336:' must be construed as the systemic and founding source of oppression for women. And though this may appear true for some economically advantaged white women, to universalize this presumption is to effect a set of erasures, to cover over or 'subordinate' women who 'are' sites of competing oppressions, and to legislate through a kind of theoretical imperialism feminist priorities that have produced resistances and factionalizations of various kinds." Hence, Butler logically concludes that MacKinnon is a "theological, imperializing Subject." Similarly, Linda Nicholson rejects the homogenizing simplification of "women as a single entity", effectively erasing women who are not "white, Western, and middle-class."
297:: "To proliferate 'feminisms' in the face of women's diversity is the latest attempt of liberal pluralism to evade the challenge women's reality poses to theory, simply because the theoretical forms those realities demand have yet to be created." According to MacKinnon, "Abortion opponents and proponents share a tacit assumption that women significantly control sex", that sexual intercourse is "coequally determined", without taking into account the overall context of non-consent, subordination, and violence within which intercourse commonly occurs. Rape, according to MacKinnon, "is adjudicated not according to the power or the force that a man yields, but according to indices of intimacy between the parties."
325:(1978), writes that MacKinnon's "analysis of male power and the state appears overly determined and homogenous", ignoring that "liberal feminism has uncovered its own limitations via its own critiques of women of color, radical feminism, and so on." Michael Meyer suggests that MacKinnon's critique of liberalism "indulges in overgeneralizations and clearly fails to address the diversity and complexity of liberal perspectives. She fails to engage with Ronald Dworkin's extensive, and well-known, discussion of this very issue."
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gender and with it sexual desire and kinship structures, like value and with it acquisitiveness and the forms of property ownership, are considered presocial, part of the natural world, primordial or magical or aboriginal. As
Marxism exposes value as social creation, feminism exposes desire as socially relational, internally necessary to unequal social orders but historically contingent.
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Marxism and feminism provide accounts of the way social arrangements of patterned and cumulative disparity can be internally rational and systematic yet unjust. Both are theories of power, its social derivations and its maldistribution. Both are theories of social inequality. In unequal societies,
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argues that MacKinnon's "reduction of feminine sexual difference to victimization ultimately cannot sustain a feminist theory of the state." According to
Cornell, MacKinnon reduces "feminine sexuality to being a 'fuckee'", thereby reproducing the very "sexual shame" she had to intended to eliminate.
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accuses MacKinnon of holding "tenaciously to an essentialist position", and of undertaking a "remarkably heterosexist analysis." Kathryn Abrams echoes this critique, arguing that MacKinnon assimilates Native
American women into a "cross-cultural constant" that is "solipsistic and even manipulative."
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as the theory's point of departure, arguing that unlike liberal theories, Marxism "confronts organized social dominance, analyzes it in dynamic rather than static terms, identifies social forces that systematically shape social imperatives, and seeks to explain social freedom both within and against
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accepts MacKinnon's critique of abstract liberalism, assimilating the salience of history and context of group hierarchy and subordination, but concludes that this appeal is rooted in liberalism rather than a critique of it. "Liberal philosophers," Nussbaum argues, "have rejected the purely formal
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Emily
Calhoun writes that many readers, including herself, "simply do not see domination rooted in sexuality as the central problem for women, especially to the exclusion or minimization of problems of equality, problems of the freedom to engage with others, problems of individual growth. ... By
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lamented MacKinnon's "profoundly static world view and undemocratic, perhaps even anti-democratic, political sensibility." Brown called the work "flatly dated," developed at "the dawn of feminism's second wave ... framed by a political-intellectual context that no longer exists -- a male
Marxist
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notion of equality. Liberals standardly grant that the equality of opportunity that individuals have a right to demand from their government has material prerequisites, and that these prerequisites may vary depending on one's situation in society." Nussbaum points out that
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that "teaches men to degrade and dehumanize women ... Of course, it does not; constitutional doctrine puts obscene material outside the scope of freedom of expression and explicitly includes the preservation of individual morality among the state's legitimate concerns."
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MacKinnon argues that feminism had "no account of male power as an ordered yet deranged whole"; that is, a systematic account of the structural organization whereby male dominance is instantiated and enforced. Although earlier writers, including
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accuses MacKinnon of failing to subject her theory to her own critique; that is, of not taking into account the plurality of contexts within which sexism occurs, thereby "globalizing and naturalizing the worst features of her own society."
363:"establishes MacKinnon as the preeminent figure within the scholarly subfield of feminist jurisprudence", although she takes issue with MacKinnon's assertion that the First Amendment protects
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rejecting persuasive methodologies simply because they have been used to secure the assent of women to the male experience and viewpoint, MacKinnon ultimately dooms her enterprise."
272:, had offered "a rich description of the variables and locales of sexism," they had not produced a general theory of structural exploitation based on sex-based hierarchy.
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penned a harsh critique of MacKinnon's work, writing, "MacKinnon insists that feminism does not require prioritizing of oppressions, and that 'male domination' or '
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Robinson praises the book's "intriguing theoretical insights", while expressing concern that MacKinnon "simplifies all sex acts as rape".
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and justice, Catharine MacKinnon causes an earthquake in our thinking that rearranges every part of our intellectual landscape."
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In addition, Abrams calls MacKinnon's dominance theory "relentlessly removed from practical concerns." Neil MacCormick detects "
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Meyer, Michael J. "Re: Toward a Feminist Theory of the State."
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Calhoun, Emily M. "Re: Toward a Feminist Theory of the State."
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Reviews in the popular press were similarly mixed. Writing for
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Abrams, Kathryn. "Re: Feminist Lawyering and Legal Method",
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Vickers, Jill. "Re: Toward a Feminist Theory of the State",
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Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism
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as an answer to this perceived problem. MacKinnon takes
655:, University of Oklahoma; accessed September 16, 2015.
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The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution
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Brown, Wendy. "Consciousness Razing", January 8, 1990.
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Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation
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New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 55-80.
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617:"Re: Toward a Feminist Theory of the State",
433:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
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523:Nicholson, Linda. "A Radical's Odyssey",
247:Learn how and when to remove this message
403:monopoly on radical social discourse."
319:Likewise, Zillah Eisenstein, editor of
196:"Toward a Feminist Theory of the State"
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1334:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
1005:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
183:Please improve this section by adding
20:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
1374:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
1294:Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
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486:The American Political Science Review
473:Canadian Journal of Political Science
443:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
431:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
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343:cultural imperialism
338:Carrie Menkel-Meadow
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170:This section
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1512:Womyn's land
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1284:Woman Hating
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1160:Prostitution
1040:Redstockings
964:Ellen Willis
894:Robin Morgan
889:Kate Millett
854:Lierre Keith
819:Marilyn Frye
769:D. A. Clarke
754:Judith Brown
744:Julie Bindel
739:Linda Bellos
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1449:(1970–2008)
1354:Intercourse
1143:Pornography
1123:Gender role
1106:Second wave
874:Audre Lorde
774:Nikki Craft
749:Jenny Brown
512:Transitions
411:nationalism
400:Wendy Brown
365:pornography
357:Judith Baer
1543:Categories
1394:Only Words
1133:Patriarchy
859:Anne Koedt
839:bell hooks
794:Gail Dines
417:References
395:The Nation
382:John Rawls
334:patriarchy
295:liberalism
207:newspapers
174:references
784:Mary Daly
301:Reception
237:June 2022
65:Publisher
1494:Herstory
1182:Misogyny
1096:Feminism
657:Archived
129:19589567
47:Language
1101:Lesbian
995:Cell 16
979:Laura X
281:Marxism
221:scholar
153:Summary
55:Subject
50:English
1502:(1968)
1469:(2014)
1459:(1967)
1428:(2008)
1418:(2003)
1408:(2000)
1398:(1993)
1388:(1992)
1378:(1989)
1368:(1987)
1358:(1987)
1348:(1984)
1338:(1984)
1328:(1982)
1318:(1981)
1308:(1981)
1298:(1974)
1288:(1974)
1278:(1973)
1268:(1970)
1258:(1970)
1248:(1970)
1238:(1970)
1177:Sexism
1079:Issues
988:Groups
707:People
499:Ethics
268:, and
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194:
37:Author
1482:Other
1437:Other
1228:1970)
1215:Books
1208:Media
1060:WOMAD
538:Signs
228:JSTOR
214:books
101:Pages
200:news
123:OCLC
110:ISBN
80:1989
371:In
176:to
104:330
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