Edo period - Knowledge

3023: 3035: 2354: 2911: 1889: 2134: 1945: 3701: 2389: 2956: 2590: 1380: 1985: 2891: 2436: 1832: 3379: 3369: 3241: 2937: 2976: 2518: 62: 10453: 8037: 2712: 3135: 1351: 9815: 9466: 9445: 9260: 9114: 8956: 8927: 8792: 8763: 8636: 8615: 8576: 8417: 8268: 8143: 7990: 3605: 10559: 1607:)" under the daimyo, with 80% of peasants under the 5% samurai class, followed by craftsmen and merchants. However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the classes of peasants, craftsmen, and merchants under the samurai are equal, and the old hierarchy chart has been removed from Japanese history textbooks. In other words, peasants, craftsmen, and merchants are not a social pecking order, but a social classification. 1432: 998: 3237:

Although the magnitude and growth rates are uncertain, there were at least 26 million commoners and about four million members of samurai families and their attendants when the first nationwide census was taken in 1721. Drought, followed by crop shortages and starvation, resulted in twenty great famines between 1675 and 1837. During the Tokugawa period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.

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Christianity benefited Buddhism in 1640 when the bakufu ordered everyone to register at a temple. The rigid separation of Tokugawa society into han, villages, wards, and households helped reaffirm local Shinto attachments. Shinto provided spiritual support to the political order and was an important tie between the individual and the community. Shinto also helped preserve a sense of national identity.

1543: 3217:, economic activities went well beyond the restrictive nature of the guilds, and commerce spread and a money economy developed. Although government heavily restricted the merchants and viewed them as unproductive and usurious members of society, the samurai, who gradually became separated from their rural ties, depended greatly on the merchants and artisans for consumer goods, artistic interests, and 3688: 6547: 3462:(1854–1856), Abe then tried to strengthen the regime by ordering Dutch warships and armaments from the Netherlands and building new port defenses. In 1855, a naval training school with Dutch instructors was set up at Nagasaki, and a Western-style military school was established at Edo; by the next year, the government was translating Western books. Opposition to Abe increased within 2039:(1759–1829). Other shoguns debased the coinage to pay debts, which caused inflation. Overall, while commerce (domestic and international) was vibrant and sophisticated financial services had developed in the Edo period, the shogunate remained ideologically focused on honest agricultural work as the basis of society and never sought to develop a mercantile or capitalistic country. 2881:) was held. It was a once-in-a-lifetime event for people living in remote areas, so they set up a joint fund for each village, saved their travel expenses, and went on a group trip. Local residents of Ise Grand Shrine and Mount Fuji used to send specialized advertising personnel to various parts of Japan to solicit trips to local areas to make money from tourism. 3487:, who had long embraced a militant loyalty to the emperor along with anti-foreign sentiments, and who had been put in charge of national defense in 1854. The Mito school—based on neo-Confucian and Shinto principles—had as its goal the restoration of the imperial institution, the turning back of the West, and the founding of a world empire under the divine 2486:, "Dutch studies") through the information and books received through the Dutch traders in Dejima. The main areas that were studied included geography, medicine, natural sciences, astronomy, art, languages, physical sciences such as the study of electrical phenomena, and mechanical sciences as exemplified by the development of Japanese clockwatches, or 2673:. The district was known for being the center of Edo's developing sense of elegance and refinement. Established in 1617 as the city's shogunate-sanctioned prostitution district, it kept this designation about 250 years. Yoshiwara was home to mostly women who, due to unfortunate circumstances, found themselves working in this secluded environment. 1637:

lords in a well-established chain of command. The shogun had 17,000 samurai retainers; the daimyo each had hundreds. Most lived in modest homes near their lord's headquarters, and lived off of hereditary rights and stipends. Together these high status groups comprised Japan's ruling class making up about 6% of the total population.

2783:, were only available at a certain time of year, while some companies only performed for nobles. Fashion trends, satirization of local news stories, and advertisements were often part of kabuki theater, as well. Along with kabuki, storytelling entertainments were popular among the common people, and people enjoyed 2043:

often forced to "lend" money to the shogunate or daimyos (often never returned). They often had to hide their wealth, and some sought higher social status by using money to marry into the samurai class. There is some evidence that as merchants gained greater political influence in the late Edo period, the rigid

2669:(the floating world), an ideal world of fashion, popular entertainment, and the discovery of aesthetic qualities in objects and actions of everyday life. This increasing interest in pursuing recreational activities helped to develop an array of new industries, many of which could be found in an area known as 1288:, who ostensibly was the vassal of the imperial family. The Tokugawa helped the imperial family recapture its old glory by rebuilding its palaces and granting it new lands. To ensure a close tie between the imperial clan and the Tokugawa family, Ieyasu's granddaughter was made an imperial consort in 1619. 3316:

hit hard, and unrest led to a peasant uprising against officials and merchants in Osaka in 1837. Although it lasted only a day, the uprising made a dramatic impression. Remedies came in the form of traditional solutions that sought to reform moral decay rather than address institutional problems. The

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failed to square with the reality of commercial distribution. A huge government bureaucracy had evolved, which now stagnated because of its discrepancy with a new and evolving social order. Compounding the situation, the population increased significantly during the first half of the Tokugawa period.

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Buddhism and Shinto were both still important in Tokugawa Japan. Buddhism, together with neo-Confucianism, provided standards of social behavior. Although Buddhism was not as politically powerful as it had been in the past, Buddhism continued to be espoused by the upper classes. Proscriptions against

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to sell surplus rice in Edo and Osaka, large-scale rice markets developed there. Each daimyo also had a capital city, located near the one castle they were allowed to maintain. Daimyos would have agents in various commercial centers, selling rice and cash crops, often exchanged for paper credit to be

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Then came the 400,000 warriors, called "samurai", in numerous grades and degrees. A few upper samurai were eligible for high office; most were foot soldiers. Since there was very little fighting, they became civil servants paid by the daimyo, with minor duties. The samurai were affiliated with senior

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In the final years of the Tokugawas, foreign contacts increased as more concessions were granted. The new treaty with the United States in 1859 allowed more ports to be opened to diplomatic representatives, unsupervised trade at four additional ports, and foreign residences in Osaka and Edo. It also

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was significant. The devalued price for gold in Japan was one immediate, enormous effect. The European and American traders purchased gold for its original price on the world market and then sold it to the Japanese for triple the price. Along with this, cheap goods from these developed nations, like

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One estimate of literacy in Edo suggest that up to a fifth of males could read, along with a sixth of women. Another estimate states that 40% of men and 10% of women by the end of the Edo period were literate. According to another estimate, around 1800, almost 100% of the samurai class and about 50%

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of the shogunate focused the virtues of frugality and hard work; it had a rigid class system, which emphasized agriculture and despised commerce and merchants. A century after the Shogunate's establishment, problems began to emerge. The samurai, forbidden to engage in farming or business but allowed

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was the base of the economy. About 80% of the people were rice farmers. Rice production increased steadily, but population remained stable, so prosperity increased. Rice paddies grew from 1.6 million chō in 1600 to 3 million by 1720. Improved technology helped farmers control the all-important flow

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By 1800, the commercialization of the economy grew rapidly, bringing more and more remote villages into the national economy. Rich farmers appeared who switched from rice to high-profit commercial crops and engaged in local money-lending, trade, and small-scale manufacturing. Wealthy merchants were

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raised taxes on farmers, but did not tax business, so they too fell into debt, with some merchants specializing in loaning to daimyos. Yet it was inconceivable to systematically tax commerce, as it would make money off "parasitic" activities, raise the prestige of merchants, and lower the status of

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s retainers and residents of Tokugawa lands had been ordered to forswear Christianity. More restrictions came in 1616 (the restriction of foreign trade to Nagasaki and Hirado, an island northwest of Kyūshū), 1622 (the execution of 120 missionaries and converts), 1624 (the expulsion of the Spanish),

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Peasant unrest grew, and by the late 18th century, mass protests over taxes and food shortages had become commonplace. Newly landless families became tenant farmers, while the displaced rural poor moved into the cities. As the fortunes of previously well-to-do families declined, others moved in to

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became popular as accessories among men. Originally, inro was a portable case to put a seal or medicine, and netsuke was a fastener attached to the case, and both were practical tools. However, from the middle of the Edo period, products with high artistic value appeared and became popular as male

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At around 1721, the population of Japan was close to 30 million and the figure was only around 32 million around the Meiji Restoration around 150 years later. From 1721, there were regular national surveys of the population until the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate. In addition, regional surveys, as

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Lower orders divided into two main segments—the peasants—80% of the population—whose high prestige as producers was undercut by their burden as the chief source of taxes. They were illiterate and lived in villages controlled by appointed officials who kept the peace and collected taxes. The family

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were seen in Japanese waters with increasing frequency in the 1810s and 1820s. Whalers and trading ships from the United States also arrived on Japan's shores. Although the Japanese made some minor concessions and allowed some landings, they largely attempted to keep all foreigners out, sometimes

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Each person had a distinct place in society and was expected to work to fulfill his or her mission in life. The people were to be ruled with benevolence by those whose assigned duty it was to rule. Government was all-powerful but responsible and humane. Although the class system was influenced by

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Large-scale rice markets developed, centered on Edo and Ōsaka. In the cities and towns, guilds of merchants and artisans met the growing demand for goods and services. The merchants, while low in status, prospered, especially those with official patronage. Merchants invented credit instruments to

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grew as well. Osaka and Kyoto became busy trading and handicraft production centers, while Edo was the center for the supply of food and essential urban consumer goods. Around the year 1700, Japan was perhaps the most urbanized country in the world, at a rate of around 10–12%. Half of that figure

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The Edo period passed on a vital commercial sector to be in flourishing urban centers, a relatively well-educated elite, a sophisticated government bureaucracy, productive agriculture, a closely unified nation with highly developed financial and marketing systems, and a national infrastructure of

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era of 1841–1843 had similar objectives. Most were ineffective and only worked in some areas. These economic failings would also have been a force in the opening of Japan, as Japanese businessmen desired larger markets. Some scholars also point to internal activism for political change. The Mito

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Shinto eventually assumed an intellectual form as shaped by neo-Confucian rationalism and materialism. The kokugaku movement emerged from the interactions of these two belief systems. Kokugaku contributed to the emperor-centered nationalism of modern Japan and the revival of Shinto as a national

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curriculum consisted of basic literacy and arithmetic, instead of literary arts or philosophy. High rates of urban literacy in Edo contributed to the prevalence of novels and other literary forms. In urban areas, children were often taught by masterless samurai, while in rural areas priests from

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using deep pots became popular. Not only did people buy plants and appreciate flowers, but they were also enthusiastic about improving the varieties of flowers, so specialized books were published one after another. For example, Matsudaira Sadatomo produced 300 varieties of iris and published a

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The Edo period was characterized by an unprecedented series of economic developments (despite termination of contact with the outside world) and cultural maturation, especially in terms of theater, music, and other entertainment. For example, a poetic meter for music called kinsei kouta-chō was

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importers, were received with enthusiasm and found many uses. Japanese designers started printing designs that were influenced by the Indian patterns. Some garments used fabric imported from Britain or France. Ownership of these exotic textiles signified wealth and taste, but they were worn as

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meant that daimyos and their families often resided in Edo or travelled back to their domains, giving demand to an enormous consumer market in Edo and trade throughout the country. Samurai and daimyos, after prolonged peace, were accustomed to more elaborate lifestyles. To keep up with growing

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in an attempt to gain more revenue for the government. In 1767, to 1786 Tanuma Okitsugu also initiated some unorthodox economic reforms to expand government income. This led his conservative opponents to attack him and take his position as he was forced from government in disgrace. Similarly,

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By 1750, rising taxes incited peasant unrest and even revolt. The nation had to deal somehow with samurai impoverishment and treasury deficits. The financial troubles of the samurai undermined their loyalties to the system, and the empty treasury threatened the whole system of government. One

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A few domains, notably Chōshū and Satsuma, used innovative methods to restore their finances, but most sunk further into debt. The financial crisis provoked a reactionary solution near the end of the "Tempo era" (1830–1843) promulgated by the chief counselor Mizuno Tadakuni. He raised taxes,

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Although Japan was able to acquire and refine a wide variety of scientific knowledge, the rapid industrialization of the West during the 18th century created a material gap in terms of technologies and armament between Japan and the West, forcing it to abandon its policy of seclusion, which

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The standard of living for urban and rural dwellers alike grew significantly during the Tokugawa period. Better means of crop production, transport, housing, food, and entertainment were all available, as was more leisure time, at least for urban dwellers. The literacy rate was high for a

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had rich decoration from the waist down only, and family emblems on the neck and shoulders. These would be worn by women of the merchant class. The kimono of merchant-class women were more subdued than those of the samurai, but still with bold colours and designs representing nature.

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accumulate land, and a new, wealthy farming class emerged. Those people who benefited were able to diversify production and to hire laborers, while others were left discontented. Many samurai fell on hard times and were forced into handicraft production and wage jobs for merchants.

2165:). Within a generation, almost all samurai were literate, as their careers often required knowledge of literary arts. These academies were staffed mostly with other samurai, along with some buddhist and shinto clergymen who were also learned in Neo-Confucianism and the works of 1632:

comprised about 250 local lords of local "han" with annual outputs of 50,000 or more bushels of rice. The upper strata was much given to elaborate and expensive rituals, including elegant architecture, landscaped gardens, Noh drama, patronage of the arts, and the tea ceremony.

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villages were not even printed on official maps. A sub-class of hinin who were born into their social class had no option of mobility to a different social class whereas the other class of hinin who had lost their previous class status could be reinstated in Japanese society.

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school had long been an active force in demanding political changes, such as restoring the powers of the Emperor. This anger can also be seen in the poetry of Matsuo Taseko (a woman who farmed silkworms in the Ina Valley) from Hirata Atsutane's School of National Learning:

3022: 3200:, which caused the social classes in Japan to fall apart". From the outset, the Tokugawa attempted to restrict families' accumulation of wealth and fostered a "back to the soil" policy, in which the farmer, the ultimate producer, was the ideal person in society. 2410:

Advanced studies and growing applications of neo-Confucianism contributed to the transition of the social and political order from feudal norms to class- and large-group-oriented practices. The rule of the people or Confucian man was gradually replaced by the

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took over their land. The samurai had a choice: give up their sword and become peasants, or move to the city of their feudal lord and become a paid retainer. Only a few land samurai remained in the border provinces of the north, or as direct vassals of the

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The army and the navy were modernized. A naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral

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Gardening was a popular pastime. Especially in Edo, residences of daimyo (feudal lords) of each domain were gathered, and many gardeners existed to manage these gardens, which led to the development of horticultural techniques. Among people,

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government. As they paid no regular taxes, the forced financial contributions to the daimyos were seen by some merchants as a cost of doing business. The wealth of merchants gave them a degree of prestige and even power over the daimyos.

3065:). These would have landscape scenes, among which there are other motifs usually referencing classic literature. Samurai men would dress with a more understated design with geometrical designs concentrated around the waist. The 2768:. The genre declined throughout the rest of the century in the face of modernization that saw ukiyo-e as both old-fashioned and laborious to produce compared to Western technologies. Ukiyo-e was a primary part of the wave of 3409:

who wanted to go to war. Lacking consensus, Abe decided to compromise by accepting Perry's demands for opening Japan to foreign trade while also making military preparations. In March 1854, the Treaty of Peace and Amity (or

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After a long period of inner conflict, the first goal of the newly established Tokugawa government was to pacify the country. It created a balance of power that remained (fairly) stable for the next 250 years, influenced by

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The last Jesuit was either killed or reconverted by 1644. By the 1660s, Christianity was almost completely eradicated. Its external political, economic, and religious influence on Japan became quite limited. Only China, the

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accessories. Especially samurai and wealthy merchants competed to buy inro of high artistic value. At the end of the Edo period, the artistic value of inro further increased and it came to be regarded as an art collection.

2377:, and historical perspective of neo-Confucian doctrine appealed to the official class. By the mid-17th century, neo-Confucianism was Japan's dominant legal philosophy and contributed directly to the development of the 2776:

invented during this time and is still used today in folk songs. Music and theater were influenced by the social gap between the noble and commoner classes, and different arts became more defined as this gap widened.

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redeemed elsewhere. Merchants invented credit instruments to transfer money, and currency came into common use. In the cities and towns, guilds of merchants and artisans met the growing demand for goods and services.

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The Tokugawa era brought peace, and that brought prosperity to a nation of 31 million, 80% of them rice farmers. Rice production increased steadily, but population remained stable. Rice paddies grew from 1.6 million

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acting as a de facto elite school for its bureaucracy but also creating a network of alumni from the whole country. Besides Shoheikō, other important directly run schools at the end of the shogunate included the

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in 1600 to 3 million by 1720. Improved technology helped farmers control the all-important flow of water to their paddies. The daimyos operated several hundred castle towns, which became loci of domestic trade.

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movement in the mid-19th century would finally bring down the Tokugawa. Historians consider that a major contributing factor to the decline of the Tokugawa was "poor management of the central government by the

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of 1637–1638, in which discontented Catholic samurai and peasants rebelled against the bakufu—and Edo called in Dutch ships to bombard the rebel stronghold—marked the end of the Christian movement. During the

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intellectual who had opposed the American treaty and plotted a revolution against the bakufu, and signing treaties with the United States and five other nations, thus ending more than 200 years of exclusion.

2955: 2415:. New laws were developed, and new administrative devices were instituted. A new theory of government and a new vision of society emerged as a means of justifying more comprehensive governance by the bakufu. 3034: 2432:, neo-Confucian, and Buddhist beliefs. Study of mathematics, astronomy, cartography, engineering, and medicine were also encouraged. Emphasis was placed on quality of workmanship, especially in the arts. 1493:

diplomatic mission were executed. All Japanese subjects were ordered to register at a Buddhist or Shinto temple. The Dutch and Chinese were restricted, respectively, to Dejima and to a special quarter in

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Due to the end of the period of civil war and the development of the economy, many crafts with high artistic value were produced. Among the samurai class, arms came to be treated like works of art, and

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neo-Confucianism, it was not identical to it. Whereas soldiers and clergy were at the bottom of the hierarchy in the Chinese model, in Japan, some members of these classes constituted the ruling elite.

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fuelled more demand for elaborate costumes. While ordinary kimono would usually be created by women at home, luxurious silk kimono were designed and created by specialist artists who were usually men.

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policy. Increased demand for timber resources for construction, shipbuilding and fuel had led to widespread deforestation, which resulted in forest fires, floods and soil erosion. In response the

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are famous for their realistic painting techniques. They produced their works under the patronage of wealthy merchants newly emerging from the economic development of this period. Following the

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Members of the samurai class adhered to bushi traditions with a renewed interest in Japanese history and cultivation of the ways of Confucian scholar-administrators. A distinct culture known as

2428:("the way of the townspeople") emerged in cities such as Osaka, Kyoto, and Edo. It encouraged aspiration to bushido qualities—diligence, honesty, honor, loyalty, and frugality—while blending 1741:

were only allowed inside a special quarter of the city. Other persecution of the hinin included disallowing them from wearing robes longer than knee-length and the wearing of hats. Sometimes

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Historical documents record that 3.62 million people visited the shrine in 50 days in 1625. 1.18 million people visited it in three days in 1829 when the grand festival held every 20 years (

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clerics, but during the Tokugawa period, Confucianism emerged from Buddhist religious control. This system of thought increased attention to a secular view of man and society. The ethical

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was the smallest legal entity, and the maintenance of family status and privileges was of great importance at all levels of society. The individual had no separate legal rights. The 1711

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during which intense interaction with European powers, on the economic and religious plane, took place. It is at the beginning of the Edo period that Japan built its first ocean-going

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worn by women. The main consumers of kimono were the samurai who used lavish clothing and other material luxuries to signal their place at the top of the social order. Driven by this

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and daimyos often encouraged commercial crops and artifacts within their domains, from textiles to tea. The concentration of wealth also led to the development of financial markets.

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During the Tokugawa period, the social order, based on inherited position rather than personal merits, was rigid and highly formalized. At the top were the emperor and court nobles (

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on the borders of Tokugawa lands, all directly related to Ieyasu. The shinpan held mostly honorary titles and advisory posts in the bakufu. The second class of the hierarchy was the

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Like Hideyoshi, Ieyasu encouraged foreign trade but also was suspicious of outsiders. He wanted to make Edo a major port, but once he learned that the Europeans favoured ports in

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houses, reduced others, such as that of the Toyotomi, and redistributed the spoils of war to his family and allies. Ieyasu still failed to achieve complete control of the western

1524:, and for a short period, the Portuguese, Spanish and English, enjoyed the right to visit Japan during this period, for commercial purposes only, and they were restricted to the 3204:

preindustrial society (by some estimates the literacy rate in the city of Edo was 80 percent), and cultural values were redefined and widely imparted throughout the samurai and

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in 1605. The Toyotomi were still a significant threat, and Ieyasu devoted the next decade to their eradication. In 1615, the Tokugawa army destroyed the Toyotomi stronghold at

3414:) opened two ports to American ships seeking provisions, guaranteed good treatment to shipwrecked American sailors, and allowed a United States consul to take up residence in 2752:

prints in 1765, a form that has become synonymous to most with ukiyo-e. The genre reached a peak in technique towards the end of the century with the works of such artists as

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solution was reactionary—cutting samurai salaries and prohibiting spending for luxuries. Other solutions were modernizing, with the goal of increasing agrarian productivity.

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denounced luxuries and tried to impede the growth of business; he failed and it appeared to many that the continued existence of the entire Tokugawa system was in jeopardy.

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houses. The code encompassed private conduct, marriage, dress, types of weapons, and numbers of troops allowed; required feudal lords to reside in Edo every other year (the

6598: 5561: 2173:(Chinese characters), the Confucian classics, calligraphy, basic arithmetics, and etiquette, the samurai also learned various martial arts and military skills in schools. 3708:

Revering the emperor as a symbol of unity, extremists wrought violence and death against the Bakufu and Han authorities and foreigners. Foreign naval retaliation in the

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In the first part of the Edo period, Japan experienced rapid demographic growth, before leveling off at around 30 million. Between the 1720s and 1820s, Japan had almost

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Red was a popular colour for wealthy women, partly because of its cultural association with youth and passion, and partly because the dye – derived from

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As the literacy rate was so high that many ordinary people could read books, books in various genres such as cooking, gardening, travel guides, art books, scripts of

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and that China had rejected his plans for official trade, he moved to control existing trade and allowed only certain ports to handle specific kinds of commodities.

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Rebellion an estimated 37,000 people (mostly Christians) were massacred. In 50 years, the Tokugawa shoguns reduced the amount of Christians to near zero in Japan.

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See Martha Tocco, "Norms and texts for women's education in south east china Tokugawa Japan." In Ko, Haboush, and Piggott, Women and Confucian Cultures, 193–218.

3405:, Abe tried to balance the desires of the senior councillors to compromise with the foreigners, of the emperor who wanted to keep the foreigners out, and of the 3185:

The Tokugawa did not eventually collapse simply because of intrinsic failures. Foreign intrusions helped to precipitate a complex political struggle between the

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embodied the concept of extraterritoriality (foreigners were subject to the laws of their own countries but not to Japanese law). Hotta lost the support of key

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finished cotton, flooded the market forcing many Japanese out of business. Debate over government policy was unusual and had engendered public criticism of the

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The Edo period is the setting of many works of popular culture. These include novels, comics, stageplays, films, television shows, animated works, and manga.

1336:, and commoners. Loyalty was exacted from religious foundations, already greatly weakened by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, through a variety of control mechanisms. 15729: 15190: 14877: 14811: 14781: 14697: 14583: 11928: 10533: 8835: 2193:

Buddhist temples or Shinto shrines often did the teaching. Unlike in the cities, in rural Japan, only children of prominent farmers would receive education.

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classes were officially abolished in 1871. However, their cultural and societal impact, including some forms of discrimination, continues into modern times.

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The flourishing of Neo-Confucianism was the major intellectual development of the Tokugawa period. Confucian studies had long been kept active in Japan by

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and decentralized authorities. The Tokugawa became more powerful during their first century of rule: land redistribution gave them nearly seven million

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also opened to serve high-class food. People enjoyed eating at restaurants by buying books that listed restaurant ratings that imitated sumo rankings.

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around the country, and eating and drinking at the inns and prostitution were one of the main attractions. What people admired most was the visit to

15027: 15244: 15220: 14847: 14823: 14817: 14751: 14739: 14727: 14613: 14547: 11051: 5331: 2035:(in office 1716–1745) had considerable success, though much of his work had to be done again between 1787 and 1793 by the shogun's chief councilor 1838: 1621:, each restricted to their own quarter. Edo society had an elaborate social structure, in which every family knew its place and level of prestige. 15783: 15747: 15256: 15208: 14763: 14637: 7686: 4969: 4011: 3642:

took strong measures to try to reassert its dominance, although its involvement with modernization and foreign powers was to make it a target of

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For the first time, urban populations had the means and leisure time to support a new mass culture. Their search for enjoyment became known as

11194: 4838: 10442: 6288: 3010:. Over this period, women adopted brighter colours and bolder designs, whereas women's and men's kimono had been very similar. The rise of a 2075:

collected the taxes from the peasants in the form of rice. Taxes were high, often at around 40%-50% of the harvest. The rice was sold at the

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1782–1788), but some historians have presented different theories, such as a high rate of infanticide artificially controlling population.

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The Edo Period would also have a lasting impact on modern art and culture. The Edo Period lives on in plays, books, anime, and especially

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Japan turned down a demand from the United States, which was greatly expanding its own presence in the Asia-Pacific region, to establish

3088: – was very expensive, so a bright red garment was an ostentatious display of wealth. Indian fabrics, brought to Japan by 1888: 275: 5688: 5514: 5419: 3499:, and when Tokugawa Nariaki opposed the new treaty, Hotta sought imperial sanction. The court officials, perceiving the weakness of the 2862:

Traveling became popular among people because of the improvement of roads and post towns. The main destinations were famous temples and

1872:, increased shipping of commodities, a significant expansion of domestic and, initially, foreign commerce, and a diffusion of trade and 1719:

served as town guards, street cleaners, and executioners. Other outsiders included the beggars, entertainers, and prostitutes. The word

10484: 5434: 851: 791: 10477: 10476: 10468: 3341:

persevered for the time being amidst growing concerns over Western successes in establishing colonial enclaves in China following the

1462:

prohibited any Japanese from travelling outside Japan or, if someone left, from ever returning. In 1636, the Dutch were restricted to

10526: 5446: 2738:

Ukiyo-e is a genre of painting and printmaking that developed in the late 17th century, at first depicting the entertainments of the

2104:, beginning around 1666, instituted a policy to reduce logging and increase the planting of trees. The policy mandated that only the 549: 4767: 3397:'s four-ship squadron appeared in Edo Bay in July 1853, the bakufu was thrown into turmoil. The chairman of the senior councillors, 15851: 11784: 10469: 5490: 2509:, they are difficult to restore even today, and are considered to be a highly mechanical heritage prior to Japan's modernization. 10483: 6319: 4585: 3545:

Recently some scholars have suggested that there were more events that spurred this opening of Japan. Yoshimune, eighth Tokugawa

10481: 10478: 10475: 10472: 10470: 6614: 5558: 10482: 6754: 3601:

This inspired many anti-Tokugawa activists as they blamed the bakufu for impoverishing the people and dishonoring the emperor.

2760:. As the Edo period came to an end a great diversity of genres proliferated: warriors, nature, folklore, and the landscapes of 1435:

Itinerary and dates of the travels of Hasekura Tsunenaga. Prior to Panama Canal, caravans carried goods across Central America.

3772:. Yoshinobu accepted the plan in late 1867 and resigned, announcing an "imperial restoration". The Satsuma, Chōshū, and other 15841: 10479: 10474: 10473: 10471: 7329: 6843: 6608: 6333: 6205: 5157: 5088: 1276:

The Tokugawa shogunate not only consolidated their control over a reunified Japan, but also had unprecedented power over the

1155:

The Tokugawa (or Edo) period brought 250 years of stability to Japan. The political system evolved into what historians call

801: 726: 7203: 3345:

of 1839–1842. More reforms were ordered, especially in the economic sector, to strengthen Japan against the Western threat.

2538:

became popular. The paintings and crafts of the Rinpa school are characterized by highly decorative and showy designs using

621: 10519: 7440: 5116:

Hanley, S. B. (1968). Population trends and economic development in Tokugawa Japan: the case of Bizen province in Okayama.

3337:(revere the emperor, expel the barbarians), which called for unity under imperial rule and opposed foreign intrusions. The 3255:(1782 until 1788) was the worst famine in the Edo period. Many crops were damaged due to bad weather, serious cold and the 10485: 3712:

led to still another concessionary commercial treaty in 1865, but Yoshitomi was unable to enforce the Western treaties. A

1904:

By the mid-18th century, Edo had a population of more than one million, likely the biggest city in the world at the time.

7499: 242: 2936: 2012:

to borrow money, borrowed too much, some taking up side jobs as bodyguards for merchants, debt collectors, or artisans.

8019: 7823: 7447: 6662: 5989: 5969: 5765: 5547: 5467: 2700:), were all part of this flowering of culture. Literature also flourished with the talented examples of the playwright 1876:

industries. The construction trades flourished, along with banking facilities and merchant associations. Increasingly,

1400: 1356: 399: 374: 5526: 5332:"The role of the merchant coalition in pre-modern Japanese economic development: an historical institutional analysis" 4804: 3324:

s advisers pushed for a return to the martial spirit, more restrictions on foreign trade and contacts, suppression of

10606: 10435: 7462: 7226: 6644: 6588: 6531: 6510: 6483: 6454: 6430: 6403: 6376: 6358: 6306: 6279: 6259: 6230: 5636: 5392: 5293: 3558:

in 1787–1793 to stabilize rice prices, cut government costs, and increase revenues. The final economic reform of the

626: 10588: 2196:

In Edo, the shogunate set up several schools under its direct patronage, the most important being the neo-Confucian

2071:

transfer money, currency came into common use, and the strengthening credit market encouraged entrepreneurship. The

1957: 1624:

At the top were the Emperor and the court nobility, invincible in prestige but weak in power. Next came the shōgun,

14233: 7519: 7430: 1197: 1181:

had regional authority. This represented a new unity in the feudal structure, which featured an increasingly large

749: 457: 7581: 7457: 7289: 6778: 6767: 5750: 691: 17: 2133: 1936:

well as religious records initially compiled to eradicate Christianity, also provide valuable demographic data.

15861: 15856: 15846: 10584: 7526: 6677: 3663: 1473:

The shogunate perceived Christianity to be an extremely destabilizing factor, and so decided to target it. The

844: 504: 424: 7144: 3994: 3278:

Western intrusions were on the increase in the early 19th century. Russian warships and traders encroached on

2112:

could authorize the use of wood. By the 18th century, Japan had developed detailed scientific knowledge about

462: 8012: 7284: 6838: 6367:

Iwao, Nagasaki (2015). "Clad in the aesthetics of tradition: from kosode to kimono". In Jackson, Anna (ed.).

4556: 3294:. A British warship entered Nagasaki harbour searching for enemy Dutch ships in 1808, and other warships and 3259:. A worsening factor of the Great Tenmei famine was a drop in global temperatures due to the eruption of the 3155: 1136:

helped consolidate the alliance system. After further strengthening his power base, Ieyasu installed his son

716: 3150:. The cause for the end of this period is controversial but is often recounted as resulting from the forced 2656:, was especially enthusiastic about promoting crafts, and the area still boasts a reputation that surpasses 2469:

were all studied anew in the search for the Japanese spirit. Some purists in the kokugaku movement, such as

2337: 1944: 1628:

and layers of feudal lords whose rank was indicated by their closeness to the Tokugawa. They had power. The

1552: 10428: 7467: 7279: 6826: 4565: 3700: 3691: 3256: 2988: 1459: 1224:", rewarded with lands close to the Tokugawa holdings for their faithful service. By the 18th century, 145 825: 815: 759: 744: 701: 10450: 5666: 3401:(1819–1857), was responsible for dealing with the Americans. Having no precedent to manage this threat to 2694:(puppet theater), poetry, a rich literature, and art, exemplified by beautiful woodblock prints (known as 2642:

domain) encouraged the production of crafts to improve their finances, and crafts such as furnishings and

1316:

The various regulations and levies not only strengthened the Tokugawa but also depleted the wealth of the

14226: 10580: 7090: 6556: 4094: 2716: 2522: 2388: 2310: 1325: 1269:, they were the most cautiously managed and generously treated, although they were excluded from central 1257:

were located mostly on the peripheries of the archipelago and collectively controlled nearly ten million

654: 584: 5354: 7716: 7386: 7259: 7231: 7015: 6747: 6696: 6636: 6502: 3533:

won the power struggle, however, installing Tokugawa Yoshitomi, arresting Nariaki and Keiki, executing

1284:

and the religious orders. The emperor was held up as the ultimate source of political sanction for the

796: 649: 404: 263: 10452: 8036: 4979: 2406:. Using mechanical power, a puppet dips a brush into ink and writes a character on paper. 19th century 1313:

and logistical support and for public works such as projects as castles, roads, bridges, and palaces.

7896: 7610: 7492: 7452: 7374: 7324: 7186: 7156: 7075: 6973: 6848: 6833: 6562: 6315: 6222: 3178:

were created to block the range of the armada, and this land remains in what is presently called the

1984: 1592: 837: 771: 754: 706: 579: 534: 429: 209: 171: 45: 8004: 4646: 2327: 2309:

were published. There were 600 to 800 rental bookstores in Edo, and people borrowed or bought these

1510:, to the southwest of Japan's main islands, by 1641, foreign contacts were limited by the policy of 1368:

in Rome in 1617, as a galleon with Hasekura's flag (red manji on orange background) on the top mast.

489: 10569: 7711: 7622: 7420: 7403: 7309: 7294: 7198: 7166: 7139: 6394:

Jackson, Anna (2015). "Dress in the Edo period: the evolution of fashion". In Jackson, Anna (ed.).

6191: 4853: 3781: 3382:

Landing of Commodore Perry, Officers and Men of the Squadron To meet the Imperial Commissioners at

3353: 2615: 2589: 1521: 611: 529: 494: 452: 3267:

in 1783. The spread of the famine was largely due to mismanagement of the Shogunate and the clan.

10573: 10119: 10091: 9690: 9530: 9332: 9288: 8984: 8842: 8674: 7586: 7514: 7504: 7381: 7314: 7113: 6325: 6298: 3488: 3071:, or sleeping kimono, is a thickly wadded form of wearable bedding, usually with simple designs. 2917: 2169:.When the clergy of Shinto religion were alive, samurai, Buddhist monks were also there. Beyond 1773: 1528:

port in Nagasaki. Other Europeans who landed on Japanese shores were put to death without trial.

1301:

system); prohibited the construction of ocean-going ships; restricted castles to one per domain (

736: 554: 384: 369: 6025: 5602: 1917:

would be samurai, while the other half, consisting of merchants and artisans, would be known as

1379: 15871: 7861: 7571: 7408: 7319: 7299: 7020: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6061: 5628: 4084: 3643: 3151: 2802:

Eating out became popular due to urbanization. Particularly popular among ordinary people were

2571: 2498:, is worthy of special mention. Because of the technical originality and sophistication of his 1925: 776: 539: 331: 35: 5015:

Kozo Yamamura, "Toward a reexamination of the economic history of Tokugawa Japan, 1600–1867."

4717: 1424:, three-masted and armed trade ships, for intra-Asian commerce. Japanese adventurers, such as 15866: 7939: 7871: 7763: 7701: 7667: 7637: 7566: 7396: 7391: 7359: 6911: 6740: 4055: 3976: 3328:, censorship of literature, and elimination of "luxury" in the government and samurai class. 2435: 1708: 1332:

had full administrative control over their territory and their complex systems of retainers,

1193:, control of the most important cities, and a land assessment system reaping great revenues. 389: 6998: 6148: 5620: 5285: 3825:

values would continue to influence Japanese society long after the samurai ceased to exist.

1880:

authorities oversaw the rising agricultural production and the spread of rural handicrafts.

15808: 15316: 15154: 15021: 14787: 14595: 14415: 8473: 7954: 7696: 7435: 7304: 7264: 6881: 6166: 3846: 2701: 2623: 2600: 2490:, inspired by Western techniques. Among those who studied mechanical science at that time, 2007:

The merchants benefited enormously, especially those with official patronage. However, the

1111: 659: 514: 419: 280: 176: 83: 15579: 15524: 15304: 15238: 13076: 12516: 10511: 2543: 8: 15836: 15814: 15802: 15765: 15382: 15328: 15292: 15178: 15136: 15003: 14991: 14979: 14841: 14805: 14709: 14619: 14292: 9842: 8624: 8599: 7944: 7876: 7866: 7749: 7627: 7509: 7479: 7176: 4779: 4607:, groups of five households that were held collectively responsible during the Edo period 4018: 3952: 3252: 3245: 2648:

beautifully decorated with lacquer, metal or ivory became popular among rich people. The

2036: 1929: 1479: 1474: 1392: 1099:

under his control. After Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu moved quickly to seize control of the

1040: 564: 519: 484: 394: 2547: 1670:

were put under tight control of the shogunate. Their families had to reside in Edo; the

15400: 15082: 14352: 14310: 14250: 10542: 10457: 10247: 9824: 9506: 9307: 8645: 8448: 7886: 7798: 7721: 7674: 7647: 7642: 7591: 7364: 7274: 7247: 7118: 7070: 7048: 6993: 6966: 6463: 6214: 6075: 5595: 4895: 4108: 3887: 3735: 3721: 3628: 3608: 3512: 3442:. In the hope of enlisting the support of new allies, Abe, to the consternation of the 3411: 3187: 3159: 2032: 1413: 1365: 1060: 1030: 1022: 1011: 992: 915: 731: 559: 414: 311: 306: 15741: 15429: 15358: 14457: 14218: 11065: 6339: 3378: 3290:, the southernmost of which are considered by the Japanese as the northern islands of 3053:

or "palace court style", which would be worn in the residence of a military leader (a

2994:

Clothing acquired a wide variety of designs and decorative techniques, especially for

1727:

to "non-humans", a thorough reflection of the attitude held by other classes that the

1610:

Only the peasants lived in rural areas. Samurai, craftsmen and merchants lived in the

15094: 15088: 15076: 14955: 14919: 14643: 14274: 9977: 9157: 9137: 9003: 8815: 8330: 8299: 8277: 7808: 7706: 7679: 7652: 7343: 7100: 7085: 6983: 6811: 6658: 6640: 6604: 6584: 6527: 6506: 6479: 6475: 6450: 6426: 6409: 6399: 6382: 6372: 6354: 6329: 6302: 6275: 6255: 6226: 6201: 5985: 5965: 5704: 5642: 5632: 5621: 5543: 5463: 5388: 5299: 5289: 5278: 5194:

Tour of Duty: Samurai, Military Service in Edo, and the Culture of Early Modern Japan

5163: 5153: 5094: 5084: 4125: 4006:, the first complete Japanese translation of a Western medical work, is published by 3876: 3709: 3658:

and Nagasaki. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, the Japanese navy of the

3415: 3402: 3175: 2803: 2499: 2466: 2097: 2089:

to sell rice that was not even harvested yet. These contracts were similar to modern

1490: 1486: 1467: 1137: 1115: 972: 781: 764: 711: 696: 379: 341: 219: 15777: 15663: 15547: 15500: 15469: 15298: 15286: 14733: 14661: 14463: 12674: 11989: 11595: 5627:. Translated by Groemer, Gerald. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiì Press. pp. 4573: 3368: 3002:, the textile industry grew and used increasingly sophisticated methods of weaving, 2214: 1439:

The "Christian problem" was, in effect, a problem of controlling both the Christian

15794: 15563: 15510: 15484: 15364: 15172: 15160: 15118: 14703: 14541: 14346: 14334: 14316: 14304: 14286: 14280: 12986: 12156: 11836: 9666: 9475: 9269: 8936: 8801: 8585: 8482: 8426: 7949: 7788: 7741: 7726: 7662: 7544: 7487: 7369: 6988: 6793: 6783: 6706: 6603:(First English ed.), Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, 5346: 4887: 4069: 3929: 3484: 3394: 3372: 3331:

Others sought the overthrow of the Tokugawa and espoused the political doctrine of

3313: 3233: 2962: 2927: 2867: 2567: 2491: 2470: 2403: 2227:, specialized in Japanese domestic history and literature, influencing the rise of 2146: 2086: 2008: 1988: 1277: 1206: 937: 907: 820: 326: 235: 53: 15618: 15555: 15446: 14913: 13762: 12834: 11209: 6916: 6683: 4062: 3725: 3534: 3240: 2563: 15735: 15681: 15588: 15388: 15346: 15340: 15310: 15250: 15226: 15196: 15184: 15148: 15112: 15065: 14949: 14943: 14937: 14931: 14883: 14769: 14721: 14667: 14577: 14565: 14511: 14499: 14436: 14403: 14385: 14340: 14328: 14322: 14298: 14268: 13305: 12502: 10409: 10370: 9650: 9490: 9454: 9123: 8965: 8772: 8152: 7813: 7783: 7778: 7691: 7657: 7576: 7269: 7161: 7080: 7060: 6961: 6821: 6721: 6680:– A rich selection of rare Japanese maps from the UBC Library Digital Collections 6496: 6440: 6348: 6292: 6269: 5565: 4622: 4044: 3972:

1641: Iemitsu bans all foreigners, except Chinese, Koreans, and Dutch from Japan.

3850: 3815: 3807: 3673: 3651: 3477: 3422:, southwest of Edo. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between the U.S. and Japan ( 3342: 3139: 2843: 2839: 2743: 2619: 2583: 2503: 2393: 2090: 1618: 1556: 1425: 1052: 1001: 968: 721: 524: 509: 499: 409: 197: 15642: 15611: 15518: 15475: 15462: 15454: 15322: 14110: 13610: 12340: 11711: 11477: 11344: 8310: 6886: 3944: 2705: 2555: 1813:

because both classes were forced to live in separate village neighborhoods. The

1680: 1297: 1070: 95: 15394: 15370: 15334: 15280: 15268: 15166: 15100: 14973: 14907: 14901: 14871: 14853: 14835: 14829: 14631: 14625: 14607: 14523: 14487: 14469: 14391: 14379: 12184: 7993: 7929: 7881: 7838: 7731: 7632: 7010: 6816: 4616: 4569: 4022: 4007: 4002: 3898: 3833: 3742:. He tried to reorganize the government under the emperor while preserving the 3717: 3555: 3333: 2975: 2851: 2753: 2440: 2342: 2332: 2044: 1507: 1421: 932:

foreign policies, a stable population, overall peace, and popular enjoyment of

925: 786: 316: 247: 204: 15634: 15626: 15602: 15571: 15541: 15494: 15232: 13994: 13878: 13238: 13144: 10915: 8605: 6655:

Performing the Great Peace: Political Space and Open Secrets in Tokugawa Japan

5350: 2551: 2527: 2517: 61: 15830: 15771: 15437: 15376: 15352: 15274: 15214: 15106: 15054: 15045: 14985: 14967: 14925: 14799: 14685: 14673: 14655: 14559: 14553: 12690: 11329: 9539: 8040: 7891: 7803: 7792: 7561: 7425: 7181: 6628: 6551: 6519: 6413: 6386: 6251: 6244: 6239: 5568: 5167: 5098: 4811: 4774: 4112: 3864:, who moves his government to Edo (Tokyo) and founds the Tokugawa dynasty of 3729: 3423: 3419: 3287: 2863: 2847: 2559: 2424: 2322: 2198: 1361: 1305:) and stipulated that bakufu regulations were the national law. Although the 1100: 574: 569: 15594: 15532: 15422: 13457: 12850: 12273: 12090: 7134: 6906: 5646: 5303: 2067:

operated several hundred castle towns, which became loci of domestic trade.

1489:. Soon thereafter, the Portuguese were permanently expelled. Members of the 928:, the Edo period was characterized by economic growth, strict social order, 445: 15009: 14895: 14517: 14373: 10711: 7983: 7959: 7902: 7768: 7596: 7415: 6940: 6928: 6923: 6901: 6896: 6891: 4816: 4597: 3966: 3908: 3836:. Kurosawa's films would influence Spaghetti Westerns, and even Star Wars. 3677: 3398: 2711: 2535: 2113: 1996: 1869: 1846: 1646: 1642: 1056: 933: 929: 606: 270: 164: 136: 122: 108: 7151: 6978: 6567: 4670: 3134: 2305: 1928:, often attributed to lower birth rates in response to widespread famine ( 1611: 477: 214: 30:"Edo Japan" redirects here. For the city of Tokyo during this period, see 14601: 8341: 7171: 6935: 4848: 4101: 4051:

and unsuccessfully seeks the establishment of trade relations with Japan.

4029: 3894: 3662:

already possessed eight Western-style steam warships around the flagship

3309:" but also in using the knowledge gained from the West to fend them off. 3167: 3163: 3089: 3011: 2897: 2649: 2575: 2539: 2480:

During the period, Japan studied Western sciences and techniques (called

2462: 2412: 2374: 1913: 1537: 1373: 1350: 1186: 1182: 544: 150: 15655: 9814: 9465: 9444: 9314: 9259: 9144: 9113: 8955: 8926: 8822: 8791: 8762: 8635: 8614: 8575: 8416: 8267: 8142: 7005: 5889: 4037: 3942:

1635: Iemitsu formalizes the system of mandatory alternative residence (

3811: 3291: 2293: 2275: 1122:

era) gave him control of all Japan. He rapidly abolished numerous enemy

967:), where on March 24, 1603, the shogunate was officially established by 14961: 14430: 7828: 7193: 7095: 6956: 5020: 4604: 3788: 3749:

s leadership role. Fearing the growing power of the Satsuma and Chōshū

3669: 3604: 3007: 2871: 2653: 2634: 2155: 1873: 1842: 1692:

was compiled from over 600 statutes promulgated between 1597 and 1696.

1391:

The beginning of the Edo period coincides with the last decades of the

1333: 1309:

were not taxed per se, they were regularly levied for contributions to

1270: 1169:(domains) to describe the government and society of the period. In the 1165: 1018: 976: 616: 599: 346: 181: 5623:

Edo Culture : daily life and diversions in urban Japan, 1600-1868

4899: 3476:, and he was replaced in 1855 as chairman of the senior councilors by 3130:(第六台場) or "No. 6 Battery", one of the original Edo-era battery islands 2965:, which is crowded with people visiting Ise Grand Shrine. By Hiroshige 2182:(urban merchants and artisans) patronized neighborhood schools called 14448: 10886: 8034: 7918: 7221: 7065: 7055: 6446: 4626: 4610: 4077: 3829: 3777: 3654:. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as 3634: 3621: 3349: 3306: 3147: 3113: 3085: 2947: 2922: 2780: 2769: 2765: 2748: 2670: 2595: 2287: 2077: 2000: 1801: 1697: 1444: 642: 362: 336: 14259: 11454: 11111: 10558: 8336: 8305: 8085: 5691:. December 19, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019 3795:

was abolished, and Yoshinobu was reduced to the ranks of the common

3206: 2739: 2256: 2178: 1845:

print. Five albumen prints joined to form a panorama. Photographer:

1674:

themselves had to reside in Edo for one year and in their province (

1603: 1132: 1119: 1006: 5150:

Capitalism and the 21st Century (Zi ben zhu yi yu er shi yi shi ji)

4891: 4048: 3912: 3655: 3385: 3283: 3279: 2982: 2380: 2370: 2366: 2281: 2237: 2230: 2184: 2137: 2117: 1949: 1757:

were recognized as owners of fields, some with very large incomes (

1661: 1495: 1431: 1396: 1310: 997: 15412: 14364: 10972: 7912: 5597:

Song, dance, storytelling: aspects of the performing arts in Japan

4111:

resigns, the Tokugawa dynasty ends, and the emperor (or "mikado")

3939:

1633: Iemitsu forbids travelling abroad and reading foreign books.

3559: 2788: 1026: 10842: 7924: 7851: 7846: 6732: 6550:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6425:(Paperback ed.), Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 5318:

Economic and demographic change in preindustrial Japan, 1600–1868

4878:

Hall, John W. (Autumn 1974). "Rule by Status in Tokugawa Japan".

4590: 4115:

is restored, but with capital in Edo/Tokyo and divine attributes.

4073: 3987: 3832:(historical period dramas), such as the classic samurai films of 3822: 3704:

Samurai in western clothing of the Tokugawa Shogunate Army (1866)

3521: 3426:), opening still more areas to American trade, was forced on the 3357: 3301: 3260: 3232:

imposed on the entrepreneurial class. The government ideal of an

3171: 3100: 2827: 2815: 2761: 2757: 2725: 2721: 2696: 2690: 2495: 2487: 2482: 2445: 2358: 2299: 2269: 2154:

followed suit in their own domains, establishing what's known as

1900:'s bustling shipping industry. By Gansuitei Yoshitoyo. 1854–1859. 1893: 1549: 1416:

to the Americas and then to Europe. Also during that period, the

1409: 1320:, thus weakening their threat to the central administration. The 1080: 1035: 12364: 4613:, Japanese period dramas which are usually set in the Edo period 1992: 1868:

roads. Economic development during the Tokugawa period included

8092: 7934: 7856: 7833: 7818: 7773: 7107: 5284:(1st ed.). New York, N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 5246: 5244: 3983: 3962: 3883: 3312:

By the 1830s, there was a general sense of crisis. Famines and

3295: 3228:

A struggle arose in the face of political limitations that the

3221:. In this way, a subtle subversion of the warrior class by the 3179: 3123: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2855: 2831: 2784: 2684: 2678: 2639: 2628: 2605: 2579: 2458: 2429: 2188:(寺子屋, "temple schools"). Despite being located in temples, the 2166: 1859: 1525: 1512: 1463: 1384: 1345: 1249: 1096: 1065: 1048: 1044: 920: 321: 10467: 5503:

Mechanism of "Man-nen dokei," a Historic Perpetual Chronometer

3915:

family. Tokugawa authority becomes paramount throughout Japan.

2096:

It was during the Edo period that Japan developed an advanced

1542: 1118:, on the 15th day of the ninth month of the fifth year of the 12530: 12017: 7908: 7758: 7754: 6763: 4143: 3799:. Resistance continued in the North throughout 1868, and the 3687: 3464: 3214: 2819: 2811: 2665: 2657: 2170: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1703: 1649:. Most samurai lost their direct possession of the land: the 1503: 1485:

Some Christians survived by going underground, the so-called

1243:

class staffed most of the major bakufu offices. Ninety-seven

1216: 1149: 1088: 1047:" form of the shogunate. Instrumental in the rise of the new 980: 964: 911: 5241: 3511:, Nariaki appealed to the court for support of his own son, 10541: 9851: 4601:, an outbreak of mass hysteria at the end of the Edo period 4100:

1864: British, French, Dutch and American warships bombard

3803: 3716:

army was defeated when it was sent to crush dissent in the

3508: 3264: 3218: 3191:

and a coalition of its critics. The continuity of the anti-

3096: 2823: 2807: 2796: 2792: 2644: 2474: 2059: 1788:

throughout the country, as well as jurisdiction within the

1759: 1566: 1075: 1069:(feudal lord), Ieyasu profited by his transfer to the rich 6600:

Pax Tokugawana: The Cultural Flowering of Japan, 1603–1853

3784:, and announced their own restoration on January 3, 1868. 2144:

The first shogun Ieyasu set up Confucian academies in his

1948:

Nihonbashi Fish Market Prosperity (Edo period) by Utagawa

6498:

Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan

6321:

A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to Present

4906: 4087:") which reopens Japan to foreigners after two centuries. 4033: 3668:, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the 2779:

Several different types of kabuki emerged. Some, such as

1763:) and some economic power. Their chief held the title of 1412:-type ship that transported a Japanese embassy headed by 1406: 1084: 960: 31: 6442:

Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan

6190: 5930: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5788: 5786: 4710:"Japan, Christianity and the West during the Edo period" 3615: 2123: 1470:—and thus, not true Japanese soil—in Nagasaki's harbor. 14248: 6274:, Harvard University Press Reference Library, Belknap, 3047:

A kind of kimono specific to the military elite is the

1253:(outside vassals), former opponents or new allies. The 6195: 4593:, Japanese lettering styles invented in the Edo period 4090:

1855: Russia and Japan establish diplomatic relations.

4083:

1854: The US forces Japan to sign a trade agreement ("

4021:

becomes senior shogunal councillor and institutes the

3305:

became crucial not only in understanding the foreign "

2704:(1653–1724) and the poet, essayist, and travel writer 5942: 5918: 5906: 5870: 5810: 5798: 5783: 1455:

and 1629 (the execution of thousands of Christians).

6462: 5580: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 3680:

was established to help modernize the armies of the

2791:, a historical story, in a dedicated theater called 1324:, once military-centered domains, became mere local 6581:

Art of Edo Japan: the artist and the city 1615–1868

5601:. China-Japan Program, Cornell University. p. 4999: 4997: 3904:

1614: Tokugawa Ieyasu bans Christianity from Japan.

3093:undergarments where the designs would not be seen. 2047:between samurai and merchants began to break down. 1912:each had more than 400,000 inhabitants. Many other 1087:, a strategically situated castle town (the future 6243: 5594: 5277: 5083:(2nd ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 3764:s political power to the emperor and a council of 3738:reluctantly became head of the Tokugawa house and 3146:The end of this period is specifically called the 2632:technique and metal carvings became popular. Each 2313:books. The best-selling books in this period were 1200:hierarchy was completed by the various classes of 6396:Kimono: the art and evolution of Japanese fashion 6369:Kimono: the art and evolution of Japanese fashion 6246:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed 6200:, Birmingham, Alabama: Birmingham Museum of Art, 6197:Birmingham Museum of Art: guide to the collection 5771: 5665:(in Japanese). Japan Arts Council. Archived from 5196:(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008), 26. 4943: 2772:that swept Western art in the late 19th century. 2586:and temples with the support of powerful people. 2512: 1939: 1039:became the unchallenged rulers in what historian 986: 15828: 6398:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 20–103. 6149:"An Overview of the Edo Period (Era) in Japan -" 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6099: 6097: 6095: 5709:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5425:. Konosuke Hashiguchi. (2013) Seikei University. 4994: 3907:1615: Battle of Osaka. Tokugawa Ieyasu besieges 3810:continued to hold out for another six months in 3696:, Japan's first screw-driven steam warship, 1855 6076:"天明3年（1783年）浅間山噴火 | 利根川水系砂防事務所 | 国土交通省関東地方整備局" 5515:Karakuri Nagoya, Tradition to the modern robot. 5329: 5078: 3275:contributed to the end of the Tokugawa regime. 2916:Ukiyo-e based on kabuki actors became popular. 2225:, "Institute of Lectures of Japanese classics") 1764: 1579: 1291:A code of laws was established to regulate the 1210:, or "related houses". There were twenty-three 949: 897: 876: 6371:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 8–11. 3965:Rei) are completed. All Westerners except the 3961:1639: Edicts establishing National Seclusion ( 3860:1603: The emperor appoints Tokugawa Ieyasu as 3142:. 80-pound bronze, bore: 250mm, length: 3830mm 3075: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 2980: 2742:of Edo, such as courtesans and kabuki actors. 2378: 2243: 2228: 2220: 2204: 1771: 1707:, those whose professions broke the taboos of 1659: 1586: 1387:foreign trading post island at mid-left (1833) 1055:, the main beneficiary of the achievements of 943: 891: 870: 15877:States and territories disestablished in 1868 14234: 10527: 10436: 10412:, who is recognized as the dynasty's founder. 8020: 6748: 6472:Yoshiwara: the pleasure quarters of old Tokyo 6128: 6109: 6092: 4671:"daimyo | Significance, History, & Facts" 4619:, law enforcement weapon unique to the period 3286:under Russian and Soviet control) and on the 906:, is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the 845: 6184: 5532: 5152:(Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: 生活·读书·新知三联书店. 4104:and open more Japanese ports for foreigners. 3857:and establishes hegemony over most of Japan. 3728:died and was succeeded by his underaged son 1695:Outside the four classes were the so-called 1383:A bird's-eye view of Nagasaki Bay, with the 27:Period of Japanese history from 1603 to 1868 10587:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6633:Japan in transition, from Tokugawa to Meiji 6346: 4806:第35回教科書から『士農工商』が消えたー後編ー令和3年広報うき「ウキカラ」8月号 4799: 4797: 4742: 4730: 4693: 3454:, further undermining the already weakened 3040:Ladies fashion in 1700s by Utagawa Toyokuni 2345:and these books were reprinted many times. 15882:States and territories established in 1603 14241: 14227: 10534: 10520: 10443: 10429: 8027: 8013: 6755: 6741: 5974: 3911:, all opposition from forces loyal to the 3118: 2457:creed in the 18th and 19th centuries. The 2361:, a Japanese-made clockwatch, 18th century 2348: 1578:. Older scholars believed that there were 1339: 1091:), and also had an additional two million 852: 838: 10607:Learn how and when to remove this message 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 5954: 5618: 5415: 5413: 5382: 5316:Susan B. Hanley and Kozo Yamamura (1977) 3921:1620: After Ieyasu dies the peasants and 3483:At the head of the dissident faction was 3138:One of the cannons of Odaiba, now at the 1780:and had the authority to issue orders to 1204:. Closest to the Tokugawa house were the 34:. For the Canadian restaurant chain, see 6267: 5746: 5744: 5614: 5612: 5428: 5179: 5177: 5003: 4956: 4794: 3955:(1637–38) mounted by overtaxed peasants. 3821:Although the Edo Period would soon end, 3776:leaders and radical courtiers, however, 3699: 3686: 3603: 3377: 3367: 3239: 3133: 3122: 2974: 2710: 2588: 2516: 2434: 2387: 2352: 2132: 1983: 1943: 1887: 1858: 1715:were butchers, tanners and undertakers. 1541: 1430: 1378: 1349: 996: 7028:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 6652: 6393: 6238: 6213: 5948: 5936: 5924: 5912: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5792: 5761: 5759: 5385:Society, Schools, and Progress in Japan 5370: 5275: 4754: 4651:Japan Module - University of Pittsburgh 4586:Criminal punishment in Edo-period Japan 4128:proclaimed during the Edo period were: 3582:to the land of the gods and the Emperor 3107: 2385:(national learning) school of thought. 1854: 1678:) for the next. This system was called 14: 15829: 14210:manner, responding to perceived needs. 6657:, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 6627: 6518: 6491: 6420: 6314: 6146: 6134: 6122: 6103: 6039: 6012: 6000: 5410: 5250: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 4912: 4564:There is a cultural theme park called 3596:Matsuo Taseko, Gordon 2008, p. 52 1799:In the 19th century the umbrella term 14222: 14183: 14181: 14179: 14177: 14175: 14173: 14171: 14169: 14167: 14165: 14163: 14161: 14159: 14157: 14155: 14153: 14151: 14149: 14147: 14145: 14143: 14141: 14139: 14137: 14129: 14127: 14125: 14123: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14109: 14103: 14101: 14099: 14097: 14095: 14093: 14091: 14089: 14087: 14085: 14083: 14081: 14079: 14077: 14071: 14069: 14067: 14065: 14063: 14061: 14059: 14057: 14055: 14053: 14047: 14045: 14043: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14035: 14033: 14031: 14029: 14027: 14025: 14023: 14021: 14013: 14011: 14009: 14007: 14005: 14003: 14001: 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5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5183:One chō, or chobu, equals 2.45 acres. 5174: 5147: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5129: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 4937: 4704: 4702: 4550: 3814:, where they founded the short-lived 3616:Bakumatsu modernization and conflicts 3549:from 1716 to 1745, started the first 2477:and, as such, had a special destiny. 2124:Artistic and intellectual development 1749:On the other hand, in practice, both 1723:literally translates to "filthy" and 1130:, but his assumption of the title of 971:. The period came to an end with the 10585:adding citations to reliable sources 10552: 6596: 6578: 6366: 5777: 5756: 5592: 5236:Premodern Japan: A historical survey 4877: 3958:1638: Iemitsu forbids ship building. 2961:A boarding place for a ferry on the 2444:, Japan's first treatise on Western 2260:(craftsmen and merchants) class and 2063:of irrigation to their paddies. The 1498:. Besides small trade of some outer 6686:– Japan: Memoirs of a Secret Empire 6526:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell, 5726:National Museum of Japanese History 3969:are prohibited from entering Japan. 3363: 2830:(Japanese-style pubs). A number of 2081:market in Edo. To raise money, the 1443:in Kyūshū and their trade with the 1428:, used those ships throughout Asia. 1232:, the greatest assessed at 250,000 24: 7204:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 6762: 6572: 6347:Hall, J.W.; McClain, J.L. (1991), 6018:"A Chronology of Japanese History" 5199: 5134: 5105: 5025: 4699: 4663: 4072:'s four-ship squadron appeared in 2676:Professional female entertainers ( 1106:Ieyasu's victory over the western 979:, which restored imperial rule to 940:, colloquially referred to as Ōedo 25: 15893: 7071:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 6678:Japanese Maps of the Tokugawa Era 6671: 6147:Fujita, James (August 22, 2023). 5689:"江戸の外食文化｜江戸外食文化の定着-1｜日本食文化の醤油を知る" 4716:. August 26, 2014. Archived from 3979:destroys most of the city of Edo. 3897:Islands become a vassal state of 3871:1605: Tokugawa Ieyasu resigns as 3554:Matsudaira Sadanobu launched the 1114:(October 21, 1600, or in the old 959:The period derives its name from 924:. Emerging from the chaos of the 10557: 10456:Timeline and paternities of the 10451: 9813: 9464: 9443: 9258: 9112: 8954: 8925: 8790: 8761: 8634: 8613: 8574: 8415: 8266: 8141: 8035: 7989: 7988: 7977: 6545: 6060:. April 30, 2022. Archived from 5581:Longstreet & Longstreet 1989 5339:Explorations in Economic History 3360:with two warships in July 1846. 3033: 3021: 2979:Outer kimono for a young woman ( 2954: 2935: 2909: 2889: 2250:, focusing on Chinese medicine. 1830: 1261:of productive land. Because the 1177:had national authority, and the 1073:area. He maintained two million 1021:took place from the time of the 60: 15852:1868 disestablishments in Japan 14206:This bureaucracy evolved in an 6159: 6140: 6068: 6006: 5994: 5882: 5729: 5717: 5681: 5653: 5619:Nishiyama, Matsunosuke (1997). 5586: 5574: 5559:Traditional Crafts of Kanazawa. 5552: 5520: 5508: 5496: 5484: 5472: 5452: 5440: 5401: 5376: 5364: 5323: 5310: 5269: 5256: 5186: 5123: 5009: 4962: 4931: 4918: 4871: 4831: 4647:"Tokugawa Period (1603 – 1868)" 3768:chaired by the former Tokugawa 3468:circles, which opposed opening 2746:produced the first full-colour 2578:drew pictures on the walls and 2562:. Other than the Rinpa school, 1083:of land, a new headquarters at 918:and the country's 300 regional 10545:bureaucracy organization chart 7557:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 6474:, Yenbooks, Rutland, Vermont: 6353:, Cambridge University Press, 6350:The Cambridge History of Japan 4769:「士農工商」や「四民平等」の用語が使われていないことについて 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4687: 4639: 3028:Inro and Netsuke, 18th century 2513:Art, culture and entertainment 2054: 1976:As the shogunate only allowed 1940:Economy and financial services 1265:were the least trusted of the 987:Consolidation of the shogunate 13: 1: 6324:(Second ed.), New York: 5542:p.104. p.120. Me no Me, 2017 5491:Hisashige Tanaka (1799-1881). 5192:Constantine Nomikos Vaporis, 4978:(in Japanese). Archived from 4852:(in Japanese). Archived from 4815:(in Japanese). Archived from 4778:(in Japanese). Archived from 4557:Edo period in popular culture 4032:arrives at Nemuro in eastern 3672:under the command of Admiral 3626:During the last years of the 3519:, a candidate favored by the 3244:Starving peasants during the 3152:opening of Japan to the world 2854:were especially popular, and 2795:. The most popular sport was 2729: 1883: 1601:), craftsmen, and merchants ( 1185:to administer the mixture of 1159:, a combination of the terms 15842:1603 establishments in Japan 6439:Lewis, James Bryant (2003), 4632: 4566:Edo Wonderland Nikko Edomura 4119: 3886:dynasty sends an embassy to 3875:and is succeeded by his son 3433:The resulting damage to the 3257:1783 eruption of Mount Asama 3213:Despite the reappearance of 2989:Khalili Collection of Kimono 2900:, decorated with lacquer of 2140:, private educational school 2128: 2031:The eighth Tokugawa shogun, 1460:Closed Country Edict of 1635 1247:formed the third group, the 7: 7145:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 7091:Abolition of the han system 5964:pp.104-106. Me no Me, 2017 5383:Kobayashi, Tetsuya (1976). 5266:(Tokyo: Miraisha, 1960), 19 5017:Journal of Economic History 4880:Journal of Japanese Studies 4579: 3918:1616: Tokugawa Ieyasu dies. 3724:in 1866. Finally, in 1867, 3166:(known by the Japanese as " 3076: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 2981: 2920:in the popular kabuki play 2826:restaurants, teahouses and 2717:The Great Wave off Kanagawa 2682:), music, popular stories, 2622:beautifully decorated with 2523:Red and White Plum Blossoms 2379: 2229: 1863:A scaled pocket plan of Edo 1765: 1660: 1580: 950: 898: 877: 10: 15898: 6637:Princeton University Press 6503:University of Hawaii Press 6423:The Making of Modern Japan 6421:Jansen, Marius B. (2002), 6054:"江戸の飢饉に巨大噴火の影気温低下で凶作、人災も" 5894:Victoria and Albert Museum 5768:Kitaguchihongu Sengenjinja 5593:Hoff, Frank (1978-06-01). 5458:Keizaburo Seimaru. (2017) 5387:. Pergamon. pp. 14–. 5276:McClain, James L. (2002). 4926:Samurai: A Concise History 4554: 4133:Eras during the Edo period 4070:Commodore Matthew C. Perry 4000:1774: The anatomical text 3619: 3111: 2970: 2285:(books on urban culture), 2248:, "Institute of medicine") 1546:The house of the merchant 1535: 1531: 1343: 990: 914:was under the rule of the 29: 15793: 15654: 15410: 15064: 15043: 14446: 14362: 14257: 14203: 14194: 14133: 14051: 14049: 13989: 13935: 13933: 13873: 13819: 13817: 13757: 13685: 13683: 13604: 13532: 13530: 13452: 13380: 13378: 13299: 13267: 13223: 13221: 13187: 13155: 13151: 13139: 13061: 13059: 12981: 12909: 12907: 12875: 12829: 12769: 12767: 12755: 12753: 12685: 12669: 12609: 12607: 12595: 12593: 12561: 12555: 12553: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12497: 12447: 12445: 12423: 12421: 12359: 12334: 12302: 12284: 12282: 12257: 12255: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12205: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12163: 12151: 12101: 12099: 12084: 12074: 12072: 12000: 11998: 11984: 11923: 11913: 11911: 11847: 11845: 11831: 11768: 11766: 11706: 11652: 11650: 11590: 11536: 11534: 11500: 11471: 11414: 11412: 11392: 11390: 11378: 11374: 11338: 11315: 11313: 11291: 11289: 11277: 11275: 11263: 11261: 11253: 11251: 11218: 11203: 11188: 11180: 11178: 11156: 11154: 11142: 11140: 11128: 11126: 11118: 11099: 11097: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11060: 11047: 11045: 11037: 11035: 10995: 10993: 10985: 10983: 10979: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10936: 10934: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10893: 10891: 10860: 10833: 10831: 10797: 10775: 10771: 10550: 10491: 10464: 10401: 10392: 10308: 10306: 10185: 10183: 10137: 10135: 10129: 10127: 10105: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10041: 10039: 10023: 10021: 9958: 9956: 9914: 9912: 9896: 9894: 9806: 9804: 9762: 9760: 9752: 9750: 9742: 9740: 9604: 9602: 9594: 9592: 9584: 9582: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9408: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9388: 9386: 9378: 9376: 9368: 9366: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9211: 9209: 9201: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9067: 9065: 9057: 9053: 9051: 9049: 8908: 8906: 8898: 8896: 8888: 8886: 8870: 8868: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8734: 8732: 8724: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8696: 8694: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8543: 8541: 8525: 8523: 8515: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8398: 8396: 8380: 8378: 8362: 8360: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8211: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8047: 7972: 7740: 7618: 7609: 7552: 7543: 7478: 7355: 7351: 7342: 7255: 7246: 7214: 7157:Japan during World War II 7127: 7036: 6974:Mongol invasions of Japan 6949: 6874: 6801: 6792: 6774: 6717: 6704: 6692: 6653:Roberts, Luke S. (2012), 6563:Federal Research Division 6223:Stanford University Press 6185:General and cited sources 5984:p.80-81. Heibonsha, 2014 5351:10.1016/j.eeh.2004.06.005 4537: 4526: 4515: 4504: 4493: 4482: 4471: 4460: 4449: 4438: 4427: 4416: 4405: 4394: 4383: 4372: 4361: 4350: 4339: 4328: 4317: 4306: 4295: 4284: 4273: 4262: 4251: 4240: 4229: 4218: 4207: 4196: 4185: 4174: 4163: 4152: 4147: 4141: 4138: 3839: 3757:called for returning the 3570:the agitation over thread 3446:, had consulted with the 2652:, which was ruled by the 2534:In the field of art, the 2244: 2221: 2205: 1772: 1587: 1095:of land and thirty-eight 1025:, which existed with the 944: 892: 871: 400:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 375:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 7431:House of Representatives 7227:2019 imperial transition 7199:Great Hanshin earthquake 7167:Second Sino-Japanese War 7140:Japan during World War I 6579:Guth, Christine (1996), 6268:Frédéric, Louis (2002), 6221:, Stanford, California: 6192:Birmingham Museum of Art 6169:(in Japanese). July 2019 5661: 5330:Tetsuji Okazaki (2005). 5079:Perez, Louis G. (2009). 4970: 4839: 4805: 4768: 3646:throughout the country. 3586:awesome though they are, 2804:stalls serving fast food 2616:Japanese sword mountings 1522:Dutch East India Company 1420:commissioned around 720 1228:controlled much smaller 612:Great Hanshin earthquake 530:Second Sino-Japanese War 7114:First Sino-Japanese War 6326:Oxford University Press 6299:Oxford University Press 5493:The Seiko Museum Ginza. 5280:Japan, a modern history 4743:Hall & McClain 1991 4731:Hall & McClain 1991 4694:Hall & McClain 1991 4675:Encyclopædia Britannica 3853:defeats a coalition of 3678:French military mission 3590:and consumed by rage." 3537:(1830–1859), a leading 3373:Matthew Calbraith Perry 3156:Commodore Matthew Perry 3148:late Tokugawa shogunate 3119:Decline of the Tokugawa 2904:technique. 18th century 2787:, a comical story, and 2609:technique. 18th century 2349:Philosophy and religion 1805:was coined to name the 1614:that were built around 1597:of "samurai, peasants ( 1340:Foreign trade relations 1144:and himself as retired 458:Intervention in Siberia 385:First Sino-Japanese War 15774:(1864–1865, 1865–1867) 15738:(1839–1841, 1855–1856) 14976:(1864–1865, 1866–1868) 14922:(1862–1864, 1865–1868) 14892:(1747–1764, 1765–1767) 14712:(1697–1705, 1709–1710) 14646:(1665–1668, 1670–1673) 14421:Ii Naoyuki (1784–1787) 14412:(1696–1700, 1711–1714) 7582:Science and technology 7021:Council of Five Elders 7016:Azuchi–Momoyama period 6697:Azuchi–Momoyama period 6493:Seigle, Cecilia Segawa 6022:Edo Period (1603-1868) 5437:National Diet Library. 5019:33.3 (1973): 509-546. 3925:increase in population 3705: 3697: 3644:anti-Western sentiment 3612: 3599: 3588:are being pulled apart 3576:from foreign countries 3390: 3375: 3354:Commodore James Biddle 3248: 3176:artificial land masses 3170:") fired weapons from 3143: 3131: 2991: 2735: 2660:in crafts even today. 2610: 2574:, the painters of the 2572:Azuchi-Momoyama period 2540:gold and silver leaves 2531: 2449: 2407: 2362: 2328:Nansō Satomi Hakkenden 2319:Life of an Amorous Man 2141: 2009:Neo-Confucian ideology 2004: 1952: 1926:zero population growth 1901: 1864: 1735:were not even people. 1658:, the 5,000 so-called 1561: 1436: 1388: 1369: 1043:called a "centralized 1014: 792:Science and technology 540:Attack on Pearl Harbor 463:Great Kantō earthquake 405:Colonization of Taiwan 332:Convention of Kanagawa 172:Former Nine Years' War 115:1000 BC – 300 AD 101:14,000 – 1000 BC 36:Edo Japan (restaurant) 15862:19th century in Japan 15857:18th century in Japan 15847:17th century in Japan 7527:Deputy Prime Minister 6912:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 6219:The Meiji Restoration 5527:琳派とは？知っておきたい琳派の巨匠と代表作 3977:Great Fire of Meireki 3703: 3690: 3607: 3565: 3381: 3371: 3243: 3137: 3126: 2978: 2714: 2592: 2520: 2438: 2391: 2356: 2338:Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige 2315:Kōshoku Ichidai Otoko 2136: 1987: 1947: 1891: 1862: 1570:), together with the 1545: 1434: 1382: 1353: 1063:. Already a powerful 1000: 505:Invasion of Manchuria 430:Colonization of Korea 390:Treaty of Shimonoseki 129:300 AD – 538 AD 15809:Matsudaira Yoshinaga 15317:Matsudaira Muneakira 15155:Matsudaira Tadachika 15143:Matsudaira Nobutsune 14866:Matsudaira Takechika 14788:Matsudaira Tadachika 14758:Matsudaira Nobutsune 14596:Matsudaira Nobutsuna 14416:Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu 10581:improve this section 7436:House of Councillors 7330:World Heritage Sites 6501:, Honolulu, Hawaii: 6294:The Japanese Economy 5081:The history of Japan 4095:Sakuradamon Incident 4043:1804: Russian envoy 4028:1792: Russian envoy 3847:Battle of Sekigahara 3578:came for the jeweled 3574:Ever since the ships 3108:End of the shogunate 2702:Chikamatsu Monzaemon 2279:(satirical novels), 1855:Economic development 1112:Battle of Sekigahara 885:, also known as the 802:World Heritage Sites 515:February 26 incident 420:Treaty of Portsmouth 281:Battle of Sekigahara 177:Later Three-Year War 15815:Matsudaira Katamori 15803:Matsudaira Katamori 15766:Matsudaira Yasuhide 15730:Sakakibara Tadayuki 15383:Matsudaira Munehide 15329:Matsudaira Nobuyori 15293:Matsudaira Norihiro 15191:Matsudaira Terutaka 15179:Matsudaira Sukekuni 15137:Ogasawara Nagashige 15004:Matsudaira Norikata 14992:Matsudaira Yasuhide 14980:Matsudaira Munehide 14878:Matsudaira Terutaka 14842:Matsudaira Norikata 14812:Matsudaira Terusada 14806:Matsudaira Nobutoki 14782:Matsudaira Norisato 14710:Ogasawara Nagashige 14698:Matsudaira Nobuyuki 14620:Matsudaira Norinaga 14584:Morikawa Shigetoshi 12534:(cinnabar monopoly) 10408:share descent from 8993:Hitotsubashi family 7453:Self-Defense Forces 6635:, Princeton, N.J.: 6597:Haga, Tōru (2021), 6464:Longstreet, Stephen 6342:on February 6, 2010 6215:Beasley, William G. 5753:Cleanup Corporation 5148:Huang, Ray (2015). 4915:, pp. 225–230. 4782:on 30 November 2023 4135: 4054:1837: Rebellion of 4019:Matsudaira Sadanobu 3953:Shimabara Rebellion 3418:, a seaport on the 3253:Great Tenmei famine 3246:Great Tenmei famine 2896:Reading stand with 2448:, published in 1774 2037:Matsudaira Sadanobu 1930:Great Tenmei famine 1841:Edo, 1865 or 1866. 1550:Fukagawa Edo Museum 1475:Shimabara Rebellion 1393:Nanban trade period 1041:Edwin O. Reischauer 627:Imperial transition 565:Occupation of Japan 555:Soviet–Japanese War 520:Anti-Comintern Pact 395:Triple Intervention 15401:Matsudaira Sadaaki 15131:Matsudaira Nobuoki 15083:Itakura Katsushige 15034:Tachibana Taneyuki 15016:Matsudaira Sadaaki 14251:Tokugawa shogunate 11225:Minami-machi-bugyō 10458:Tokugawa Shogunate 7587:Telecommunications 7119:Russo-Japanese War 7049:Tokugawa shogunate 6999:Nanboku-chō period 6994:Ashikaga shogunate 6967:Kamakura shogunate 6524:A history of Japan 6271:Japan Encyclopedia 6250:, New York, N.Y.: 6080:www.ktr.mlit.go.jp 6003:, pp. 289–292 5669:on 19 October 2022 5564:2022-01-17 at the 5505:Yuji Kubota (2005) 5421:第6回和本の楽しみ方4 江戸の草紙 5373:, pp. 297–304 5238:. Routledge, 2018. 4733:, pp. 369–370 4720:on March 15, 2022. 4696:, pp. 128–182 4576:, north of Tokyo. 4551:In popular culture 4148:Approximate years 4131: 4109:Tokugawa Yoshinobu 4085:Treaty of Kanagawa 3932:becomes the third 3888:Tokugawa shogunate 3736:Tokugawa Yoshinobu 3706: 3698: 3613: 3609:Tokugawa Yoshinobu 3513:Tokugawa Yoshinobu 3430:five years later. 3412:Treaty of Kanagawa 3391: 3376: 3249: 3144: 3132: 2992: 2942:Ukiyo-e depicting 2918:Ichikawa Danjūrō V 2870:and the summit of 2740:pleasure districts 2736: 2611: 2532: 2450: 2408: 2363: 2273:(puppet theatre), 2150:domains and other 2142: 2005: 1969:expenditures, the 1953: 1902: 1865: 1562: 1555:2013-10-29 at the 1437: 1414:Hasekura Tsunenaga 1389: 1370: 1366:Hasekura Tsunenaga 1360:is represented in 1061:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1023:Kamakura shogunate 1015: 1012:Tokugawa shogunate 993:Tokugawa shogunate 916:Tokugawa shogunate 692:Capital punishment 668:2019–present 585:Asset price bubble 560:Surrender of Japan 425:Japan–Korea Treaty 415:Russo-Japanese War 370:Ryūkyū Disposition 312:Invasion of Ryukyu 307:Tokugawa shogunate 243:Nanboku-chō period 15824: 15823: 15688:Kagazume Tadazumi 15676:Akiyama Masashige 15305:Matsudaira Yasutō 15095:Itakura Shigenori 15089:Makino Chikashige 15077:Okudaira Nobumasa 14956:Matsumae Takahiro 14920:Itakura Katsukiyo 14680:Itakura Shigetane 14644:Itakura Shigenori 14249:Officials of the 14216: 14215: 14211: 14189: 14188: 12368:(copper monopoly) 12188:(silver monopoly) 11360:Honjo machi-bugyō 10617: 10616: 10609: 10509: 10508: 10418: 10417: 10387: 10386: 10367: 10244: 10110: 10084: 9975: 9854: 9840: 9821: 9700: 9681: 9674: 9664: 9647: 9542: 9521: 9514: 9504: 9487: 9472: 9451: 9342: 9325: 9318: 9305: 9298: 9281: 9266: 9165: 9155: 9148: 9135: 9120: 9011: 9001: 8994: 8977: 8962: 8933: 8852: 8833: 8826: 8813: 8798: 8769: 8665: 8642: 8621: 8608: 8597: 8582: 8485: 8471: 8456: 8446: 8423: 8344: 8328: 8313: 8297: 8274: 8149: 8002: 8001: 7968: 7967: 7717:Sexual minorities 7605: 7604: 7539: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7448:Political parties 7387:Foreign relations 7338: 7337: 7242: 7241: 7232:COVID-19 pandemic 7101:Satsuma Rebellion 7086:Meiji Restoration 6984:Kenmu Restoration 6844:Foreign relations 6731: 6730: 6718:Succeeded by 6629:Jansen, Marius B. 6610:978-4-86658-148-4 6476:Tuttle Publishing 6468:Longstreet, Ethel 6335:978-0-19-533922-2 6207:978-1-904832-77-5 6014:Turkington, David 5960:Masayuki Murata. 5939:, pp. 80–84. 5867:, pp. 46–51. 5855:, pp. 93–95. 5843:, pp. 76–78. 5831:, pp. 35–44. 5751:お伊勢さま、一度は行きたい庶民の夢 5538:Masayuki Murata. 5159:978-7-108-05368-8 5090:978-0-313-36442-6 4819:on 30 August 2023 4714:Facts and Details 4548: 4547: 3995:Mount Fuji erupts 3877:Tokugawa Hidetada 3791:(1868–1869), the 3710:Anglo-Satsuma War 3568:"It is disgusting 3403:national security 3314:natural disasters 2724:woodblock print, 2500:Myriad year clock 2494:, the founder of 2297:(romance novel), 2291:(comical books), 2098:forest management 2087:forward contracts 1896:prints depicting 1487:Kakure Kirishitan 1468:artificial island 1402:San Juan Bautista 1357:San Juan Bautista 1280:, the court, all 1116:Japanese calendar 1029:'s court, to the 973:Meiji Restoration 862: 861: 727:Foreign relations 672: 671: 655:Abe assassination 650:COVID-19 pandemic 622:Tōhoku earthquake 380:Satsuma Rebellion 342:Meiji Restoration 220:Kenmu Restoration 16:(Redirected from 15889: 15795:Kyoto Shugoshoku 15778:Yamaoka Takayuki 15754:Tsutsui Masanori 15712:Nakayama Naomori 15365:Wakisaka Yasuori 15173:Makino Sadamichi 15161:Makino Hideshige 15119:Tsuchiya Masanao 14890:Akimoto Sumitomo 14716:Akimoto Takatomo 14704:Tsuchiya Masanao 14650:Tsuchiya Kazunao 14542:Aoyama Tadatoshi 14506:Aoyama Narishige 14243: 14236: 14229: 14220: 14219: 14205: 11081:Kita-machi-bugyō 10620: 10619: 10612: 10605: 10601: 10598: 10592: 10561: 10553: 10536: 10529: 10522: 10513: 10512: 10502: 10496: 10455: 10445: 10438: 10431: 10422: 10421: 10365: 10242: 10123: 10108: 10095: 10082: 9973: 9848: 9838: 9819: 9817: 9696: 9694: 9679: 9670: 9662: 9645: 9536: 9534: 9519: 9510: 9502: 9485: 9470: 9468: 9449: 9447: 9338: 9336: 9323: 9311: 9303: 9294: 9292: 9279: 9264: 9262: 9161: 9153: 9141: 9133: 9118: 9116: 9007: 8999: 8990: 8988: 8975: 8960: 8958: 8931: 8929: 8848: 8846: 8831: 8819: 8811: 8796: 8794: 8767: 8765: 8678: 8663: 8640: 8638: 8619: 8617: 8603: 8595: 8580: 8578: 8479: 8469: 8452: 8444: 8421: 8419: 8334: 8326: 8303: 8295: 8272: 8270: 8147: 8145: 8050: 8049: 8039: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8006: 8005: 7992: 7991: 7984:Japan portal 7982: 7981: 7980: 7897:National symbols 7616: 7615: 7550: 7549: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7253: 7252: 7187:Economic miracle 6989:Muromachi period 6799: 6798: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6734: 6733: 6707:History of Japan 6693:Preceded by 6690: 6689: 6667: 6649: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6613:, archived from 6593: 6566: 6549: 6548: 6536: 6515: 6488: 6459: 6435: 6417: 6390: 6363: 6343: 6338:, archived from 6311: 6284: 6264: 6249: 6235: 6210: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6107: 6101: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6050: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6028:on June 25, 2012 6024:, archived from 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5980:Yūji Yamashita. 5978: 5972: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5754: 5748: 5739: 5738:Edo Tokyo Museum 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5626: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5600: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5556: 5550: 5536: 5530: 5529:January 15, 2019 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5481:, pp. 45–47 5476: 5470: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5353:. Archived from 5336: 5327: 5321: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5283: 5273: 5267: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5239: 5232: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5145: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5103: 5102: 5076: 5023: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4941: 4940:, pp. 31–32 4935: 4929: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4858: 4845: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4706: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4643: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4056:Ōshio Heihachirō 3930:Tokugawa Iemitsu 3763: 3748: 3597: 3580:silkworm cocoons 3572:In today's world 3515:(or Keiki), for 3507:died without an 3485:Tokugawa Nariaki 3395:Matthew C. Perry 3364:End of seclusion 3323: 3234:agrarian society 3079: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3037: 3025: 2986: 2958: 2939: 2928:Utagawa Kunimasa 2913: 2893: 2868:Ise Grand Shrine 2859:technical book. 2734: 2733: 1829–1832 2731: 2548:Tawaraya Sōtatsu 2492:Tanaka Hisashige 2471:Motoori Norinaga 2404:Tanaka Hisashige 2384: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2234: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2210: 2208: 2207: 1989:Tokugawa coinage 1834: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1665: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1453: 1079:, or thirty-six 955: 953: 947: 946: 908:history of Japan 905: 904: 901: 895: 894: 884: 883: 880: 874: 873: 854: 847: 840: 684: 580:Economic miracle 495:Nanking incident 490:Financial crisis 327:Perry Expedition 301: 210:Mongol invasions 89:before 14,000 BC 79: 78: 74: 64: 54:History of Japan 41: 40: 21: 15897: 15896: 15892: 15891: 15890: 15888: 15887: 15886: 15827: 15826: 15825: 15820: 15789: 15742:Tōyama Kagemoto 15736:Atobe Yoshisuke 15724:Shōda Yasutoshi 15718:Sengoku Hisanao 15694:Nakane Masamori 15682:Inoue Masashige 15670:Mizuno Morinobu 15650: 15406: 15389:Makino Tadayuki 15359:Naitō Nobuchika 15347:Makino Tadamasa 15341:Manabe Akikatsu 15311:Mizuno Tadakuni 15263:Aoyama Tadayasu 15251:Makino Tadakiyo 15227:Makino Sadanaga 15197:Inoue Masatsune 15185:Sakai Tadamochi 15149:Mizuno Tadayuki 15125:Naitō Shigeyori 15113:Inaba Masamichi 15060: 15039: 15022:Ōkōchi Masatada 14998:Mizuno Tadanobu 14950:Makino Tadayuki 14944:Arima Michizumi 14938:Sakai Tadashige 14932:Mizuno Tadakiyo 14884:Inoue Masatsune 14860:Honda Masayoshi 14794:Ōkubo Tsuneharu 14770:Mizuno Tadayuki 14722:Inaba Masamichi 14668:Hotta Masatoshi 14590:Aoyama Yukinari 14578:Sakai Tadakatsu 14572:Naitō Tadashige 14566:Inaba Masakatsu 14536:Naitō Kiyotsugu 14512:Sakai Tadatoshi 14500:Aoyama Tadanari 14476:Naruse Masanari 14458:Ōkubo Tadachika 14442: 14437:Sakai Tadashige 14404:Hotta Masatoshi 14386:Sakai Tadakatsu 14358: 14253: 14247: 14217: 14212: 14199: 14190: 12021:(gold monopoly) 10618: 10613: 10602: 10596: 10593: 10578: 10562: 10546: 10540: 10510: 10505: 10504: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10460: 10449: 10419: 10414: 10413: 10397: 10388: 10368: 10245: 10117: 10114: 10111: 10089: 10085: 9979: 9976: 9850: 9847: 9844: 9841: 9832:(Pr.) 1902-1913 9830: 9828: 9822: 9818: 9698: 9695: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9656:(Pr.) 1940-1947 9654: 9648: 9538: 9535: 9528: 9525: 9522: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9496:(Pr.) 1884-1940 9494: 9488: 9479: 9473: 9469: 9458: 9452: 9448: 9340: 9337: 9330: 9326: 9313: 9312:5th/8th Head of 9310: 9306: 9296: 9293: 9286: 9282: 9273: 9267: 9263: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9127: 9121: 9117: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8992: 8989: 8982: 8978: 8969: 8963: 8959: 8940: 8934: 8930: 8850: 8847: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8821: 8818: 8814: 8805: 8799: 8795: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8628: 8622: 8618: 8602: 8598: 8589: 8583: 8579: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8454: 8451: 8447: 8430: 8424: 8420: 8340: 8333: 8329: 8309: 8302: 8298: 8281: 8275: 8271: 8156: 8150: 8146: 8094: 8043: 8033: 8003: 7998: 7978: 7976: 7964: 7784:Class S (genre) 7736: 7712:Sex trafficking 7687:Life expectancy 7623:Anti-monarchism 7601: 7531: 7474: 7441:List of members 7421:Law enforcement 7334: 7238: 7210: 7162:Mukden Incident 7123: 7081:Meiji oligarchy 7061:Empire of Japan 7032: 6962:Kamakura period 6945: 6870: 6788: 6770: 6761: 6727: 6725: 6722:Empire of Japan 6714: 6709: 6702: 6700: 6674: 6665: 6647: 6620: 6618: 6611: 6591: 6583:, H.N. Abrams, 6575: 6573:Further reading 6558:Country Studies 6555: 6546: 6534: 6513: 6486: 6457: 6433: 6406: 6379: 6361: 6336: 6309: 6282: 6262: 6233: 6208: 6187: 6182: 6181: 6172: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6110: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6082: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6064:on May 5, 2022. 6052: 6051: 6040: 6031: 6029: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5724:歴史系総合誌「歴博」第196号 5722: 5718: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5639: 5617: 5610: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5566:Wayback Machine 5557: 5553: 5537: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5457: 5453: 5449:Mitsui Fudosan. 5445: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5315: 5311: 5296: 5274: 5270: 5262:Sakata Yoshio, 5261: 5257: 5249: 5242: 5233: 5200: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5160: 5146: 5135: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5091: 5077: 5026: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4982:on 7 March 2024 4972: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4679: 4677: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4623:Karakuri ningyō 4582: 4559: 4553: 4132: 4122: 4045:Nikolai Rezanov 3990:become popular. 3851:Tokugawa Ieyasu 3842: 3816:Republic of Ezo 3808:Enomoto Takeaki 3782:imperial palace 3761: 3746: 3624: 3618: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3478:Hotta Masayoshi 3393:When Commodore 3389:March 8th, 1854 3366: 3352:relations when 3343:First Opium War 3321: 3168:the black ships 3140:Yasukuni Shrine 3121: 3116: 3110: 3074:A style called 3045: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3030: 3029: 3026: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2950: 2940: 2931: 2914: 2905: 2894: 2848:Japanese irises 2844:morning glories 2840:cherry blossoms 2732: 2620:Japanese armour 2599:decorated with 2515: 2351: 2311:woodblock print 2241: 2218: 2202: 2131: 2126: 2116:and plantation 2091:futures trading 2057: 1942: 1892:A set of three 1886: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1840: 1835: 1769: 1584: 1557:Wayback Machine 1540: 1534: 1451: 1447:. By 1612, the 1426:Yamada Nagamasa 1364:'s painting of 1348: 1342: 1239:Members of the 1140:(1579–1632) as 1053:Tokugawa Ieyasu 1002:Tokugawa Ieyasu 995: 989: 969:Tokugawa Ieyasu 941: 902: 889: 887:Tokugawa period 881: 868: 858: 808: 807: 806: 686: 685: 682: 674: 673: 665: 664: 660:Noto earthquake 635:1989–2019 632: 631: 592:1926–1989 589: 550:Atomic bombings 525:Tripartite Pact 510:May 15 incident 500:Mukden Incident 471:1912–1926 468: 467: 438:1868–1912 435: 434: 410:Boxer Rebellion 355:1603–1868 352: 351: 299: 289:1573–1603 286: 285: 264:Azuchi–Momoyama 256:1336–1573 253: 252: 228:1185–1333 225: 224: 187: 186: 157:710 – 794 154: 143:538 – 710 140: 126: 112: 76: 75: 72: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Tokugawa period 15: 12: 11: 5: 15895: 15885: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15822: 15821: 15819: 15818: 15812: 15806: 15799: 15797: 15791: 15790: 15788: 15787: 15781: 15775: 15769: 15763: 15760:Ōkubo Tadahiro 15757: 15751: 15745: 15739: 15733: 15727: 15721: 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12898: 12896: 12894: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12866: 12864: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12856: 12848: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12832: 12830: 12828: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12820: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12812: 12810: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12782: 12780: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12760: 12758: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12740: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12732: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12712: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12688: 12686: 12684: 12682: 12680: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12666: 12664: 12662: 12660: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12622: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12538: 12536: 12528: 12526: 12524: 12522: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12500: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12484: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12474: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12450: 12448: 12446: 12444: 12442: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12430: 12428: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12416: 12414: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12384: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12362: 12360: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12346: 12344: 12337: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12287: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12277: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12238: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12174: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12166: 12164: 12162: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12130: 12128: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12110: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12102: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12094: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12023: 12015: 12013: 12011: 12009: 12007: 12005: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11933: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11892: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11872: 11870: 11868: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11842: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11781: 11779: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11727: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11719: 11717: 11709: 11707: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11689: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11569: 11567: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11474: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11419: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11363: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11341: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11333: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11266: 11264: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11228: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11086: 11084: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11063: 11061: 11059: 11057: 11055: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11012: 11010: 11008: 11006: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10969: 10967: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10951: 10949: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10912: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10615: 10614: 10565: 10563: 10556: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10539: 10538: 10531: 10524: 10516: 10507: 10506: 10499: 10497: Lifespan 10493: 10492: 10490: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10448: 10447: 10440: 10433: 10425: 10416: 10415: 10403: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10096: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9855: 9836: 9834: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9701: 9697:10th Daimyō of 9677: 9675: 9660: 9658: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9543: 9517: 9515: 9500: 9498: 9483: 9481: 9462: 9460: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9321: 9319: 9301: 9299: 9295:11th Daimyō of 9277: 9275: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9151: 9149: 9131: 9129: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9012: 8997: 8995: 8973: 8971: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8829: 8827: 8809: 8807: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8632: 8630: 8611: 8609: 8593: 8591: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8090: 8088: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8032: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8009: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7996: 7986: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7915: 7906: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7841: 7839:Henohenomoheji 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7752: 7746: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7515:Prime Minister 7512: 7507: 7505:Foreign policy 7502: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7450: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7389: 7384: 7382:Imperial House 7379: 7378: 7377: 7367: 7362: 7356: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7290:Extreme points 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7011:Sengoku period 7008: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6950:Post-Classical 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6805: 6803: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6760: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6737: 6729: 6728: 6719: 6716: 6703: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6681: 6673: 6672:External links 6670: 6669: 6668: 6664:978-0824835132 6663: 6650: 6645: 6625: 6609: 6594: 6589: 6574: 6571: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6520:Totman, Conrad 6516: 6511: 6489: 6484: 6460: 6455: 6436: 6431: 6418: 6404: 6391: 6377: 6364: 6359: 6344: 6334: 6316:Gordon, Andrew 6312: 6307: 6285: 6280: 6265: 6260: 6240:Diamond, Jared 6236: 6231: 6211: 6206: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6158: 6139: 6127: 6108: 6091: 6067: 6038: 6005: 5993: 5990:978-4582922172 5973: 5970:978-4907211110 5953: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5809: 5797: 5782: 5770: 5755: 5740: 5728: 5716: 5680: 5652: 5637: 5608: 5585: 5573: 5551: 5548:978-4907211110 5531: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5468:978-4800312556 5451: 5439: 5427: 5409: 5400: 5393: 5375: 5363: 5360:on 2012-05-10. 5345:(2): 184–201. 5322: 5309: 5294: 5268: 5264:Meiji Ishinshi 5255: 5240: 5234:Hane, Mikiso. 5198: 5185: 5173: 5158: 5133: 5122: 5104: 5089: 5024: 5008: 4993: 4961: 4942: 4930: 4924:Michael Wert, 4917: 4905: 4892:10.2307/133436 4870: 4859:on 6 June 2023 4830: 4793: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4698: 4686: 4662: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4620: 4617:Jitte (weapon) 4614: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4578: 4574:Nikkō, Tochigi 4570:Kinugawa Onsen 4555:Main article: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4105: 4098: 4091: 4088: 4081: 4068:1853: US Navy 4066: 4059: 4052: 4041: 4026: 4023:Kansei Reforms 4015: 4008:Sugita Genpaku 4003:Kaitai Shinsho 3998: 3991: 3980: 3973: 3970: 3959: 3956: 3949: 3940: 3937: 3926: 3919: 3916: 3905: 3902: 3899:Satsuma Domain 3891: 3880: 3869: 3858: 3841: 3838: 3834:Akira Kurosawa 3806:under Admiral 3787:Following the 3722:Chōshū Domains 3620:Main article: 3617: 3614: 3593: 3584:Peoples hearts 3566: 3556:Kansei Reforms 3489:imperial house 3365: 3362: 3128:Dai-Roku Daiba 3120: 3117: 3112:Main article: 3109: 3106: 3039: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3012:merchant class 2987:), 1840–1870, 2972: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2941: 2934: 2932: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2879:Shikinen Sengu 2864:Shinto shrines 2852:chrysanthemums 2720:, full-colour 2688:(theater) and 2544:Hon'ami Kōetsu 2514: 2511: 2441:Kaitai Shinsho 2400:Moji-kaki doll 2350: 2347: 2343:Jippensha Ikku 2333:Takizawa Bakin 2254:to 60% of the 2215:Wagakukōdansho 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2056: 2053: 2045:class division 1964:The system of 1941: 1938: 1885: 1882: 1856: 1853: 1837: 1836: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1645:principles of 1536:Main article: 1533: 1530: 1508:Ryukyu Islands 1422:Red Seal Ships 1399:, such as the 1344:Main article: 1341: 1338: 1326:administrative 991:Main article: 988: 985: 954:, "Great Edo") 926:Sengoku period 899:Tokugawa jidai 860: 859: 857: 856: 849: 842: 834: 831: 830: 829: 828: 823: 818: 810: 809: 805: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 768: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 739: 737:Historiography 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 688: 687: 681: 680: 679: 676: 675: 670: 669: 666: 663: 662: 657: 652: 646: 640: 637: 636: 633: 630: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 603: 597: 594: 593: 590: 588: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 481: 473: 472: 469: 466: 465: 460: 455: 449: 443: 440: 439: 436: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 366: 360: 357: 356: 353: 350: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 317:Siege of Osaka 314: 309: 303: 294: 291: 290: 287: 284: 283: 278: 273: 267: 261: 258: 257: 254: 251: 250: 248:Sengoku period 245: 239: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 222: 217: 212: 207: 201: 195: 192: 191: 190:794–1185 188: 185: 184: 179: 174: 168: 162: 159: 158: 155: 148: 145: 144: 141: 134: 131: 130: 127: 120: 117: 116: 113: 106: 103: 102: 99: 91: 90: 87: 77: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15894: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15872:Japanese eras 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15834: 15832: 15816: 15813: 15810: 15807: 15804: 15801: 15800: 15798: 15796: 15792: 15785: 15784:Oda Nobushige 15782: 15779: 15776: 15773: 15772:Nagai Naoyuki 15770: 15767: 15764: 15761: 15758: 15755: 15752: 15749: 15748:Ido Hiromichi 15746: 15743: 15740: 15737: 15734: 15731: 15728: 15725: 15722: 15719: 15716: 15713: 15710: 15707: 15706:Ōoka Tadatane 15704: 15701: 15698: 15695: 15692: 15689: 15686: 15683: 15680: 15677: 15674: 15671: 15668: 15665: 15662: 15661: 15659: 15657: 15653: 15647: 15646: 15641: 15639: 15638: 15633: 15631: 15630: 15625: 15623: 15622: 15617: 15614: 15613: 15609: 15607: 15606: 15601: 15599: 15598: 15593: 15591: 15590: 15586: 15584: 15583: 15578: 15576: 15575: 15570: 15568: 15567: 15562: 15560: 15559: 15554: 15552: 15551: 15546: 15544: 15543: 15539: 15537: 15536: 15531: 15529: 15528: 15523: 15521: 15520: 15516: 15513: 15512: 15508: 15505: 15504: 15499: 15497: 15496: 15492: 15489: 15488: 15483: 15480: 15479: 15474: 15472: 15471: 15467: 15465: 15464: 15460: 15457: 15456: 15452: 15449: 15448: 15447:Gaikoku-bugyō 15444: 15442: 15441: 15436: 15434: 15433: 15428: 15425: 15424: 15420: 15419: 15417: 15415: 15414: 15409: 15402: 15399: 15396: 15393: 15390: 15387: 15384: 15381: 15378: 15377:Sakai Tadaaki 15375: 15372: 15369: 15366: 15363: 15360: 15357: 15354: 15353:Sakai Tadaaki 15351: 15348: 15345: 15342: 15339: 15336: 15333: 15330: 15327: 15324: 15321: 15318: 15315: 15312: 15309: 15306: 15303: 15300: 15297: 15294: 15291: 15288: 15285: 15282: 15279: 15276: 15275:Abe Masayoshi 15273: 15270: 15267: 15264: 15261: 15258: 15257:Doi Toshiatsu 15255: 15252: 15249: 15246: 15243: 15240: 15239:Ōta Sukeyoshi 15237: 15234: 15231: 15228: 15225: 15222: 15219: 15216: 15215:Doi Toshisato 15213: 15210: 15209:Abe Masachika 15207: 15204: 15201: 15198: 15195: 15192: 15189: 15186: 15183: 15180: 15177: 15174: 15171: 15168: 15165: 15162: 15159: 15156: 15153: 15150: 15147: 15144: 15141: 15138: 15135: 15132: 15129: 15126: 15123: 15120: 15117: 15114: 15111: 15108: 15107:Toda Tadamasa 15105: 15102: 15099: 15096: 15093: 15090: 15087: 15084: 15081: 15078: 15075: 15074: 15072: 15070: 15069: 15063: 15056: 15055:Nagai Naoyuki 15053: 15052: 15050: 15048: 15047: 15046:Wakadoshiyori 15042: 15035: 15032: 15029: 15026: 15023: 15020: 15017: 15014: 15011: 15008: 15005: 15002: 14999: 14996: 14993: 14990: 14987: 14986:Inoue Masanao 14984: 14981: 14978: 14975: 14972: 14969: 14968:Suwa Tadamasa 14966: 14963: 14960: 14957: 14954: 14951: 14948: 14945: 14942: 14939: 14936: 14933: 14930: 14927: 14926:Inoue Masanao 14924: 14921: 14918: 14915: 14914:Andō Nobumasa 14912: 14909: 14906: 14903: 14900: 14897: 14894: 14891: 14888: 14885: 14882: 14879: 14876: 14873: 14870: 14867: 14864: 14861: 14858: 14855: 14852: 14849: 14846: 14843: 14840: 14837: 14834: 14831: 14828: 14825: 14822: 14819: 14816: 14813: 14810: 14807: 14804: 14801: 14800:Sakai Tadaoto 14798: 14795: 14792: 14789: 14786: 14783: 14780: 14777: 14776:Andō Nobutomo 14774: 14771: 14768: 14765: 14764:Toda Tadazane 14762: 14759: 14756: 14753: 14750: 14747: 14744: 14741: 14738: 14735: 14732: 14729: 14726: 14723: 14720: 14717: 14714: 14711: 14708: 14705: 14702: 14699: 14696: 14693: 14690: 14687: 14686:Toda Tadamasa 14684: 14681: 14678: 14675: 14674:Doi Toshifusa 14672: 14669: 14666: 14663: 14660: 14657: 14656:Abe Masayoshi 14654: 14651: 14648: 14645: 14642: 14639: 14638:Kuze Hiroyuki 14636: 14633: 14630: 14627: 14624: 14621: 14618: 14615: 14612: 14609: 14606: 14603: 14600: 14597: 14594: 14591: 14588: 14585: 14582: 14579: 14576: 14573: 14570: 14567: 14564: 14561: 14560:Abe Masatsugu 14558: 14555: 14554:Nagai Naomasa 14552: 14549: 14546: 14543: 14540: 14537: 14534: 14531: 14528: 14525: 14522: 14519: 14516: 14513: 14510: 14507: 14504: 14501: 14498: 14495: 14492: 14489: 14486: 14483: 14482:Andō Naotsugu 14480: 14477: 14474: 14471: 14468: 14465: 14462: 14459: 14456: 14455: 14453: 14451: 14450: 14445: 14438: 14435: 14432: 14429: 14426: 14423: 14420: 14417: 14414: 14411: 14408: 14405: 14402: 14399: 14396: 14393: 14390: 14387: 14384: 14381: 14378: 14375: 14372: 14371: 14369: 14367: 14366: 14361: 14354: 14351: 14348: 14345: 14342: 14339: 14336: 14333: 14330: 14327: 14324: 14321: 14318: 14315: 14312: 14309: 14306: 14303: 14300: 14297: 14294: 14291: 14288: 14285: 14282: 14279: 14276: 14273: 14270: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14262: 14261: 14256: 14252: 14244: 14239: 14237: 14232: 14230: 14225: 14224: 14221: 14209: 14202: 14198: 14193: 14186: 14136: 14132: 14115: 14114: 14107: 14105: 14076: 14074: 14020: 14017: 14016: 13999: 13998: 13991: 13960: 13958: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13883: 13882: 13875: 13844: 13842: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13767: 13766: 13759: 13728: 13726: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13613: 13612: 13606: 13575: 13573: 13501: 13498: 13497: 13462: 13461: 13454: 13423: 13421: 13349: 13346: 13345: 13308: 13307: 13301: 13270: 13266: 13243: 13242: 13235: 13233: 13192: 13189: 13185: 13184: 13153: 13149: 13148: 13141: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13104: 13081: 13080: 13073: 13071: 13030: 13027: 13026: 12991: 12990: 12983: 12952: 12950: 12878: 12873: 12872: 12855: 12854: 12847: 12845: 12839: 12838: 12831: 12800: 12798: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12718: 12695: 12694: 12687: 12679: 12678: 12671: 12640: 12638: 12564: 12559: 12557: 12551: 12550: 12535: 12533: 12527: 12525: 12521: 12520: 12507: 12506: 12499: 12468: 12466: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12386: 12369: 12367: 12361: 12343: 12342: 12336: 12305: 12301: 12276: 12275: 12269: 12267: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12209: 12207: 12203: 12202: 12189: 12187: 12181: 12179: 12167: 12165: 12161: 12160: 12153: 12122: 12119: 12118: 12093: 12092: 12086: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12022: 12020: 12014: 12012: 11994: 11993: 11986: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11932: 11931: 11925: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11841: 11840: 11833: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11796: 11787: 11786: 11780: 11778: 11737: 11734: 11733: 11716: 11715: 11708: 11677: 11675: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11600: 11599: 11592: 11561: 11559: 11505: 11502: 11499: 11480: 11479: 11473: 11457: 11456: 11450: 11448: 11439: 11437: 11381: 11376: 11373: 11362: 11361: 11355: 11353: 11347: 11346: 11340: 11332: 11331: 11330:Wakadoshiyori 11325: 11323: 11304: 11302: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11227: 11226: 11220: 11212: 11211: 11210:Gaikoku-bugyō 11205: 11197: 11196: 11190: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11116: 11114: 11113: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11095: 11094: 11083: 11082: 11070: 11069: 11062: 11054: 11053: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11018: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10968: 10966: 10957: 10940: 10938: 10932: 10930: 10929: 10918: 10917: 10897: 10895: 10889: 10888: 10882: 10880: 10863: 10859: 10846: 10845: 10839: 10837: 10802: 10799: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10773: 10769: 10767: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10715: 10714: 10708: 10706: 10673: 10671: 10621: 10611: 10608: 10600: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10575: 10571: 10566:This section 10564: 10560: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10537: 10532: 10530: 10525: 10523: 10518: 10517: 10514: 10463: 10459: 10454: 10446: 10441: 10439: 10434: 10432: 10427: 10426: 10423: 10411: 10407: 10404:All Tokugawa 10400: 10396: 10391: 10384: 10373: 10372: 10323: 10321: 10263: 10261: 10250: 10249: 10200: 10198: 10140: 10133: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10093: 10088: 10048: 10046: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9921: 9919: 9859: 9857: 9853: 9849:9th Daimyō of 9846: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9816: 9769: 9767: 9705: 9703: 9692: 9687: 9671:9th Daimyō of 9668: 9657: 9653: 9652: 9611: 9609: 9547: 9545: 9541: 9537:9th Daimyō of 9532: 9527: 9511:7th Daimyō of 9508: 9497: 9493: 9492: 9478: 9477: 9467: 9457: 9456: 9446: 9425: 9422: 9414: 9413: 9406: 9398: 9347: 9345: 9339:6th Daimyō of 9334: 9329: 9316: 9309: 9290: 9285: 9272: 9271: 9261: 9240: 9237: 9229: 9227: 9226: 9199: 9191: 9189: 9170: 9168: 9162:5th Daimyō of 9159: 9146: 9139: 9126: 9125: 9115: 9086: 9083: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9055: 9047: 9045: 9018: 9016: 9008:4th Daimyō of 9005: 8986: 8981: 8968: 8967: 8957: 8939: 8938: 8928: 8915: 8913: 8857: 8855: 8849:3rd Daimyō of 8844: 8839: 8824: 8817: 8804: 8803: 8793: 8775: 8774: 8764: 8751: 8748: 8740: 8739: 8722: 8714: 8683: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8648: 8647: 8637: 8627: 8626: 8616: 8607: 8601: 8588: 8587: 8577: 8572: 8569: 8561: 8559: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8513: 8505: 8503: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8480:1st Daimyō of 8477: 8453:2nd Daimyō of 8450: 8429: 8428: 8418: 8405: 8403: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8332: 8312: 8307: 8301: 8280: 8279: 8269: 8256: 8253: 8237: 8235: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8209: 8193: 8191: 8175: 8173: 8162: 8160: 8155: 8154: 8144: 8115: 8113: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8087: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8041:Tokugawa clan 8038: 8030: 8025: 8023: 8018: 8016: 8011: 8010: 8007: 7995: 7987: 7985: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7862:LGBTQ culture 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7572:Manufacturing 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7500:Fiscal policy 7498: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7426:National Diet 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7409:Supreme Court 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6917:Hakuhō period 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6864:Imperial Navy 6862: 6860: 6859:Imperial Army 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6753: 6751: 6746: 6744: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6724: 6723: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6699: 6698: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6648: 6646:0-691-05459-2 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6617:on 2021-11-10 6616: 6612: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6590:9780300164138 6586: 6582: 6577: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6553: 6552:public domain 6540: 6539: 6535: 6533:9780631214472 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6512:0-8248-1488-6 6508: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485:0-8048-1599-2 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6456:0-7007-1301-8 6452: 6448: 6444: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432:0-674-00991-6 6428: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6405:9780500518021 6401: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6378:9780500518021 6374: 6370: 6365: 6362: 6360:9780521223553 6356: 6352: 6351: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6308:0-19-877504-0 6304: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6281:9780674017535 6277: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261:0-14-303655-6 6257: 6253: 6252:Penguin Books 6248: 6247: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6232:0-8047-0815-0 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6168: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5951:, p. 87. 5950: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5927:, p. 80. 5926: 5921: 5915:, p. 63. 5914: 5909: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5879:, p. 54. 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5819:, p. 24. 5818: 5813: 5807:, p. 22. 5806: 5801: 5795:, p. 20. 5794: 5789: 5787: 5779: 5774: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5737: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5712: 5706: 5690: 5684: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5638:0-585-30952-3 5634: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5615: 5613: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5589: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5569:Kanazawa City 5567: 5563: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5517:Shobei Tamaya 5516: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5404: 5396: 5394:9781483136226 5390: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5295:0-393-04156-5 5291: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5253:, chapter 11. 5252: 5247: 5245: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5180: 5178: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5005: 5004:Frédéric 2002 5000: 4998: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4959:, p. 313 4958: 4957:Frédéric 2002 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4921: 4914: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4842: 4834: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4812:Uki, Kumamoto 4808: 4800: 4798: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4775:Tokyo Shoseki 4771: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4745:, p. 370 4744: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4695: 4690: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4137: 4129: 4127: 4126:imperial eras 4114: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4063:Tenpō Reforms 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4012:Maeno Ryotaku 4009: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882:1607: Korean 3881: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3780:, seized the 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3730:Emperor Meiji 3727: 3726:Emperor Kōmei 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3702: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3611:in later life 3610: 3606: 3602: 3591: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3551:Kyōhō reforms 3548: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535:Yoshida Shōin 3532: 3528: 3527:tozama daimyo 3524: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3480:(1810–1864). 3479: 3475: 3474:tozama daimyo 3471: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452:tozama daimyo 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3424:Harris Treaty 3421: 3420:Izu Peninsula 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3299:using force. 3297: 3293: 3289: 3288:Kuril Islands 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3036: 3024: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2708:(1644–1694). 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2593:Mounting for 2591: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2564:Maruyama Ōkyo 2561: 2560:Suzuki Kiitsu 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2355: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2323:Ihara Saikaku 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2240: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2217: 2216: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2139: 2135: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1951: 1946: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1833: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1582: 1581:Shi-nō-kō-shō 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1544: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1516:to Nagasaki. 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1458:Finally, the 1456: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1367: 1363: 1362:Claude Deruet 1359: 1358: 1352: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1101:Toyotomi clan 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 999: 994: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 952: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 922: 917: 913: 909: 900: 888: 879: 867: 855: 850: 848: 843: 841: 836: 835: 833: 832: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 812: 811: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 678: 677: 667: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 645: 644: 639: 638: 634: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 602: 601: 596: 595: 591: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 575:Anpo protests 573: 571: 570:Postwar Japan 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 480: 479: 475: 474: 470: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 448: 447: 442: 441: 437: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 365: 364: 359: 358: 354: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 302: 298: 293: 292: 288: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 266: 265: 260: 259: 255: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 238: 237: 232: 231: 227: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 202: 200: 199: 194: 193: 189: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 167: 166: 161: 160: 156: 153: 152: 147: 146: 142: 139: 138: 133: 132: 128: 125: 124: 119: 118: 114: 111: 110: 105: 104: 100: 98: 97: 93: 92: 88: 86: 85: 81: 80: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 15867:Feudal Japan 15700:Hōjō Ujinaga 15644: 15636: 15628: 15620: 15612:Sakuji-bugyō 15610: 15604: 15596: 15587: 15581: 15573: 15565: 15557: 15549: 15540: 15534: 15526: 15519:Kinzan-bugyō 15517: 15509: 15502: 15493: 15486: 15477: 15468: 15463:Gusoku-bugyō 15461: 15455:Gunkan-bugyō 15453: 15445: 15439: 15431: 15421: 15411: 15323:Ōta Sukemoto 15203:Abe Masasuke 15067: 15044: 15028:Sakai Tadatō 15010:Inaba Masami 14896:Abe Masahiro 14746:Abe Masataka 14692:Abe Masatake 14518:Sakai Tadayo 14447: 14374:Sakai Tadayo 14363: 14258: 14207: 14196: 14112: 13996: 13880: 13764: 13611:Sakuji-bugyō 13609: 13459: 13304: 13240: 13146: 13078: 12988: 12852: 12836: 12692: 12676: 12531: 12518: 12504: 12365: 12341:Kinzan-bugyō 12339: 12272: 12185: 12158: 12089: 12018: 11991: 11929: 11838: 11783: 11713: 11597: 11478:Gusoku-bugyō 11476: 11453: 11358: 11345:Gunkan-bugyō 11343: 11328: 11223: 11208: 11193: 11110: 11079: 11067: 11050: 10971: 10914: 10885: 10843: 10712: 10603: 10594: 10579:Please help 10567: 10405: 10394: 10369: 10246: 9831: 9829:r. 1866–1867 9823: 9655: 9649: 9495: 9489: 9480:r. 1858–1866 9474: 9459:r. 1853–1858 9453: 9274:r. 1837–1853 9268: 9128:r. 1786–1837 9122: 8970:r. 1760–1786 8964: 8941:r. 1712–1716 8935: 8823:Hitotsubashi 8806:r. 1745–1760 8800: 8777:r. 1709–1712 8771: 8650:r. 1716–1745 8644: 8629:r. 1680–1709 8623: 8590:r. 1651–1680 8584: 8431:r. 1623–1651 8425: 8282:r. 1605–1623 8276: 8157:r. 1603–1605 8151: 7940:Tea ceremony 7917: 7911: / 7903:No-pan kissa 7901: 7872:Martial arts 7764:Architecture 7757: / 7702:Prostitution 7668:Homelessness 7638:Demographics 7562:Central bank 7392:Human rights 7360:Constitution 7215:Contemporary 7043: 7037:Early Modern 6941:Heian period 6929:Monmu period 6924:Taika Reform 6902:Asuka period 6897:Kofun period 6892:Yayoi period 6887:Jōmon period 6720: 6712: 6705: 6695: 6654: 6632: 6619:, retrieved 6615:the original 6599: 6580: 6557: 6544: 6523: 6497: 6471: 6441: 6422: 6395: 6368: 6349: 6340:the original 6320: 6297:, New York: 6293: 6289:Flath, David 6270: 6245: 6218: 6196: 6171:. Retrieved 6167:"江戸時代の年表・年号" 6161: 6152: 6142: 6137:, p. 52 6130: 6125:, p. 42 6106:, p. 51 6083:. Retrieved 6079: 6070: 6062:the original 6057: 6030:, retrieved 6026:the original 6021: 6008: 5996: 5981: 5976: 5961: 5956: 5949:Jackson 2015 5944: 5937:Jackson 2015 5932: 5925:Jackson 2015 5920: 5913:Jackson 2015 5908: 5897:. Retrieved 5893: 5884: 5877:Jackson 2015 5872: 5865:Jackson 2015 5860: 5853:Jackson 2015 5848: 5841:Jackson 2015 5836: 5829:Jackson 2015 5824: 5817:Jackson 2015 5812: 5805:Jackson 2015 5800: 5793:Jackson 2015 5780:, p. 8. 5773: 5731: 5719: 5693:. Retrieved 5683: 5671:. Retrieved 5667:the original 5655: 5622: 5596: 5588: 5576: 5554: 5539: 5534: 5522: 5510: 5498: 5486: 5474: 5462:. Yosensha. 5459: 5454: 5442: 5430: 5420: 5403: 5384: 5378: 5371:Diamond 2005 5366: 5355:the original 5342: 5338: 5325: 5317: 5312: 5279: 5271: 5263: 5258: 5235: 5193: 5188: 5149: 5125: 5117: 5080: 5016: 5011: 5006:, p. 93 4984:. Retrieved 4980:the original 4975: 4964: 4933: 4925: 4920: 4908: 4886:(1): 39–49. 4883: 4879: 4873: 4861:. Retrieved 4854:the original 4847: 4833: 4821:. Retrieved 4817:the original 4810: 4784:. Retrieved 4780:the original 4773: 4762: 4757:, p. 22 4755:Beasley 1972 4750: 4738: 4726: 4718:the original 4713: 4689: 4678:. Retrieved 4674: 4665: 4654:. 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14277:(1605–1623) 14271:(1603–1605) 13079:machi-bugyō 12519:machi-bugyō 11068:machi-bugyō 10916:Jisha-bugyō 10503: Reign 10118: [ 10109:(1907–1992) 10090: [ 10083:(1913–1999) 9974:(1877–1949) 9839:(1836–1893) 9820:(1837–1913) 9689: [ 9680:(1800–1862) 9663:(1800–1860) 9646:(1884–1963) 9529: [ 9520:(1776–1832) 9503:(1773–1816) 9486:(1863–1940) 9471:(1846–1866) 9450:(1824–1858) 9331: [ 9324:(1751–1805) 9304:(1828–1876) 9287: [ 9280:(1801–1846) 9265:(1793–1853) 9154:(1728–1766) 9142:3rd Head of 9134:(1779–1848) 9119:(1773–1841) 9000:(1705–1730) 8991:2nd Head of 8983: [ 8976:(1751–1827) 8961:(1737–1786) 8932:(1709–1716) 8841: [ 8832:(1680–1735) 8820:1st Head of 8812:(1721–1765) 8797:(1712–1761) 8768:(1662–1712) 8673: [ 8664:(1661–1687) 8641:(1684–1751) 8620:(1646–1709) 8596:(1644–1678) 8581:(1641–1680) 8470:(1622–1695) 8445:(1627–1705) 8422:(1604–1651) 8327:(1603–1661) 8296:(1602–1671) 8273:(1579–1632) 8148:(1543–1616) 7955:Video games 7697:Pornography 7305:Prefectures 7285:Environment 7280:Earthquakes 7265:Archipelago 7172:Pacific War 7128:Late Modern 6936:Nara period 6882:Paleolithic 6541:Attribution 6135:Gordon 2008 6123:Gordon 2008 6104:Gordon 2008 6001:Jansen 2002 5583:, p. 2 5447:Nihonbashi. 5320:, pp. 69–90 5251:Totman 2000 4913:Totman 2000 4849:Shimonoseki 4840:人権意識のアップデート 4625:, Japanese 4102:Shimonoseki 4030:Adam Laxman 3693:Kanrin Maru 2898:Mt. Yoshino 2650:Kaga Domain 2576:Kano school 2568:Itō Jakuchū 2552:Ogata Kōrin 2530:, 1712-1716 2528:Ogata Kōrin 2463:Nihon Shoki 2413:rule of law 2375:rationalism 2055:Agriculture 1538:Edo society 1334:bureaucrats 1328:units. The 1273:positions. 1187:centralized 1183:bureaucracy 1033:, when the 702:Earthquakes 545:Pacific War 453:World War I 84:Paleolithic 15837:Edo period 15831:Categories 15750:1853–1855) 15678:1632–1640) 15589:Rōya-bugyō 15423:Bugu-bugyō 14962:Abe Masato 14431:Ii Naosuke 14398:Ii Naozumi 14293:Tsunayoshi 13306:Rōya-bugyō 12274:Kura-bugyō 12091:Kane-bugyō 10597:April 2015 10115:Matsudaira 9980:Matsudaira 9843:Matsudaira 9686:Yoshitatsu 9684:Matsudaira 9524:Matsudaira 8836:Matsudaira 8668:Matsudaira 8625:Tsunayoshi 8604:Daimyō of 8600:Tsunashige 8474:Matsudaira 7945:Television 7867:Literature 7829:Hikikomori 7750:Aesthetics 7628:Censorship 7510:Ministries 7480:Government 7194:Heisei era 7177:Occupation 7135:Taishō era 7096:Boshin War 7076:Government 7044:Edo period 6957:Genpei War 6907:Taihō Code 6715:1603–1868 6711:Edo period 6621:2021-04-29 6445:, London: 6173:2020-02-20 6085:2022-03-25 5899:2020-02-20 5673:5 November 5479:Lewis 2003 5130:Flath 2000 5120:, 622-635. 4938:Lewis 2003 4680:2022-10-03 4656:2023-09-05 4627:automatons 4605:Gonin Gumi 4544:1865～1868 4533:1864～1865 4522:1861～1864 4511:1860～1861 4500:1854～1860 4489:1848～1854 4478:1844～1848 4467:1830～1844 4456:1818～1830 4445:1804～1818 4434:1801～1804 4423:1789～1801 4412:1781～1789 4401:1772～1781 4390:1764～1772 4379:1751～1764 4368:1748～1751 4357:1744～1748 4346:1741～1744 4335:1736～1741 4324:1716～1736 4313:1711～1716 4302:1704～1711 4291:1688～1704 4280:1684～1688 4269:1681～1684 4258:1673～1681 4247:1661～1673 4236:1658～1661 4225:1655～1658 4214:1652～1655 4203:1648～1652 4192:1644～1648 4181:1624～1644 4170:1615～1624 4159:1596～1615 3975:1657: The 3789:Boshin War 3670:Boshin War 3665:Kaiyō Maru 3350:diplomatic 3307:barbarians 3182:district. 3174:. Several 3077:tsuma moyō 3008:embroidery 2963:Miya River 2872:Mount Fuji 2654:Maeda clan 2235:, and the 1884:Population 1874:handicraft 1843:Photochrom 1491:Portuguese 1466:, a small 1271:government 1019:revolution 977:Boshin War 866:Edo period 617:Cool Japan 485:Militarism 347:Boshin War 300:(Tokugawa) 182:Genpei War 15548:Nagasaki 15501:Kanagawa 15068:shoshidai 14425:Ii Naoaki 14410:Ii Naooki 14353:Yoshinobu 14311:Yoshimune 12675:Nagasaki 12505:shoshidai 11990:Kanagawa 11596:Hakodate 11195:Sobayōnin 11052:Rōjū-kaku 10568:does not 10366:(b. 1965) 10248:Tsunenari 10243:(b. 1940) 9825:Yoshinobu 9526:Yoshinari 9507:Harutoshi 9308:Yoshiyori 8851:Takamatsu 8670:Yoritoshi 8646:Yoshimune 8483:Takamatsu 8476:Yorishige 8449:Mitsusada 7919:Otokonoko 7887:Mythology 7799:Festivals 7722:Sexuality 7675:Languages 7648:Etiquette 7643:Education 7592:Transport 7404:Judiciary 7365:Elections 7275:Districts 7260:Addresses 7248:Geography 7222:Reiwa era 7152:Shōwa era 7066:Meiji era 7056:Bakumatsu 6979:Genkō War 6839:Education 6802:Overviews 6726:1868–1945 6701:1573–1603 6447:Routledge 6414:990574229 6387:990574229 5778:Iwao 2015 5460:江戸のベストセラー 5168:953227195 5099:277040931 4633:Citations 4611:Jidaigeki 4142:Japanese 4139:Era name 4120:Era names 4078:Tokyo Bay 3948:) in Edo. 3830:jidaigeki 3635:bakumatsu 3622:Bakumatsu 3539:sonnō-jōi 3458:. In the 3384:Kurihama 3334:sonnō jōi 3261:Icelandic 3210:classes. 3114:Bakumatsu 3086:safflower 3050:goshodoki 2948:Hiroshige 2923:Shibaraku 2781:shibaraku 2770:Japonisme 2766:Hiroshige 2749:nishiki-e 2671:Yoshiwara 2596:wakizashi 2467:Man'yōshū 2306:kusazōshi 2288:kokkeibon 2129:Education 2078:fudasashi 2033:Yoshimune 2001:Ichibuban 1823:burakumin 1802:burakumin 1766:Danzaemon 1643:Confucian 1480:Shimabara 1445:Europeans 878:Edo jidai 741:Religion 732:Geography 717:Education 712:Era names 337:Bakumatsu 276:Imjin War 236:Muromachi 215:Genkō War 205:Jōkyū War 15656:Ōmetsuke 15619:Shimoda 15556:Niigata 15438:Fushimi 14275:Hidetada 13763:Shimada 12835:Niigata 12691:Fushimi 10713:Ōmetsuke 10543:Tokugawa 9845:Katamori 9328:Harumori 9284:Nariyuki 9158:Munemoto 9138:Narimasa 9004:Munetaka 8980:Harusada 8838:Yoritoyo 8816:Munetada 8331:Yorifusa 8300:Yorinobu 8278:Hidetada 8095:Tokugawa 7994:Category 7809:Folklore 7707:Religion 7680:Japanese 7653:Gambling 7463:Maritime 7344:Politics 7325:Villages 7006:Ōnin War 6849:Military 6834:Economic 6768:articles 6684:Timeline 6631:(1986), 6522:(2000), 6495:(1993), 6470:(1989), 6318:(2008), 6291:(2000), 6242:(2005), 6217:(1972), 6194:(2010), 5890:"Kimono" 5736:花開く江戸の園芸 5705:cite web 5695:July 15, 5647:45728301 5562:Archived 5304:47013231 5118:Daedalus 4976:Kotobank 4580:See also 4572:area of 4307:Shōtoku 4285:Genroku 4219:Meireki 4049:Nagasaki 4047:reaches 4038:Hokkaidō 3913:Toyotomi 3812:Hokkaidō 3778:rebelled 3753:, other 3656:Yokosuka 3594:— 3386:Yokosuka 3292:Hokkaidō 3284:Sakhalin 3282:(called 3280:Karafuto 3263:volcano 3162:, whose 2983:uchikake 2806:such as 2754:Kiyonaga 2744:Harunobu 2505:karakuri 2425:chōnindō 2402:made by 2395:Karakuri 2381:kokugaku 2371:humanism 2367:Buddhist 2294:ninjōbon 2282:sharebon 2276:kibyōshi 2238:Igakukan 2231:kokugaku 2199:Shōheikō 2190:terakoya 2185:terakoya 2138:Terakoya 2118:forestry 1950:Kuniyasu 1709:Buddhism 1662:hatamoto 1599:hyakushō 1553:Archived 1506:and the 1496:Nagasaki 1405:, a 500- 1397:warships 1311:military 1138:Hidetada 1081:hectares 1031:Tokugawa 1004:, first 975:and the 826:Timeline 816:Glossary 787:Post-war 782:Politics 772:Military 745:Buddhism 697:Currency 198:Kamakura 46:a series 44:Part of 15643:Yamada 15476:Haneda 14347:Iemochi 14335:Ieyoshi 14317:Ieshige 14305:Ietsugu 14287:Ietsuna 14281:Iemitsu 14111:Yamada 11712:Haneda 10844:Metsuke 10589:removed 10574:sources 10406:shōguns 9667:Nariaki 9476:Iemochi 9270:Ieyoshi 8937:Ietsugu 8802:Ieshige 8586:Ietsuna 8427:Iemitsu 7950:Theatre 7925:Origami 7852:Irezumi 7847:Ikebana 7814:Gardens 7789:Cuisine 7742:Culture 7727:Smoking 7663:Housing 7611:Society 7545:Economy 7488:Cabinet 7370:Emperor 7310:Regions 7295:Islands 7182:Postwar 7110:(noble) 6875:Ancient 6822:Shoguns 6794:History 6784:Outline 6153:JPbound 5982:明治の細密工芸 4986:7 March 4928:(2019). 4863:7 March 4823:7 March 4786:7 March 4591:Edomoji 4568:in the 4516:Bunkyū 4505:Man'en 4450:Bunsei 4417:Kansei 4406:Tenmei 4373:Hōreki 4362:Kan'en 4329:Genbun 4241:Kanbun 4175:Kan'ei 4153:Keichō 4074:Edo Bay 3988:ukiyo-e 3923:chōnins 3866:shōguns 3823:Bushido 3718:Satsuma 3674:Enomoto 3652:Enomoto 3522:shinpan 3448:shinpan 3416:Shimoda 3358:Edo Bay 3326:rangaku 3302:Rangaku 3296:whalers 3172:Edo Bay 3160:US Navy 3158:of the 3101:netsuke 2971:Fashion 2828:izakaya 2816:tempura 2762:Hokusai 2758:Utamaro 2726:Hokusai 2722:ukiyo-e 2697:ukiyo-e 2691:bunraku 2624:lacquer 2601:lacquer 2584:castles 2580:fusumas 2496:Toshiba 2488:wadokei 2483:rangaku 2446:anatomy 2359:Wadokei 2300:yomihon 2270:bunraku 2159:schools 2152:daimyos 2147:shinpan 2021:daimyos 1978:daimyos 1894:ukiyo-e 1774:ja:弾左衛門 1619:castles 1532:Society 1410:galleon 1282:daimyo, 1278:emperor 1207:shinpan 1171:bakuhan 1157:bakuhan 1110:at the 1097:vassals 1036:samurai 1010:of the 938:culture 910:, when 821:History 760:Judaism 707:Economy 73:Periods 15811:(1864) 15786:(1868) 15780:(1868) 15768:(1864) 15762:(1862) 15744:(1844) 15714:(1684) 15708:(1670) 15696:(1650) 15635:Uraga 15627:Sunpu 15603:Sakai 15580:Osaka 15572:Osaka 15564:Nikkō 15525:Kyoto 15485:Hyōgo 15385:(1862) 15066:Kyoto 15036:(1868) 15018:(1867) 15000:(1866) 14796:(1728) 14439:(1865) 14376:(1636) 14341:Iesada 14329:Ienari 14323:Ieharu 14299:Ienobu 14269:Ieyasu 14260:Shōgun 14208:ad hoc 13995:Uraga 13879:Sunpu 13239:Sakai 13145:Osaka 13077:Osaka 12987:Nikkō 12517:Kyoto 12503:Kyoto 12157:Kanjō 11930:Daikan 11837:Hyōgo 11785:Gundai 11455:Daimyō 11112:Shōgun 10501: 10495: 10410:Ieyasu 10371:Iehiro 10113:Ichirō 10087:Toyoko 9978:Tsuneo 9699:Takasu 9651:Iemasa 9540:Takasu 9491:Iesato 9455:Iesada 9317:family 9315:Tayasu 9147:family 9145:Tayasu 9124:Ienari 8966:Ieharu 8825:family 8773:Ienobu 8337:Daimyō 8306:Daimyō 8153:Ieyasu 8093:Prince 8086:Shōgun 7935:Shinto 7857:Kawaii 7834:Hanami 7819:Geisha 7779:Cinema 7774:Bonsai 7692:People 7658:Health 7577:Energy 7458:Ground 7315:Rivers 7270:Cities 7108:Kazoku 6808:Lists 6766: 6661: 6643: 6607: 6587: 6554:. 6530: 6509: 6482: 6453: 6429: 6412: 6402: 6385: 6375: 6357: 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