485:
49:
129:
122:
653:
620:, at about 11,400 years ago producing the Pahoka tephra and the largest Mangamate Formation at about 11,200 years. The Pahoka-Mangamate sequence was an intense 200 year long period of large explosive eruptions from multiple vents between Tongariro and Ruapehu. This sequence is understood to have included a total volume of about 4.5 km (1.1 cu mi) in several episodes:
594:, north-west of Ruapehu. There is then a gap in identified materials until a small lava inlier on the western side of Tongariro that has been dated at 512,000 ± 59,000 years ago and is essentially buried by more recent activity. The 90 km (22 cu mi) cone and 60 km (14 cu mi) ring-plain of the complex has multiple eruptive centres aligned with the
751:
Mount
Tongariro erupted again at 1:20 pm on 21 November, ejecting an ash cloud 4000 metres into the air. Flights in the area were cancelled, as were several the following morning. Geologists had no warning before the eruption, saying it was not linked to warnings the week before of elevated
615:
which like North Crater, another symmetrical but smaller cone, required the absence of ice after the last ice age to form. Tongariro displays evidence for extensive
Quaternary glaciation in the form of moraines and lava-ice interaction textures. However Pukeonake is off this axis, approximately
711:
to the east and State
Highway 46 to the north of the mountain each received up to 5 cm (2 in) of ash cover, and were closed until the following morning due to ash and low visibility. A layer of ash 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) thick settled on farmland 5 to 10 km (3.1 to
994:
Leonard, Graham S.; Cole, Rosie P.; Christenson, Bruce W.; Conway, Chris E.; Cronin, Shane J.; Gamble, John A.; Hurst, Tony; Kennedy, Ben M.; Miller, Craig A.; Procter, Jonathan N.; Pure, Leo R.; Townsend, Dougal B.; White, James D. L.; Wilson, Colin J. N. (2 May 2021).
670:) on 6 August 2012, Mt Tongariro had what was initially believed to be a hydrothermal eruption after this increased activity. The eruption occurred at the Te Māri Craters, which had not had a major ash eruption since 1897 and had been dormant since September 1899.
275:. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcanic deposits name/wikilink and ages before present for wider volcanic context. The key to the shading of other volcanics that are shown (active in last million years odd) with panning is
616:
6 km (3.7 mi) west of the linear vent zone, but is considered to be a satellite vent. The largest recent eruptions with volumes greater than 0.2 km (0.048 cu mi) occurred between 16,600 and 26,000 years ago with the
Rotoaira
955:
Eaves, Shaun R.; N. Mackintosh, Andrew; Winckler, Gisela; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Alloway, Brent V.; Townsend, Dougal B. (15 January 2016). "A cosmogenic 3He chronology of late
Quaternary glacier fluctuations in North Island, New Zealand (39°S)".
642:
Poutu
Episodes, an initial Blue Lake vent eruption was followed by a proto-Ngauruhoe vent eruption to the south of the present Ngauruhoe crater with a total of five layers of tephra deposited to a total tephra volume of 1.42 km
712:
6.2 mi) east of Mount
Tongariro. Particle sizes were between 2 and 3 mm (0.08 and 0.12 in). The airspace within a 12 km (7.5 mi) radius of the mountain was closed after the eruption, but later reopened to
631:
Oturere
Episode, with three layers with initially Half Cone and Tama Lakes vents active at similar times, to a total volume of 0.48 km (0.12 cu mi); however, the final most recent layer was from the Tama Lakes area
680:
reported the ash cloud contained about 10,000 m (350,000 cu ft) of ash, and that the ash cloud was 25 km (16 mi) long and 15 km (9.3 mi) wide 39 minutes after the eruption. Ash and the smell of
747:
Ketetahi Hut, which is located 1.5 km (0.9 mi) west of the Te Māri
Craters. There was no official evacuation but 24 people living along State Highway 46 fled their homes for fear of being isolated.
638:
Wharepu
Episode, from only Tama Lake vents. This episode too was from a deep magma reservoir at between 28 and 35 km (17 and 22 mi) depth, and produced a tephra volume of at least 0.63 km
610:
area and definitely was established by 230,000 years ago. The eruptive centres extend from the Te Maari craters in the north-east to the Tama Lakes in the south-west and include the more classic cone of
481:, while often regarded as a separate mountain, is geologically a cone of Tongariro. It is also the most active vent, having erupted more than 70 times since 1839, the last episode in 1973 to 1975.
511:
The high altitude and severe alpine climate between March and October allow snowfall in the winter (there are commercial ski-fields at neighbouring Mount Ruapehu) and rain can freeze, causing
676:
An ash cloud 6.1 km (3.8 mi) high deposited ash into the surrounding area, especially to the east of the volcano. The ash cloud travelled 250 km (160 mi) in four hours.
1371:
1263:
1521:
1483:
1289:
1426:
1349:
933:
519:, no glaciers exist on Tongariro today. However, geomorphological evidence in the form of moraines and cirques indicates the former presence of mountain glaciers. Dating of
1543:
1057:
Pure, L. R.; Leonard, G. S.; Townsend, D. B.; Wilson, C. J. N.; Calvert, A. T.; Calvert, A. T.; Cole, R. P.; Conway, C. E.; Gamble, J. A.; Smith, T. B. (1 October 2020).
673:
The eruption occurred in a new vent below the Upper Te Māri crater, and sent blocks as large as 1 m (3 ft) in size up to 2 km (1.2 mi) from the vent.
635:
Ohinepango - Waihohonu twin episodes, again from Half Cone and Tama lakes vents with the former predominant to a tolal volume of 1.11 km (0.27 cu mi)
1457:
1404:
78:
492:
Activity has also been recorded at other vents in recent history. Te Māri Craters erupted in 2012, for the first time since 1897. Red Crater last erupted
1513:
1323:
1241:
1600:
1634:
1096:
1379:
624:
Te Rato Episode, with Half Cone and North Crater active at similar times producing at least a tephra volume of 0.67 km (0.16 cu mi) (
523:
on western Tongariro show that valley glaciers were present at several times during the last glacial cycle, before melting away at the end of the
867:
1267:
515:; in contrast in the mid to late summer, the mountains can be bare apart from remnant patches of snow in south-facing gullies. Unlike nearby
1491:
833:
1293:
1129:
Heinrich, M.; Cronin, S.J.; Pardo, N. (2020). "Understanding multi-vent Plinian eruptions at Mt. Tongariro volcanic complex, New Zealand".
1434:
628:
0.43 km (0.10 cu mi)). This episode was from a deep magma reservoir at between 28 and 35 km (17 and 22 mi) depth.
1345:
761:
1581:
925:
1215:
744:
1928:
539:, New Zealand's first national park and one of the earliest in the world. It was set aside (literally "made sacred") in 1887 by
1551:
1627:
121:
1958:
666:
After a period of volcanic unrest that had resulted in an increase in alert level on 20 July 2012, at 11:50 pm (NZST,
576:
1933:
1461:
1396:
1963:
553:
and made a national park in order to preserve its natural beauty. The park also includes the peaks of Ngauruhoe and
1968:
1620:
771:
1059:"A high resolution 40Ar/39Ar lava chronology and edifice construction history for Tongariro Volcano, New Zealand"
434:, and is the northernmost of the three active volcanoes that dominate the landscape of the central North Island.
1953:
1918:
1169:"Variable magma reservoir depths for Tongariro Volcanic Complex eruptive deposits from 10,000 years to present"
1943:
1923:
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459:
71:
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708:
195:
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31:
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1948:
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565:
217:
17:
863:
1938:
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804:
766:
889:
Cole, J.W. (March 1978). "Andesites of the Tongariro volcanic centre, North Island, New Zealand".
1643:
841:
809:
536:
442:
Mount Tongariro is part of the Tongariro volcanic centre, which consists of four massifs made of
1400:
1319:
740:
due to the risk of volcanic ash clogging the engines on their aircraft serving those airports.
447:
264:
166:
595:
484:
419:
188:
1834:
729:
702:
690:
625:
466:, reaching a height of 1,978 m (6,490 ft). Tongariro is composed of layers of both
1180:
1138:
1070:
1008:
965:
898:
524:
227:
Map centered on Mount Tongariro to show approximate selected surface volcanic features and
474:
and the eruptions that built the current stratovolcano commenced about 275,000 years ago.
8:
1849:
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713:
698:
686:
558:
540:
501:
500:. There are many explosion craters on the massif; water has filled some of these to form
156:
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48:
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355:(gray). White shading has been used for postulated calderas (usually subsurface now).
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Mount Tongariro and its surroundings are also one of the several locations which
478:
415:
171:
544:
1813:
1782:
799:
743:
No injuries were reported, and the only significant property damage was to the
590:
The oldest recorded volcanism in the area was at 933,000 ± 46,000 years ago at
557:, both of which lie to the southwest of Tongariro. The national park is a dual
1193:
1168:
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263:. Mixed and sedimentary deposits are not shown. The andesitic deposits of the
1902:
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463:
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183:
93:
80:
1167:
Arpa, M.C.; Zellmer, G.F.; Christenson, B.; Lube, G.; Shellnutt, G. (2017).
431:
1658:
591:
493:
423:
210:
179:
997:"Ruapehu and Tongariro stratovolcanoes: a review of current understanding"
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427:
652:
238:. Vents and cones or craters active in the last 15,000 years are shaded
1746:
1091:
1031:
694:
607:
345:
924:
McSaveney, Eileen; Stewart, Carol; Leonard, Graham (5 November 2007).
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259:. To the south volcanic deposits are continuous with those from
1694:
1578:
The Volcanic Outburst at Te Māri, Tongariro, in November, 1892.
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617:
471:
394:
323:
281:
61:
606:. The formation of these began about 304,000 years ago in the
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993:
989:
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for its outstanding natural and intangible cultural values.
430:. It is located 20 km (12 mi) to the southwest of
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467:
397:
388:
382:
1166:
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385:
1642:
1514:"Scientists had no warning before Mt Tongariro eruption"
1212:"Te Maari: Ten-year anniversary of the 2012 eruption(s)"
923:
926:"Historic volcanic activity: Tongariro and Ngāuruhoe"
568:
hiking route passes between Tongariro and Ngauruhoe.
1397:"Eruption activity subsided for now - civil defence"
462:. The andesitic eruptions formed Tongariro, a steep
391:
376:
1128:
373:
1456:Williams, Dave; Robson, Sarah (21 November 2012).
659:satellite image of the August 2012 eruption, from
1900:
30:"Tongariro" redirects here. For other uses, see
1346:"Tongariro eruption: Sulphur smell in Blenheim"
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1063:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
891:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1628:
1460:. Nz.news.yahoo.com. Newswire. Archived from
1372:"Scientists: Tongariro eruption 'unexpected'"
1206:
1204:
1001:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1484:"Flights cancelled after Tongariro eruption"
1427:"VIDEO: Mt Tongariro erupts, huge ash cloud"
1230:
693:. The smell of sulphur was also reported in
1162:
1160:
1111:
488:Emerald Lakes from the summit of Red Crater
1635:
1621:
1256:
1201:
1052:
1050:
762:List of mountains of New Zealand by height
1582:Transactions of the New Zealand Institute
1192:
1090:
1030:
1020:
647:
477:Tongariro consists of at least 12 cones.
1157:
930:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
828:
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651:
483:
1391:
1389:
1308:
1292:. Geonet. 8 August 2012. Archived from
1047:
128:
14:
1901:
1266:. GeoNet. 21 July 2012. Archived from
1238:"Tongariro erupts, alert level raised"
870:from the original on 24 September 2015
1616:
1326:from the original on 8 September 2019
1290:"Volcanic Alert Bulletin TON-2012/10"
1264:"Volcanic Alert Bulletin TON-2012/03"
1244:from the original on 8 September 2019
823:
794:
792:
720:cancelled some flights in and out of
409:
1524:from the original on 18 October 2017
1386:
1316:"Tongariro eruption: 1km ash radius"
888:
1458:"More Tongariro eruptions forecast"
1218:from the original on 11 August 2022
585:
543:(Horonuku), paramount chief of the
24:
1570:
1550:. 26 November 2012. Archived from
1490:. 22 November 2012. Archived from
1433:. 21 November 2012. Archived from
936:from the original on 30 April 2009
789:
752:activity at nearby Mount Ruapehu.
348:is lighter shades of violet), and
25:
1980:
1603:at the Department of Conservation
1597:at the Department of Conservation
1588:
866:. Stuff.co.nz. 21 November 2012.
838:GeoNet Hazards Monitoring Network
252:. Lakes in vents are outlined in
1607:Tongariro Alpine Crossing photos
1407:from the original on 4 June 2020
1099:from the original on 5 June 2022
1083:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106993
772:List of volcanoes in New Zealand
527:approximately 18,000 years ago.
369:
127:
120:
47:
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1419:
1378:. 7 August 2012. Archived from
1364:
1352:from the original on 3 May 2019
1338:
1282:
978:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.004
27:Compound volcano in New Zealand
1929:Stratovolcanoes of New Zealand
1544:"Ruapehu eruption more likely"
1348:. Stuff.co.nz. 8 August 2012.
948:
917:
882:
856:
301: undifferentiated basalts
13:
1:
1878:North Island Volcanic Plateau
1022:10.1080/00288306.2021.1909080
782:
460:North Island Volcanic Plateau
911:10.1016/0377-0273(78)90007-0
745:Department of Conservation's
496:in 1926 and contains active
66:1,978 m (6,490 ft)
7:
1959:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
864:"Mt Tongariro Erupts Again"
755:
458:at the southern end of the
10:
1985:
1726:Tongariro Northern Circuit
958:Quaternary Science Reviews
777:Tongariro Northern Circuit
535:Mount Tongariro is in the
530:
437:
353: plutonic or intusive
285:(shades of brown/orange),
32:Tongariro (disambiguation)
29:
1934:Tongariro Volcanic Centre
1870:
1822:
1806:
1755:
1734:
1721:Tongariro Alpine Crossing
1713:
1687:
1651:
1601:Tongariro Alpine Crossing
1240:. GeoNet. 7 August 2012.
1194:10.1007/s00445-017-1137-5
1151:10.1007/s00445-020-1369-7
566:Tongariro Alpine Crossing
223:
218:Tongariro Alpine Crossing
209:
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155:
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109:
70:
60:
55:
46:
41:
1964:Holocene stratovolcanoes
1823:Localities and buildings
805:Global Volcanism Program
767:Volcanism of New Zealand
271:are to the north beyond
1969:Tongariro National Park
1644:Tongariro National Park
1595:Tongariro National Park
1173:Bulletin of Volcanology
1131:Bulletin of Volcanology
810:Smithsonian Institution
643:(0.34 cu mi).
639:(0.15 cu mi).
537:Tongariro National Park
332: basaltic andesite
200:21 November 2012 13:50
1401:Television New Zealand
1320:The New Zealand Herald
663:
648:2012 Te Māri eruptions
489:
448:Kakaramea-Tihia Massif
315: arc ring basalts
265:Kakaramea-Tihia Massif
94:39.12972°S 175.63583°E
1919:Volcanic crater lakes
655:
578:The Lord of the Rings
487:
1944:Volcanoes of Waikato
1924:Mountains of Waikato
1520:. 21 November 2012.
1382:on 24 February 2013.
525:Last Glacial Maximum
250: yellow outline
99:-39.12972; 175.63583
1954:Taupō Volcanic Zone
1768:Mangaturuturu River
1763:Manganuioteao River
1554:on 15 December 2013
1494:on 15 December 2013
1464:on 28 November 2012
1437:on 15 December 2013
1185:2017BVol...79...56A
1143:2020BVol...82...30H
1075:2020JVGR..40306993P
1013:2021NZJGG..64..389L
970:2016QSRv..132...40E
903:1978JVGR....3..121C
598:and bounded by the
596:Taupō volcanic rift
559:World Heritage Site
541:Te Heuheu Tukino IV
420:Taupō Volcanic Zone
243: orange-yellow
189:Taupō Volcanic Zone
90: /
1705:Whakapapa skifield
1609:at Virtual Oceania
664:
490:
411:[tɔŋaɾiɾɔ]
56:Highest point
1914:Complex volcanoes
1896:
1895:
1860:Chateau Tongariro
1855:Whakapapa Village
1403:. 7 August 2012.
1322:. 7 August 2012.
1296:on 10 August 2012
834:"About Tongariro"
604:Poutu fault zones
362:
361:
308: arc basalts
16:(Redirected from
1976:
1949:Ruapehu District
1909:Active volcanoes
1888:Waihi Fault Zone
1883:Poutu Fault Zone
1773:Mangawhero River
1742:Lake Rotopounamu
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1576:Hill, H. (1893)
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844:on 8 August 2012
840:. Archived from
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738:Palmerston North
685:was reported in
586:Eruptive history
548:Ngati Tuwharetoa
416:compound volcano
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1939:VEI-5 volcanoes
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1798:Whanganui River
1793:Whangaehu River
1788:Whakapapa River
1778:Tongariro River
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1679:Mount Tongariro
1664:Mount Ngauruhoe
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1571:Further reading
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718:Air New Zealand
709:State Highway 1
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613:Mount Ngauruhoe
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575:chose to shoot
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800:"Tongariro"
517:Mt. Ruapehu
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141:New Zealand
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1688:Ski fields
1069:: 106993.
783:References
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695:Wellington
608:Tama lakes
432:Lake Taupō
346:ignimbrite
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82:39°07′47″S
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