140:
122:
500:
heat softening resistance. They are used in production of larger parts or parts that require minimal distortion during hardening. The use of oil quenching and air-hardening helps reduce distortion, avoiding the higher stresses caused by the quicker water quenching. More alloying elements are used in these steels, as compared to the water-hardening class. These alloys increase the steels' hardenability, and thus require a less severe quenching process and as a result are less likely to crack. They have high surface hardness and are often used to make knife blades. The machinability of the oil hardening grades is high but for the high carbon-chromium types is low.
25:
907:(approximately 0.5% carbon). Carbide-forming alloys provide the necessary abrasion resistance, hardenability, and hot-work characteristics. This family of steels displays very high impact toughness and relatively low abrasion resistance and can attain relatively high hardness of 58 to 60 HRC. In the US, toughness usually derives from 1 to 2% silicon and 0.5–1% molybdenum content. In Europe, shock steels often contain
470:) and are rather brittle compared to other tool steels. W-steels are still sold, especially for springs, but are much less widely used than they were in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This is partly because W-steels warp and crack much more during quench than oil-quenched or air hardening steels.
935:
Hot-working steels are a group of steel used to cut or shape material at high temperatures. H-group tool steels were developed for strength and hardness during prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures. These tool steels are low carbon and moderate to high alloy that provide good hot hardness and
499:
The cold-work tool steels include the O series (oil-hardening), the A series (air-hardening), and the D series (high carbon-chromium). These are steels used to cut or form materials that are at low temperatures. This group possesses high hardenability and wear resistance, and average toughness and
489:
1.11–1.30% carbon: files, small drills, lathe tools, razor blades, and other light-duty applications where more wear resistance is required without great toughness. Steel of about 0.8% C gets as hard as steel with more carbon, but the free iron carbide particles in 1% or 1.25% carbon steel make it
825:
The D series of the cold-work class of tool steels, which originally included types D2, D3, D6, and D7, contains between 10% and 13% chromium (which is unusually high). These steels retain their hardness up to a temperature of 425 °C (800 °F). Common applications for these tool steels
745:
This type of tool steel air-hardens at a relatively low temperature (approximately the same temperature as oil-hardening types) and is dimensionally stable. Therefore, it is commonly used for dies, forming tools, and gauges that do not require extreme wear resistance but do need high stability.
423:
There are six groups of tool steels: water-hardening, cold-work, shock-resistant, high-speed, hot-work, and special purpose. The choice of group to select depends on cost, working temperature, required surface hardness, strength, shock resistance, and toughness requirements. The more severe the
906:
The high shock resistance and good hardenability are provided by chromium-tungsten, silicon-molybdenum, silicon-manganese alloying. Shock-resisting group tool steels (S) are designed to resist shock at both low and high temperatures. A low carbon content is required for the necessary toughness
462:. This group of tool steel is the most commonly used tool steel because of its low cost compared to others. They work well for parts and applications where high temperatures are not encountered; above 150 °C (300 °F) it begins to soften to a noticeable degree. Its
888:
D2 is very wear resistant but not as tough as lower alloyed steels. The mechanical properties of D2 are very sensitive to heat treatment. It is widely used for the production of shear blades, planer blades and industrial cutting tools; sometimes used for knife blades.
911:
carbon and around 3% nickel. A range of 1.75% to 2.75% nickel is still used in some shock-resisting and high-strength low-alloy steels (HSLA), such as L6, 4340, and
Swedish saw steel, but it is relatively expensive. An example of its use is in the production of
650:
Modern air-hardening steels are characterized by low distortion during heat treatment because of their high-chromium content. Their machinability is good and they have a balance of wear resistance and toughness (i.e. between the D and shock-resistant grades).
936:
toughness and fair wear resistance due to a substantial amount of carbide. H1 to H19 are based on a chromium content of 5%; H20 to H39 are based on a tungsten content of 9-18% and a chromium content of 3–4%; H40 to H59 are molybdenum based.
701:
A common general purpose tool steel; it is the most commonly used variety of air-hardening steel. It is commonly used for blanking and forming punches, trimming dies, thread rolling dies, and injection molding dies.
508:
This series includes an O1 type, an O2 type, an O6 type and an O7 type. All steels in this group are typically hardened at 800 °C (1,500 °F), oil quenched, then tempered below 200 °C (400 °F).
627:
A cold work graphitic steel with outstanding resistance to metal-to-metal sliding wear and galling. Typically used for cams, bushings, sleeves, arbors, forming rolls, shear blades, punches, dies, and guides.
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for example require tool steels for their resistance to abrasion- an important criterion for mold durability which enables hundreds of thousands of moldings operations over its lifetime.
597:
A cold work steel used for gauges, cutting tools, woodworking tools and knives. It can be hardened to 66 HRC, typically used at 61-63 HRC. Also sold as 1.2842 and 90MnCrV8.
473:
The toughness of W-group tool steels is increased by alloying with manganese, silicon and molybdenum. Up to 0.20% of vanadium is used to retain fine grain sizes during heat treating.
365:
and deformation, and their ability to hold a cutting edge at elevated temperatures. As a result, tool steels are suited for use in the shaping of other materials, as for example in
139:
450:
grades of tool steel is the most common scale used to identify various grades of tool steel. Individual alloys within a grade are given a number; for example: A2, O1, etc.
1304:
1275:
1246:
1217:
486:
0.91–1.10% carbon: general purpose tooling applications that require a good balance of wear resistance and toughness, such as rasps, drills, cutters, and shear blades.
830:
or semi-stainless, however their corrosion resistance is very limited due to the precipitation of the majority of their chromium and carbon constituents as carbides.
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include forging dies, die-casting die blocks, and drawing dies. Due to their high chromium content, certain D-type tool steels are often considered
466:
is low, so W-group tool steels must be subjected to a rapid quenching, requiring the use of water. These steels can attain high hardness (above 66
388:
in their matrix plays the dominant role in the qualities of tool steel. The four major alloying elements that form carbides in tool steel are:
814:
particles to increase machinability and provide self-lubricating properties. It is commonly used for gauges, arbors, shears, and punches.
121:
1349:
490:
hold an edge better. However, the fine edge probably rusts off faster than it wears off, if it is used to cut acidic or salty materials.
458:
W-group tool steel gets its name from its defining property of having to be water quenched. W-grade steel is essentially high carbon
408:
form of the iron determines the high-temperature performance of steel (slower is better, making for a heat-resistant steel). Proper
480:
0.60–0.75% carbon: machine parts, chisels, setscrews; properties include medium hardness with good toughness and shock resistance.
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89:
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563:, though it is typically used at 61-63 HRC. Vanadium is optional. Also sold as Arne, SKS3, 1.2510 and 100MnCrW4.
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A cold work steel used for gauges, cutting tools, woodworking tools and knives. It can be hardened to 66
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F-type tool steel is water hardened and substantially more wear resistant than W-type tool steel.
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service condition (higher temperature, abrasiveness, corrosiveness, loading), the higher the
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8:
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16:
Any of various steels that are particularly well-suited to be made into tools and tooling
82:
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1718:
Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; McCauley, Christopher J.; Heald, Ricardo M. (2004),
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957:
is short for plastic mold steels. They are designed to meet the requirements of zinc
436:
301:
967:
tool steel is short for low alloy special purpose tool steel. L6 is extremely tough.
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925:
270:
265:
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1777:
1268:"AISI Type O2 Oil-hardening Tool Steel, oil quenched at 800°C, tempered at 260°C"
827:
758:
2.00–2.85% C, 0.8% Mn, 5.00–5.75% Cr, 0.3% Ni, 0.9–1.4% Mo, 3.9–5.15% V, 0.5–1.5
260:
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content is often kept low to minimize the possibility of cracking during water
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Software to compare different tool steel grades based on their properties:
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Tool steels have a carbon content between 0.5% and 1.5%. The presence of
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Typical applications for various carbon compositions are for W-steels:
428:
content and consequent amount of carbides required for the tool steel.
401:
209:
171:
775:
0.5–0.6% C, 0.5% Mn, 4.75–5.50% Cr, 0.3% Ni, 1.15–1.65% Mo, 1.0–1.5 W
863:
807:
1.25–1.50% C, 1.6–2.1% Mn, 1.0–1.5% Si, 1.55–2.05% Ni, 1.25–1.75% Mo
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of metals and other materials. Their use in tooling is essential;
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1380:. 16 July 2022. Archived from the original on September 4, 2022.
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404:. The rate of dissolution of the different carbides into the
357:, and others. Their suitability comes from their distinctive
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1.25% C, 0.5% Mn, 5.0% Cr, 0.3% Ni, 0.9–1.4% Mo, 0.8–1.4% V
431:
Tool steels are used for cutting, pressing, extruding, and
412:
of these steels is important for adequate performance. The
338:
1699:
Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003),
1186:
Marks' Standard
Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 8th ed
1406:"High Speed Steel - Tool Steel - O6 - O6 Technical Data"
793:, 4.75–5.00% Cr, 1.25–1.75% Ni, 1.3–1.8% Mo, 0.8–1.4% V
1717:
1682:
1427:
742:
0.7% C, 1.8–2.5% Mn, 0.9–1.2% Cr, 0.3% Ni, 0.9–1.4% Mo
483:
0.76–0.90% carbon: forging dies, hammers, and sledges.
820:
1761:
Suggested tool steel selections for various purposes
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1698:
337:that are particularly well-suited to be made into
1784:
1692:
728:1.0% C, 2.0% Mn, 1.0% Cr, 0.3% Ni, 0.9–1.4% Mo
810:This grade contains a uniform distribution of
634:
503:
1210:"Carpenter O6 Graphitic Tool Steel (AISI O6)"
639:The first air-hardening-grade tool steel was
1423:
1421:
1419:
1239:"Crucible Steel KETOS® Tool Steel, AISI O1"
1144:
1142:
1755:Steel-guide GB based on British Steel norm
1183:
1177:
1152:Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist
1148:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1701:Materials and Processes in Manufacturing
1416:
1139:
946:
895:
453:
120:
1785:
1751:Steel-guide EU based on A.I.S.I. norm
1307:from the original on 15 February 2024
1278:from the original on 15 February 2024
1249:from the original on 15 February 2024
1220:from the original on 15 February 2024
1658:A-10 Tool Steel Material Information
930:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
961:and plastic injection molding dies.
919:
13:
1766:Comparison of tool steel standards
1184:Baumeister, Avallone (1978). "6".
1155:. ASM International. p. 159.
821:High carbon-chromium: the D series
494:
14:
1809:
1743:
1374:"1.2842 / 90MnCrV8 - Tool Steel"
1188:. McGraw Hill. pp. 33, 34.
138:
23:
1771:Tool Steel Chemical Composition
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1649:
1622:
1595:
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1541:
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1476:from the original on 2012-04-02
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34:needs additional citations for
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1693:General and cited references
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1023:Air-hardening; medium alloy
994:Significant characteristics
789:0.5% C, 0.5% Mn, 0.95–1.15%
7:
1110:
1031:High carbon; high chromium
635:Air-hardening: the A series
504:Oil-hardening: the O series
10:
1814:
923:
899:
284:Other iron-based materials
1390:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1297:"AISI Type O7 Tool Steel"
1089:
1075:H40–H59: molybdenum base
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1008:
1634:, Efunda, archived from
1607:, Efunda, archived from
1580:, Efunda, archived from
1553:, Efunda, archived from
1526:, Efunda, archived from
1499:, Efunda, archived from
1445:, Efunda, archived from
1326:"Tool Steel Composition"
1149:Verhoeven, John (2007).
220:Widmanstätten structures
1703:(9th ed.), Wiley,
1410:www.hudsontoolsteel.com
1122:List of steel producers
341:and tooling, including
1073:H20–H39: tungsten base
125:
1071:H1–H19: chromium base
947:Special-purpose group
941:DIN 1.2344 tool steel
902:Shock-resisting steel
896:Shock-resisting group
862:; additionally 0.45%
643:, which was known as
454:Water-hardening group
124:
1721:Machinery's Handbook
43:improve this article
1430:, pp. 466–467.
1117:Crucible Industries
984:
645:air-hardening steel
215:Tempered martensite
1776:2009-11-28 at the
979:
460:plain-carbon steel
329:is any of various
126:
1735:978-0-8311-2700-8
1724:(27th ed.),
1683:Oberg et al. 2004
1428:Oberg et al. 2004
1162:978-0-87170-858-8
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988:Defining property
954:P-type tool steel
939:Examples include
931:Hot-working group
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1530:on 2011-08-19
1529:
1525:
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1503:on 2012-04-02
1502:
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1449:on 2012-04-02
1448:
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1080:Plastic mold
1079:
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927:
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903:
887:
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873:
869:
865:
861:
858:, 11.0–13.0%
857:
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806:
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730:
727:
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719:
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706:
705:
700:
698:
695:, 0.15–0.50%
694:
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682:
678:
674:
667:
666:
662:
659:
656:
655:
652:
648:
647:at the time.
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464:hardenability
461:
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343:cutting tools
340:
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331:carbon steels
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1798:Metalworking
1719:
1700:
1678:
1667:, retrieved
1663:the original
1657:
1651:
1640:, retrieved
1636:the original
1630:
1624:
1613:, retrieved
1609:the original
1603:
1597:
1586:, retrieved
1582:the original
1576:
1570:
1559:, retrieved
1555:the original
1549:
1543:
1532:, retrieved
1528:the original
1522:
1516:
1505:, retrieved
1501:the original
1495:
1489:
1478:, retrieved
1468:
1462:
1451:, retrieved
1447:the original
1441:
1435:
1409:
1400:
1377:
1368:
1357:the original
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:
1320:
1309:. Retrieved
1300:
1291:
1280:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1242:
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1185:
1179:
1166:. Retrieved
1151:
1127:Silver steel
1065:Hot-working
982:steel grades
938:
934:
905:
824:
649:
644:
641:mushet steel
638:
507:
498:
475:
472:
457:
441:
430:
422:
383:
335:alloy steels
326:
325:
317:Wrought iron
307:Ductile iron
275:
246:Spring steel
241:Carbon steel
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:"Tool steel"
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1046:High speed
959:die casting
839:Composition
660:Composition
579:, 1.5–2.0%
537:, 1.0–1.4%
518:Composition
251:Alloy steel
195:Spheroidite
99:August 2009
1787:Categories
1669:2010-12-25
1642:2010-12-25
1615:2010-12-25
1588:2010-12-25
1561:2010-12-25
1534:2010-12-25
1507:2010-12-25
1480:2010-12-25
1472:, Efunda,
1453:2010-12-25
1335:2017-11-20
1311:2017-11-20
1282:2017-11-20
1253:2017-11-20
1224:2017-11-20
1168:9 November
1096:Low alloy
975:Comparison
914:jackhammer
468:Rockwell C
402:molybdenum
351:hand tools
327:Tool steel
302:White iron
276:Tool steel
210:Ledeburite
172:Martensite
69:newspapers
1133:Citations
870:, 0.030%
866:, 0.030%
828:stainless
418:quenching
414:manganese
406:austenite
371:machining
297:Gray iron
292:Cast iron
167:Cementite
162:Austenite
1774:Archived
1631:AISI A10
1474:archived
1386:cite web
1305:Archived
1276:Archived
1247:Archived
1218:Archived
1111:See also
909:0.5–0.6%
882:, 0.30%
812:graphite
591:, 0.15%
587:, 0.30%
583:, 0.30%
553:, 0.20%
549:, 0.30%
545:, 0.50%
541:, 0.50%
398:vanadium
394:chromium
390:tungsten
386:carbides
375:stamping
363:abrasion
359:hardness
200:Pearlite
177:Graphite
1604:AISI A9
1577:AISI A8
1550:AISI A7
1523:AISI A6
1496:AISI A4
1469:AISI A3
1442:AISI A2
943:(H13).
878:, 0.9%
874:, 1.0%
691:, 1.0%
687:, 0.3%
683:, 5.0%
679:, 1.0%
621:, 0.3%
617:, 1.0%
613:, 1.0%
433:coining
379:forging
367:cutting
228:Classes
205:Bainite
157:Ferrite
83:scholar
1793:Steels
1732:
1707:
1301:MatWeb
1272:MatWeb
1243:MatWeb
1214:MatWeb
1192:
1159:
965:L-type
916:bits.
842:Notes
663:Notes
609:1.45%
575:0.90%
533:0.90%
521:Notes
355:knives
148:Phases
132:Steels
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1360:(PDF)
1353:(PDF)
854:1.5%
836:Grade
675:1.0%
657:Grade
515:Grade
426:alloy
377:, or
339:tools
90:JSTOR
76:books
1753:and
1730:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1392:link
1190:ISBN
1170:2014
1157:ISBN
444:AISI
442:The
400:and
347:dies
333:and
62:news
802:A10
448:SAE
45:by
1789::
1728:,
1418:^
1408:.
1388:}}
1384:{{
1376:.
1328:.
1303:.
1299:.
1274:.
1270:.
1245:.
1241:.
1216:.
1212:.
1141:^
1101:F
1093:L
1083:P
1068:H
1057:M
1049:T
1039:S
1028:D
1020:A
1012:O
1002:W
884:Si
880:Mo
864:Mn
860:Cr
849:D2
791:Si
784:A9
770:A8
753:A7
737:A6
723:A4
709:A3
693:Mo
689:Ni
685:Cr
681:Mn
670:A2
623:Mo
619:Si
615:Mn
604:O6
589:Si
585:Cr
581:Mn
570:O2
551:Si
543:Cr
539:Mn
528:O1
420:.
396:,
392:,
381:.
373:,
369:,
353:,
349:,
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1757:.
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1714:.
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1394:)
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1227:.
1198:.
1174:.
1172:.
876:V
872:S
868:P
856:C
760:W
697:V
677:C
611:C
593:V
577:C
555:V
547:W
535:C
446:-
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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