Crane (machine) - Knowledge

2044: 852: 2379: 2621: 2003:. These are mated together through a turntable, allowing the upper to swing from side to side. These modern hydraulic truck cranes are usually single-engine machines, with the same engine powering the undercarriage and the crane. The upper is usually powered via hydraulics run through the turntable from the pump mounted on the lower. In older model designs of hydraulic truck cranes, there were two engines. One in the lower pulled the crane down the road and ran a hydraulic pump for the outriggers and jacks. The one in the upper ran the upper through a hydraulic pump of its own. Many older operators favor the two-engine system due to leaking seals in the turntable of aging newer design cranes. Hiab invented the world's first hydraulic truck mounted crane in 1947. The name, Hiab, comes from the commonly used abbreviation of Hydrauliska Industri AB, a company founded in Hudiksvall, Sweden 1944 by Eric Sundin, a ski manufacturer who saw a way to utilize a truck's engine to power loader cranes through the use of hydraulics. 2285:-like trucks that have a set of forks mounted on a telescoping extendable boom like a crane. Early telescopic handlers only lifted in one direction and did not rotate; however, several of the manufacturers have designed telescopic handlers that rotate 360 degrees through a turntable and these machines look almost identical to the Rough Terrain Crane. These new 360-degree telescopic handler/crane models have outriggers or stabiliser legs that must be lowered before lifting; however, their design has been simplified so that they can be more quickly deployed. These machines are often used to handle pallets of bricks and install frame trusses on many new building sites and they have eroded much of the work for small telescopic truck cranes. Many of the world's armed forces have purchased telescopic handlers and some of these are the much more expensive fully rotating types. Their off-road capability and their on site versatility to unload pallets using forks, or lift like a crane make them a valuable piece of machinery. 3098: 2258:

and carry cranes are popular in Australia, where large distances are encountered between job sites. One popular manufacturer in Australia was Franna, who have since been bought by Terex, and now all pick and carry cranes are commonly called "Frannas", even though they may be made by other manufacturers. Nearly every medium- and large-sized crane company in Australia has at least one and many companies have fleets of these cranes. The capacity range is between 10 and 40 t (9.8 and 39.4 long tons; 11 and 44 short tons) as a maximum lift, although this is much less as the load gets further from the front of the crane. Pick and carry cranes have displaced the work usually completed by smaller truck cranes, as the set-up time is much quicker. Many steel fabrication yards also use pick and carry cranes, as they can "walk" with fabricated steel sections and place these where required with relative ease.

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different way than today. In building construction, for example, it is assumed that the crane lifted the stone blocks either from the bottom directly into place, or from a place opposite the centre of the wall from where it could deliver the blocks for two teams working at each end of the wall. Additionally, the crane master who usually gave orders at the treadwheel workers from outside the crane was able to manipulate the movement laterally by a small rope attached to the load. Slewing cranes which allowed a rotation of the load and were thus particularly suited for dockside work appeared as early as 1340. While ashlar blocks were directly lifted by sling, lewis or devil's clamp (German

2702: 2945: 3566: 3290: 2056: 2556: 766: 992: 976: 2139: 3000: 628: 2015:. Many truck cranes have slow-travelling capability (a few miles per hour) while suspending a load. Great care must be taken not to swing the load sideways from the direction of travel, as most anti-tipping stability then lies in the stiffness of the chassis suspension. Most cranes of this type also have moving counterweights for stabilization beyond that provided by the outriggers. Loads suspended directly aft are the most stable, since most of the weight of the crane acts as a counterweight. Factory-calculated charts (or 135: 1098:, he was unable to do this, because the foundations consisted of sand. He eventually produced the hydraulic accumulator, a cast-iron cylinder fitted with a plunger supporting a very heavy weight. The plunger would slowly be raised, drawing in water, until the downward force of the weight was sufficient to force the water below it into pipes at great pressure. This invention allowed much larger quantities of water to be forced through pipes at a constant pressure, thus increasing the crane's load capacity considerably. 2471: 794: 3330: 2367: 2198: 1023: 553:, when worked by four men at both sides of the winch, could readily lift 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) (3 ropes x 5 pulleys x 4 men x 50 kg or 110 lb = 3,000 kg or 6,600 lb). If the winch was replaced by a treadwheel, the maximum load could be doubled to 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) at only half the crew, since the treadwheel possesses a much bigger mechanical advantage due to its larger diameter. This meant that, in comparison to the construction of the 2660:(also called a boat gantry crane, or boat crane) is a crane with two rectangular side panels joined by a single spanning beam at the top of one end. The crane is mobile with four groups of steerable wheels, one on each corner. These cranes allow boats with masts or tall super structures to be removed from the water and transported around docks or marinas. Not to be confused mechanical device used for transferring a vessel between two levels of water, which is also called a 3235: 2723: 2598: 3624: 675: 1984: 466: 2084: 2068: 1007: 624:(c. 357 AD). The maximum lifting capability of a single capstan can be established by the number of lewis iron holes bored into the monolith. In case of the Baalbek architrave blocks, which weigh between 55 and 60 tons, eight extant holes suggest an allowance of 7.5 ton per lewis iron, that is per capstan. Lifting such heavy weights in a concerted action required a great amount of coordination between the work groups applying the force to the capstans. 778:

beams of the roof connected the walls, the crane was dismantled and reassembled on the roof beams from where it was moved from bay to bay during construction of the vaults. Thus, the crane "grew" and "wandered" with the building with the result that today all extant construction cranes in England are found in church towers above the vaulting and below the roof, where they remained after building construction for bringing material for repairs aloft.

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radio remote control from the ground. In the first case the operator's cab is most usually located at the top of the tower attached to the turntable, but can be mounted on the jib, or partway down the tower. The lifting hook is operated by the crane operator using electric motors to manipulate wire rope cables through a system of sheaves. The hook is located on the long horizontal arm to lift the load which also contains its motor.

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load over more axles or are able to disassemble to meet requirements. An example is counterweights. Often a crane will be followed by another truck hauling the counterweights that are removed for travel. In addition some cranes are able to remove the entire upper. However, this is usually only an issue in a large crane and mostly done with a conventional crane such as a Link-Belt HC-238. When working on the job site,

2528: 3076: 3049: 478: 3141: 155: 2166: 3064:), supporting a moveable hoist, is fixed to a wall or to a floor-mounted pillar. Jib cranes are used in industrial premises and on military vehicles. The jib may swing through an arc, to give additional lateral movement, or be fixed. Similar cranes, often known simply as hoists, were fitted on the top floor of warehouse buildings to enable goods to be lifted to all floors. 3263: 1172: 2043: 884:

rotated together. Their capacity was 2–3 tons, which apparently corresponded to the customary size of marine cargo. Today, according to one survey, fifteen treadwheel harbor cranes from pre-industrial times are still extant throughout Europe. Some harbour cranes were specialised at mounting masts to newly built sailing ships, such as in

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buildings. The base is then attached to the mast which gives the crane its height. Further, the mast is attached to the slewing unit (gear and motor) that allows the crane to rotate. On top of the slewing unit there are three main parts which are: the long horizontal jib (working arm), shorter counter-jib, and the operator's cab.

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treadwheels were situated in a solid tower with only jib arm and roof rotating. Dockside cranes were not adopted in the Mediterranean region and the highly developed Italian ports where authorities continued to rely on the more labor-intensive method of unloading goods by ramps beyond the Middle Ages.

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designed to lift large loads. Helicopters are able to travel to and lift in areas that are difficult to reach by conventional cranes. Helicopter cranes are most commonly used to lift loads onto shopping centers and high-rise buildings. They can lift anything within their lifting capacity, such as air

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carries the lifting trolley, the jib is extended backwards in order to form a support for the machinery and counterbalancing weight. In addition to the motions of lifting and revolving, there is provided a so-called "racking" motion, by which the lifting trolley, with the load suspended, can be moved

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Each model and distinctive style of tower crane has a predetermined lifting chart that can be applied to any radii available, depending on its configuration. Similar to a mobile crane, a tower crane may lift an object of far greater mass closer to its center of rotation than at its maximum radius. An

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A pick and carry crane is similar to a mobile crane in that is designed to travel on public roads; however, pick and carry cranes have no stabiliser legs or outriggers and are designed to lift the load and carry it to its destination, within a small radius, then be able to drive to the next job. Pick

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Under United States standards for mobile cranes, the stability-limited rated load for a crawler crane is 75% of the tipping load. The stability-limited rated load for a mobile crane supported on outriggers is 85% of the tipping load. These requirements, along with additional safety-related aspects of

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Lifetime of existing cranes made of welded metal structures can often be extended for many years by after treatment of welds. During development of cranes, load level (lifting load) can be significantly increased by taking into account the IIW recommendations, leading in most cases to an increase of

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Two different types of harbor cranes can be identified with a varying geographical distribution: While gantry cranes, which pivoted on a central vertical axle, were commonly found at the Flemish and Dutch coastside, German sea and inland harbors typically featured tower cranes where the windlass and

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In contrast to modern cranes, medieval cranes and hoists — much like their counterparts in Greece and Rome — were primarily capable of a vertical lift, and not used to move loads for a considerable distance horizontally as well. Accordingly, lifting work was organized at the workplace in a

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Tower cranes can also use a hydraulic-powered jack frame to raise themselves to add new tower sections without any additional other cranes assisting beyond the initial assembly stage. This is how it can grow to nearly any height needed to build the tallest skyscrapers when tied to a building as the

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In order to hook and unhook the loads, the operator usually works in conjunction with a signaller (known as a "dogger", "rigger" or "swamper"). They are most often in radio contact, and always use hand signals. The rigger or dogger directs the schedule of lifts for the crane, and is responsible for

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A carry deck crane is a small 4 wheel crane with a 360-degree rotating boom placed right in the centre and an operators cab located at one end under this boom. The rear section houses the engine and the area above the wheels is a flat deck. Very much an American invention the Carry deck can hoist a

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The main advantage of a crawler crane is its ready mobility and use, since the crane is able to operate on sites with minimal improvement and stable on its tracks without outriggers. Wide tracks spread the weight out over a great area and are far better than wheels at traversing soft ground without

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in a fixed machinery house or on a trolley that runs horizontally along rails, usually fitted on a single beam (mono-girder) or two beams (twin-girder). The crane frame is supported on a gantry system with equalized beams and wheels that run on the gantry rail, usually perpendicular to the trolley

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The long horizontal jib is the part of the crane that carries the load. The counter-jib carries a counterweight, usually of concrete blocks, while the jib suspends the load to and from the center of the crane. The crane operator either sits in a cab at the top of the tower or controls the crane by

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In offshore lifting, where the crane and/or lifted object are on a floating vessel, the DLF is higher compared to onshore lifts because of the additional movement caused by wave action. This motion introduces additional acceleration forces and necessitates increased hoisting and lowering speeds to

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and system operated with a control pendant. Double girder bridge are more typical when needing heavier capacity systems from 10 tons and above. The advantage of the box girder type configuration results in a system that has a lower deadweight yet a stronger overall system integrity. Also included

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Generally a type of pedestrian operated tower crane, self-erecting tower cranes are transported as a single unit and can be assembled by a qualified technician without the assistance of a larger mobile crane. They are bottom slewing cranes that stand on outriggers, have no counter jib, have their

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or other powered mechanism extends or retracts the tubes to increase or decrease the total length of the boom. These types of booms are often used for short term construction projects, rescue jobs, lifting boats in and out of the water, etc. The relative compactness of telescopic booms makes them

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Generally, these cranes are able to travel on highways, eliminating the need for special equipment to transport the crane unless weight or other size constrictions are in place such as local laws. If this is the case, most larger cranes are equipped with either special trailers to help spread the

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According to the "present state of knowledge" unknown in antiquity, stationary harbor cranes are considered a new development of the Middle Ages. The typical harbor crane was a pivoting structure equipped with double treadwheels. These cranes were placed docksides for the loading and unloading of

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used at the time nor on the thin walls of the Gothic churches which were incapable of supporting the weight of both hoisting machine and load. Rather, cranes were placed in the initial stages of construction on the ground, often within the building. When a new floor was completed, and massive tie

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Deck cranes, also known as shipboard or cargo cranes, are located on ships and boats, used for cargo operations where no shore unloading facilities are available, raising and lowering loads (such as shellfish dredges and fish nets) into the water, and small boat unloading and retrieval. Most are

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Unlike construction cranes where the work speed was determined by the relatively slow progress of the masons, harbor cranes usually featured double treadwheels to speed up loading. The two treadwheels whose diameter is estimated to be 4 m or larger were attached to each side of the axle and

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of 3:1, it has been calculated that a single man working the winch could raise 150 kg (330 lb) (3 pulleys x 50 kg or 110 lb = 150), assuming that 50 kg (110 lb) represent the maximum effort a man can exert over a longer time period. Heavier crane types featured five

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There are many different types of cranes, each tailored to a specific use. Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high buildings. Mini-cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, to facilitate constructions by

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It is assumed that Roman engineers lifted these extraordinary weights by two measures (see picture below for comparable Renaissance technique): First, as suggested by Heron, a lifting tower was set up, whose four masts were arranged in the shape of a quadrangle with parallel sides, not unlike a

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Almost all paper mills use bridge cranes for regular maintenance requiring removal of heavy press rolls and other equipment. The bridge cranes are used in the initial construction of paper machines because they facilitate installation of the heavy cast iron paper drying drums and other massive

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Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane that consist of the same basic parts. Fixed to the ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes attached to the sides of structures), tower cranes often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the construction of tall

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The generally accepted definition of a crane is a machine for lifting and moving heavy objects by means of ropes or cables suspended from a movable arm. As such, a lifting machine that does not use cables, or else provides only vertical and not horizontal movement, cannot strictly be called a

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begin to appear on stone blocks of Greek temples. Since these holes point at the use of a lifting device, and since they are to be found either above the center of gravity of the block, or in pairs equidistant from a point over the center of gravity, they are regarded by archaeologists as the

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with a treadway wide enough for two workers walking side by side. While the earlier 'compass-arm' wheel had spokes directly driven into the central shaft, the more advanced "clasp-arm" type featured arms arranged as chords to the wheel rim, giving the possibility of using a thinner shaft and

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These telescopic cranes are single-engine machines, with the same engine powering the undercarriage and the crane, similar to a crawler crane. The engine is usually mounted in the undercarriage rather than in the upper, as with crawler crane. Most have 4 wheel drive and 4 wheel steering for

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sinking in. A crawler crane is also capable of traveling with a load. Its main disadvantage is its weight, making it difficult and expensive to transport. Typically a large crawler must be disassembled at least into boom and cab and moved by trucks, rail cars or ships to its next location.

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or other simulation techniques, may also be used to model the crane's behavior under various loading conditions, as deemed appropriate by the designer or certifying authority.To verify the actual DLF, control load tests can be conducted on the completed crane using instrumentation such as

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The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded, although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have resulted from a

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Though actual DLF values are determined through crane tests under representative operational conditions, design specifications can be used for guidance. The values vary according to the specification, which reflects the type of crane and its usage. Here are some example typical values:

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about the base of the crane must be close to zero so that the crane does not overturn. In practice, the magnitude of load that is permitted to be lifted (called the "rated load" in the US) is some value less than the load that will cause the crane to tip, thus providing a safety margin.

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The dynamic lift factor (DLF), also known as the design dynamic factor, is a critical parameter in the crane design and operation. It accounts for the dynamic effects that can increase the load on a crane's structure and components during lifting operations. These effects include:

2893:, also known as a bridge crane, is a type of crane where the hook-and-line mechanism runs along a horizontal beam that itself runs along two widely separated rails. Often it is in a long factory building and runs along rails along the building's two long walls. It is similar to a 958:

in Rome. From his report, it becomes obvious that the coordination of the lift between the various pulling teams required a considerable amount of concentration and discipline, since, if the force was not applied evenly, the excessive stress on the ropes would make them rupture.

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Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty

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load in a confined space and then load it on the deck space around the cab or engine and subsequently move to another site. The Carry Deck principle is the American version of the pick and carry crane and both allow the load to be moved by the crane over short distances.

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were then used in such tasks as placing or removing the lower masts of the vessel under construction or repair. These lower masts were the largest and most massive single timbers aboard a ship, and erecting them without the assistance of either a sheer hulk or land-based

1136: 939:, built in 1694, was the first of only three purpose-built vessels. There were at least six sheer hulks in service in Britain at any time throughout the 1700s. The concept spread to France in the 1740s with the commissioning of a sheer hulk at the port of Rochefort. 2400: 2398: 2395: 408:

as the main means of vertical motion. For the next 200 years, Greek building sites witnessed a sharp reduction in the weights handled, as the new lifting technique made the use of several smaller stones more practical than fewer larger ones. In contrast to the

497:, when construction activity soared and buildings reached enormous dimensions. The Romans adopted the Greek crane and developed it further. There is much available information about their lifting techniques, thanks to rather lengthy accounts by the engineers 3117:(AS/RS)). The crane moves on a track in an aisle of the warehouse. The fork can be raised or lowered to any of the levels of a storage rack and can be extended into the rack to store and retrieve the product. The product can in some cases be as large as an 2399: 2205:

An all-terrain crane is a hybrid combining the roadability of a truck-mounted and on-site maneuverability of a rough-terrain crane. It can both travel at speed on public roads and maneuver on rough terrain at the job site using all-wheel and crab steering.

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were placed on the ground around the tower, for, although having a lower leverage ratio than treadwheels, capstans could be set up in higher numbers and run by more men (and, moreover, by draught animals). This use of multiple capstans is also described by

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The DLF generally decreases as the mass of the lifted object increases, as cranes tend to operate at lower velocities with heavier loads to ensure safety and stability. For offshore lifts, the DLF typically decreases from 1.3 at 100 tonnes to 1.1 at 2500

2454:: the hoist winch assembly consists of the hoist winch (motor, gearbox, hoist drum, hoist rope, and brakes), the hoist motor controller, and supporting components, such as the platform. Many tower cranes have transmissions with two or more speeds. 1276:

minimize the risk of repeated collisions when the load is near the deck. Additionally, the DLF increases further when lifting objects that are underwater or going through the splash zone. The wind speeds tend to be higher than onshore as well.

1060:. He claimed that his invention would do the job faster and more cheaply than conventional cranes. The corporation agreed to his suggestion, and the experiment proved so successful that three more hydraulic cranes were installed on the Quayside. 1133: 1212:

For stationary pedestal or kingpost mounted cranes, the moment produced by the boom, jib, and load is resisted by the pedestal base or kingpost. Stress within the base must be less than the yield stress of the material or the crane will fail.

1152: 2897:. Overhead cranes typically consist of either a single beam or a double beam construction. These can be built using typical steel beams or a more complex box girder type. Pictured on the right is a single bridge box girder crane with the 2114:

Unlike most cranes, the operator must move around the vehicle to be able to view his load; hence modern cranes may be fitted with a portable cabled or radio-linked control system to supplement the crane-mounted hydraulic control levers.

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A tower crane is usually assembled by a telescopic jib (mobile) crane of greater reach (also see "self-erecting crane" below) and in the case of tower cranes that have risen while constructing very tall skyscrapers, a smaller crane (or

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in and out along the jib without altering the level of the load. Such horizontal movement of the load is a marked feature of later crane design. These cranes are generally constructed in large sizes and can lift up to 350 tons.

1056:. Armstrong was involved in this scheme and he proposed to Newcastle Corporation that the excess water pressure in the lower part of town could be used to power one of his hydraulic cranes for the loading of coal onto barges at the 2397: 655:) reappears in archival literature in France about 1225, followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240. In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor cranes are documented for 1208:

Standards for cranes mounted on ships or offshore platforms are somewhat stricter because of the dynamic load on the crane due to vessel motion. Additionally, the stability of the vessel or platform must be considered.

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crane is a loader crane mounted on a chassis with wheels. This chassis can ride on the trailer. Because the crane can move on the trailer, it can be a light crane, so the trailer is allowed to transport more goods.

1045:. His design used a ram in a closed cylinder that was forced down by a pressurized fluid entering the cylinder and a valve regulated the amount of fluid intake relative to the load on the crane. This mechanism, the 3305:

conditioning units, cars, boats, swimming pools, etc. They also perform disaster relief after natural disasters for clean-up, and during wild-fires they are able to carry huge buckets of water to extinguish fires.

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Tower cranes are used extensively in construction and other industry to hoist and move materials. There are many types of tower cranes. Although they are different in type, the main parts are the same, as follows:

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For another animation of such a crane in use, see "SAS Tower Construction Simulation" on YouTube. Here, the crane is used to erect a scaffold, which, in turn, contains a gantry to lift sections of a bridge spire.

245:, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction—some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but 4338:

These are Bergen, Stockholm, Karlskrona (Sweden), Kopenhagen (Denmark), Harwich (England), Gdańsk (Poland), Lüneburg, Stade, Otterndorf, Marktbreit, Würzburg, Östrich, Bingen, Andernach and Trier (Germany). Cf.

2442:: the jib, or operating arm, extends horizontally from the crane. A "luffing" jib is able to move up and down; a fixed jib has a rolling trolley car that runs along the underside to move loads horizontally. 1090:. Where water pressure was not available on site for the use of hydraulic cranes, Armstrong often built high water towers to provide a supply of water at pressure. However, when supplying cranes for use at 2811:

was the principal manufacturer of giant cantilever cranes; the company built a total of fourteen. Among the sixty built in the world, few remain; seven in England and Scotland of about fifteen worldwide.

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There are three major considerations in the design of cranes. First, the crane must be able to lift the weight of the load; second, the crane must not topple; third, the crane must not fail structurally.

1182:, spreader bars, and "choker" lines, depending on load (left). Cranes can be remote-controlled from the ground, allowing much more precise control, at the expense of the view from atop the crane (right). 2571:

tower, where instead of erecting a large crane a smaller climbing crane can raise itself with the structure's construction, lift the generator housing to its top, add the rotor blades, then climb down.

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travel direction. These cranes come in all sizes, and some can move very heavy loads, particularly the extremely large examples used in shipyards or industrial installations. A special version is the

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is most common type of overhead crane, found in many factories. These cranes are electrically operated by a control pendant, radio/IR remote pendant, or from an operator cabin attached to the crane.

2466:: Large, moveable concrete counterweights are mounted toward the rear of the counterdeck, to compensate for the weight of the goods lifted and keep the center of gravity over the supporting tower. 3121:. Stacker cranes are often used in the large freezer warehouses of frozen food manufacturers. This automation avoids requiring forklift drivers to work in below-freezing temperatures every day. 417:

invariably featured stone blocks weighing less than 15–20 metric tons. Also, the practice of erecting large monolithic columns was practically abandoned in favour of using several column drums.

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In many instances the cost of a bridge crane can be largely offset with savings from not renting mobile cranes in the construction of a facility that uses a lot of heavy process equipment.

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are some of the largest and heaviest land-based cranes ever designed. A ring-shaped track support the main superstructure allowing for extremely heavy loads (up to thousands of tonnes).

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that provide both stability and mobility. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity from about 40 to 4,000 long tons (44.8 to 4,480.0 short tons; 40.6 to 4,064.2 t) as seen from the

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span 140 m (459 ft), lift-height 70 m (230 ft), capacity 840 tonnes (830 long tons; 930 short tons) each, 1,600 tonnes (1,600 long tons; 1,800 short tons) combined

2460:: the hook is used to connect the material to the crane, suspended from the hoist rope either at the tip (on luffing jib cranes) or routed through the trolley (on hammerhead cranes). 2396: 2107:, and is used for loading/unloading the vehicle cargo. The numerous jointed sections can be folded into a small space when the crane is not in use. One or more of the sections may be 1419: 2157:

A telescopic tower crane has a telescopic mast and often a superstructure (jib) on top so that it functions as a tower crane. Some telescopic tower cranes also have a telescopic jib.

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The concept of sheer hulks originated with the Royal Navy in the 1690s, and persisted in Britain until the early nineteenth century. Most sheer hulks were decommissioned warships;

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Many tower cranes are designed to "jump" in stages, effectively lifting themselves to the next level. A specialty example of a climbing crane was introduced by Lagerwey Wind and

2122:", partly because this manufacturer invented the loader crane and was first into the UK market, and partly because the distinctive name was displayed prominently on the boom arm. 1579: 735:

from which the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved. Alternatively, the medieval treadwheel may represent a deliberate reinvention of its Roman counterpart drawn from

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The Genius of Archimedes -- 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8–10, 2010

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The relative velocity is dependent on the crane's operational requirements and the system stiffness at the hook can be determined by calculation or load deflection tests.

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in small terminals or medium-sized ports. Reach stackers are able to transport a container short distances very quickly and pile them in various rows depending on its access.

2034:) to about 2,240 short tons (2,000 long tons; 2,032 t). Although most only rotate about 180 degrees, the more expensive truck mounted cranes can turn a full 360 degrees. 1334: 296:

systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power would be uneconomic.

2436:: on most tower cranes the operating cabin sits just above the slewing unit. It contains the operating controls, load-movement indicator system (LMI), scale, anemometer, etc. 3086:

are designed from the outset to carry a shell grab or bucket, rather than using a hook and a sling. They are used for bulk cargoes, such as coal, minerals, scrap metal etc.

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counterweights and ballast at the base of the mast, cannot climb themselves, have a reduced capacity compared to standard tower cranes, and seldom have an operator's cabin.

1083:. The company expanded from a workforce of 300 and an annual production of 45 cranes in 1850, to almost 4,000 workers producing over 100 cranes per year by the early 1860s. 1308: 991: 420:

Although the exact circumstances of the shift from the ramp to the crane technology remain unclear, it has been argued that the volatile social and political conditions of

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Cranes were also used domestically during this period. The chimney or fireplace crane was used to swing pots and kettles over the fire and the height was adjusted by a

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to support the battleship construction program from 1904 to 1914. The ability of the hammerhead crane to lift heavy weights was useful for installing large pieces of

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building rises. The maximum unsupported height of a tower crane is around 265 ft. For a video of a crane getting taller, see "Crane Building Itself" on YouTube.

1980:-mounted crane configuration is a "boom truck" or "lorry loader", which features a rear-mounted rotating telescopic-boom crane mounted on a commercial truck chassis. 5628: 3156:

construction, but they are also used for occasional loading and unloading of especially heavy or awkward loads on and off ships. Some floating cranes are mounted on

4994: 2620: 1501: 424:

were more suitable to the employment of small, professional construction teams than of large bodies of unskilled labour, making the crane preferable to the Greek

1743: 1634: 1612: 1530: 4742: 3614: 1765: 1466: 1444: 745:

which was available in many monastic libraries. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well, by the observation of the labor-saving qualities of the

5283: 975: 2019:) are used by crane operators to determine the maximum safe loads for stationary (outriggered) work as well as (on-rubber) loads and travelling speeds. 307:

Some lifting machines do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but are generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.

2539:

In some cases, smaller self-erecting tower cranes may have axles permanently fitted to the tower section to make maneuvering the crane onsite easier.

2492:) will often be lifted to the roof of the completed tower to dismantle the tower crane afterwards, which may be more difficult than the installation. 560:, where about 50 men were needed to move a 2.5 ton stone block up the ramp (50 kg (110 lb) per person), the lifting capability of the Roman 3675: 233:, where they were powered by men or animals (such as donkeys), and used for the construction of buildings. Larger cranes were later developed in the 3097: 647:, the treadwheel crane was reintroduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the 1352:

The methods for determining the DLF vary in the different crane specifications. The following formulas are examples from one specification.

4450: 5582: 3383:

More technically advanced types of such lifting machines are often known as "cranes", regardless of the official definition of the term.

2516:

is used. This operator support system reduces the risk of a dangerous interaction occurring between a tower crane and another structure.

388:

in the late 6th century BC. The archaeological record shows that no later than c. 515 BC distinctive cuttings for both lifting tongs and

5552: 3056:

A jib crane is a type of crane - not to be confused with a crane rigged with a jib to extend its main boom - where a horizontal member (

5017: 4927: 3912: 1355:

The working load (suspended load) is the total weight that a crane is designed to safely lift under normal operating conditions. It is

3929:

The earliest recorded version or concept of a crane was called a Shaduf and used over 4,000 years by the Egyptians to transport water.

2327:

Optimization of tower crane location in the construction sites has an important effect on material transportation costs of a project.

2055: 1251:. If available, data from previous tests of similar crane types can be used to estimate the DLF. More sophisticated methods, such as 5543: 5151: 2855:

is a crane of this common design, but with an extra mechanism to keep the hook at the same level when the jib is pivoted in or out.

1247:

The DLF for a new crane design can be determined with analytical calculations and mathematical models following the relevant design

1075:

for cranes and bridges in 1847. His company soon received orders for hydraulic cranes from Edinburgh and Northern Railways and from

591:, the capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons, which had to be lifted to a height of about 34 m (111.5 ft) (see 284:

being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century. Modern cranes usually use

2902:

would be a hoist to lift the items, the bridge, which spans the area covered by the crane, and a trolley to move along the bridge.

3906: 781:

Less frequently, medieval illuminations also show cranes mounted on the outside of walls with the stand of the machine secured to

3698: 575:

indicate that the overall lifting capability of the Romans went far beyond that of any single crane. At the temple of Jupiter at

1339:

For grab cranes, the DLF can increase by 20% to 30% reflecting the shock loads caused by the release of the lifted material; and

3114: 2424:: the main supporting tower of the crane. It is made of steel trussed sections that are connected together during installation. 1646: 1038: 1026: 5306: 3033:(or "Portainer" crane, named by the first manufacturer), designed for loading and unloading ship-borne containers at a port. 100: 5689: 4521: 3840: 2111:. Often the crane will have a degree of automation and be able to unload or stow itself without an operator's instruction. 692:. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly introduced machines like treadwheels or 4865: 72: 5684: 4786: 4673: 2495:

Tower cranes can be operated by remote control, removing the need for the crane operator to sit in a cab atop the crane.

2067: 1995:

Larger, heavier duty, purpose-built "truck-mounted" cranes are constructed in two parts: the carrier, often called the

773:

Contrary to a popularly held belief, cranes on medieval building sites were neither placed on the extremely lightweight

5270: 5091: 4957: 1248: 5694: 5520: 5464: 4505: 4480: 4399: 3954: 3848: 2976: 2868: 2513: 846: 119: 79: 4699: 1086:

Armstrong spent the next few decades constantly improving his crane design; his most significant innovation was the

4914: 4746: 3207: 3009: 1503:

is the maximum lifted mass, which is also called the crane working load limit (WLL) or safe working load (SWL), and

53: 4883:"Optimization of tower crane location and material quantity between supply and demand points: A comparative study" 5669: 5575: 5415: 5364: 2011:

are extended horizontally from the chassis then vertically to level and stabilize the crane while stationary and

1091: 1037:

the first modern cranes were installed at harbours for loading cargo. In 1838, the industrialist and businessman

711:

Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by windlasses with radiating

158:

Manual crane from the late 19th century used for unloading small loads from ships at the Port of Barcelona, Spain

5031: 3176:) and have been used to transport entire bridge sections. Floating cranes have also been used to salvage sunken 4544: 2644:. Container lift is done with parallel crane-like hoists, which can lift a container from the ground or from a 86: 57: 2917:

by crane, hot steel is stored for cooling by an overhead crane, the finished coils are lifted and loaded onto

1360: 1201:

crane design, are established by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the volume ASME B30.5-2018

206:

to do its work. Cranes are commonly employed in transportation for the loading and unloading of freight, in

680: 571:

However, numerous extant Roman buildings which feature much heavier stone blocks than those handled by the

5130: 2944: 1542: 1146:

can "swing" its boom left and right, "dolly" its car (or traveler) in and out, and lift and lower its load

68: 5699: 3468: 3456:

138 m (453 ft) tall, 1,500 tonnes (1,500 long tons; 1,700 short tons) capacity, since moved to

2847:

Normally a crane with a hinged jib will tend to have its hook also move up and down as the jib moves (or

2336: 1536:

The DLF is then used as a multiplier to determine the force applied to the crane structure and components

359: 226: 17: 837:

exercised by medieval tread-wheels which normally prevented the wheel from accelerating beyond control.

5679: 5664: 5568: 5079: 5062: 4818: 3946: 2808: 2793: 1052:

In 1845 a scheme was set in motion to provide piped water from distant reservoirs to the households of

439:

The first unequivocal literary evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appears in the

285: 5225: 3635: 2761:

evolved first in Germany around the turn of the 19th century and was adopted and developed for use in

1313: 264:

For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in

4378: 3211: 1779:

The crane types outlined in this section are categorized based on their primary area of application:

3798: 2430:: the slewing unit sits at the top of the mast. This is the engine that enables the crane to rotate. 592: 5674: 3582: 3560: 3506: 2701: 2512:

When a tower crane is used in proximity to buildings, roads, power lines, or other tower cranes, a

2366: 982: 955: 948: 923:

were attached to the base of a hulk's lower masts or beam, supported from the top of those masts.

617: 410: 190:

for lifting and relocating heavy objects within the swing of its boom. The device uses one or more

3565: 2351: 1287: 5177: 3435:

133 m (436 ft) tall, 120 m (394 ft) span, lift-height 80 m (262 ft)

3289: 2961: 1252: 708:. Rather, old and new machinery continued to coexist on medieval construction sites and harbors. 46: 3243:

diesel-hydraulic or electric-hydraulic, supporting an increasingly automated control interface.

2146:

A telescopic crane has a boom that consists of a number of tubes fitted one inside the other. A

5475: 4498:

W.G. Armstrong: The Life and Times of Sir William George Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Cragside

4454: 4438: 3548:

1,600 tonnes (1,570 long tons; 1,760 short tons) capacity, 112 m (367 ft) lift-height

2909:. At every step of the manufacturing process, until it leaves a factory as a finished product, 2555: 2304: 2242: 587:

block even over 100 tons, all of them raised to a height of about 19 m (62.3 ft). In

321: 4721: 2185:

pick-and-carry operations. Outriggers are used to level and stabilize the crane for hoisting.

900:, which could be flexibly deployed in the whole port basin came into use by the 14th century. 3411:

50 m (164 ft) tall, 175 tonnes (172 long tons; 193 short tons) capacity, built 1926

3184: 2914: 1087: 1034: 413:

with its pattern of ever-increasing block sizes, Greek temples of the classical age like the

258: 4935: 1006: 765: 5237: 3512: 2679: 2641: 2609: 833:

to forestall the load from running backward. This curious absence is explained by the high

723:. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead-spots' in the lifting process 648: 613: 537: 428:

over the more labour-intensive ramp which had been the norm in the autocratic societies of

203: 93: 5473:

Matthies, Andrea (1992), "Medieval Treadwheels. Artists' Views of Building Construction",

5273:

Technology, IIW, published the guideline "Recommendations for the HFMI Treatment" in 2016.

5199: 8: 5618: 5155: 3880: 3083: 2926: 2852: 2842: 2819: 2308: 2294: 2189:

traversing tighter and slicker terrain than a standard truck crane, with less site prep.

2108: 2016: 1473: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1053: 689: 506: 187: 5241: 3281:, recovery operations and freight loading in goods yards and scrap handling facilities. 2999: 2885:

is operated via a wired pushbutton station to move system and the load in any direction.

5500: 5492: 5440: 5432: 5389: 5381: 3916: 3778: 3478: 3356: 3308:

Some aerial cranes, mostly concepts, have also used lighter-than air aircraft, such as

3278: 2745:

crane consisting of a steel-braced tower on which revolves a large, horizontal, double

2602: 2303:

is a form of crane. They were used for installing the large stone blocks used to build

2276: 2147: 2118:

In the United Kingdom and Canada, this type of crane is often known colloquially as a "

1721: 1619: 1590: 1532:

is the mass of lifting appliances or parts of the crane that move with the lifted mass.

1508: 608: 389: 2504:

operator manipulates several levers and pedals to control each function of the crane.

947:

A lifting tower similar to that of the ancient Romans was used to great effect by the

5516: 5504: 5460: 5444: 5393: 5253: 4761: 4501: 4476: 4395: 3950: 3884: 3844: 3718: 3401: 2800:(1951). These cranes provided repair support for the battle fleet operating far from 2519:

In some countries, such as France, tower crane anti-collision systems are mandatory.

2104: 1076: 998: 716: 627: 557: 2154:

Though not all telescopic cranes are mobile cranes, many of them are truck-mounted.

2138: 5638: 5484: 5424: 5403: 5373: 5245: 5226:"Nonlinear antiswing control for shipboard boom cranes with full state constraints" 4894: 4637: 3876: 3392: 3351: 3257: 2727: 2673: 2238: 1750: 1451: 1429: 1193: 1046: 951: 924: 826: 644: 518: 514: 460: 242: 1231:

Hoisting acceleration and deceleration of the load, which is a significant factor;

5603: 4354: 3432:

20,000 tonnes (22,046 short tons; 19,684 long tons) capacity, World Record Holder

3037: 3030: 2994: 2826: 1159: 1042: 741: 720: 211: 170:

used to move materials both vertically and horizontally, utilizing a system of a

134: 4915:

https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/vertikal.net/ca-2009-1-p25-32_0881f7cc.pdf

3277:. More capable devices are purpose-built. Different types of crane are used for 5249: 4652: 3748: 3685: 3578: 3361: 3157: 3025: 2906: 2898: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2864: 2762: 2012: 1745:

is relative velocity between lifted object and hook at the time of pick-up, and

1163: 1095: 916: 873: 856: 656: 621: 405: 385: 289: 230: 191: 175: 143: 5073: 5056: 4796: 4677: 2237:

A crawler crane has its boom mounted on an undercarriage fitted with a set of

793: 5658: 5547: 5537: 5257: 4989: 3908:

The Structural Performance of Tower Cranes Using Computer Program SAP2000-v18

3888: 3867:

Chondros, Thomas G. (1 November 2010). "Archimedes life works and machines".

3708: 3511:

self-propelled steam crane that formerly ran the length of the breakwater at

3440: 3376: 3329: 3188: 2801: 2785: 2592: 1269: 1261: 929: 554: 549:) and came with two, three or four masts, depending on the maximum load. The 429: 5556:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 368–372. 5095: 4961: 2470: 2197: 5613: 5608: 5452: 4840: 3768: 3758: 3723: 3654:

The ISO 4306 series of specifications establish the vocabulary for cranes:

3570: 3474: 3297: 3219: 3215: 3135: 3003: 2988: 2894: 2780:

barrels. Giant cantilever cranes were also installed in naval shipyards in

2773: 2637: 2568: 2174: 1971: 1265: 1102: 1022: 963: 912: 908: 897: 631:

Medieval (15th century) port crane for mounting masts and lifting cargo in

494: 316: 301: 277: 234: 207: 5457:

Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation

2929:

or stamper uses an overhead crane to handle the steel in his factory. The

2722: 2597: 210:

for the movement of materials, and in manufacturing for the assembling of

3461: 2949: 2934: 2830: 2750: 2657: 2475: 2385: 1143: 774: 746: 693: 600: 355: 300:

reaching tight spaces. Large floating cranes are generally used to build

281: 222: 147: 4352: 3905:

Sayed, Osama Sayed Osman; Attalemanan, Abusamra Awad (19 October 2016).

3623: 2788:. The British government also installed a giant cantilever crane at the 2083: 1983: 5633: 5496: 4899: 4882: 3763: 3301: 3118: 3014: 2930: 2769: 2746: 2738: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2629: 2358: 997:

An 1868 photo of a 15th-century crane on the unfinished south tower of

904: 705: 580: 376: 351: 238: 171: 5436: 5400:

Dienel, Hans-Liudger; Meighörner, Wolfgang (1997), "Der Tretradkran",

5385: 5331: 4613:(3rd ed.). Federation Europeenne de la Manutention. October 1998. 3234: 671:

in 1291, while in England the treadwheel is not recorded before 1331.

521:

tombstone from the late first century AD being particularly detailed.

465: 5643: 3199: 3165: 3110: 2957: 2953: 2933:

industry uses overhead cranes for handling of raw materials. Smaller

2789: 2661: 2214: 2023: 2008: 1257: 864:

cargo where they replaced or complemented older lifting methods like

736: 701: 674: 498: 448: 414: 293: 265: 246: 179: 139: 5488: 2448:: holds counterweights, hoist motor, hoist drum and the electronics. 2209:

AT's have 2–12 axles and are designed for lifting loads up to 2,000

885: 632: 370: 35: 5428: 5377: 3703: 3531: 3371: 3346: 3203: 3169: 3106: 3018: 2873: 2765: 2406:

A tower crane rotates on its axis before lowering the lifting hook.

2282: 2218: 2182: 2027: 1057: 834: 732: 724: 473:("Five-pulley-crane"), a medium-sized variant (c. 450 kg load) 315:

Cranes were so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the

269: 5560: 5536:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

4743:"Hiab Loader Cranes - Custom-made cranes for highest productivity" 2229: 1063:

The success of his hydraulic crane led Armstrong to establish the

757:

The medieval treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around a

749:

with which early treadwheels shared many structural similarities.

545:) or, in case of the largest one, a set of three by five pulleys ( 358:(modern Iraq) circa 3000 BC. The shadouf subsequently appeared in 5018:"The real and hidden costs of tower crane anti-collision systems" 4791: 3731: 3680: 3542: 3538: 3482: 3446: 3405: 3321:

the permissible lifting load and thus to an efficiency increase.

3309: 3274: 2913:

is handled by an overhead crane. Raw materials are poured into a

2815: 2792:

Naval Base (1938) and later a copy of the crane was installed at

2731: 2645: 2564: 2489: 2342:

Tower cranes can achieve a height under hook of over 100 metres.

2178: 1999:, and the lifting component, which includes the boom, called the 1080: 889: 865: 668: 660: 584: 576: 433: 347: 167: 3075: 2527: 3773: 3753: 3736: 3450: 3422: 3416: 3149: 3048: 2797: 1988: 1179: 1106: 920: 893: 819: 815: 811: 782: 697: 664: 421: 401: 218: 199: 5362:

Coulton, J. J. (1974), "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture",

4274: 4272: 3592:

An understanding of how to use and maintain machines and tools

1240:

Wind forces acting on the crane, the load and the rigging; and

5459:(4th ed.), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, pp. 345–348, 4762:"Top 12 Different Types of Cranes used in Construction Works" 3713: 3604:

Patience and the ability to stay calm in stressful situations

3486: 3457: 3426: 3366: 3195: 3173: 3161: 3140: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2781: 2633: 2210: 2100: 2031: 1977: 1166:, caused by a lack of maintenance and misuse of the equipment 1105:

in 1883 and in use until the mid-1950s, is still standing in

869: 830: 798: 712: 696:

did not completely replace more labor-intensive methods like

529: 477: 425: 397: 350:, which had a lever mechanism and was used to lift water for 254: 195: 183: 4597:

Standard for certification No. 2.7-3 Portable offshore units

5451:

Matheus, Michael (1996), "Mittelalterliche Hafenkräne", in

4269: 3537:

Heavy-duty gantry crane used for heavy lifting operated in

3177: 3153: 2312: 2165: 2119: 758: 588: 533: 486: 393:

positive evidence required for the existence of the crane.

250: 154: 4985:"Myth of 'Babu Sassi' Remains After Burj Cranes Come Down" 4819:"World NO. 1 – SANY XCMG XGC88000 Crawler Crane - Cranesy" 3270:

A railroad crane has flanged wheels for use on railroads.

2099:) is an hydraulically powered articulated arm fitted to a 272:

could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first

4841:"15 Types of Cranes used in Construction (SURPRISE List)" 4105: 4103: 3741: 3588:

Key skills that are needed for a crane operator include:

2938: 2777: 2742: 1705:{\displaystyle \psi =1+V_{R}\cdot {\sqrt {C/(W\cdot g)}}} 1178:

Cranes can mount many different fittings, such as hooks,

907:(or shear hulk) was used in shipbuilding and repair as a 719:

and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a

493:

The heyday of the crane in ancient times came during the

380:("Three-pulley-crane"), a simple crane type (150 kg load) 4700:"Zoomlion QAY2000 Completes Overload Tests Successfully" 3262: 769:

Single treadwheel crane working from top of the building

5307:"Crane Operator Job Description, Salary & Training" 4522:"Newcastle crane 'priceless' part of Venetian heritage" 4353:

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia (1 May 2023).

3109:

type mechanism used in automated (computer-controlled)

2022:

Truck cranes range in lifting capacity from about 14.5

1079:, as well as for hydraulic machinery for dock gates in 919:

of a ship under construction or repair. Booms known as

810:), other objects were placed before in containers like 4100: 4045: 4033: 1753: 1724: 1622: 1593: 1511: 1476: 1454: 1432: 1290: 825:

It is noteworthy that medieval cranes rarely featured

603:, but with the column in the middle of the structure ( 536:, and a block containing three pulleys. Having thus a 513:

3.2–5). There are also two surviving reliefs of Roman

221:, a water-lifting device that was invented in ancient 5413:

Lancaster, Lynne (1999), "Building Trajan's Column",

5284:"TCC 78000 - Heavy Lift Handling in Rostock, Germany" 4611:

FEM 1.001 Rules for the design of hoisting appliances

4220: 4218: 4216: 4155: 4153: 2948:

An EOT overhead crane is used to move and build this

1649: 1545: 1363: 1316: 384:

A crane for lifting heavy loads was developed by the

4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 3983: 3981: 3408:'s former docks, built by the William Arrol company. 2937:

cranes handle lighter loads in a work-area, such as

568:

higher (3,000 kg or 6,600 lb per person).

241:, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the 5111: 4057: 4021: 3218:and captured in the war. The crane was sold to the 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4583:Standard for Certification 2.22 Lifting Appliances 4259: 4257: 4213: 4150: 3998: 3996: 3834: 3813: 3206:) each. For 50 years, the largest such crane was " 2531:A self-erecting tower crane fold and unfold itself 2073:A truck-mounted crane in road travel configuration 1759: 1737: 1704: 1628: 1606: 1573: 1524: 1495: 1460: 1438: 1413: 1328: 1302: 4960:. 86towercrane.com. 21 April 2012. Archived from 4392:The Line of Battle: The Sailing Warship 1650–1840 4127: 4069: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3194:, which has two cranes with a capacity of 10,000 1767:is the stiffness of the crane system at the hook. 5656: 5399: 4625:0027/ND Guidelines for Marine Lifting Operations 4473:The Great Gun-Maker: The Story of Lord Armstrong 4278: 4015: 3904: 3526:) gauge track, the broadest in the British Isles 3404:example of a "hammerhead" (cantilever) crane in 3315: 2142:A telescopic mobile crane with truss luffing jib 2049:Automobile crane of the Railway Troops of Russia 616:(17.4.15) in connection with the lifting of the 583:blocks weigh up to 60 tons each, and one corner 4495: 4379:Threedecks: British sheer hulk 'Chatham' (1694) 4254: 3993: 3728:Lifting devices with one, two, and three legs: 3187:. The largest revolving cranes can be found on 2608:A reach stacker is a vehicle used for handling 855:A crane constructed in 1742, used for mounting 762:providing thus a greater mechanical advantage. 5515:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 47–51, 4880: 4390:Gardiner, Robert; Lavery, Brian, eds. (1992). 4389: 3963: 1268:. This process is usually part of the crane's 404:hoist soon led to a widespread replacement of 5576: 4470: 3341:Types of crane-like lifting machine include: 2969:equipment, some weighing as much as 70 tons. 2905:The most common overhead crane use is in the 2522: 859:to large sailing vessels. Copenhagen, Denmark 5510: 2807:In the British Empire, the engineering firm 2181:atop four rubber tires that is designed for 678:Double treadwheel crane in Pieter Bruegel's 4653:"What Is A HIAB? Is a HIAB A Lorry Loader?" 4394:. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 106–107. 3835:Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010). 2640:, able to hoist and transport ISO standard 1109:, where it is now in a state of disrepair. 1049:, then pulled on a chain to lift the load. 481:Reconstruction of a 10.4 m high Roman 5583: 5569: 3913:Sudan University of Science and Technology 3862: 3860: 3830: 3828: 3273:The simplest form is a crane mounted on a 2829:is one of the four Scottish cranes on the 1243:Operator error or other unexpected events. 1234:Crane movement such as slewing or luffing; 1158:Failed crane in Sermetal Shipyard, former 788: 752: 651:. The earliest reference to a treadwheel ( 5412: 4898: 4466: 4464: 4426: 4414: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4027: 3164:with a lifting capacity exceeding 10,000 2749:; the forward part of this cantilever or 954:in 1586 to relocate the 361 t heavy 727:are known to be in use as early as 1123. 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 5472: 4982: 4887:Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 4383: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4121: 4109: 4094: 3866: 3564: 3328: 3288: 3261: 3233: 3139: 3096: 3074: 3047: 3008: 2998: 2943: 2881:being used in typical machine shop. The 2872: 2814: 2721: 2700: 2619: 2596: 2559:Climbing crane, at WindEnergy expo, 2018 2554: 2526: 2469: 2228: 2196: 2164: 2151:adaptable for many mobile applications. 2137: 2082: 1982: 1828: 1414:{\displaystyle W=g\cdot (m_{wll}+m_{a})} 1284:Jib cranes typically have a lower DLF ( 1112: 1021: 1017: 850: 792: 764: 673: 626: 476: 464: 369: 346:The first type of crane machine was the 229:. Construction cranes later appeared in 153: 133: 5450: 5361: 4925: 4340: 4326: 4263: 4144: 4082: 4002: 3987: 3972: 3940: 3900: 3898: 3857: 3825: 3699:Accredited Crane Operator Certification 2833:and preserved as a tourist attraction. 1310:) compared to traveling gantry cranes ( 1101:One of his cranes, commissioned by the 138:Diagram of a modern crawler crane with 14: 5657: 5224:Cao, Yuchi; Li, Tieshan (1 May 2024). 5154:. Freespace.virgin.net. Archived from 5015: 4585:. Det Norske Veritas AS. October 2011. 4461: 3801:. Bryn Thomas Cranes. 22 February 2017 3115:automated storage and retrieval system 2288: 1216: 217:The first known crane machine was the 5564: 5223: 5131:"Navy's biggest crane is coming down" 4983:Croucher, Martin (11 November 2009). 4926:Elliott, Matthew (19 December 2015). 4881:Kaveh, Ali; Vazirinia, Yasin (2018). 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4542: 4453:. Machine-History.Com. Archived from 3841:Springer Science & Business Media 2270: 2061:Truck mounted crane building a bridge 1867: 797:Tower crane at the inland harbour of 5541: 5117: 4759: 4735: 3895: 3881:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2010.05.009 3819: 3618: 2678:A Straddle carrier moves and stacks 1640:The DLF can then be calculated using 1574:{\displaystyle F_{d}=\psi \ \cdot W} 528:, consisted of a single-beam jib, a 341: 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 5590: 5016:Arnott, William (4 December 2019). 4958:"the component of the tower cranes" 3386: 3324: 3148:Floating cranes are used mainly in 2667: 1852: 1843: 1818: 985:in 1586 by means of a lifting tower 942: 447:. 18, 853a32–853b13) attributed to 225:(modern Iraq) and then appeared in 24: 5271:International Institute of Welding 5152:"The Cowes Giant Cantilever Crane" 4562: 3554: 2087:Loader crane using a jib extension 1911: 1891: 1857: 1833: 1788: 896:. Beside these stationary cranes, 25: 5711: 5108:and other pages on this Web site. 5075:SAS Tower Construction Simulation 3494:is 96 m (315 ft) tall, 3222:in 1996 where it is now known as 2977:electric overhead traveling crane 2869:Electric overhead traveling crane 2581: 2550: 2514:tower crane anti-collision system 2252: 1783: 1122:Examples of Mechanical principles 1029:, inventor of the hydraulic crane 847:List of historical harbour cranes 731:technological development of the 365: 257:took over with the coming of the 5529: 5304: 4760:Khan, Inamullah (14 July 2017). 4722:"What Can You Lift With A HIAB?" 3670:Part 5: Bridge and gantry cranes 3622: 3183:Crane vessels are often used in 3070: 2836: 2586: 2392: 2377: 2365: 2350: 2160: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2038:Examples of truck mounted cranes 1965: 1942: 1808: 1329:{\displaystyle \psi \approx 1.6} 1171: 1151: 1126: 1005: 990: 974: 840: 34: 5416:American Journal of Archaeology 5365:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 5324: 5298: 5276: 5264: 5217: 5192: 5170: 5144: 5123: 5084: 5067: 5050: 5024: 5009: 4976: 4950: 4919: 4907: 4874: 4859: 4833: 4811: 4779: 4753: 4714: 4692: 4666: 4645: 4631: 4627:. www.gl-nobledenton.com. 2010. 4617: 4603: 4599:. Det Norske Veritas. May 2011. 4589: 4536: 4514: 4489: 4443: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4372: 4346: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4242: 4230: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4115: 4088: 4008: 3160:, others are specialized crane 1960: 1886: 1876: 1862: 1823: 1798: 1468:is the acceleration of gravity, 970:Examples of early modern cranes 915:, primarily to place the lower 593:construction of Trajan's Column 454: 320: 45:needs additional citations for 4543:Brain, Marshall (April 2000). 3934: 3791: 3608: 3246: 3214:, one of three constructed by 2651: 2192: 2091:A loader crane (also called a 1697: 1685: 1408: 1376: 1192:For stability, the sum of all 638: 524:The simplest Roman crane, the 13: 1: 3943:The Technology of Mesopotamia 3785: 3316:Efficiency increase of cranes 2717: 2685: 2615: 2411: 2261: 2133: 1947: 1930: 1896: 1303:{\textstyle \psi \approx 1.3} 607:3.5). Second, a multitude of 237:, employing the use of human 4279:Dienel & Meighörner 1997 4016:Dienel & Meighörner 1997 3869:Mechanism and Machine Theory 3300:or "sky cranes" usually are 2794:Garden Island Naval Dockyard 2498: 2173:A rough terrain crane has a 1916: 1813: 1203:Mobile and Locomotive Cranes 1187: 310: 7: 5690:Ancient Egyptian technology 4641:, constructionequipment.com 4451:"Armstrong Hydraulic Crane" 3691: 3498:is 106 m (348 ft) 3469:Samson and Goliath (cranes) 3445:shipyard crane formerly at 3251: 3129: 2925:by overhead crane, and the 2858: 2809:Sir William Arrol & Co. 2737:The "hammerhead", or giant 2610:intermodal cargo containers 2482: 2384:Tower crane with "luffing" 1952: 1925: 1901: 1793: 1347: 1336:) because they are stiffer; 1221: 485:powered by a treadwheel at 360:ancient Egyptian technology 286:internal combustion engines 227:ancient Egyptian technology 10: 5716: 5685:Vertical transport devices 5624:Offshore latticeboom crane 5406:(Technikgeschichte Series) 5350: 5250:10.1016/j.apor.2024.103964 3947:The Rosen Publishing Group 3612: 3558: 3333:Shooting a film from crane 3255: 3133: 3092: 2992: 2986: 2862: 2840: 2694: 2671: 2590: 2523:Self-erecting tower cranes 2478:failed due to an overload. 2292: 2274: 2224: 1969: 1838: 1803: 844: 458: 336: 325: 304:and salvage sunken ships. 5599: 3799:"How Are Cranes Powered?" 3583:heavy equipment operators 3569:A woman driving a 20-ton 3284: 3212:Long Beach Naval Shipyard 3124: 2982: 2507: 2078: 1935: 1881: 1041:designed a water-powered 932:was extremely difficult. 5695:Ancient Greek technology 5511:O'Connor, Colin (1993), 4496:McKenzie, Peter (1983). 3941:Faiella, Graham (2006). 3595:Good team working skills 3561:Heavy equipment operator 3507:Breakwater Crane Railway 3013:A gantry crane to put a 2346:Examples of tower cranes 2318: 2281:Telescopic handlers are 1906: 1774: 1614:is the design force, and 396:The introduction of the 5629:Offshore pedestal crane 5553:Encyclopædia Britannica 5408:(2nd ed.), München 5336:, BSI British Standards 5032:"How Tower Cranes Work" 4866:"Crane Lifts Big Load." 4674:"History | Sunfab" 4545:"How Tower Cranes Work" 4359:Encyclopedia Britannica 3601:Good spatial awareness. 3421:double bridge crane at 3229: 2962:Sant Feliu de Llobregat 2690: 1253:finite element analysis 789:Mechanics and operation 753:Structure and placement 5670:Construction equipment 5542:Pitt, Walter (1911). " 5476:Technology and Culture 5230:Applied Ocean Research 4871:, August 1948, p. 106. 4475:. Sandhill Press Ltd. 4471:Dougan, David (1970). 3574: 3334: 3294: 3267: 3239: 3145: 3102: 3080: 3053: 3043: 3021: 3006: 2965: 2886: 2822: 2734: 2708: 2632:crane is a road-going 2625: 2605: 2560: 2532: 2479: 2243:XGC88000 crawler crane 2234: 2202: 2170: 2143: 2088: 1992: 1761: 1739: 1713: 1706: 1630: 1608: 1582: 1575: 1526: 1497: 1462: 1440: 1415: 1330: 1304: 1033:With the onset of the 1030: 860: 802: 770: 684: 635: 490: 474: 381: 276:power was provided by 159: 151: 146:boom is fitted with a 5058:Crane Building Itself 4928:"Tower crane anatomy" 3661:Part 2: Mobile cranes 3568: 3332: 3292: 3265: 3237: 3185:offshore construction 3143: 3100: 3078: 3051: 3024:A gantry crane has a 3012: 3002: 2993:Further information: 2947: 2876: 2818: 2725: 2704: 2680:intermodal containers 2623: 2600: 2558: 2530: 2473: 2232: 2200: 2168: 2141: 2086: 2017:electronic safeguards 1986: 1762: 1740: 1707: 1642: 1631: 1609: 1576: 1538: 1527: 1498: 1463: 1441: 1416: 1331: 1305: 1113:Mechanical principles 1088:hydraulic accumulator 1035:Industrial Revolution 1027:Sir William Armstrong 1025: 1018:Industrial revolution 949:Renaissance architect 854: 796: 768: 677: 630: 480: 468: 373: 354:. It was invented in 259:Industrial Revolution 157: 137: 5305:Team, Go Construct. 5098:on 30 September 2019 3664:Part 3: Tower cranes 3598:Attention to details 3577:Crane operators are 3084:Bulk-handling cranes 1751: 1722: 1647: 1620: 1591: 1543: 1509: 1496:{\textstyle m_{wll}} 1474: 1452: 1446:is the working load, 1430: 1361: 1314: 1288: 649:Western Roman Empire 614:Ammianus Marcellinus 579:, for instance, the 538:mechanical advantage 204:mechanical advantage 69:"Crane" machine 54:improve this article 5619:Level luffing crane 5402:Publication of the 5242:2024AppOR.14603964C 5178:"Herman the German" 4938:on 22 December 2015 4932:Crane & Rigging 4847:. 21 September 2018 4787:"Zoomlion QAY 2000" 4500:. Longhirst Press. 4457:on 10 January 2014. 3919:on 14 December 2019 3615:Rigging terminology 3479:Harland & Wolff 3079:Bulk-handling crane 2853:level luffing crane 2843:Level luffing crane 2820:Level luffing crane 2741:, crane is a fixed- 2301:block-setting crane 2295:Block-setting crane 2289:Block-setting crane 2169:Rough terrain crane 1987:A crane vehicle in 1217:Dynamic Lift Factor 1073:hydraulic machinery 618:Lateranense obelisk 507:Heron of Alexandria 441:Mechanical Problems 5700:Ancient inventions 5333:Cranes. Vocabulary 4913:Cranes and Access 4900:10.3311/PPci.11816 4702:. 17 December 2013 4524:. BBC. 20 May 2010 4429:, pp. 436–437 3779:Telescopic handler 3667:Part 4: Jib cranes 3634:. You can help by 3575: 3357:Capstan (nautical) 3335: 3295: 3268: 3240: 3146: 3103: 3081: 3054: 3040:are of this type. 3022: 3007: 2966: 2887: 2823: 2735: 2726:Hammerhead crane ( 2709: 2626: 2606: 2561: 2533: 2480: 2474:This crane's main 2335:the safety of the 2277:Telescopic handler 2271:Telescopic handler 2235: 2203: 2171: 2148:hydraulic cylinder 2144: 2097:articulating crane 2093:knuckle-boom crane 2089: 1993: 1829:Telescopic handler 1757: 1738:{\textstyle V_{R}} 1735: 1702: 1629:{\textstyle \psi } 1626: 1607:{\textstyle F_{d}} 1604: 1571: 1525:{\textstyle m_{a}} 1522: 1493: 1458: 1436: 1411: 1326: 1300: 1031: 861: 818:, wooden boxes or 803: 771: 685: 681:The Tower of Babel 636: 491: 475: 382: 160: 152: 5680:Lifting equipment 5665:Cranes (machines) 5652: 5651: 5356:History of cranes 5158:on 28 August 2012 4997:on 1 October 2012 4821:. 21 January 2013 4749:on 22 March 2013. 4549:howstuffworks.com 4439:The Victorian Web 3875:(11): 1766–1775. 3719:Floating sheerleg 3652: 3651: 3402:Category A-listed 3208:Herman the German 2401: 2372:Tower crane cabin 2357:Tower crane atop 2201:All terrain crane 1700: 1564: 1137: 1071:, to produce his 1039:William Armstrong 999:Cologne Cathedral 925:Blocks and tackle 690:Gothic cathedrals 515:treadwheel cranes 342:Ancient Near East 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 5707: 5639:Straddle carrier 5585: 5578: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5525: 5507: 5469: 5447: 5409: 5404:Deutsches Museum 5396: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5094:. Archived from 5088: 5082: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4993:. Archived from 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4934:. Archived from 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4878: 4872: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4795:. Archived from 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4745:. Archived from 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4680:on 12 March 2016 4676:. Archived from 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4649: 4643: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4447: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4387: 4381: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4350: 4344: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4267: 4261: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4239:, pp. 532ff 4234: 4228: 4222: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4198:, pp. 525ff 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4148: 4142: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4054:, pp. 434ff 4049: 4043: 4042:, pp. 427ff 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3991: 3985: 3976: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3915:. Archived from 3902: 3893: 3892: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3795: 3647: 3644: 3626: 3619: 3525: 3521: 3393:Finnieston Crane 3387:Special examples 3352:Block and tackle 3325:Similar machines 3279:maintenance work 3258:Crane (railroad) 3038:container cranes 2728:Finnieston Crane 2674:Straddle carrier 2668:Straddle carrier 2403: 2402: 2381: 2369: 2354: 2070: 2058: 2046: 1868:Straddle carrier 1766: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1684: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1613: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1562: 1555: 1554: 1531: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1394: 1393: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1175: 1155: 1139: 1138: 1047:hydraulic jigger 1009: 994: 981:Erection of the 978: 952:Domenico Fontana 943:Early modern age 645:High Middle Ages 555:ancient Egyptian 505:10.2, 1–10) and 461:Treadwheel crane 328: 327: 243:High Middle Ages 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5675:Heavy equipment 5655: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5604:Container crane 5595: 5589: 5530: 5528: 5523: 5489:10.2307/3106635 5467: 5353: 5348: 5339: 5337: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5180:. 28 April 2011 5176: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5101: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4964:on 27 June 2012 4956: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4879: 4875: 4869:Popular Science 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4799:on 4 April 2020 4785: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4758: 4754: 4741: 4740: 4736: 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3579:skilled workers 3563: 3557: 3555:Crane operators 3523: 3519: 3397:Stobcross Crane 3389: 3381: 3327: 3318: 3287: 3260: 3254: 3249: 3232: 3138: 3132: 3127: 3105:A crane with a 3095: 3089: 3073: 3067: 3046: 3031:container crane 2997: 2995:Container crane 2991: 2985: 2871: 2863:Main articles: 2861: 2845: 2839: 2827:Titan Clydebank 2720: 2699: 2693: 2688: 2676: 2670: 2654: 2646:railway vehicle 2618: 2603:container crane 2595: 2589: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2567:to construct a 2553: 2525: 2510: 2501: 2485: 2434:Operating cabin 2414: 2407: 2404: 2393: 2388: 2382: 2373: 2370: 2361: 2355: 2321: 2297: 2291: 2279: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2227: 2195: 2163: 2136: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2062: 2059: 2050: 2047: 1976:The most basic 1974: 1968: 1963: 1777: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1680: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1402: 1398: 1383: 1379: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1350: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1224: 1219: 1190: 1183: 1176: 1167: 1156: 1147: 1140: 1127: 1115: 1077:Liverpool Docks 1043:hydraulic crane 1020: 1013: 1012:Fireplace crane 1010: 1001: 995: 986: 983:Vatican obelisk 979: 956:Vatican obelisk 945: 911:in the days of 898:floating cranes 849: 843: 791: 755: 742:De architectura 641: 503:De Architectura 463: 457: 368: 362:circa 2000 BC. 344: 339: 313: 290:electric motors 280:, the earliest 212:heavy equipment 192:simple machines 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 27:Type of machine 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5713: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5588: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5548:Chisholm, Hugh 5526: 5521: 5508: 5483:(3): 510–547, 5470: 5465: 5448: 5429:10.2307/506969 5423:(3): 419–439, 5410: 5397: 5378:10.2307/630416 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5323: 5297: 5275: 5263: 5216: 5200:"Cargo cranes" 5191: 5169: 5143: 5122: 5120:, p. 370. 5110: 5083: 5066: 5049: 5038:. 1 April 2000 5023: 5008: 4975: 4949: 4918: 4906: 4893:(3): 732–745. 4873: 4858: 4832: 4810: 4778: 4752: 4734: 4713: 4691: 4665: 4644: 4630: 4616: 4602: 4588: 4561: 4535: 4513: 4506: 4488: 4481: 4460: 4442: 4431: 4427:Lancaster 1999 4419: 4415:Lancaster 1999 4407: 4400: 4382: 4371: 4345: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4268: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4149: 4126: 4114: 4099: 4087: 4068: 4064:Lancaster 1999 4056: 4052:Lancaster 1999 4044: 4040:Lancaster 1999 4032: 4028:Lancaster 1999 4020: 4007: 3992: 3977: 3962: 3955: 3949:. p. 27. 3933: 3894: 3856: 3849: 3824: 3822:, p. 368. 3812: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3749:Overhead crane 3746: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3629: 3627: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3516: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3489: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3454: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3362:Hoist (device) 3359: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3286: 3283: 3256:Main article: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3231: 3228: 3144:Floating crane 3134:Main article: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3094: 3091: 3072: 3069: 3045: 3042: 2987:Main article: 2984: 2981: 2907:steel industry 2891:overhead crane 2879:overhead crane 2865:Overhead crane 2860: 2857: 2841:Main article: 2838: 2835: 2757:The design of 2719: 2716: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2672:Main article: 2669: 2666: 2653: 2650: 2624:Sidelift crane 2617: 2614: 2591:Main article: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2582:Cargo Handling 2580: 2552: 2551:Climbing crane 2549: 2524: 2521: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2484: 2481: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2391: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2320: 2317: 2293:Main article: 2290: 2287: 2275:Main article: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2253:Pick and carry 2251: 2239:crawler tracks 2226: 2223: 2194: 2191: 2177:mounted on an 2162: 2159: 2135: 2132: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2041: 2039: 1970:Main article: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1853:Cargo Handling 1849: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1844:Climbing crane 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1819:Pick and carry 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1760:{\textstyle C} 1756: 1746: 1732: 1728: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1638: 1637: 1625: 1615: 1601: 1597: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1534: 1533: 1519: 1515: 1504: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1469: 1461:{\textstyle g} 1457: 1447: 1439:{\textstyle W} 1435: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1262:accelerometers 1249:specifications 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237:Load swinging; 1235: 1232: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1177: 1170: 1168: 1164:Rio de Janeiro 1157: 1150: 1148: 1141: 1125: 1123: 1114: 1111: 1096:Humber Estuary 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1004: 1002: 996: 989: 987: 980: 973: 971: 944: 941: 909:floating crane 842: 839: 835:friction force 790: 787: 754: 751: 640: 637: 622:Circus Maximus 456: 453: 411:archaic period 386:Ancient Greeks 367: 366:Ancient Greece 364: 343: 340: 338: 335: 312: 309: 231:ancient Greece 194:, such as the 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5712: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5581: 5579: 5574: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5538:public domain 5527: 5524: 5522:0-521-39326-4 5518: 5514: 5513:Roman Bridges 5509: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5466:3-7861-1748-9 5462: 5458: 5454: 5453:Lindgren, Uta 5449: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5405: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5335: 5334: 5327: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5285: 5279: 5272: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5179: 5173: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5132: 5126: 5119: 5114: 5097: 5093: 5092:"Travel Lift" 5087: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5037: 5036:HowStuffWorks 5033: 5027: 5019: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4990:Khaleej Times 4986: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4867: 4862: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4820: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4723: 4717: 4701: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4634: 4626: 4620: 4612: 4606: 4598: 4592: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4523: 4517: 4509: 4507:0-946978-00-X 4503: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4482:0-946098-23-9 4478: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4417:, p. 428 4416: 4411: 4403: 4401:0-85177-954-9 4397: 4393: 4386: 4380: 4375: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4343:, p. 346 4342: 4335: 4329:, p. 347 4328: 4323: 4317:, p. 540 4316: 4315:Matthies 1992 4311: 4305:, p. 531 4304: 4303:Matthies 1992 4299: 4293:, p. 534 4292: 4291:Matthies 1992 4287: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4251:, p. 535 4250: 4249:Matthies 1992 4245: 4238: 4237:Matthies 1992 4233: 4227:, p. 533 4226: 4225:Matthies 1992 4221: 4219: 4217: 4210:, p. 536 4209: 4208:Matthies 1992 4204: 4197: 4196:Matthies 1992 4192: 4186:, p. 518 4185: 4184:Matthies 1992 4180: 4174:, p. 545 4173: 4172:Matthies 1992 4168: 4162:, p. 524 4161: 4160:Matthies 1992 4156: 4154: 4147:, p. 345 4146: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4124:, p. 526 4123: 4122:Matthies 1992 4118: 4112:, p. 515 4111: 4110:Matthies 1992 4106: 4104: 4097:, p. 514 4096: 4095:Matthies 1992 4091: 4085:, p. 346 4084: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4066:, p. 436 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4030:, p. 426 4029: 4024: 4017: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3958: 3956:9781404205604 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3899: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3850:9789048190911 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3816: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3709:Cherry picker 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3630:This section 3628: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3524:3,048 mm 3517: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3475:gantry cranes 3472: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3441:Kockums Crane 3439: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3395:, a.k.a. the 3394: 3391: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3377:Cherry picker 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3298:Aerial cranes 3291: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3244: 3236: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3172:; 9,072 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3152:building and 3151: 3142: 3137: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3113:(known as an 3112: 3108: 3101:Stacker crane 3099: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3077: 3071:Bulk-handling 3068: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2941:mill or saw. 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2837:Level luffing 2834: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2802:Great Britain 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2786:United States 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2683: 2681: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2593:Reach stacker 2587:Reach stacker 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2529: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2505: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2390: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2278: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2233:Crawler crane 2231: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2179:undercarriage 2176: 2167: 2161:Rough terrain 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1973: 1966:Truck-mounted 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1912:Bulk handling 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1892:Level luffing 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1858:Reach stacker 1856: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1834:Block setting 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1804:Rough terrain 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1789:Truck-mounted 1787: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1772: 1754: 1747: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1641: 1623: 1616: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1455: 1448: 1433: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1356: 1353: 1341: 1338: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1270:type approval 1267: 1266:strain gauges 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1181: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065:Elswick works 1061: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1024: 1008: 1003: 1000: 993: 988: 984: 977: 972: 969: 968: 967: 965: 960: 957: 953: 950: 940: 938: 933: 931: 930:masting sheer 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:sailing ships 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 881: 877: 875: 871: 867: 858: 853: 848: 841:Harbour usage 838: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 808:Teufelskralle 800: 795: 786: 784: 779: 776: 767: 763: 760: 759:central shaft 750: 748: 744: 743: 738: 734: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 683: 682: 676: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 634: 629: 625: 623: 619: 615: 610: 606: 602: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 569: 567: 564:proved to be 563: 559: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 488: 484: 479: 472: 467: 462: 452: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 407: 403: 399: 394: 391: 387: 379: 378: 372: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 334: 332: 323: 322:Ancient Greek 318: 308: 305: 303: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 278:steam engines 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 156: 149: 145: 141: 136: 132: 124: 121: 113: 110:November 2011 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 5614:Gantry crane 5609:Crane vessel 5592: 5551: 5512: 5480: 5474: 5456: 5420: 5414: 5401: 5369: 5363: 5355: 5354: 5338:, retrieved 5332: 5326: 5314:. 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Retrieved 3793: 3769:Steam shovel 3759:Patient lift 3724:Gantry crane 3653: 3640: 3636:adding to it 3631: 3587: 3576: 3571:O.E.T. crane 3495: 3491: 3481:shipyard in 3396: 3382: 3340: 3336: 3319: 3307: 3296: 3293:Aerial crane 3272: 3269: 3241: 3223: 3220:Panama Canal 3216:Nazi Germany 3190: 3182: 3147: 3136:Crane vessel 3104: 3088: 3082: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3055: 3035: 3023: 3004:Gantry crane 2989:Gantry crane 2974: 2971: 2967: 2904: 2895:gantry crane 2888: 2848: 2846: 2824: 2806: 2774:armour plate 2758: 2756: 2736: 2710: 2677: 2655: 2638:semi-trailer 2627: 2607: 2577: 2574: 2569:wind turbine 2562: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2518: 2511: 2502: 2494: 2486: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2428:Slewing unit 2427: 2421: 2415: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2300: 2298: 2280: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2236: 2208: 2204: 2187: 2172: 2156: 2153: 2145: 2126: 2124: 2117: 2113: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2030:; 13.2 2021: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1975: 1972:Mobile crane 1961:Construction 1784:Construction 1778: 1770: 1714: 1643: 1639: 1583: 1539: 1535: 1422: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1278: 1274: 1246: 1225: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1199: 1191: 1162:do Brasil – 1160:Ishikawajima 1116: 1103:Italian Navy 1100: 1085: 1062: 1051: 1032: 961: 946: 936: 934: 902: 882: 878: 862: 824: 807: 804: 780: 772: 756: 740: 729: 721:ship's wheel 710: 694:wheelbarrows 686: 679: 667:in 1288 and 652: 642: 604: 597: 572: 570: 565: 561: 550: 546: 543:pentaspastos 542: 525: 523: 510: 502: 495:Roman Empire 492: 482: 471:Pentaspastos 470: 469:Greco-Roman 455:Roman Empire 444: 440: 438: 419: 395: 383: 375: 374:Greco-Roman 345: 330: 314: 306: 298: 273: 263: 235:Roman Empire 216: 208:construction 202:, to create 163: 161: 131: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 4942:19 December 4766:CivilGuides 4266:, p. 6 3975:, p. 7 3805:20 November 3609:Terminology 3462:South Korea 3302:helicopters 3247:Other Types 2950:submersible 2935:workstation 2831:River Clyde 2784:and in the 2770:battleships 2712:Ring cranes 2658:travel lift 2652:Travel lift 2452:Hoist winch 2446:Counter jib 2339:and loads. 2313:stone piers 2305:breakwaters 2193:All-terrain 1943:Other Types 1809:All terrain 1636:is the DLF. 1144:tower crane 1092:New Holland 775:scaffolding 706:handbarrows 643:During the 639:Middle Ages 601:siege tower 573:polyspastos 562:polyspastos 551:polyspastos 547:Polyspastos 517:, with the 483:Polyspastos 390:lewis irons 356:Mesopotamia 282:steam crane 239:treadwheels 223:Mesopotamia 18:Tower crane 5659:Categories 5286:. 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