet" 2497:Instructions on using a 2110:was originally a French 2086:with her Two Eldest Sons 2035: 1913:'s earth closet design, 1152:Islamic toilet etiquette 1142:or sometimes by using a 1079: 383:people with disabilities 141:. The waste is known as 119:dry or non-flush toilets 113:, usually for disposal. 34:Not to be confused with 6191:Sewage sludge treatment 6131:Fecal sludge management 6091:API oil–water separator 6058:Wastewater surveillance 5549:Fecal sludge management 5508:Urine collection device 5493:Urinal deodorizer block 5458:Female urination device 3824:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3545:E. Clark, Mary (2006). 3520:E. Clark, Mary (2006). 2517:Community toilet scheme 1658:Garderobe seat openings 582:Passenger train toilets 83:, and dry toilets like 29:Toilet (disambiguation) 6048:Total suspended solids 6043:Total dissolved solids 6008:Chemical oxygen demand 5779:Sustainable sanitation 5764:Reuse of human excreta 4925:Quotations related to 4274:Burnett, John (1986). 4249:Burnett, John (1986). 3461:Shu'aib, Tajuddin B., 2677:WHO and UNICEF (2017) 2380:Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis 2361: 2353: 2345: 2326: 2318: 2193:The word "toilet" was 2144: 2117: 2104: 2074: 1920: 1890:Thomas William Twyford 1815:, with its origins in 1756:could be collected as 1742: 1734: 1726: 1637:Post-classical history 1628:Post-classical history 1456: 1444: 1432: 1417: 1365:. Diseases, including 1343: 1176:is due in part to the 1131: 1100: 876:sewage treatment plant 767:sustainable sanitation 724:Urine-diverting toilet 547: 519: 461:sewage treatment plant 444: 432: 290:chemical "porta johns" 169:urine-diverting toilet 27:. For other uses, see 5915:Industrial wastewater 5734:Ecological sanitation 5635:Toilet History Museum 5585:Hundertwasser Toilets 5527:Feces-related aspects 5446:Urine-related aspects 5347:Swachh Bharat Mission 4913:Medical Knowledge app 2557:Swachh Bharat Mission 2103:on the dressing-table 2080: 2060: 2046:Outhouse § Names 1959:Industrial Revolution 1947:Further information: 1909: 1900:Further information: 1836:back-to-back terraces 1798:ecological sanitation 1783:By the 16th century, 1776:(house of rest), and 1750:defecated on farmland 1740: 1732: 1721: 1450: 1439:Squatting toilets at 1438: 1423: 1407: 1393:Further information: 1338: 1319:Further information: 1315:Public health aspects 1231:physical disabilities 1121: 1108:Anal cleansing habits 1098: 906:Toilet fed to animals 791:groundwater pollution 686:) or they can have a 545: 517: 442: 430: 408:) draw attention to. 394:socio-economic status 204:its toilet technology 202:. Japan is known for 6257:Groundwater recharge 5650:Bryant Park restroom 5498:Urinal (health care) 5317:Honeywagon (vehicle) 4941:at Wikimedia Commons 4735:Blackwood's Magazine 4620:Postcolonial Studies 4592:. Faber & Faber. 4549:The Rape of the Lock 2920:Toilets of the World 2527:Green train corridor 1840:Tudor Walters Report 1609:was a vital step in 825:developing countries 793:should be minimized. 740:(UDDT) is a type of 574:production, or in a 465:developing countries 390:developing countries 305:developing countries 284:are sometimes used. 6171:Secondary treatment 6156:Membrane bioreactor 6111:Constructed wetland 5910:Infiltration/Inflow 5749:Improved sanitation 5600:National Poo Museum 5544:Defecation postures 5405:Jobs and activities 5307:Bathroom privileges 5263:Urine-diverting dry 4301:The Victorian House 3371:. IWA. p. 40. 3317:"Account Suspended" 3265:(9875): 140514–16. 3131:on 7 September 2016 2537:Improved sanitation 2481:A public toilet in 2313:U and non-U English 2309:British upper-class 2199:euphemism treadmill 2007:Interactive urinals 1980:William Elvis Sloan 1874:Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1611:textile manufacture 1478:contains examples, 1463:, with the city of 1174:Christian countries 704:infectious diarrhea 586:aircraft lavatories 556:vacuum sewer system 463:. However, in many 317:waterborne diseases 192:toilet seat warming 157:removable container 79:used by sitting or 6367:Bathroom equipment 6362:Ancient inventions 6336:Category: Sewerage 6297:Septic drain field 6262:Infiltration basin 6206:Stabilization pond 6126:Facultative lagoon 5990:Quality indicators 5870:Blackwater (waste) 5850:Acid mine drainage 5698:Groom of the Stool 5463:Interactive urinal 5417:Restroom attendant 4857:, 16 February 2005 4737:, pp. 309–316 4688:"Toilet Inspector" 4569:Marriage à-la-mode 4481:See Egerton op cit 3944:Teresi et al. 2002 3501:on 26 October 2015 2616:" in Wiktionary's 2572:Vermifilter toilet 2203:regional variation 2105: 2094:the whole painting 2075: 2071:Marriage à la Mode 2028:which can recover 2016:Astronauts on the 1967:Alexander Cummings 1937:composting toilets 1921: 1743: 1735: 1727: 1457: 1453:toilet with pigsty 1445: 1433: 1418: 1416:in around 2350 BC. 1414:Indus river valley 1344: 1215:Accessible toilets 1186:Catholic countries 1132: 1101: 890:construction sites 548: 520: 484:Dual flush toilets 445: 443:Toilet flush sound 433: 282:Toilet seat covers 224:toilet roll holder 161:composting chamber 153:connected to a pit 151:. Dry toilets are 6344: 6343: 6121:Extended aeration 6068:Treatment options 6018:Oxygen saturation 5865:Blackwater (coal) 5843:Sources and types 5802: 5801: 5422:Sanitation worker 5412:Manual scavenging 5040:Toilet seat riser 4937:Media related to 4828:Harper, Douglas. 4792:978-1-4668-6776-5 4230:978-0-521-52701-9 4181:978-0-299-06824-0 3983:Khan, Saifullah. 3906:978-1-317-05953-0 3797:978-1-77363-320-6 3761:978-0-691-18714-3 3727:978-0-939693-37-5 3693:978-0-374-16591-8 3663:978-0-8129-3206-5 3629:978-1-4381-2987-7 3447:Roberto Zapperi: 3234:on 19 August 2014 3090:Shaw, R. (2014). 2858:978-3-906484-57-0 2766:978-1-84380-155-9 2753:Shaw, R. (2014). 2739:978-3-906484-57-0 2600:Explanatory notes 2522:Electronic toilet 2362:lieu à l'anglaise 2241:Regional variants 2211:American Standard 2167:plumbing fixtures 2145:cabinet de toilet 1821:Alexander Cumming 1336: 1292:Local authorities 1227:accessible toilet 1221:Accessible toilet 1161:. For example, a 576:composting toilet 560:waterless urinals 523:Twin pit latrines 440: 431:Flush toilet bowl 385:and the elderly. 301:human settlements 222:(often held by a 200:waterless urinals 194:, self-cleaning, 117:use water, while 6389: 6333: 6332: 6252:Evaporation pond 6240:Disposal options 6211:Trickling filter 6196:Sewage treatment 6096:Carbon filtering 6076:Activated sludge 5829: 5822: 5815: 5806: 5805: 5789:World Toilet Day 5784:Waste management 5774:Sewage treatment 5661:Historical terms 5640:Toilets in Japan 5322:Incontinence pad 5312:Bathroom reading 5074:Toilet rim block 5062:Holder/dispenser 5025:Electronic bidet 4969: 4962: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4936: 4924: 4908: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4847: 4841: 4839: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4804: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4762: 4754: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4733:(October 1974), 4727: 4721: 4719: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4664:. Archived from 4658: 4652: 4651: 4615: 4609: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4583: 4577: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4495: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4246: 4235: 4234: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3677: 3668: 3667: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3430:on July 14, 2014 3429: 3422: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3381:. Archived from 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3319:. Archived from 3313: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3282: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3227:. Archived from 3222: 3214: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3179: 3168: 3167: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3127:. Archived from 3117: 3108: 3107: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3060: 3051: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2912: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2792: 2786: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2723: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2691: 2682: 2675: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2647: 2627: 2621: 2610: 2582:World Toilet Day 2577:Waste management 2494: 2478: 2462: 2446: 2430: 2414: 2399: 2376:Louis Bourdaloue 2364: 2356: 2348: 2329: 2321: 2251:Canadian English 2247:American English 2235:Toilets in Japan 2189:Contemporary use 2147: 2120: 1996:Toilets in Japan 1990:High-tech toilet 1919: 1916: 1695: 1679: 1667: 1655: 1510: 1507: 1499: 1496: 1484: 1481: 1473: 1470: 1427:public toilets, 1337: 1209:Toilets in Japan 1159: 1148:Muslim countries 1068: 1052: 1040: 1028: 1012: 886:portable toilets 787:soil conditioner 777:and centralized 763:reuse of excreta 510:Twin pit designs 480:low flush toilet 441: 406:World Toilet Day 313:fecal-oral route 286:Portable toilets 208:Airplane toilets 109:, and sometimes 69: 60: 51: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6321: 6287:Reclaimed water 6235: 6161:Reverse osmosis 6062: 5984: 5950:Reverse osmosis 5875:Boiler blowdown 5838: 5833: 5803: 5798: 5722: 5656: 5568: 5559:Open defecation 5522: 5518:Urine diversion 5513:Urine deflector 5441: 5432:Toilet training 5400: 5386:Toilet Twinning 5289: 5283: 5234:(self-cleaning) 5197:Passenger train 5130:Container-based 5083: 4978: 4973: 4917: 4909: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4826: 4822: 4806: 4805: 4793: 4777: 4773: 4756: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4731:Ross, Alan S.C. 4728: 4724: 4710: 4709: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4668:on 28 June 2013 4660: 4659: 4655: 4616: 4612: 4601: 4597: 4584: 4580: 4561: 4557: 4544:Pope, Alexander 4541: 4537: 4530: 4516: 4512: 4497: 4496: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4467: 4465: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4430: 4426: 4417: 4415: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4247: 4238: 4231: 4217: 4213: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4041: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4016: 4014: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3876: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3854: 3852: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3683:Graffiti Palace 3678: 3671: 3664: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3474: 3459: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3386: 3379: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3348: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3181: 3180: 3171: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3061: 3054: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2976:. 1 April 2000. 2968: 2967: 2963: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2940:. 22 July 2023. 2932: 2931: 2927: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2724: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2685: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2632:eau de toilette 2628: 2624: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2495: 2486: 2479: 2470: 2463: 2454: 2447: 2438: 2431: 2422: 2415: 2406: 2400: 2388: 2293:Alan S. C. Ross 2263: 2255:British English 2243: 2231:Japanese comics 2191: 2084:Queen Charlotte 2055: 2048: 2038: 2026:urine diversion 1998: 1992: 1951: 1945: 1917: 1904: 1898: 1806:First World War 1716: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1687: 1680: 1671: 1668: 1659: 1656: 1630: 1508: 1497: 1482: 1471: 1441:Kaludiya Pokuna 1402: 1400:Ancient history 1397: 1391: 1348:open defecation 1325: 1323: 1317: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1279:some are unisex 1259: 1251: 1223: 1217: 1116: 1110: 1093: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1060: 1053: 1044: 1041: 1032: 1029: 1020: 1013: 1001: 1000: 977: 969: 964: 963: 956:open defecation 936: 928: 926:"Flying toilet" 908: 903: 902: 899:travel trailers 894:music festivals 859:chemical toilet 854: 851:Chemical toilet 846: 844:Chemical toilet 841: 840: 839:in a container. 808: 805:Portable toilet 800: 798:Portable toilet 795: 794: 746:urine diversion 734: 726: 717: 712: 711: 692:open defecation 660: 652: 647: 646: 619: 611: 599:urine diversion 594: 592:Floating toilet 540: 512: 435: 425: 419: 414: 398:open defecation 341: 309:openly defecate 165:urine diversion 91: 90: 89: 88: 72: 71: 70: 62: 61: 53: 52: 39: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6395: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6312:Surface runoff 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6292:Sanitary sewer 6289: 6284: 6282:Marine outfall 6279: 6277:Marine dumping 6274: 6269: 6267:Injection well 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6247:Combined sewer 6243: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6186:Settling basin 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6081:Aerated lagoon 6078: 6072: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6013:Coliform index 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5955:Sanitary sewer 5952: 5947: 5942: 5940:Produced water 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5885:Combined sewer 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5832: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5363:Skibidi Toilet 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5290:policy aspects 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5054: 5052:Toilet cleaner 5049: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4972: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4930: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899:External links 4897: 4894: 4893: 4877:"Chamber Pots" 4868: 4842: 4820: 4791: 4771: 4741: 4722: 4700: 4679: 4653: 4626:(2): 169–178. 4610: 4595: 4578: 4555: 4535: 4528: 4510: 4483: 4474: 4450: 4424: 4395: 4381: 4367: 4342: 4330:birminghammail 4316: 4309: 4291: 4284: 4266: 4259: 4236: 4229: 4211: 4187: 4180: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4073: 4048: 4023: 3998: 3987:. Academia.edu 3975: 3968: 3946: 3937: 3912: 3905: 3885: 3861: 3846:"World Toilet" 3836: 3810: 3796: 3774: 3760: 3740: 3726: 3706: 3692: 3669: 3662: 3642: 3628: 3608: 3593: 3587:978-8866490395 3586: 3565: 3555: 3537: 3530: 3512: 3482: 3453: 3440: 3408: 3395: 3377: 3357: 3333: 3308: 3294: 3245: 3225:United Nations 3204: 3169: 3163:978-3906484570 3162: 3142: 3109: 3103:978-1843801559 3102: 3082: 3076:978-3906484570 3075: 3052: 3035: 3009: 2997: 2979: 2961: 2943: 2925: 2904: 2864: 2857: 2837: 2812: 2800:United Nations 2787: 2772: 2765: 2745: 2738: 2711: 2683: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2650: 2622: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2496: 2489: 2487: 2480: 2473: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2433:Toilet bus in 2432: 2425: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2401: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2354:lieu d'aisance 2291:and defers to 2267:Thomas Crapper 2262: 2259: 2242: 2239: 2215:Kohler Company 2190: 2187: 2159:public toilets 2136:toilet service 2132:dressing table 2101:toilet service 2054: 2051: 2037: 2034: 1991: 1988: 1955:John Harington 1944: 1941: 1897: 1894: 1886:Stoke-on-Trent 1772:(yard house), 1715: 1714:Modern history 1712: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1690: 1688: 1681: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1629: 1626: 1577:civilization, 1533:ancient Persia 1509: 2350 BC 1498: 2800 BC 1483: 3000 BC 1472: 3200 BC 1401: 1398: 1390: 1387: 1383:drinking water 1316: 1313: 1304: 1301: 1260: 1252: 1250: 1249:Public toilets 1247: 1245:if necessary. 1219:Main article: 1216: 1213: 1190:anal cleansing 1157:Qaḍāʼ al-Ḥājah 1128:South American 1114:Anal cleansing 1112:Main article: 1109: 1106: 1089:Main article: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1063: 1061: 1054: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1023: 1021: 1017:Topkapı Palace 1014: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 987:, rather than 978: 970: 968: 965: 937: 929: 927: 924: 907: 904: 880:sanitary sewer 855: 847: 845: 842: 809: 801: 799: 796: 735: 727: 725: 722: 716: 713: 661: 653: 651: 648: 620: 612: 610: 607: 593: 590: 539: 536: 511: 508: 421:Main article: 418: 415: 413: 410: 379:sitting toilet 375: 374: 363: 356: 340: 337: 295:Historically, 258:Public toilets 196:female urinals 97:is a piece of 74: 73: 64: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6394: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6337: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6176:Sedimentation 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5970:Sewage sludge 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5895:Cooling water 5893: 5891: 5890:Cooling tower 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5855:Ballast water 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5759:Public health 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630:Toilet (room) 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5554:Flying toilet 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5453:Female urinal 5451: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5391:Unisex public 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5357:Toilet humour 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5286: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5079:Trap (U-bend) 5077: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4963: 4958: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4775: 4766: 4760: 4752: 4745: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4689: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4606: 4599: 4591: 4590: 4582: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4531: 4529:1-85709-170-1 4525: 4521: 4514: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4478: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4371: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4310:0-00-713189-5 4306: 4302: 4295: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4137: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4038:on 2021-04-28 4037: 4033: 4027: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3969:9781780404844 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3941: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3799: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3710: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3674: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3612: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3556:9780721625973 3552: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3531:9780721625973 3527: 3523: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3473:on 2009-08-19 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3444: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3385:on 2012-11-14 3384: 3380: 3378:9781843391104 3374: 3370: 3369: 3361: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3323:on 2015-02-24 3322: 3318: 3312: 3304: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3114: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3059: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2975: 2974:HowStuffWorks 2971: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2881: 2880:akvopedia.org 2877: 2871: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2841: 2827:on 2007-08-10 2826: 2822: 2816: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2680: 2674: 2670: 2654: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2562:Toilet humour 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2500: 2493: 2488: 2485:, Philippines 2484: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2404:Hundertwasser 2398: 2393: 2392: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2357: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2090:Johan Zoffany 2087: 2085: 2079: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2030:potable water 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1982:invented the 1981: 1975: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929:public health 1926: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880:, founded in 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1852:Victorian era 1849: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1825:Joseph Bramah 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1774:náð-/náða-hús 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1731: 1724: 1720: 1711: 1709: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1503: 1492: 1488: 1477: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1449: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:public toilet 1257: 1256:Public toilet 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1202:bidet showers 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1105: 1097: 1092: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1039: 1034: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1011: 1006: 1005: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 975: 967:Squat toilets 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 940:flying toilet 934: 933:Flying toilet 923: 921: 917: 913: 900: 895: 891: 887: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 863:human excreta 860: 852: 838: 837:human excreta 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 806: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 732: 721: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 680:squatting pan 677: 673: 669: 665: 658: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 617: 609:Without water 606: 604: 600: 589: 587: 583: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 544: 538:Vacuum toilet 535: 533: 529: 524: 516: 507: 505: 500: 496: 494: 493:potable water 490: 485: 481: 476: 474: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 429: 424: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 384: 380: 372: 371:public toilet 368: 364: 361: 357: 354: 350: 346: 345: 344: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 278:toilet blocks 275: 274:urinal blocks 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 248: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 184:dual flushing 181: 177: 172: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 115:Flush toilets 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 86: 82: 78: 77:flush toilets 68: 59: 50: 41: 37: 30: 26: 25:Toilet (room) 22: 6382:Toilet types 6317:Vacuum sewer 6201:Sewer mining 6151:Ion exchange 6101:Chlorination 6023:Heavy metals 5980:Urban runoff 5974: 5920:Ion exchange 5900:Fecal sludge 5713:Privy midden 5534:Anal hygiene 5427:Slopping out 5396:Vacuum truck 5371:Toilet plume 5361: 5302:Adult diaper 5288:Cultural and 5172:Incinerating 5057:Toilet paper 5046: 5005:Bidet shower 4975: 4929:at Wikiquote 4911: 4884:. Retrieved 4880: 4871: 4859:, retrieved 4854: 4845: 4833: 4823: 4781: 4774: 4750: 4744: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4712: 4691:. Retrieved 4682: 4670:. Retrieved 4666:the original 4656: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4603: 4598: 4588: 4581: 4567: 4558: 4548: 4538: 4519: 4513: 4503: 4499: 4477: 4466:. Retrieved 4463:www.nasa.gov 4462: 4453: 4441:. Retrieved 4437: 4427: 4416:. Retrieved 4407: 4398: 4384: 4370: 4358:. Retrieved 4354: 4345: 4333:. Retrieved 4329: 4319: 4300: 4294: 4275: 4269: 4250: 4220: 4214: 4205:Ars Technica 4203: 4171: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4096:. Retrieved 4092: 4065:. Retrieved 4063:. 2012-06-17 4060: 4051: 4040:. Retrieved 4036:the original 4026: 4015:. Retrieved 4013:. 2012-06-14 4010: 4001: 3989:. Retrieved 3978: 3955: 3949: 3940: 3929:. Retrieved 3925: 3915: 3895: 3888: 3877:. Retrieved 3873: 3864: 3853:. Retrieved 3850:World Toilet 3849: 3839: 3827:. Retrieved 3823: 3813: 3801:. Retrieved 3787: 3777: 3765:. Retrieved 3750: 3743: 3731:. Retrieved 3716: 3709: 3697:. Retrieved 3682: 3652: 3645: 3633:. Retrieved 3618: 3611: 3596: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3560: 3546: 3540: 3521: 3515: 3503:. Retrieved 3499:the original 3494: 3485: 3475:, retrieved 3471:the original 3466: 3456: 3448: 3443: 3432:. Retrieved 3425:the original 3416:Y. de Jong. 3411: 3398: 3387:. Retrieved 3383:the original 3367: 3360: 3349:. Retrieved 3345: 3336: 3325:. Retrieved 3321:the original 3311: 3297: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3236:. Retrieved 3229:the original 3224: 3195:. Retrieved 3186: 3152: 3145: 3135:20 September 3133:. Retrieved 3129:the original 3124: 3092: 3085: 3065: 3047: 3038: 3028:September 6, 3026:. Retrieved 3012: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2891: 2883:. Retrieved 2879: 2847: 2840: 2829:. Retrieved 2825:the original 2815: 2803:. Retrieved 2799: 2790: 2781: 2775: 2755: 2748: 2728: 2704:28 September 2702:. Retrieved 2698: 2673: 2653: 2642:Cosmopolitan 2640: 2630: 2625: 2608: 2501:in Sri Lanka 2359: 2351: 2343: 2340:chamber pots 2335: 2327:gare à l'eau 2324: 2316: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2264: 2244: 2222: 2218: 2195:by etymology 2192: 2171:chamber pots 2142: 2140: 2115: 2107: 2106: 2082: 2070: 2062: 2049: 2022:space toilet 2015: 1999: 1976: 1952: 1925:flush toilet 1922: 1871: 1860: 1856:slopping out 1845: 1833: 1813:water closet 1810: 1802: 1790:gong farmers 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768:, including 1747: 1744: 1722: 1705: 1631: 1615: 1591:chamber pots 1572: 1567:Anuradhapura 1559:Anuradhapura 1548: 1537: 1527:, Pharaonic 1525:Minoan Crete 1517: 1491:Mohenjo-Daro 1458: 1429:Ostia Antica 1356: 1345: 1306: 1224: 1206: 1204:are common. 1170:use of water 1167: 1163:bidet shower 1154: 1140:toilet paper 1133: 1102: 993:flush toilet 981:squat toilet 974:Squat toilet 952:human faeces 909: 870:), nor to a 856: 775:sewer system 771:pit latrines 718: 715:Vault toilet 635:sewer system 627:flush toilet 595: 580: 549: 521: 501: 497: 477: 469: 449:flush toilet 446: 423:Flush toilet 417:Flush toilet 387: 378: 376: 360:squat toilet 349:flush toilet 342: 294: 288:(frequently 269: 236: 220:toilet paper 212:anal hygiene 188:low flushing 173: 142: 135:sewer system 131:squat toilet 111:toilet paper 94: 92: 85:pit latrines 40: 21:flush toilet 6307:Storm drain 6302:Sewage farm 6226:Vermifilter 6181:Septic tank 6141:Imhoff tank 6038:Temperature 5945:Return flow 5935:Papermaking 5708:Pail closet 5693:Gong farmer 5678:Close stool 5673:Chamber pot 5620:Shit Museum 5273:Vermifilter 5177:Intelligent 5067:Orientation 5030:Flushometer 4355:www.iprt.ie 4098:14 December 3495:News.com.au 3048:Global Post 2805:14 November 2629:The French 2350:("place"), 2323:("water"), 2305:1815 defeat 2283:James Joyce 2098:silver-gilt 2063:La Toilette 1984:Flushometer 1933:dry toilets 1918: 1909 1911:Henry Moule 1848:chamber pot 1754:human waste 1708:chamber pot 1641:Manor house 1622:pig toilets 1618:Han dynasty 1583:bath houses 1563:Polonnaruwa 1557:complex in 1461:Mesopotamia 1379:groundwater 1277:, although 1239:toilet seat 948:plastic bag 946:name for a 872:septic tank 868:pit latrine 668:human waste 664:pit latrine 657:Pit latrine 650:Pit latrine 641:. Instead, 639:septic tank 532:groundwater 457:septic tank 367:toilet room 254:toilet room 247:handwashing 139:septic tank 123:toilet seat 6377:Sanitation 6351:Categories 6272:Irrigation 6136:Filtration 5836:Wastewater 5769:Sanitation 5718:Reredorter 5703:Night soil 5539:Defecation 5352:Toilet god 5337:Latrinalia 5297:Accessible 5253:Telescopic 5168:(Scouting) 5140:Dual flush 5125:Composting 4662:"BBC h2g2" 4468:2017-10-30 4443:20 January 4418:2017-03-29 4376:"Heritage" 4285:0416367704 4260:0416367704 4067:2022-11-06 4042:2022-11-06 4017:2022-11-06 3931:2020-05-18 3879:2022-11-06 3874:undocs.org 3855:2016-03-07 3477:2009-03-10 3434:2014-07-02 3389:2022-11-06 3351:2024-05-13 3327:2015-02-23 2831:2008-03-12 2665:References 2465:Toilet in 2417:Toilet in 2372:head pumps 2261:Euphemisms 2183:toiletries 2081:Detail of 2040:See also: 2002:water jets 1994:See also: 1758:fertilizer 1723:Bourdaloue 1633:Garderobes 1589:also used 1555:Abhayagiri 1544:coprolites 1520:Skara Brae 1476:Skara Brae 1385:supplies. 1371:sanitation 1359:sanitation 1146:. In many 1136:defecation 1130:countries. 997:dry toilet 912:pig toilet 833:fiberglass 783:fertilizer 750:sanitation 742:dry toilet 688:water seal 684:dry toilet 623:dry toilet 616:Dry toilet 564:blackwater 447:A typical 412:With water 402:sanitation 353:dry toilet 297:sanitation 216:defecation 144:blackwater 6372:Bathrooms 6106:Clarifier 6053:Turbidity 5905:Greywater 5688:Garderobe 5615:Rest area 5580:Haewoojae 5564:Scatology 5503:Urination 5483:Sanistand 5437:Toileting 5232:Sanisette 5187:Low-flush 4983:Equipment 4809:cite book 4801:876714657 4648:143947247 4640:1368-8790 4498:"toilet, 4360:8 January 4335:8 January 3238:15 August 3197:15 August 2992:Evac GmbH 2956:sswm.info 2899:CC BY 3.0 2618:thesaurus 2542:Sanisette 2469:, Croatia 2451:Jerusalem 2419:Delftware 2336:gardy loo 2331:– whence 2285:'s novel 2175:outhouses 2163:on trains 2151:euphemism 2092:, 1765, ( 2053:Etymology 1794:nightsoil 1778:annat hús 1766:outhouses 1762:Old Norse 1551:Sri Lanka 1451:Model of 1375:waterways 1296:attendant 1243:caregiver 1235:grab bars 1122:A modern 1091:Urination 1085:Urination 1043:In France 985:squatting 944:facetious 861:collects 696:pathogens 568:greywater 489:greywater 473:sewer gas 325:dysentery 262:restrooms 180:porcelain 81:squatting 6033:Salinity 5925:Leachate 5860:Bathroom 5727:See also 5668:Aphedron 5605:Outhouse 5473:Pee curl 5217:Portable 5192:On-board 5155:Freezing 5120:Chemical 5100:Arborloo 5095:Aircraft 4990:Ballcock 4861:1 August 4759:citation 4546:(1717), 4438:Wired UK 4412:Archived 3926:BBC News 3289:23582727 3191:Archived 3189:. 1996. 3022:Archived 2938:wiseGEEK 2901:license. 2510:See also 2483:Antipolo 2453:, Israel 2437:, Turkey 2301:Napoleon 2297:the site 2219:commodes 2207:register 2179:latrines 2128:grooming 2124:metonymy 2118:toilette 2112:loanword 1878:Twyfords 1867:commodes 1829:Rochdale 1785:cesspits 1579:latrines 1513:cesspits 1198:Lutheran 1194:Orthodox 1172:in many 1059:, China) 1019:, Turkey 888:used on 817:sewerage 812:portable 603:Cambodia 504:seawater 339:Overview 319:such as 99:sanitary 36:Toilette 6357:Toilets 5960:Septage 5683:Dansker 5468:Pissoir 5332:Istinja 5278:Washlet 5258:Treebog 5182:Latrine 5145:EToilet 5115:Cathole 5020:Commode 5015:Cistern 4976:Toilets 4886:17 July 4693:25 June 4672:25 June 4564:Hogarth 3991:9 April 3844:manic. 3505:17 July 3280:7159282 3187:who.int 2637:cologne 2386:Gallery 2288:Ulysses 2223:closets 2067:Hogarth 1863:bedpans 1770:garðhús 1607:Fulling 1603:Pompeii 1595:Plinius 1412:of the 1389:History 1367:Cholera 1309:prisons 1288:Urinals 1267:urinals 989:sitting 643:excreta 453:cistern 369:versus 351:versus 333:hygiene 321:cholera 266:urinals 243:washing 239:bathtub 176:ceramic 167:with a 125:, with 6334: 5975:Toilet 5965:Sewage 5930:Manure 5573:Places 5488:Urinal 5478:Pollee 5268:Vacuum 5227:Public 5162:(boat) 5110:Bucket 5047:Toilet 4995:Bedpan 4939:Toilet 4927:Toilet 4855:Kottke 4799: 4789: 4711:"loo, 4646: 4638: 4526: 4307: 4282: 4257: 4227: 4178: 3966: 3903: 3829:27 May 3803:27 May 3794: 3767:27 May 3758: 3733:27 May 3724: 3699:27 May 3690: 3660: 3635:27 May 3626: 3584: 3553: 3528: 3375: 3287: 3277: 3259:Lancet 3160: 3100: 3073: 2885:21 May 2855: 2763: 2736: 2614:toilet 2435:Samsun 2177:, and 2108:Toilet 2044:, and 2020:use a 1963:S-trap 1882:Hanley 1760:. The 1686:castle 1684:Campen 1587:Greeks 1531:, and 1502:Lothal 1410:Lothal 1381:, and 1269:) and 1138:is by 916:pigsty 829:unisex 631:sewage 572:biogas 552:vacuum 270:trough 232:bidets 149:sewage 95:toilet 5880:Brine 5248:Squat 5243:Space 5222:Potty 5150:Flush 5105:Blair 5088:Types 5010:Brush 5000:Bidet 4830:"loo" 4644:S2CID 4089:(PDF) 4011:Stuff 3576:[ 3428:(PDF) 3421:(PDF) 3232:(PDF) 3221:(PDF) 2646:' 2421:style 2333:Scots 2319:l'eau 2161:, as 2065:from 2036:Names 2024:with 1817:Tudor 1575:Roman 1529:Egypt 1425:Roman 1363:reuse 1271:sinks 1182:bidet 1144:bidet 1124:bidet 1080:Usage 1057:Wuhan 960:slums 942:is a 821:slums 758:urine 754:feces 744:with 700:flies 676:feces 672:Urine 228:vulva 214:post- 107:feces 103:urine 6221:UASB 5238:Sink 5166:Hudo 5160:Head 5035:Seat 4888:2016 4863:2015 4815:link 4797:OCLC 4787:ISBN 4765:link 4695:2013 4674:2013 4636:ISSN 4574:Pope 4524:ISBN 4445:2011 4362:2018 4337:2018 4305:ISBN 4280:ISBN 4255:ISBN 4225:ISBN 4176:ISBN 4100:2004 3993:2015 3964:ISBN 3901:ISBN 3831:2024 3805:2024 3792:ISBN 3769:2024 3756:ISBN 3735:2024 3722:ISBN 3701:2024 3688:ISBN 3658:ISBN 3637:2024 3624:ISBN 3582:ISBN 3551:ISBN 3526:ISBN 3507:2016 3373:ISBN 3285:PMID 3240:2014 3199:2014 3158:ISBN 3137:2018 3098:ISBN 3071:ISBN 3030:2012 2887:2020 2853:ISBN 2807:2017 2761:ISBN 2734:ISBN 2706:2015 2699:UNDP 2346:lieu 2227:TOTO 2153:for 2011:Sega 1935:or 1865:and 1823:and 1811:The 1616:The 1601:and 1599:Rome 1565:and 1465:Uruk 1196:and 1168:The 920:carp 910:The 884:The 785:and 756:and 706:and 674:and 566:and 528:soil 323:and 276:and 250:sink 198:and 105:and 5212:Pit 5207:Pig 5202:Pay 5135:Dry 4715:", 4713:n.⁴ 4628:doi 4502:", 3275:PMC 3267:doi 3263:381 2368:lee 2303:'s 2299:of 2237:). 2221:or 2185:". 2069:'s 2061:In 1800:). 1613:.) 1573:In 1549:In 1307:In 1225:An 1015:At 823:of 637:or 578:). 268:or 256:). 234:). 6353:: 6028:pH 4879:. 4853:, 4832:. 4811:}} 4807:{{ 4795:. 4761:}} 4757:{{ 4703:^ 4642:. 4634:. 4624:13 4622:. 4500:n. 4486:^ 4461:. 4436:. 4410:. 4406:. 4353:. 4328:. 4239:^ 4202:. 4190:^ 4135:^ 4091:. 4076:^ 4059:. 4009:. 3958:. 3924:. 3872:. 3848:. 3822:. 3786:. 3672:^ 3559:. 3493:. 3465:, 3344:. 3283:. 3273:. 3261:. 3257:. 3223:. 3207:^ 3185:. 3172:^ 3123:. 3112:^ 3055:^ 3046:. 3020:. 2990:. 2972:. 2954:. 2936:. 2918:. 2907:^ 2878:. 2867:^ 2798:. 2714:^ 2697:. 2686:^ 2173:, 2088:, 2032:. 1939:. 1915:c. 1892:. 1884:, 1808:. 1624:. 1535:. 1506:c. 1495:c. 1480:c. 1469:c. 1377:, 1261:A 979:A 938:A 857:A 810:A 736:A 662:A 621:A 605:. 584:, 550:A 506:. 206:. 190:, 186:, 171:. 159:, 155:, 93:A 5828:e 5821:t 5814:v 4968:e 4961:t 4954:v 4916:. 4890:. 4866:. 4840:. 4838:. 4817:) 4803:. 4769:. 4767:) 4739:. 4720:. 4697:. 4676:. 4650:. 4630:: 4576:. 4553:. 4533:. 4508:. 4471:. 4447:. 4421:. 4392:. 4378:. 4364:. 4339:. 4313:. 4288:. 4263:. 4233:. 4208:. 4184:. 4102:. 4070:. 4045:. 4020:. 3995:. 3972:. 3934:. 3909:. 3882:. 3858:. 3833:. 3807:. 3771:. 3737:. 3703:. 3666:. 3639:. 3605:. 3590:. 3534:. 3509:. 3437:. 3392:. 3354:. 3330:. 3305:. 3291:. 3269:: 3242:. 3201:. 3166:. 3139:. 3106:. 3079:. 3050:. 3032:. 2994:. 2958:. 2922:. 2889:. 2861:. 2834:. 2809:. 2769:. 2742:. 2708:. 2620:. 1504:( 1493:( 1431:. 1258:. 976:. 935:. 853:. 807:. 733:. 659:. 618:. 373:) 362:) 355:) 260:( 252:( 178:( 87:. 38:. 31:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index