1424:. Most Tories opposed voting with the opposition Whigs, only reversing this stance when the Pretender sent a letter to the Tories in 1730, ordering them to "unite in the measures against the Government and even with those who oppose it for different views than theirs". For the next decade, the Tories cooperated with the opposition Whigs against Walpole. Public admission of Jacobitism was treason, so the Tories challenged the Hanoverian-Whig regime without specifically addressing it by developing a rhetoric borrowed from the Whigs of the Exclusion Crisis; they denounced government corruption and the high taxation needed to spend on foreign entanglements, opposed the growth of the Army and denounced "tyranny" and "arbitrary power". In a speech on the Army estimates, Walpole claimed that "No man of common prudence will profess himself openly a Jacobite; by so doing he not only may injure his private fortune, but he must render himself less able to do any effectual service to the cause he has embraced...Your right Jacobite, Sir, disguises his true sentiments, he roars out for revolution principles; he pretends to be a great friend to liberty". He further claimed that a large Army was needed to defeat any possible Jacobite invasion.
1445:
Government and ministry and perhaps find some who will concur with them in that, though not out of goodwill to my cause. In such cases I hope my friends will make no scruples in joining heartily with them for whatever their particular motives may be anything that tends to the disadvantage of the present
Government and to the bringing it into confusion cannot be but of advantage to my cause". As a result, 127 Tories joined the opposition Whigs in successfully voting against Walpole's nominated chairman of the elections committee in December 1741. The Tories continued to vote against Walpole with the opposition Whigs in subsequent divisions until Walpole was forced to resign in February 1742. The Pretender wrote to the Tories afterwards, declaring: "I cannot delay any longer expressing to you my satisfaction at the late behaviour of my friends in Parliament, and I take it as a great mark of their singular regard for what I wrote to you some months ago".
1499:. The "Declaration of King James" (written by Tory leaders) was signed by the Pretender on 23 December. This was to be published in the event of a successful French landing. However, the Whig government was informed by a spy of the intended French invasion and King George told Parliament on 15 February 1744 that a French invasion was planned, assisted by "disaffected persons from this country". The House of Commons passed a loyal address by 287 to 123. The Tories' insistence for the House to divide on this occasion seemed to the government a design by the Tories "to show the French what numbers in the House they might depend on". The Tories also opposed increasing the armed forces, it being noted "that none of the leaders amongst the Tories, either on this occasion or that of the King's first message, showed the least sign of zeal or affection to the Government".
1305:
1590:
Whig, an appellation rather dropped than disclaimed by the Court; and though the real Tories still adhered to their own distinctions while they secretly favoured, sometimes opposed, the Court, and fluctuated accordingly as they esteemed particular chiefs not of their connection or had the more agreeable opportunity of distressing those who supported the cause of freedom. As their whole conduct was comprised in silent votes, and never was considerable enough to turn a single scale in the political changes, I shall seldom mention them anymore.
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1670:. The historian JCD Clark has written of the 1790s: "It cannot be too clearly stressed that no public figure at that date accepted the title 'Tory', and that they had the best reasons for denying its appropriateness". Pitt rejected the Tory label, preferring to refer to himself as an independent Whig, for he believed in the current constitutional arrangement as being well balanced, without particular favour towards the royal prerogative, unlike the Tories of the first half of the 18th century.
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1528:, Charles could not establish contact with the English Tories. Captain Nagle, who had visited a peer in London, reported in December that they were all being monitored by the government, but that they would declare for Charles if he made his way to London or if the French invaded. However, Charles retreated from England and the French never landed, so the English Tories did not feel safe in coming out for the Pretender. After the collapse of the rising, Charles' captured secretary,
7078:
6259:
1495:'s Master of Horse, toured England ostensibly for purchasing bloodstock but in reality to gauge the health of Jacobitism in England, visiting leading Tories. Before he left for England. the French king briefed him personally to assure Tory leaders that all of their demands would be met. In November 1743 Amelot told Sempill officially that Louis XV was resolved to restore the House of Stuart and that he was planning a French invasion headed by the Pretender's son,
7090:
1620:), all of whom claimed the Whig mantle, while the material distinction in politics was between the "King's Friends" who supported the newly activist role of George III in government, and those who opposed the king. The proscription on the employment of Tories in government offices ended, which resulted in the Tories dividing into several factions and ceasing to function as a coherent political party. Sentimental Toryism remained, as in the writings of
1644:
7054:
1249:, which Anne defeated by creating new Tory peers. Following a long disagreement between the ministers, Anne dismissed Harley in 1714. The arch-Tory Bolingbroke became in effect Anne's chief minister and Tory power seemed to be at its zenith. However, Anne was extremely ill and died within a few days. Bolingbroke had not been able to formulate any coherent plans for dealing with the succession, for if he thought of proclaiming
1170:. During this time, the Tories fiercely competed with the Whigs for power, and there were frequent Parliamentary elections in which the two parties measured their strength. William III saw that the Tories were generally more friendly to royal authority than the Whigs, and he employed both groups in his government. His early ministry was largely Tory, but the government gradually came to be dominated by the so-called
1070:, offered O'Hanlon a pardon and a bribe if he would testify to Parliament that Ormonde was plotting a French invasion. In December 1680, the government seized these letters and the plan collapsed. In January 1681, the Whigs first began calling the supposed Irish plotters Tories, and on 15 February 1681 is recorded the first complaint from an English Royalist about the epithet Tory by the anti-Exclusion newspaper
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1401:, in which the Pretender was to be put on the throne. A rising was planned for each county, assisted by Irish and Spanish troops. However, Sunderland's death in April 1722 led to the government discovering the plot and it subsequently collapsed. When the Commons voted on the bill of pains and penalties against Atterbury, nearly ninety per cent of Tory MPs voted against it. Although the Whig Prime Minister
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the Bill possible), but rather upon the power of
Parliament to elect a monarch of its own choosing, contrary to the established laws of succession. That the Parliament, with the consent of the King, had such power was not at issue; rather, it was the wisdom of a policy of creating a King whose sole title to the Crown was the will of Parliament and who was essentially a Parliamentary appointee.
1711:
sentimental and conservative respect for the symbolic institutions of the
British monarchy, in practice Tory ministries allowed the King no more freedom than Whig ones. The incompetence of George III's personal interventions in policy had been sufficiently shown in the American War (1775–1783), henceforward his active role was limited to negations of government policies such as the
1301:
practical politics, a permanent minority in
Parliament and entirely excluded from government. The latter exclusion, and the rigid party politics played by the Whigs, played a significant role in the cohesion of the Tories; the Whigs offered few opportunities for Tories who switched sides, and as a party the Tories found no possibilities for compromise with the Whigs.
1182:, who gradually merged with the Tory opposition in the later 1690s. Although William's successor Anne had considerable Tory sympathies and excluded the Junto Whigs from power, after a brief and unsuccessful experiment with an exclusively Tory government she generally continued William's policy of balancing the parties, supported by her moderate Tory ministers, the
1291:
peer or commoner, for obtaining the most deserved advancement in his profession, or any favour of the Crown; whilst, to our additional and insupportable vexation, the bare merit of hating us, and everything we love and hold sacred, daily advances dunces in the law and church, cowards in our fleets and armies, republicans in the King's house, and idiots everywhere!
1269:, the Queen's government was replaced by a Council of Regency until the new King should arrive from Hanover. Bolingbroke offered his services to the King but was coldly rejected; George I brought in a government composed entirely of Whigs, and the new Parliament, elected from January to May 1715, had a large Whig majority. In December 1714
1109:, the candidate of the radical Whigs to succeed Charles II, was easily crushed and Monmouth himself executed. However, in the long run Tory principles were to be severely compromised. Besides the support of a strong monarchy, the Tories also stood for the Church of England, as established in Acts of Parliament following the
1352:
conspirators intended to abandon the rising they had planned for the West
Country, but the Scots forced their hand by unilaterally raising the Pretender's standard. One of Ormonde's agents betrayed the plans for an English rising and subsequently the government arrested many Tory MPs, ex MPs and peers. The subsequent
1278:
in the Army had their commissions taken away, Tory lawyers could not now become judges or K.C.s. The predominantly Tory lower
Anglican clergy could no longer become bishops and Tory merchants were refused government contracts or directorships in any major company. This proscription lasted for forty-five years.
1576:
wrote to the
Pretender that "the attempt against the university of Oxford brought them all up at once to town, which nothing else would, and in their zeal on that account, they entered into a sort of coalition with Prince Frederick's party to stand by the university of Oxford, to join in opposing all
1295:
The Whig government, backed by royal favour and controlling the levers of power, was able to maintain a series of majorities through the infrequent elections of the next several decades (only 7 in the 46 years of the first two
Georges, as opposed to 11 in the 26 years from the Revolution to the death
906:
The court party reproached their antagonists with their affinity to the fanatical conventiclers in
Scotland, who were known by the name of Whigs: The country party found a resemblance between the courtiers and the popish banditti in Ireland, to whom the appellation of Tory was affixed. And after this
715:
in 1714, the Tories had no part in government and ceased to exist as an organised political entity in the early 1760s (although the term continued to be used in subsequent years as a term of self-description by some political writers). About twenty years later, a new Tory party arose and participated
1693:
It is almost unnecessary to observe that the
British Government had for more than a century been and could only be a Whig Government; and that the present administration is, as every administration in this country must necessarily be, a Whig administration. For a Whig Government means now, as it has
1290:
We are kept out of all public employments of power and profit, and live like aliens and pilgrims in the land of our nativity; no quality, no fortune, no eloquence, no learning, no wisdom, no probity is of any use to any man of our unfortunate denomination, ecclesiastic or layman, lawyer or soldier,
1277:
stated that "hat took place in 1715 was not a change to an all-Whig ministry, it was a whole social revolution". For the first time, Tory gentlemen could no longer employ their sons, as they traditionally had done, in public offices such as the Army, Navy, civil service and the Church. Tory officers
1007:
began as a strongly royalist body, and passed a series of acts re-establishing the Church by law and strongly punishing dissent by both Roman Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants. These acts did not reflect the King's personal views and demonstrated the existence of a Royalist ideology beyond mere
990:
produced a reaction in which the King regained a large part of the power held by his father. However, Charles' ministers and supporters in England accepted a substantial role for Parliament in the government of the kingdoms. No subsequent British monarch would attempt to rule without Parliament, and
1589:
Hitherto it might be said that the two parties of Whig and Tory still subsisted; though Jacobitism, the concealed mother of the latter, was extinct...The subsequent contests were rather a struggle for power than the settled animosity of two parties, though the body of Opposition still called itself
1515:
took office in this government, the Tories no longer looked to him as their leader as Lyttleton wrote that "when it was discovered that Gower was really a friend to the Hanover succession, the Tories discarded him for being their leader, and adopted a determined Jacobite the Duke of Beaufort in his
1327:
noted that the number of Jacobites in the Tory party was increasing and in early 1715 he wrote that the Tories seemed to be "heading for civil war which they regard as their only resort". The former Tory chief minister, Lord Oxford, was impeached and sent to the Tower, with Bolingbroke and the Tory
1197:
which begun in 1701 led most of the Tories to withdraw into opposition by 1708, so that Marlborough and Godolphin were heading an administration dominated by the Junto Whigs. Anne herself grew increasingly uncomfortable with this dependence on the Whigs, especially as her personal relationship with
1087:
In a more general sense, the Tories (also known as the Court Party) represented the more conservative royalist supporters of Charles II, who endorsed a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the power of Parliament, and who saw in the Whig opponents of the Court a quasi-Republican tendency (similar
1444:
The Tories resumed their cooperation with the opposition Whigs after receiving another letter from the Pretender in September 1741, ordering them to "pursue vigorous and unanimous measures in the next session of Parliament. They will probably have many occasions of greatly distressing the present
1360:
was willing to aid the English Tories by sending troops to put the Pretender on the throne, in conjunction with an English rising. Lord Oxford, who had already in 1716 offered the Pretender his services, directed the Swedish Plot from the Tower. In January 1717, the government discovered this plot
1096:
powers and leave the Crown as a puppet entirely dependent upon Parliament. That the Exclusion Bill was the central question upon which parties diverged, did not hinge upon an assessment of the personal character of the Duke of York (though his conversion to Catholicism was the key factor that made
1078:
recorded in October: "Ms. H. of Chesterfield told me a gentleman was at their house and had a red Ribband in his hat, she askt him what it meant, he said it signifyed that he was a Tory, whats that sd she, he ans. an Irish Rebel, — oh dreadful that any in England dare espouse that interest. I hear
1710:
Protestant churches. Both were still committed to the political system in place at that time. The new Tory party was distinct both in composition and ideological orientation from the old. It consisted largely of former Whigs, alienated from the party that now bore that name. While it maintained a
1603:
All historians are agreed that the Tory party declined sharply in the late 1740s and 1750s and that it ceased to be an organized party by 1760. The research of Sir Lewis Namier and his disciples has convinced all historians that there were no organized political parties in Parliament between the
1510:
was formed, which included a handful of Tories in minor offices. Some other Tories were offered places, but those serving for Jacobite counties "could not hazard a new election and therefore decline the acceptance of them". One of the Tories who accepted office, Sir John Cotton, did not swear the
1502:
On 24 February, a storm scattered the French invasion fleet and suspected Jacobites were arrested, leading to the French government cancelling their planned invasion. Charles Stuart, who was still in France and determined to start a Jacobite rising, looked to Scotland. However, the English Tories
1431:
applied to Parliament for an increased allowance. This split the Tories, with 45 abstaining, leading to the motion being defeated by 30 votes. Bolingbroke, who wanted to dissociate the Tories from Jacobitism, denounced this as "the absurd behaviour of the Tories, which no experience can cure". In
1322:
The proscription of the Tories alienated them from the Hanoverian regime and converted many of them to Jacobitism. Bolingbroke later wrote: "If milder measures had been pursued, certain it is that the Tories had never universally embraced Jacobitism. The violence of the Whigs forced them into the
1566:
In 1747, Prince Frederick invited the Tories "to unite and coalesce with him" and declared his intention that when he became King, he would "abolish...all distinction of the party" and put an end to the proscription of the Tories. A meeting of leading Tories (including Beaufort, Wynn and Cotton)
1523:
Charles travelled to Scotland in July without consulting the Tories or the French and without a sizeable body of troops. After his landing, Sempill wrote: "The City of London, Sir John Hynde Cotton, Lord Barrymore, the Duke of Beaufort, and all the English cry loudly and vehemently for a body of
1380:
in 1719. In 1722, Sunderland advised the King to admit leading Tories into government, thereby dividing them and ending their hopes for revenge by looking for support from abroad. He also advised the King in Cabinet that elections to Parliament should be free from government bribery, an idea Sir
1351:
Louis XIV had promised them arms but no troops, as France was exhausted by war, despite Bolingbroke's claim that just one-tenth of the number of troops William of Orange brought with him in 1688 would have sufficed. However, this promise of arms disappeared when Louis died in September 1715. The
1553:
noticed that for the reigns of George I and George II, Tory family papers are non-existent. As papers from before 1715 and after 1760 survive, Cruickshanks contends that these families were hiding their Jacobite leanings by destroying incriminating papers. A nineteenth-century historian who had
1503:
would only support a rising in Scotland if accompanied by a French invasion near London to aid the English Tories in their own rising. The English Tories repeatedly told the Jacobite court that only regular soldiers invading at the same time as their rising could achieve a Stuart restoration.
1300:
ensured that this popular appeal was never translated into a Tory majority in Parliament. The Tories would have won every general election between 1715 and 1747 had the number of seats obtained corresponded to the number of votes cast. The Tories were, therefore, an effectively null factor in
941:
upon which the King had declared war). This action resulted from the Parliament not allowing him to levy taxes without yielding to its terms. At the beginning of the Long Parliament (1641), the King's supporters pursued a course of reform of previous abuses. The increasing radicalism of the
1436:
in 1739, there was renewed plotting amongst Tories for a Jacobite rising. Wyndham's death in 1740 led to the breakdown of the coalition between the Tories and opposition Whigs. An opposition Whig motion for Walpole's dismissal was defeated by 290 to 106, with many Tories abstaining. At the
1571:
resulted in only 115 Tory MPs being elected, their lowest figure up until this point. After Jacobite riots in Oxford in 1748, the government wanted to give the King the power to nominate the Chancellor of the University of Oxford, which was considered a hotbed of Jacobitism and Toryism.
1100:
On this original question, the Tories were in the short run entirely successful as the Parliaments that brought in the Exclusion Bill were dissolved, Charles II was enabled to manage the administration autocratically and upon his death the Duke of York succeeded without difficulty. The
1385:
opposed due to the possibility of the election of a Tory Parliament. The King was also opposed: "King George stared the Earl of Sunderland in the face at the name of a Tory Parliament, for it seems nothing is so hideous and frightful to him as a Tory". The public outcry over the
1516:
stead". In June 1745, the Tory leaders in the Commons, Wynn and Cotton (together with Beaufort), informed the Jacobite court that "if the Prince lands in present circumstances with ten battalions or even smaller body of troops there will be no opposition". Tory leaders sent
1511:
oath of loyalty to King George and informed the French King that he still favoured a Jacobite French invasion; he added that the Tories in office would try to ensure that more British soldiers were sent to Flanders from England in order to help a French invasion. After
1580:
After Wynn's death in 1749, a Jacobite agent reported to the Pretender that the Tory party was "without a head", dispirited and frightened. In 1751 Frederick died, followed in 1752 by Cotton. This effectively ended opposition in Parliament for the rest of the session.
1604:
late 1750s and the early 1780s. Even the Whigs ceased to be an identifiable party, and Parliament was dominated by competing political connections, which all proclaimed Whiggish political views, or by independent backbenchers unattached to any particular group.
1524:
troops to be landed near London, as the most effectual means to support the Prince". They could not rise for the Prince without "a body of troops to support them", but they "would join the Prince if His Highness could force his way to them". Throughout the
1562:
noted that given the nature of the evidence, it is unlikely that the question will ever be answered, but added that "judged by the acid test of how they behaved in the '15 and '45 most Tories showed themselves to be Hanoverian and not Jacobite".
1665:
and the radicalism unleashed by the American and French Revolutions. This was reinforced by the breakup of the Whig party in 1794 when the conservative group led by the Duke of Portland joined Pitt's ministry, leaving an opposition rump led by
1157:
allegiance to the new monarchs allowed the government to pack the episcopate with bishops with decidedly Whiggish leanings. In both these respects the Tory platform had failed, but the institutions of monarchy and of a state Church survived.
1074:: "hey call me scurvy names, Jesuit, Papish, Tory; and flap me over the mouth with their being the only True Protestants". Within a few months, anti-Exclusionists were calling themselves Tories and a northern Dissenter called
1027:. Although the matter of these plots was fictitious, they reflected two uncomfortable political realities: first, that Charles II had (somewhat insincerely) undertaken measures to convert the kingdom to Catholicism (in a 1670
1128:
During his reign, James II fought for a broadly tolerant religious settlement under which his co-religionists could prosper—a position anathema to conservative Anglicans. James' attempts to use the government-controlled
5854:
951:, which was felt to be a primary support of royal government. By the end of the 1640s, the radical Parliamentary programme had become clear: reduction of the King to a powerless figurehead and replacement of Anglican
1532:, informed the government of the Tories' conspiracy with the Pretender. The government decided not to prosecute them. The trial of the Scottish rebel lords in London was boycotted by most Tory peers. After the
3337:
British politics of the first half of the nineteenth century was an ideological spectrum, with the Tories, or Conservative Party, on the right, the Whigs as liberal-centrists, and the radicals on the left.
1731:
outlined a new conservative philosophy of reforming ills while conserving the good. The subsequent Peel administrations have been labelled Conservative rather than Tory, but the older term remains in use.
1554:
examined many collections such as these, claimed that it was "the custom in Jacobite days to destroy all letters with any hint of political or religious feeling in them". However, some historians (such as
946:
and of those Parliamentarians who felt that the Long Parliament had gone too far in attempting to gain executive power for itself and, more specifically, in undermining the episcopalian government of the
1549:, stated that "the available evidence leaves no doubt that up to 1745 the Tories were a predominantly Jacobite party, engaged in attempts to restore the Stuarts by a rising with foreign assistance". Sir
1023:. As direct attacks on the King were politically impossible and could lead to execution for treason, opponents of the power of the Court framed their challenges as exposés of subversive and sinister
942:
Parliamentary majority, however, estranged many reformers even in the Parliament itself and drove them to make common cause with the King. The King's party was thus a mixture of supporters of royal
1011:
A series of disasters in the late 1660s and 1670s discredited Charles II's governments, and powerful political interests (including some who had been identified with the Parliamentary side in the
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5884:
1361:
and won a vote of credit for defence measures against the projected invasion in the Commons against Tory opposition. Charles' death in 1718 ended hopes from that quarter and Ormonde's planned
708:. Despite their fervent opposition to state-sponsored Catholicism, Tories opposed his exclusion because of their belief that inheritance based on birth was the foundation of a stable society.
1405:
decided not to prosecute those Tories that he knew were involved in the plot, the Tories were demoralised and largely absented themselves from Parliament for a time. Upon the accession of
1624:, but in politics "Tory" was little more than an unfriendly epithet for politicians closely identified with George III. The label "Tory" was in this sense applied to the Prime Ministers
1141:
established by Parliament, the principles that the Tories had originally abhorred. The Tories' sole consolation was that the monarchs chosen were close to the main line of succession as
5899:
5829:
5859:
1739:), the protectionist wing of the party rejected the Conservative label. They preferred to be known as Protectionists or even to revive the older Tory as an official name. By 1859 the
1567:
accepted the Prince's offer and replied assuring him of their support for his "wise and salutary purposes". However, they refused to pledge themselves to a coalition with Whigs. The
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5874:
5424:
271:
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1715:. In foreign policy, the differences were even more marked as the old Tory party had been pacific and isolationist whereas the new one was bellicose and imperialistic.
1296:
of Queen Anne). For much of the period, the Tories commanded a broad base of support in rural England, but the relatively undemocratic nature of the franchise and the
7142:
5894:
1673:
The group surrounding Pitt the Younger came to be the dominant force in British politics from 1783 until 1830 and, after Pitt's death (1806), the ministers in the
1432:
1738 Frederick's attempts to reconcile with the Tories broke down on Wyndham's insistence that he join the Tories in favouring a reduced Army.With the outbreak of
1340:(in which the mob voiced their support for Jacobitism and local Tory parliamentary candidates) led to the Whig government strengthening their power by passing the
1723:
The Tories became associated with repression of popular discontent after 1815, but the Tories later underwent a fundamental transformation under the influence of
1166:
Despite the failure of their founding principles, the Tories remained a powerful political party during the reigns of the next two monarchs, particularly that of
6030:
6025:
5989:
1416:
The Tories were divided over whether to cooperate with the opposition Whigs against Walpole, with those in favour consisting of the Hanoverian faction led by
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of 1688, political disputes would be resolved through elections and parliamentary manoeuvring, rather than by an appeal to force. Charles II also restored
907:
manner, these foolish terms of reproach came into public and general use; and even at present seem not nearer their end than when they were first invented.
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in 1713, which pulled Great Britain out of the War of the Spanish Succession (to the dismay of Britain's allies, including Anne's eventual successor,
1222:
and brought the ministry into popular discredit. In the spring of 1710, Anne dismissed Godolphin and the Junto ministers, replacing them with Tories.
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1640:
similarly argues: "The history of the Tory party in parliament between the early 1760s and the late 1820s may be simply written: it did not exist".
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17:
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1043:, had in fact converted to Catholicism, an act that many Protestant Englishmen in the 1670s saw as only one step below high treason.
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1253:(the Pretender) king, he made no moves to do so. The Elector George succeeded to the throne entirely peacefully, supported by the
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1488:. Amelot replied that the French government would need considerable proof of English support for Jacobitism before it could act.
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1376:'s overtures in 1720. Nonetheless, their combined efforts helped the opposition win some victories, such as the defeat of the
1079:
further since that this is the distinction they make instead of Cavalier and Roundhead, now they are called Torys and Wiggs".
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to France with a request for 10,000 troops and 30,000 arms to be landed in England, where they would join them upon arrival.
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1233:, Secretary of State. They were backed by a strong majority in the Parliament elected in 1710, rallying under the banner of "
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also gave rights to Protestant dissenters that were hitherto unknown, while the elimination of a large number of bishops who
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5500:
5221:
4979:
4974:
4964:
4799:
1824:
1632:(1770–1782), but these politicians considered themselves Whigs. In his study of the debates in Parliament for 1768–1774,
6232:
6004:
5771:
5564:
5495:
4969:
4929:
1533:
1517:
1512:
1481:
1469:
1270:
1093:
444:
155:
1577:
unconstitutional points, but to be under no obligation to visit Prince Frederick's court, nor unite in other points".
1324:
6943:
6666:
6572:
6567:
6542:
5969:
5959:
5814:
5766:
5720:
5013:
4627:
4348:
4308:
4281:
1976:
1682:
1329:
1051:
647:
6634:
6557:
6400:
6195:
6094:
5924:
5643:
5525:
5509:
5103:
4467:
2415:
1609:
1417:
1266:
689:
4362:. The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1715-1754. Vol. 1. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1694:
all along meant, nothing else than a Government established by laws equally binding upon the King and the subject.
6999:
6819:
6799:
6619:
6582:
6474:
6438:
6290:
6109:
5791:
1461:
1316:
697:
236:
6696:
6905:
6734:
6716:
6624:
6532:
6185:
5819:
5809:
5580:
5117:
4451:
1755:(once a Radical candidate for Parliament), adopted the Conservative label as the official name of their party.
1449:
1202:
deteriorated. This situation also became increasingly uncomfortable to many of the non-Junto Whigs, led by the
1133:
to promote policies that undermined the church's own unique status in the state led some Tories to support the
559:
355:
226:
6829:
6079:
5804:
5137:
5008:
4989:
2817:
2784:
2746:
2713:
2685:
2628:
2595:
2590:
2557:
2519:
2486:
2448:
2410:
2372:
2339:
2301:
2263:
2225:
2182:
2077:
2042:
2009:
1971:
1933:
1895:
1786:
1707:
1706:
in Scotland while Whigs were more associated with trade, money, larger land holders or land magnates and the
1625:
1612:, the old political distinctions dissolved. The Whig factions became in effect distinct parties (such as the
1568:
1438:
1410:
1391:
1194:
1122:
1106:
469:
6948:
7172:
6938:
6847:
6220:
6154:
5999:
5939:
4687:
1485:
1473:
1464:) requesting French help for a Stuart restoration (including 10,000 French soldiers). It was signed by the
1304:
1167:
1055:
143:
1677:
ministry (1807–1809) called themselves the "Friends of Mr Pitt" rather than Tories. Portland's successor,
1456:, the Pretender's representative at the French court, carried a message from English Tories to the French
6979:
6772:
6706:
6360:
6226:
5786:
5078:
4949:
2690:
1629:
1362:
1308:
771:
went on to become the modern Conservative Party, whose members are still commonly referred to as Tories.
685:
599:
35:
3350:
7044:
6923:
6862:
6191:
6074:
5751:
4521:
1453:
1428:
1406:
1047:
733:
504:
345:
318:
6701:
7127:
6895:
6890:
6609:
6385:
6375:
6089:
6084:
5844:
4622:
4617:
4577:
4274:
English Society 1688-1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice During the Ancien Regime
3290:
1703:
1545:
1242:
1075:
712:
1394:, as they considered a Jacobite rising would be successful considering the state of public opinion.
6989:
6953:
6872:
6852:
6739:
6711:
6577:
6428:
6395:
6333:
5944:
5879:
5705:
5627:
5490:
4607:
4445:
2751:
1654:
1647:
1529:
1238:
1015:) began to agitate for a greater role of Parliament in government, coupled with more tolerance for
852:
717:
394:
66:
6547:
6537:
6527:
6448:
6370:
6158:
5964:
5929:
5834:
5741:
5595:
4794:
4612:
4490:
1525:
1353:
1312:
756:
609:
136:
31:
1735:
When the Conservative Party split in 1846 on the issue of free trade (namely, the repeal of the
6984:
6345:
6202:
5934:
5585:
4602:
1433:
1150:
1142:
677:
6867:
3463:
3229:
7070:
6994:
6900:
6824:
6744:
6639:
6380:
6273:
6236:
5904:
5869:
4939:
4425:
4411:
Voters, Patrons, and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England 1734-1832
1900:
1712:
1507:
1496:
1357:
1273:
wrote that "hardly one Tory is left in any place, though never so mean a one". The historian
1114:
987:
979:
681:
673:
640:
614:
399:
182:
166:
30:"Tory Party" redirects here. For the modern British party popularly known as the Tories, see
6928:
1214:'s Tories. In early 1710, the prosecution by the Whig government of the ultra-Tory preacher
6644:
6604:
6355:
5974:
5919:
5715:
5710:
5611:
4773:
4744:
4587:
4572:
1421:
1274:
1250:
1118:
1067:
975:
930:
848:
737:
4542:
8:
7147:
7082:
6882:
6809:
6791:
6691:
6654:
6552:
6522:
6420:
6410:
6390:
6316:
6263:
6099:
5746:
5590:
4959:
4844:
1938:
1138:
1134:
1040:
1032:
1004:
992:
864:
783:
701:
449:
380:
186:
6676:
3439:
1137:
of 1688. The result was a King established solely by parliamentary title and subject to
728:, which was fought largely on the issue of electoral reform, opposed by the Tories. The
6686:
6596:
6433:
6405:
6282:
6214:
5756:
5160:
5043:
4814:
4557:
4440:
4276:. Cambridge studies in the history and theory of politics. Cambridge University Press.
3272:
3264:
1744:
1728:
1492:
1337:
1146:
1110:
1102:
1020:
983:
868:
860:
752:
176:
1121:
and also as an exclusive body established by law, from which both Roman Catholics and
6658:
6499:
6337:
5994:
5914:
5369:
5313:
5247:
5197:
4954:
4889:
4874:
4864:
4849:
4779:
4765:
4697:
4344:
4314:
4304:
4287:
4277:
3326:
3276:
1699:
1667:
1219:
1215:
1130:
1012:
1000:
948:
922:
876:
872:
768:
665:
494:
298:
251:
963:
387:
6933:
6814:
6804:
6767:
6365:
5954:
5127:
4859:
4582:
4228:
J. C. D. Clark, "A General Theory of Party, Opposition and Government, 1688-1832",
3256:
1678:
1387:
1333:
1234:
1154:
1036:
952:
824:
779:
693:
633:
489:
6681:
4459:
3492:
Robert Willman, ‘The Origins of 'Whig' and 'Tory' in English Political Language’,
7094:
6839:
6104:
5093:
5088:
5048:
4839:
4567:
4331:
1791:
1689:(1812–1827) firmly rejected it in a ministerial memorandum to the Prince Regent:
1633:
1254:
1089:
1063:
1028:
971:
956:
938:
856:
705:
669:
619:
484:
414:
334:
1390:
led the Tories to believe that it would not be worthwhile raising funds for the
7106:
7058:
6350:
5541:
5381:
5262:
5179:
5170:
5098:
5023:
5018:
4894:
4804:
4660:
1621:
1582:
1402:
1398:
1382:
1372:
of 1717, the Tories refused to back either side and adopted the same stance to
1297:
1246:
967:
888:
828:
805:
594:
464:
404:
3260:
27:
Major political faction and then party in the United Kingdom from 1678 to 1834
7116:
6464:
5984:
5417:
5393:
5357:
5211:
5188:
5165:
5122:
5083:
5058:
4909:
4899:
4884:
4318:
4291:
439:
6787:
6671:
5301:
5257:
5146:
5132:
5073:
5004:
4869:
4854:
4597:
4562:
4162:
The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832
1743:(Peel's Conservative supporters) joined the Whigs and Radicals to form the
1573:
1555:
1550:
1537:
1413:, the Tories were reduced to 128 MPs, their lowest total up to this point.
1377:
795:
736:, many of which were controlled by Tories and the Party was reduced to 175
604:
544:
539:
534:
499:
479:
313:
151:
6562:
4444:
6759:
5441:
5405:
5108:
5053:
4919:
4904:
4739:
1724:
1613:
1448:
In 1743, war broke out between Britain and France, as part of the larger
1315:, by gaining some Tory support it was thus used to discredit them by the
1059:
1024:
748:
574:
554:
307:
303:
288:
200:
81:
7089:
1681:(Prime Minister, 1809–1812), never adopted the label of Tory and, after
6726:
5736:
5335:
5216:
5206:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5174:
4999:
4879:
3268:
3244:
1829:
1617:
1369:
1332:
fleeing to France to join the Pretender. A series of riots against the
1171:
1016:
996:
978:
executed and for the next 11 years the British kingdoms operated under
899:
840:
589:
409:
328:
293:
1653:
Applied by their opponents to parliamentary supporters of the younger
6915:
6592:
6495:
6069:
5429:
4914:
4834:
4809:
1736:
1727:, who was an industrialist rather than a landowner. Peel in his 1834
1637:
1348:
and increasing the army (including by importing 6,000 Dutch troops).
943:
934:
892:
760:
569:
564:
549:
419:
340:
161:
4424:
1636:
discovered that not a single politician labelled themselves a Tory.
5949:
5113:
1643:
1585:, in his memoirs for 1764, wrote of the decline of the Tory party:
1341:
1082:
926:
844:
823:, meaning "pursuit" since outlaws were "pursued men") that entered
579:
375:
350:
323:
126:
1543:
Eveline Cruickshanks in her study of the 1715-1754 Tory party for
1740:
1558:) have questioned the Tories' commitment to Jacobitism. In 2016,
524:
1420:
and with those opposed making up the Jacobite faction headed by
966:
which shifted power from Parliament itself to the Parliamentary
763:
in 1846 caused the party to break apart; the faction led by the
4092:
3322:
The Indian Rebellion, 1857–1859: A Short History with Documents
1536:'s brutal suppression of the Scots, English Tories adopted the
1323:
arms of the Pretender". In October 1714, the French ambassador
921:
The first Tory party traces its principles and politics to the
814:
529:
4051:
4027:
4015:
3937:
3886:
3862:
1698:
Generally, the Tories were associated with lesser gentry, the
4005:
4003:
3978:
3976:
1113:
of Charles II, both as a body governed by bishops, using the
839:, a "cattle driver") was initially a Scottish insult for the
799:
4360:
Introductory Survey, Appendices, Constituencies, Members A-D
4217:
Myth and Reality in Late-Eighteenth-Century British Politics
3574:
3572:
3570:
3557:
3555:
3530:
3528:
4080:
260:
216:
4235:
4184:
4129:
4039:
4000:
3988:
3973:
3961:
3949:
3910:
3898:
3874:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3775:
3727:
3674:
3647:
3623:
5453:
4202:
H T Dickinson," Tories: 1714-1830," in David Loades, ed.
4174:
4172:
4170:
4124:
Crossroads of Power: Essays on Eighteenth-Century England
4070:
4068:
4066:
3927:
3925:
3792:
3790:
3751:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3664:
3662:
3613:
3611:
3584:
3567:
3552:
3540:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3511:
1229:, Chancellor of the Exchequer (later Lord Treasurer) and
6312:
1245:); the peace was enacted despite a Whig majority in the
1174:. This tight-knit political grouping was opposed by the
4301:
From Restoration to Reform: The British Isles 1660-1832
1661:
came to represent the political current opposed to the
1019:
dissenters. These interests would soon coalesce as the
962:
This prospective form of settlement was prevented by a
4167:
4104:
4063:
3922:
3787:
3763:
3739:
3698:
3659:
3635:
3608:
3596:
3508:
1260:
7042:
3202:
Note that the results for 1661–1708 are England only.
1161:
7022:
Current political parties in the Republic of Ireland
6166:
European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance
5684:
Organisations associated with the Conservative Party
3715:
3686:
3368:
1747:. The remaining Tories, under the leadership of the
1218:
for sermons delivered the previous year, led to the
4489:
3391:. Conservative Research Department. Archived from
5855:Conservative National Property Advisory Committee
4383:The Growth of the British Party System: 1640-1923
7114:
6630:Sligo–Leitrim Independent Socialist Organisation
4390:In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714-60
3303:
3228:. Conservatives. 24 October 2007. Archived from
1083:The Exclusion Crisis and the Glorious Revolution
7143:Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom
4439:
4151:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), p. 392, n. 18.
4328:Political Untouchables; The Tories and the '45
4164:(London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016), p. 157.
3306:Britain: Be Fluent in British Life and Culture
6513:Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)
6298:
4475:
1468:(one of the four richest people in Britain),
859:that took place in September 1648. While the
724:. The Whigs won control of Parliament in the
641:
5665:
4325:
4135:
4098:
4086:
4057:
4045:
4033:
4021:
4009:
3994:
3982:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3733:
3680:
3653:
3590:
3578:
3561:
3546:
3534:
751:, who issued a policy document known as the
385:
6209:European Conservatives and Reformists Group
6149:European Conservatives and Reformists Party
5865:Conservative Science & Technology Forum
3291:"Making Sense of the Divine Right of Kings"
3226:"A Brief History of the Conservative Party"
818:
808:
7138:Centre-right parties in the United Kingdom
6305:
6291:
5890:Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists
4482:
4468:
4443:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
3318:
1685:in 1812, the members of the government of
863:were those who supported the exclusion of
716:in government between 1783 and 1830, with
704:from the succession on the grounds of his
648:
634:
5605:Directly elected city mayoral authorities
1145:was James II's nephew and William's wife
1092:) to strip the monarchy of its essential
755:, the Tories began to transform into the
7168:Right-wing parties in the United Kingdom
7163:Political parties disestablished in 1834
7153:Politics of the Kingdom of Great Britain
6508:British and Irish Communist Organisation
5286:
4543:History of conservatism in Great Britain
4357:
4190:
4178:
4110:
4074:
3931:
3796:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3709:
3668:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3602:
3519:
3461:History of the great civil war 1642–1649
1758:
1642:
1303:
1035:); second, that his younger brother and
778:
6444:Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society
5243:Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party
4255:Wars and Revolutions. Britain 1760-1815
4126:(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1962), p. 35.
3416:
1237:". This Tory government negotiated the
1225:The new Tory ministry was dominated by
722:Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool
14:
7115:
6959:National Socialist Irish Workers Party
5910:Conservatives for International Travel
5762:Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation
4404:A History of the Tory Party, 1640-1714
4338:
4257:(London: Edward Arnold, 1982), p. 283.
4149:A Land of Liberty?: England, 1689-1727
3496:, Vol. 17, No. 2 (June, 1974), p. 259.
3389:"A Brief History of the Conservatives"
3374:
3242:
3218:
1458:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
7158:Political parties established in 1678
6750:Women's Social and Progressive League
6286:
6126:
6058:
5885:Conservative Women National Committee
5664:
5472:
5285:
4648:
4503:
4463:
4455:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
4298:
4271:
4241:
3721:
3692:
3386:
3348:
1718:
1594:
730:Representation of the People Act 1832
692:. They first emerged during the 1679
7032:List of political parties by country
7027:Elections in the Republic of Ireland
3419:New World Dictionary & Thesaurus
1397:Sunderland joined the Tories in the
1298:maldistribution of the borough seats
916:
843:faction in Scotland who opposed the
7017:Politics of the Republic of Ireland
6975:Fathers Rights-Responsibility Party
6858:Christian Democrat Party of Ireland
6127:
5797:Conservative Friends of the Chinese
5501:Treasurer of the Conservative Party
5473:
3325:. Hackett Publishing. p. XXX.
1261:Proscription and the Whig supremacy
24:
6233:Ulster Conservatives and Unionists
5772:Conservative Co-operative Movement
5496:Conservative Campaign Headquarters
4368:
4219:(London: Macmillan, 1970), p. 198.
1162:Balanced ministries and opposition
925:which divided England between the
867:from the succession to thrones of
25:
7184:
7133:1834 disestablishments in England
6944:Irish Monetary Reform Association
6667:All Ireland Anti-Partition League
6573:Socialist Party of Ireland (1971)
6568:Socialist Party of Ireland (1904)
5900:Conservatives Against Fox Hunting
5830:Conservative Humanist Association
5815:Conservative Friends of Palestine
5801:Conservative Friends of Gibraltar
5767:Conservative Christian Fellowship
5721:Association of Conservative Clubs
5701:Conservative Women's Organisation
4538:History of the Conservative Party
4417:
3349:Filby, Eliza (23 November 2013).
1657:(1783–1801, 1804–1806), the term
1599:Dickinson reports the following:
1441:, there were 136 Tories elected.
1365:was destroyed by a storm at sea.
1117:whilst subscribing to a specific
817:", "robber", from the Irish word
7100:
7088:
7076:
7064:
7052:
6401:Irish Socialist Republican Party
6267:
6257:
5860:Conservative Rural Affairs Group
5644:Conservative Party Review (2016)
5547:Conservative Chief Whip's Office
5526:National Conservative Convention
5510:Conservative Research Department
4397:The Second Tory Party, 1714-1832
4341:Politics under the later Stuarts
4204:Readers Guide to British History
3187:
3180:
3179:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3083:
3076:
3075:
3050:
3043:
3042:
3017:
3010:
3009:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2938:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2905:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2837:
2830:
2829:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2648:
2641:
2640:
2615:
2608:
2607:
2577:
2570:
2569:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2359:
2352:
2351:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2318:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2021:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1988:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1950:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1267:Succession to the Crown Act 1707
1149:was James's elder daughter. The
1054:, with the foremost Irish Tory,
794:was an insult (derived from the
270:
6800:Business and Professional Group
6439:Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union
6110:Society of Conservative Lawyers
6059:
5792:Conservative Friends of America
4492:Conservative and Unionist Party
4247:
4232:(Vol. 23, No. 2, 1980), p. 305.
4222:
4209:
4196:
4154:
4141:
4116:
3499:
3486:
3469:
3453:
3425:
3387:Cooke, Alistair (August 2008).
3351:"The death of Tory Anglicanism"
1462:Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou
1058:, in a supposed plot to murder
786:painted in a Romanesque costume
7123:1678 establishments in England
6906:Unionist Anti-Partition League
6735:Community Democrats of Ireland
6625:National Progressive Democrats
6543:League for a Workers' Republic
5850:Conservative Education Society
5820:Conservative Friends of Turkey
5810:Conservative Friends of Israel
5777:Conservative Countryside Forum
5581:Northern Ireland Conservatives
4649:
4452:New International Encyclopedia
4392:. (Cambridge University Press.
4358:Sedgwick, Romney, ed. (1970).
4326:Cruickshanks, Eveline (1979).
4264:
3475:Hume, David (1797). "LXVIII".
3410:
3380:
3342:
3312:
3304:Andrew Whittaker, ed. (2009).
3297:
3283:
3236:
3188:
3122:
3084:
3051:
3018:
2985:
2876:
2838:
2805:
2772:
2734:
2649:
2616:
2578:
2545:
2507:
2474:
2436:
2360:
2251:
2100:
1921:
1883:
1450:War of the Austrian Succession
1356:resulted in failure. However,
227:Politics of the United Kingdom
18:Tory (British political party)
13:
1:
6558:Revolutionary Workers' Groups
6313:Defunct political parties in
6196:European People's Party Group
5805:Conservative Friends of India
5782:Conservative Disability Group
5565:Conservative Party Conference
4376:Britain in the Age of Walpole
3206:
1354:Jacobite rebellion of 1715–16
1210:, who began to intrigue with
1195:War of the Spanish Succession
759:. However, his repeal of the
110:
96:
6939:Immigration Control Platform
6697:Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann
6221:Movement for European Reform
6155:International Democrat Union
5940:Margaret Thatcher Foundation
5875:Conservative Transport Group
5870:Conservative Trade Unionists
4381:Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor (1967).
3245:"Eighteenth-Century Toryism"
3211:
1325:Charles-François d'Iberville
1046:The Whigs tried to link the
7:
6980:Independent Health Alliance
6707:Irish Anti-Partition League
6538:Irish Workers' Party (1948)
6533:Irish Workers' Party (1926)
6518:Independent Socialist Party
6361:Home Government Association
6227:Alliance for an Open Europe
6203:European Conservative Group
5787:Conservative European Forum
4593:General election manifestos
4504:
4413:. (Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1311:, the Pretender during the
1008:subservience to the Court.
887:were those who opposed the
600:Traditionalist conservatism
36:Tory Party (disambiguation)
10:
7189:
6863:Christian Solidarity Party
6615:Democratic Socialist Party
6186:Conservative–DUP agreement
5825:Conservative History Group
5752:Blue Collar Conservativism
4522:Conservative Party Archive
1977:The Marquess of Carmarthen
1508:Broadbottom Administration
1429:Frederick, Prince of Wales
1243:George, Elector of Hanover
1048:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
911:
346:Traditionalist Catholicism
29:
7012:
6967:
6914:
6891:Donegal Progressive Party
6881:
6838:
6786:
6778:National Democratic Party
6758:
6725:
6653:
6591:
6494:
6487:
6457:
6419:
6386:Irish Parliamentary Party
6376:Irish National Federation
6332:
6325:
6274:United Kingdom portal
6254:
6174:
6144:List of current alliances
6137:
6133:
6122:
6090:Centre for Social Justice
6085:Centre for Policy Studies
6065:
6054:
6013:
6000:Young Britons' Foundation
5845:Conservative Muslim Forum
5729:
5693:
5675:
5671:
5660:
5636:
5628:Conservative Associations
5620:
5604:
5573:
5557:
5534:
5518:
5483:
5479:
5468:
5292:
5281:
5235:
4928:
4823:
4726:
4659:
4655:
4644:
4608:Irish Conservative Party
4578:Unionist Free Food League
4530:
4514:
4510:
4499:
3261:10.1017/S0018246X00021178
3243:Holmes, Geoffrey (1983).
3100:
2963:
2892:
2750:
2689:
2594:
2523:
2452:
2305:
1975:
1828:
1546:The History of Parliament
847:(a faction who supported
664:were a loosely organised
585:Spanish American royalism
222:
209:
193:
175:
142:
132:
122:
106:
90:
54:
45:
6990:Irish Monarchist Society
6954:National Corporate Party
6853:Christian Centrist Party
6740:Liberal Party of Ireland
6712:Irish Independence Party
6429:Irish Conservative Party
6396:Irish Reform Association
6181:List of former alliances
5970:One Nation Conservatives
5880:Conservative Way Forward
5666:Associated organisations
5491:Conservative Party Board
4409:O'Gorman, Frank (1989).
4299:Clark, J. C. D. (2014).
4272:Clark, J. C. D. (1985).
3417:Webster (1998), "Tory",
3319:James Frey, ed. (2020).
2752:William Pitt the Younger
2525:Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn
2454:The Viscount Bolingbroke
2378:The Viscount Bolingbroke
1648:William Pitt the Younger
1530:John Murray of Broughton
1478:Sir Watkin Williams Wynn
1439:general election of 1741
1409:in 1727 and the ensuing
853:Second English Civil War
747:Under the leadership of
718:William Pitt the Younger
711:After the succession of
672:, in the Parliaments of
460:1st Viscount Bolingbroke
395:Conservative corporatism
67:William Pitt the Younger
6702:Independent Fianna Fáil
6449:Irish Unionist Alliance
6371:Independent Irish Party
6264:Conservatism portal
6192:European People's Party
6159:European Democrat Union
5965:Northern Research Group
5930:European Research Group
5835:Conservative Mainstream
5596:Gibraltar Conservatives
4618:Scottish Unionist Party
4432:Encyclopædia Britannica
4402:Feiling, Keith (1950).
4395:Feiling, Keith (1938).
3308:. Thorogood Publishing.
2231:The Duke of Marlborough
2193:The Duke of Marlborough
1526:Jacobite rising of 1745
1313:Jacobite rising of 1715
937:(the supporters of the
865:James, the Duke of York
800:
774:
177:Political position
32:Conservative Party (UK)
6985:Irish Democratic Party
6635:Socialist Labour Party
6346:All-for-Ireland League
5895:Conservatives 4 Cities
5586:Scottish Conservatives
4628:National Liberal Party
4603:Liberal Unionist Party
4435:(11th ed.). 1911.
4388:Colley, Linda (1985).
4374:Black, Jeremy (1984).
4244:, p. 276, n. 222.
3494:The Historical Journal
3477:The History of England
3249:The Historical Journal
3102:The Duke of Wellington
1696:
1650:
1608:Upon the accession of
1606:
1592:
1506:In December 1744, the
1338:Hanoverian-Whig regime
1334:coronation of George I
1319:
1293:
1200:Duchess of Marlborough
1151:Act of Toleration 1689
909:
819:
809:
787:
475:1st Duke of Wellington
386:
34:. For other uses, see
6924:Ailtirí na hAiséirghe
6901:Irish Dominion League
6825:National League Party
6820:National Centre Party
6745:Progressive Democrats
6717:National Party (1924)
6620:National Labour Party
6583:World Socialist Party
6381:Irish National League
6237:Ulster Unionist Party
5990:Tory Green Initiative
5905:Conservatives at Work
4623:National Party (1917)
4446:"Whig and Tory"
4426:"Whig and Tory"
4385:. Vol. 1. John Baker.
3421:(2.0 for PC ed.)
2965:The Earl of Liverpool
2269:The Earl of Godolphin
2188:The Earl of Godolphin
1901:Charles II of England
1759:Electoral performance
1713:Catholic emancipation
1691:
1646:
1601:
1587:
1569:1747 general election
1497:Charles Edward Stuart
1482:Sir John Hynde Cotton
1358:Charles XII of Sweden
1307:
1288:
1115:Book of Common Prayer
980:military dictatorship
904:
831:crisis of 1678–1681.
790:As a political term,
782:
455:1st Earl of Rochester
445:1st Earl of Clarendon
400:Divine right of kings
167:Divine right of kings
72:2nd Earl of Liverpool
6645:United Left Alliance
6605:Cork Socialist Party
6528:Irish Workers' Group
6356:Healyite Nationalist
5975:Popular Conservatism
5920:COVID Recovery Group
5711:Conservatives Abroad
5612:London Conservatives
5287:Leadership elections
4613:Irish Unionist Party
4588:Carlton Club meeting
4573:Tariff Reform League
4399:. London: Macmillan.
4339:Harris, Tim (1993).
3459:Samuel R. Gardiner.
3442:on 23 September 2015
2894:The Duke of Portland
1751:(a former Whig) and
1284:Letter to the Tories
1275:Eveline Cruickshanks
1231:Viscount Bolingbroke
1193:The stresses of the
1088:to that seen in the
974:. The Army had King
929:(supporters of King
855:) and supported the
696:, when they opposed
62:Viscount Bolingbroke
7173:Tory MPs (pre-1834)
6873:Poblacht Chríostúil
6868:Muintir na hÉireann
6830:Social Credit Party
6810:Cumann na nGaedheal
6692:Cumann na Poblachta
6553:Republican Congress
6523:Irish Worker League
6434:Irish Liberal Party
6411:United Irish League
6391:Irish Patriot Party
6095:European Foundation
5980:Renewing One Nation
5925:European Foundation
5840:Conservative Health
5747:The Atlantic Bridge
5716:LGBT+ Conservatives
5706:Young Conservatives
5591:Welsh Conservatives
5425:July–September 2022
5325:Thatcher re-elected
4303:. London: Vintage.
4136:Cruickshanks (1979)
4101:, pp. 106–108.
4099:Cruickshanks (1979)
4087:Cruickshanks (1979)
4058:Cruickshanks (1979)
4046:Cruickshanks (1979)
4034:Cruickshanks (1979)
4022:Cruickshanks (1979)
4010:Cruickshanks (1979)
3995:Cruickshanks (1979)
3983:Cruickshanks (1979)
3968:Cruickshanks (1979)
3956:Cruickshanks (1979)
3944:Cruickshanks (1979)
3917:Cruickshanks (1979)
3905:Cruickshanks (1979)
3893:Cruickshanks (1979)
3881:Cruickshanks (1979)
3869:Cruickshanks (1979)
3857:Cruickshanks (1979)
3845:Cruickshanks (1979)
3833:Cruickshanks (1979)
3821:Cruickshanks (1979)
3809:Cruickshanks (1979)
3734:Cruickshanks (1979)
3681:Cruickshanks (1979)
3654:Cruickshanks (1979)
3591:Cruickshanks (1979)
3579:Cruickshanks (1979)
3562:Cruickshanks (1979)
3547:Cruickshanks (1979)
3535:Cruickshanks (1979)
3293:. 18 December 2020.
2416:Sir William Wyndham
1939:James II of England
1418:Sir William Wyndham
1265:In accordance with
1251:the son of James II
1184:Duke of Marlborough
1135:Glorious Revolution
1041:James, Duke of York
1033:Louis XIV of France
1005:Cavalier Parliament
993:Glorious Revolution
784:James, Duke of York
702:James, Duke of York
700:efforts to exclude
381:Cavalier Parliament
6929:Córas na Poblachta
6896:Irish Centre Party
6848:Catholic Democrats
6687:Clann na Poblachta
6406:Repeal Association
6215:European Democrats
5757:Common Sense Group
4558:Tamworth Manifesto
4406:. Clarendon Press.
4230:Historical Journal
4193:, pp. 77, 78.
4060:, pp. 90, 91.
4036:, pp. 81, 82.
4024:, pp. 77, 78.
3946:, pp. 63, 64.
3895:, pp. 50, 52.
3871:, pp. 39, 40.
3784:, pp. 70, 71.
3632:, pp. 64, 65.
1729:Tamworth Manifesto
1719:Conservative Party
1651:
1595:Friends of Mr Pitt
1534:Duke of Cumberland
1452:. Later that year
1320:
1208:Duke of Shrewsbury
788:
757:Conservative Party
753:Tamworth Manifesto
137:Conservative Party
7040:
7039:
7008:
7007:
6995:Natural Law Party
6548:Vanguard Movement
6483:
6482:
6280:
6279:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6118:
6117:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
5995:Tory Reform Group
5915:Cornerstone Group
5656:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5464:
5463:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
4760:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4548:Electoral history
3760:, pp. 64–74.
3483:. London. p. 126.
3332:978-1-6246-6905-7
3232:on 13 March 2008.
3199:
3198:
2660:
2659:
1700:Church of England
1683:his assassination
1668:Charles James Fox
1540:as their symbol.
1434:war against Spain
1239:Treaty of Utrecht
1220:Sacheverell riots
1216:Henry Sacheverell
1072:Heraclitus Ridens
1001:Church of England
949:Church of England
923:English Civil War
917:English Civil War
769:Benjamin Disraeli
666:political faction
658:
657:
495:Winston Churchill
299:Counterrevolution
245:
244:
232:Political parties
133:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
7180:
7128:1678 in politics
7105:
7104:
7103:
7093:
7092:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7048:
6934:Identity Ireland
6805:Cork Civic Party
6768:Clann na Talmhan
6677:Aontacht Éireann
6492:
6491:
6366:Home Rule League
6330:
6329:
6320:
6319:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6284:
6283:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6135:
6134:
6124:
6123:
6056:
6055:
5730:Factional groups
5694:Sectional groups
5673:
5672:
5662:
5661:
5481:
5480:
5470:
5469:
5347:Major re-elected
5283:
5282:
4932:
4931:Chairmen (1911–)
4827:
4776:
4761:
4755:
4730:
4729:House of Commons
4663:
4657:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4583:Coalition Coupon
4512:
4511:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4436:
4428:
4363:
4354:
4335:
4322:
4295:
4258:
4253:I. R. Christie,
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4215:I. R. Christie,
4213:
4207:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4165:
4160:Frank O'Gorman,
4158:
4152:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3565:
3559:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3523:
3517:
3506:
3505:Willman, p. 263.
3503:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3473:
3467:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3438:, archived from
3429:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3398:on 30 April 2010
3397:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3222:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3087:
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3079:
3078:
3071:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2917:
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2909:
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2901:
2879:
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2871:
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2825:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2792:
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2759:
2737:
2736:
2729:
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2721:
2698:
2662:
2661:
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2651:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2401:
2400:
2393:
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2362:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2330:
2329:
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2314:
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2276:
2254:
2253:
2246:
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2238:
2216:
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2200:
2173:
2172:
2165:
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2157:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1763:
1762:
1704:Episcopal Church
1679:Spencer Perceval
1628:(1762–1763) and
1466:Duke of Beaufort
1411:general election
1392:general election
1388:South Sea Bubble
1363:Spanish invasion
1280:George Lyttelton
1235:Church in Danger
1204:Duke of Somerset
1155:refused to swear
1056:Redmond O'Hanlon
1037:heir presumptive
970:, controlled by
825:English politics
822:
812:
803:
694:Exclusion Crisis
650:
643:
636:
519:
490:G. K. Chesterton
470:3rd Earl of Bute
450:Roger L'Estrange
434:
391:
370:
283:
274:
263:
247:
246:
215:
189:
123:Preceded by
115:
112:
101:
98:
77:Arthur Wellesley
43:
42:
21:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7101:
7099:
7087:
7077:
7075:
7065:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7043:
7041:
7036:
7004:
6963:
6910:
6877:
6840:Christian right
6834:
6782:
6754:
6721:
6649:
6610:Democratic Left
6587:
6479:
6453:
6415:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6281:
6276:
6268:
6266:
6258:
6256:
6242:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6188:
6182:
6170:
6162:
6151:
6145:
6129:
6128:Party alliances
6114:
6105:Policy Exchange
6061:
6042:
6009:
5960:No Turning Back
5725:
5689:
5667:
5648:
5632:
5616:
5600:
5569:
5553:
5530:
5514:
5475:
5474:Party structure
5460:
5288:
5269:
5231:
4930:
4924:
4826:Leaders (1922–)
4825:
4819:
4764:
4754:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4632:
4568:Primrose League
4526:
4506:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4423:
4420:
4371:
4369:Further reading
4366:
4351:
4332:Duckworth Books
4311:
4284:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4227:
4223:
4214:
4210:
4201:
4197:
4191:Sedgwick (1970)
4189:
4185:
4179:Sedgwick (1970)
4177:
4168:
4159:
4155:
4147:Julian Hoppit,
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4121:
4117:
4111:Sedgwick (1970)
4109:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4075:Sedgwick (1970)
4073:
4064:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3932:Sedgwick (1970)
3930:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3797:Sedgwick (1970)
3795:
3788:
3782:Sedgwick (1970)
3780:
3776:
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1792:Sir Edward Hyde
1761:
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1518:Robert MacCarty
1486:Sir Robert Abdy
1454:Francis Sempill
1422:William Shippen
1374:Lord Sunderland
1330:Duke of Ormonde
1263:
1255:Hanoverian Tory
1164:
1125:were excluded.
1090:Long Parliament
1085:
1064:Bishop of Meath
1052:Duke of Ormonde
988:King Charles II
984:The Restoration
972:Oliver Cromwell
957:Presbyterianism
955:with a form of
939:Long Parliament
919:
914:
857:Whiggamore Raid
777:
734:rotten boroughs
670:political party
654:
625:
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620:Veronese Easter
520:
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485:Stanley Baldwin
435:
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415:Oxford Movement
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1622:Samuel Johnson
1596:
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1583:Horace Walpole
1560:Frank O'Gorman
1491:James Butler,
1470:Lord Barrymore
1403:Robert Walpole
1399:Atterbury Plot
1383:Robert Walpole
1271:Lord Carnarvon
1262:
1259:
1247:House of Lords
1188:Lord Godolphin
1163:
1160:
1139:legal controls
1123:Nonconformists
1084:
1081:
1076:Oliver Heywood
1025:Catholic plots
968:New Model Army
918:
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889:Exclusion Bill
829:Exclusion Bill
776:
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6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6682:Clann Éireann
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6275:
6265:
6253:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6057:
6053:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6006:
6005:Five Families
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5985:Selsdon Group
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5659:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:Parliamentary
5533:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5467:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5284:
5280:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4643:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:Organisations
4513:
4509:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4454:
4453:
4447:
4442:
4441:Gilman, D. C.
4438:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4350:0-582-04082-5
4346:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4310:9780099563235
4306:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4283:9780521313834
4279:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4256:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4225:
4218:
4212:
4206:(2003) 2:1279
4205:
4199:
4192:
4187:
4181:, p. 76.
4180:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4163:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4138:, p. 45.
4137:
4132:
4125:
4119:
4113:, p. ix.
4112:
4107:
4100:
4095:
4088:
4083:
4077:, p. 75.
4076:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4059:
4054:
4048:, p. 86.
4047:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4023:
4018:
4012:, p. 77.
4011:
4006:
4004:
3997:, p. 75.
3996:
3991:
3985:, p. 72.
3984:
3979:
3977:
3970:, p. 71.
3969:
3964:
3958:, p. 69.
3957:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3934:, p. 73.
3933:
3928:
3926:
3919:, p. 58.
3918:
3913:
3907:, p. 47.
3906:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3883:, p. 40.
3882:
3877:
3870:
3865:
3859:, p. 39.
3858:
3853:
3847:, p. 38.
3846:
3841:
3835:, p. 33.
3834:
3829:
3823:, p. 28.
3822:
3817:
3811:, p. 27.
3810:
3805:
3799:, p. 71.
3798:
3793:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3772:, p. 70.
3771:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3748:, p. 69.
3747:
3742:
3736:, p. 30.
3735:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3712:, p. 68.
3711:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3689:
3683:, p. 12.
3682:
3677:
3671:, p. 67.
3670:
3665:
3663:
3656:, p. 10.
3655:
3650:
3644:, p. 66.
3643:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3620:, p. 64.
3619:
3614:
3612:
3605:, p. 63.
3604:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3522:, p. 62.
3521:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3456:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3413:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3375:Harris (1993)
3371:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2887:
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2874:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2307:Robert Harley
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2148:November 1701
2146:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:Earl of Derby
1746:
1745:Liberal Party
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1708:Nonconformist
1705:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1346:habeas corpus
1344:, suspending
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1282:wrote in his
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:Robert Harley
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:Robert Harley
1177:
1176:Country Whigs
1173:
1169:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1080:
1077:
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766:
765:Earl of Derby
762:
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743:
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735:
731:
727:
726:1831 election
723:
719:
714:
709:
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686:Great Britain
683:
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440:Robert Filmer
438:
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118:1834 (second)
109:
105:
93:
89:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
57:
53:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7083:Conservatism
6788:Conservative
6672:Anti H-Block
6469:
6080:Bruges Group
5682:
5484:Professional
5437:October 2022
5370:Duncan Smith
5200: /
5191: /
5182: /
5173: /
5149: /
5140: /
5116: /
5044:Thorneycroft
5007: /
4890:Duncan Smith
4865:Douglas-Home
4850:W. Churchill
4795:R. Churchill
4772: /
4768: /
4756:
4698:Beaconsfield
4598:Fourth Party
4563:Carlton Club
4552:
4450:
4430:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4359:
4340:
4327:
4300:
4273:
4254:
4249:
4242:Clark (1985)
4237:
4229:
4224:
4216:
4211:
4203:
4198:
4186:
4161:
4156:
4148:
4143:
4131:
4123:
4118:
4106:
4094:
4082:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4017:
3990:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3777:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3729:
3722:Clark (2014)
3717:
3693:Clark (2014)
3688:
3676:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3598:
3593:, p. 7.
3586:
3581:, p. 6.
3564:, p. 5.
3549:, p. 3.
3542:
3537:, p. 4.
3501:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3460:
3455:
3444:, retrieved
3440:the original
3434:
3427:
3418:
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3393:the original
3382:
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3354:
3344:
3336:
3321:
3314:
3305:
3299:
3285:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3230:the original
3220:
2596:Edmund Isham
2113:January 1701
1863:October 1679
1734:
1722:
1697:
1692:
1672:
1662:
1658:
1655:William Pitt
1652:
1614:Grenvillites
1607:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1579:
1574:Thomas Carte
1565:
1556:Linda Colley
1551:Lewis Namier
1544:
1542:
1522:
1505:
1501:
1490:
1447:
1443:
1426:
1415:
1396:
1378:Peerage Bill
1367:
1350:
1345:
1336:and the new
1321:
1309:James Stuart
1294:
1289:
1283:
1264:
1224:
1192:
1165:
1127:
1099:
1086:
1071:
1045:
1010:
1003:. His first
961:
920:
905:
897:
884:
880:
836:
832:
796:Middle Irish
791:
789:
746:
732:removed the
720:followed by
710:
668:and later a
661:
659:
605:Ultra-Tories
545:Distributism
540:Conservatism
505:George Grant
500:Enoch Powell
480:Walter Scott
333:
314:High culture
259:
250:Part of the
183:Centre-right
162:High Toryism
152:Conservatism
94:1678 (first)
40:
6659:nationalist
6640:United Left
6338:Nationalist
6075:Bright Blue
6060:Think tanks
6021:List of MPs
6014:Politicians
5955:No Campaign
5945:Monday Club
5935:Fresh Start
5574:Subnational
4790:Hicks Beach
4759:(1848–1849)
4733:(1834–1922)
4666:(1828–1922)
4343:. Longman.
4265:Works cited
2680:Government
1781:Government
1725:Robert Peel
1618:Bedfordites
1474:Lord Orrery
1368:During the
1172:Junto Whigs
1143:William III
1111:restoration
1094:prerogative
1068:Henry Jones
1062:. The Whig
1060:Titus Oates
964:coup d'état
881:Petitioners
851:during the
827:during the
813:, meaning "
749:Robert Peel
706:Catholicism
575:Reactionary
308:Anglicanism
304:High Church
289:Agrarianism
201:Anglicanism
114: 1760
100: 1783
82:Robert Peel
7148:Jacobitism
7117:Categories
7000:New Vision
6792:right-wing
6655:Republican
5737:2020 group
5558:Conference
5198:Stephenson
5161:McLoughlin
5034:Carrington
4708:Devonshire
4683:Malmesbury
4673:Wellington
4650:Leadership
3360:17 January
3207:References
2691:Lord North
1830:John Ernle
1825:March 1679
1634:PDG Thomas
1630:Lord North
1610:George III
1513:Lord Gower
1370:Whig Split
1257:grouping.
1168:Queen Anne
1017:Protestant
997:episcopacy
991:after the
953:episcopacy
935:Roundheads
933:) and the
900:David Hume
841:Covenanter
837:whiggamore
615:Viva Maria
590:Sanfedismo
555:Legitimism
410:Jacobitism
329:Monarchism
294:Classicism
187:right-wing
6916:Far-right
6597:left-wing
6593:Socialist
6563:Saor Éire
6496:Communist
6488:post 1918
6334:Home Rule
6070:Bow Group
6031:2010–2015
6026:2005–2010
5519:Voluntary
5094:Parkinson
5089:Mawhinney
5049:Parkinson
5014:Blakenham
4860:Macmillan
4785:Northcote
4713:Lansdowne
4703:Salisbury
4319:896611647
4292:496809648
3277:162328892
3212:Citations
3195:Minority
3174:175 / 658
3162:Minority
3141:235 / 658
3129:Minority
3108:250 / 658
3091:Majority
3070:428 / 658
3058:Majority
3037:341 / 658
3025:Majority
3004:280 / 658
2992:Majority
2971:400 / 658
2954:Majority
2933:216 / 658
2921:Minority
2900:228 / 658
2883:Majority
2862:383 / 658
2845:Majority
2824:424 / 558
2812:Majority
2791:340 / 558
2779:Majority
2758:280 / 558
2741:Majority
2720:260 / 558
2708:Majority
2697:343 / 558
2677:Position
2665:Election
2656:Minority
2635:112 / 558
2623:Minority
2602:106 / 558
2585:Minority
2564:117 / 558
2552:Minority
2531:136 / 558
2514:Minority
2493:145 / 558
2481:Minority
2460:128 / 558
2443:Minority
2422:169 / 558
2405:Minority
2384:217 / 558
2367:Majority
2346:369 / 558
2334:Majority
2313:346 / 558
2296:Minority
2275:222 / 558
2258:Majority
2237:260 / 513
2220:Majority
2199:298 / 513
2177:Minority
2156:240 / 513
2142:Minority
2121:249 / 513
2107:Minority
2086:208 / 513
2072:Minority
2051:203 / 513
2037:Minority
2016:243 / 513
2004:Minority
1983:232 / 513
1966:Majority
1945:468 / 513
1928:Minority
1907:193 / 513
1890:Minority
1869:210 / 513
1857:Minority
1836:137 / 513
1819:Majority
1798:379 / 513
1778:Position
1766:Election
1737:Corn Laws
1663:Old Whigs
1638:JCD Clark
1626:Lord Bute
1427:In 1737,
1407:George II
1328:peer the
1103:rebellion
1013:Civil War
976:Charles I
944:autocracy
931:Charles I
927:Cavaliers
898:In 1757,
893:Abhorrers
849:Charles I
804:, modern
761:Corn Laws
570:Pink Tory
565:Miguelism
550:High Tory
535:Cristeros
420:Powellism
376:Cavaliers
237:Elections
127:Cavaliers
107:Dissolved
55:Leader(s)
7095:Politics
6949:Lia Fáil
6883:Unionist
6815:Libertas
6760:Agrarian
6500:far-left
6465:Radicals
6421:Unionist
5950:92 Group
5742:Activate
5314:Thatcher
5253:Whitelaw
5248:Maudling
5236:See also
5171:Cleverly
5039:Whitelaw
4995:Hailsham
4980:Assheton
4955:Davidson
4875:Thatcher
4780:Disraeli
4766:Disraeli
4745:Bentinck
4693:Richmond
3432:"Tory",
3402:27 April
1753:Disraeli
1741:Peelites
1702:and the
1675:Portland
1616:and the
1493:Louis XV
1342:Riot Act
1286:(1747):
1206:and the
1119:doctrine
1107:Monmouth
869:Scotland
845:Engagers
801:tóraidhe
713:George I
688:and the
678:Scotland
610:Vendéens
580:Red Tory
560:Loyalism
356:Unionism
351:Royalism
324:Loyalism
194:Religion
144:Ideology
102:(second)
7107:History
7059:England
7045:Portals
6727:Liberal
6326:to 1918
6317:Ireland
6138:Current
5418:Johnson
5394:Cameron
5180:Milling
5156:Feldman
5151:Feldman
5142:Feldman
5133:Pickles
5128:Spelman
5118:Saatchi
5019:du Cann
5005:Macleod
4985:Woolton
4975:Dugdale
4970:Hacking
4950:Jackson
4945:Younger
4910:Johnson
4900:Cameron
4840:Baldwin
4805:Balfour
4774:Herries
4505:History
3446:13 June
3435:Answers
3269:2639092
2668:Leader
1769:Leader
1178:led by
999:in the
912:History
902:wrote:
883:), the
877:Ireland
873:England
740:in the
682:Ireland
674:England
530:Chouans
525:Carlism
433:People
262:Toryism
210:Colours
156:British
116:(first)
91:Founded
6470:Tories
6175:Former
6100:Onward
6038:London
5382:Howard
5263:Ancram
5258:Lilley
5227:Fuller
5222:Holden
5212:Zahawi
5202:Elliot
5193:Elliot
5189:Dowden
5184:Elliot
5175:Elliot
5147:Shapps
5099:Ancram
5084:Hanley
5079:Fowler
5074:Patten
5064:Brooke
5059:Tebbit
5054:Gummer
5029:Thomas
5024:Barber
5000:Butler
4895:Howard
4770:Granby
4757:vacant
4750:Granby
4718:Curzon
4688:Cairns
4553:Tories
4531:Topics
4347:
4317:
4307:
4290:
4280:
3464:p. 228
3329:
3275:
3267:
2671:Seats
1772:Seats
1659:Tories
1227:Harley
1131:church
1050:, the
1029:treaty
885:Tories
835:(from
815:outlaw
662:Tories
214:
48:Tories
6968:Other
6475:Whigs
5637:Other
5621:Local
5442:Sunak
5430:Truss
5358:Hague
5336:Major
5302:Heath
5217:Hands
5207:Berry
5166:Lewis
5138:Warsi
5123:Maude
5104:Davis
5069:Baker
5009:Poole
4990:Poole
4965:Baird
4920:Sunak
4915:Truss
4885:Hague
4880:Major
4870:Heath
4800:Smith
4678:Derby
3396:(PDF)
3273:S2CID
3265:JSTOR
1538:plaid
1317:Whigs
1031:with
1021:Whigs
891:(the
879:(the
861:Whigs
810:tóraí
806:Irish
798:word
6790:and
6657:and
6595:and
6498:and
5676:List
5449:2024
5413:2019
5401:2016
5389:2005
5377:2003
5365:2001
5353:1997
5343:1995
5331:1990
5321:1989
5309:1975
5297:1965
4855:Eden
4740:Peel
4345:ISBN
4315:OCLC
4305:ISBN
4288:OCLC
4278:ISBN
3448:2008
3404:2010
3362:2022
3327:ISBN
3192:2nd
3168:1832
3159:2nd
3135:1831
3126:1st
3118:178
3097:1830
3088:1st
3064:1826
3055:1st
3031:1820
3022:1st
3014:120
2998:1818
2989:1st
2960:1812
2951:1st
2927:1807
2918:2nd
2910:155
2889:1806
2880:1st
2851:1802
2842:1st
2818:1796
2809:1st
2785:1790
2776:1st
2747:1784
2738:1st
2714:1780
2686:1774
2674:+/–
2653:2nd
2629:1761
2620:2nd
2591:1754
2582:2nd
2558:1747
2549:2nd
2520:1741
2511:2nd
2487:1734
2478:2nd
2449:1727
2440:2nd
2411:1722
2402:2nd
2394:152
2373:1715
2364:1st
2340:1713
2331:1st
2323:124
2302:1710
2293:2nd
2264:1708
2255:1st
2226:1705
2217:1st
2183:1702
2174:2nd
2139:1st
2104:2nd
2078:1698
2069:2nd
2043:1695
2034:1st
2010:1690
2001:2nd
1993:236
1972:1689
1963:1st
1955:275
1934:1685
1925:2nd
1896:1681
1887:2nd
1854:2nd
1846:241
1816:1st
1808:379
1787:1661
1775:+/–
1484:and
1198:the
1186:and
1147:Mary
875:and
833:Whig
820:tóir
792:Tory
775:Name
767:and
698:Whig
660:The
217:Blue
5454:TBA
5406:May
5114:Fox
5109:May
4905:May
4835:Law
4810:Law
3257:doi
3184:60
3151:15
3080:87
3047:61
2981:12
2943:12
2872:41
2834:84
2801:60
2768:20
2730:83
2612:11
2574:19
2503:17
2470:41
2432:48
2356:23
2285:38
2247:38
2209:58
2190:and
2131:41
2061:40
1917:27
1879:73
1105:of
986:of
895:).
738:MPs
185:to
7119::
4449:.
4429:.
4330:.
4313:.
4286:.
4169:^
4065:^
4002:^
3975:^
3924:^
3789:^
3700:^
3661:^
3610:^
3569:^
3554:^
3527:^
3510:^
3481:VI
3479:.
3466:).
3353:.
3335:.
3271:.
3263:.
3253:26
3251:.
3247:.
2705:–
2702:–
2645:6
2541:9
2166:9
2096:5
2026:7
1480:,
1476:,
1472:,
1190:.
1066:,
1039:,
982:.
959:.
871:,
744:.
684:,
680:,
676:,
254:on
111:c.
97:c.
7047::
6336:/
6306:e
6299:t
6292:v
6239:)
6235:(
6198:)
6194:(
6161:)
6157:(
4483:e
4476:t
4469:v
4378:.
4353:.
4334:.
4321:.
4294:.
3406:.
3364:.
3279:.
3259::
1460:(
649:e
642:t
635:v
310:)
306:(
158:)
154:(
38:.
20:)
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