622:
357:
39:
306:. In order to provide smooth motion the balls were often covered with an anti-slip surface treatment, which was, by design, sticky. Rolling the mouse tended to pick up any dirt and drag it into the system where it would clog the chopper wheels, demanding cleanup. In contrast the trackball is in contact only with the user's hand, which tends to be cleaner. In the late 1990s both mice and trackballs began using direct optical tracking which follows dots on the ball, avoiding the need for anti-slip surface treatment.
346:
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27:
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maintain proper posture and scheduled breaks for comfort. Some disabled users find trackballs easier since they only have to move their thumb relative to their hand, instead of moving the whole hand, while others incur unacceptable fatigue of the thumb. Elderly people sometimes have difficulty holding a mouse still while
388:) and submarine sonars tend to continue using trackballs, since they can be made more durable and more fit for fast emergency use. Large and well made ones allow easier high precision work, for which reason they may still be used in these applications (where they are often called "tracker balls") and in
1182:
Contrary to a popular notion, Football was not the first game to use a trak-ball controller. According to Dave
Stubben, who created the hardware for Atari Football, Taito beat Atari to market with a soccer game that used one. According to Steve Bristow, when his engineers saw the game, they brought a
588:
input device. Access to an alternative pointing device has become even more important for them with the dominance of graphically-oriented operating systems. There are many alternative systems to be considered. The control surface of a trackball is easier to manipulate and the buttons can be activated
596:
Trackballs are generally either thumb-operated, with a ball about an inch in diameter or smaller moved by one digit (almost always the thumb) and the buttons clicked by others, or finger-operated, with a ball over two inches in diameter operated by the middle fingers and the buttons by the thumb and
604:
Some computer users prefer a trackball over the more common mouse for ergonomic reasons. There seems to be no conclusive evidence from studies performed to determine which type of pointing device works best for most applications. Application users are encouraged to test different devices, and to
193:
DATAR's trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions. Several additional rollers provided mechanical support. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each
592:
Trackball users also often state that they are not limited to using the device on a flat desk surface. Trackballs can be used whilst browsing a laptop in bed, or wirelessly from an armchair to a PC playing a movie. They are also useful for computing on boats or other unstable platforms where a
298:
wheel, which had small slots cut into it in rather than electrical contacts. With an LED for illumination from one side and an optical sensor on the other, rotation of the wheel periodically blocks and unblocks the light, so the sensor produces electrical pulses to indicate that rotation is
647:. These miniature trackballs are made to fit within the thickness of a mobile device, and are controlled by the tip of a finger or thumb. These have mostly been replaced on smartphones by touch screens, although on the BlackBerry range they were replaced by an "optical trackball" or "
89:
With most trackballs, operators have to lift their finger, thumb or hand and reposition in on the ball to continue rolling, whereas a mouse would have to be lifted itself and re-positioned. Some trackballs have notably low friction, as well as being made of a dense material such as
612:
At times when a user is browsing menus or websites rather than typing, it is also possible to hold a trackball in the right hand like a television remote control, operating the ball with the right thumb and pressing the buttons with the left thumb, thus giving the fingers a rest.
159:
for this purpose in 1946. The device was patented in 1947, but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built and the device was kept as a military secret. Production versions of the CDS used joysticks.
601:, while thumb-operated designs are by their nature asymmetric or âhanded,â allowing the smallest examples to be held in the air. Thumb-operated trackballs are not generally available in left-handed configurations, due to small demand.
597:
little finger. Users favor one format or another for reasons of comfort, mobility, precision, or because it reduces strain on one part of the hand/wrist. Most, but not all, finger-operated designs are symmetrical in design, making them
986:
379:
equipment on a ship or submarine. Modern installations of such equipment may use mice instead, since most people now already know how to use one. However, military mobile anti-aircraft radars, commercial airliners (such as
479:
in the early 2000s because they were more reliable than ball mice, but now they are extremely rare because optical mice offer superior speed and precision. Trackballs remain in use in pub golf machines (such as
1383:
815:
499:, which was based on the Assassin 3D. This combination provides for two-hand aiming and a high accuracy and consistency replacement for the traditional mouse and keyboard combo generally used on
429:, which popularized the use of a trackball, with the game's developers mentioning it was inspired by an earlier Japanese association football game. Other notable trackball games include Atari's
313:
like most mice, but the most common type is a âscroll ringâ which is spun around the ball. Kensington's SlimBlade
Trackball similarly tracks the ball itself in three dimensions for scrolling.
972:
212:
1260:
527:. Unlike a mouse, a trackball can easily be built into a console, and cannot be ripped away or easily vandalized. Two examples are the Internet browsing consoles provided in some UK
1358:
1136:
875:
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1320:
1341:
561:. Trackballs are still used as separate input devices with standard desktop computers, but this application is also moving to touchpads due to the prevalence of
807:
1408:
262:
1014:
1452:
1227:
247:
226:
2339:
671:. Mice with a larger trackball on a side may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball to move the mouse cursor instead of moving the mouse.
258:
1978:
1167:
The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world
94:, so they can be spun to make them coast. The trackball's buttons may be in similar positions to those of a mouse, or configured to suit the user.
2319:
1195:
925:
324:, although Logitech has narrowed its product line to two models. Other smaller companies occasionally offer a trackball in their product line.
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845:
776:
2016:
1354:
1250:
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291:), which was offered as an alternative input device to light pens and trackballs for Telefunken's computer systems since 1968.
273:(German for "rolling ball"). Somewhat later, the idea of "reversing" this device led to the introduction of the first computer
331:
In
September 2017 Logitech announced release of MX-Ergo Mouse, which was released after 6 years of its last trackball mouse.
113:) where there may be no desk space on which to run a mouse. Some small "thumballs" are designed to clip onto the side of the
871:
217:
1983:
1102:
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Mice used the same basic system for determining motion, but had the problem that the ball was in contact with the desk or
1316:
1438:
43:
491:, as pioneered by the Assassin 3D, a trackball released in 1996 with joystick pass-through capability. Later in 1996,
1175:
975:[Singen-based developer about the advent of the computer mouse: "We were ahead of time"]. Leben und Wissen.
328:
produced popular models including The
Microsoft Trackball Explorer, but has since discontinued all of its products.
147:
to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a
2334:
371:
Large trackballs are sometimes seen on computerized special-purpose workstations, such as the radar consoles in an
1404:
415:
309:
As with modern mice, most trackballs now have an auxiliary device primarily intended for scrolling. Some have a
2009:
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340:
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1973:
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held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about two axesâlike an upside-down ball
1841:
1812:
542:
Because trackballs for personal computers are stationary, they may require less space for operation than a
132:
1149:
I saw a soccer game with one (I remember only that it was
Japanese, and a soccer game. Taito is plausible)
621:
1638:
1580:
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Trackballs were often included in laptop computers, but since the late 1990s these have been replaced by
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715:
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2002:
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movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement of the ball could be determined.
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874:[In the footsteps of the German computer mouse] (in German). Heise Verlag. 2009-04-28.
772:
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As of 1989 and into the 2020s, two major companies developed and produce consumer trackballs,
1781:
811:
389:
187:
98:
1769:
838:"From DATAR To The FP-6000 Computer: Technological Change In A Canadian Industrial Context"
585:
503:
games. Many such games natively support joysticks and analog player movement, like Valve's
500:
231:
8:
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as standard. Trackballs were occasionally used in e-sports prior to the mainstreaming of
372:
168:
539:. This simplicity and ruggedness also makes them ideal for use in industrial computers.
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2069:
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444:
973:"Entwickler aus Singen ĂŒber die AnfĂ€nge der Computermaus: "Wir waren der Zeit voraus""
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to calculate tracks, and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using
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1011:"Gaming Mouse that goes across multiple systems: Logitech's MX-Ergo Trackball Mouse"
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747: prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the
38:
2195:
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1517:
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183:
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ball as the roller. DATAR was similar in concept to
Benjamin's display, but used a
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164:
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terminal. They are generally preferred in laboratory setting for the same reason.
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with an exposed protruding ball. Users roll the ball to position the on-screen
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547:
546:, simplifying use in confined or cluttered areas such as a small desk or a
532:
468:
456:
361:
310:
151:. Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was needed and invented a
128:
1251:"Interview with Adrian "Kerp" Wetekam - "Mood kept going down every week""
977:
609:; the trackball allows them to let go of the ball while using the button.
345:
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1994:
1928:
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1405:"Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review: Unconventional Features"
573:
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1045:
1041:
808:"Briton: 'I invented the computer mouse 20 years before the Americans'"
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464:
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274:
243:
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Trackballs have also been regarded as excellent complements to analog
294:
In later trackball models the electrical contacts were replaced by an
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2054:
1938:
1933:
1917:
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system in 1952. Principal designers Tom
Cranston, Fred Longstaff and
26:
17:
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205:, a trackball, which was embedded into radar flight control desks.
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117:
and have integral buttons with the same function as mouse buttons.
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31:
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163:
The CDS system had also been viewed by a number of engineers from
2059:
1710:
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trackballs, now fairly rare, were common in the early 1980s: the
364:
2293:
1824:
1597:
1355:"Center for Disease Control web page about computer ergonomics"
517:
471:, a console introduced in 1996, had a trackball built into its
106:
79:
2172:
1098:
376:
171:
75:
773:"RALPH BENJAMIN: An Interview Conducted by Peter C. J. Hill"
632:
Some mobile devices have trackballs, including those in the
1901:
1795:
1317:"Alternative Pointing Systems for Mobility Impaired People"
1064:
410:
178:
chose the trackball as the primary input, using a standard
83:
63:
463:
as their standard controller, each had one as an optional
101:
workstations for easy precision. Before the advent of the
1881:
1705:
423:
with trackball controls. In
October 1978, Atari released
663:, some mice include a tiny trackball sometimes called a
1380:"The history of Blackberry: The best BlackBerry phones"
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
584:
People with a mobility impairment use trackballs as an
523:
Trackballs are provided as the pointing device in some
1314:
866:
864:
862:
167:, who returned to Canada and began development of the
711:"The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Track Ball"
790:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
859:
86:, while using the fingertips to press the buttons.
1084:
939:
829:
651:" before later being replaced with touch screens.
565:gesture control in new desktop operating systems.
755:
265:, which began in 1965. This trackball was called
2311:
1005:
1003:
1220:"Assassin 3D: Precision Deathmatch Controller"
593:rolling deck could produce undesirable input.
246:computer infrastructure around the main frame
2010:
1979:History of computing hardware (1960sâpresent)
1460:
1446:
737:This article is based on material taken from
127:The trackball was invented as part of a post-
1000:
279:
267:
237:
210:
143:Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used
872:"Auf den Spuren der deutschen Computermaus"
2024:
2017:
2003:
1453:
1439:
1212:
964:
208:A similar trackball device at the German
1281:
1126:
835:
732:
730:
620:
589:without affecting the pointer position.
572:
520:player was known for using a trackball.
355:
344:
37:
25:
842:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
805:
334:
2320:Computer-related introductions in 1946
2312:
1296:from the original on February 20, 2017
1248:
1242:
2340:History of humanâcomputer interaction
1998:
1434:
1315:Dennis van der Heijden (2006-03-15).
970:
727:
1984:List of pioneers in computer science
1263:from the original on 27 October 2021
1230:from the original on 22 January 2021
1183:copy into their lab and imitated it.
1160:
770:
744:Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
441:â Atari trademarked it "TRAK-BALL".
455:consoles, as well as the competing
242:as part of the development for the
13:
1344:is finger-operated but asymmetric.
1342:Logitech Cordless Optical TrackMan
1282:Topolsky, Joshua (July 30, 2010).
922:"SIG-100 video terminal and mouse"
105:, small trackballs were common on
14:
2351:
1249:Rouffa, Jonathan (1 March 2014).
616:
484:) to simulate swinging the club.
225:was constructed by a team around
197:Since 1966, the American company
131:-era radar plotting system named
1108:from the original on 10 May 2013
981:(in German). Konstanz, Germany:
771:Hill, Peter C. J. (2005-09-16).
525:public internet access terminals
46:Expert Mouse can use a standard
1411:from the original on 2020-08-15
1397:
1386:from the original on 2020-08-06
1372:
1361:from the original on 2010-03-22
1347:
1334:
1323:from the original on 2007-09-28
1308:
1275:
1188:
1154:
1139:from the original on 2 May 2021
1120:
1072:from the original on 2 May 2021
1052:
1028:
1017:from the original on 2017-09-14
989:from the original on 2021-03-02
953:from the original on 2013-08-08
928:from the original on 2013-08-27
903:from the original on 2013-10-05
878:from the original on 2013-11-27
848:from the original on 2008-09-07
818:from the original on 2013-07-14
779:from the original on 2013-10-15
667:. A popular example is Apple's
516:. As of 2020, one professional
213:Bundesanstalt fĂŒr Flugsicherung
97:Large trackballs are common on
914:
889:
806:Copping, Jasper (2013-07-11).
703:
406:List of trackball arcade games
341:List of trackball arcade games
1:
1974:History of computing hardware
1284:"Apple Magic Trackpad Review"
971:Ebner, Susanne (2018-01-24).
775:(Interview). Interview #465.
696:
568:
139:when working for the British
1842:Network interface controller
395:Trackballs have appeared in
199:Orbit Instrument Corporation
133:Comprehensive Display System
42:The original version of the
7:
1639:Refreshable braille display
1581:Refreshable braille display
1129:"Michael Albaugh interview"
674:
10:
2356:
947:"Telefunken's 'Rollkugel'"
654:
535:Broadband Internet public
338:
120:
15:
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1966:
1910:
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1472:
723:. March 1996. p. 42.
421:association football game
2279:List of game controllers
1426:
1208:. July 1996. p. 22.
1127:Stilphen, Scott (2017).
897:"ORBIT X-Y Ball Tracker"
459:console, though using a
201:produced a device named
2335:Computing input devices
2135:Virtual reality headset
1748:Central processing unit
836:Vardalas, John (1994).
751:, version 1.3 or later.
352:Cordless TrackMan Wheel
2026:Video game controllers
1170:. Prima. p. 118.
629:
581:
368:
353:
280:
268:
238:
211:
51:
35:
624:
580:TrackMan Marble Wheel
576:
399:, particularly early
390:computer-aided design
359:
348:
188:pulse-code modulation
169:Royal Canadian Navy's
82:, or the palm of the
41:
29:
1226:. 30 November 2018.
1092:"Production Numbers"
1060:"WORLD CUPïŒăŻăŒă«ăă«ăăïŒ"
599:usable by both hands
586:assistive technology
501:first-person shooter
335:Special applications
2232:Gesture recognition
2105:Musical Instruments
1196:"The Pippin Atmark"
1048:. 2002. p. 34.
1037:Sega Arcade History
638:T-Mobile Sidekick 3
373:air-traffic control
261:and video terminal
257:, process computer
2070:Interactive urinal
630:
582:
509:and id Software's
409:). In March 1978,
369:
354:
155:system called the
107:portable computers
52:
48:American pool ball
36:
16:For the game, see
2307:
2306:
2267:
2266:
2237:Haptic technology
2095:Motion controller
2040:Arcade controller
1992:
1991:
1962:
1961:
1892:Analog audio jack
1613:
1612:
1340:For example, the
640:, and many early
531:outlets, and the
227:Rainer Mallebrein
2347:
2330:Game controllers
2325:Pointing devices
2196:Telephone keypad
2156:Physical buttons
2153:
2152:
2149:Controller parts
2033:Controller types
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1995:
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1518:Optical trackpad
1483:Pointing devices
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1133:Atari Compendium
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949:. oldmouse.com.
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899:. oldmouse.com.
893:
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691:Mechanical mouse
649:optical trackpad
628:with a trackball
367:with a trackball
285:
271:
256:
241:
235:
223:
221:
203:X-Y Ball Tracker
184:digital computer
180:five-pin bowling
145:analog computers
62:consisting of a
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1993:
1988:
1958:
1906:
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1728:USB flash drive
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1496:Game controller
1491:Graphics tablet
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1224:www.dondeq2.com
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1204:. No. 94.
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1068:(in Japanese).
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1044:(in Japanese).
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844:. No. 2. IEEE.
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719:. No. 15.
716:Next Generation
709:
708:
704:
699:
677:
657:
619:
607:double-clicking
571:
559:pointing sticks
438:Missile Command
343:
337:
296:optical chopper
263:SIG 100-86
250:
229:
215:
190:radio signals.
165:Ferranti Canada
123:
111:BlackBerry Tour
60:pointing device
50:as a trackball.
24:
23:Pointing device
21:
12:
11:
5:
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2227:Force feedback
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2130:Remote control
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1619:Output devices
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1523:Pointing stick
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1162:Kent, Steve L.
1153:
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983:SĂŒdkurier GmbH
963:
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686:Pointing stick
683:
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618:
617:Mobile devices
615:
570:
567:
426:Atari Football
336:
333:
236:of Telefunken
137:Ralph Benjamin
122:
119:
92:phenolic resin
74:, using their
22:
9:
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2222:Accelerometer
2220:
2219:
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2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
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2189:
2188:Select button
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2065:Gaming keypad
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2046:
2045:Balance board
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2041:
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2027:
2020:
2015:
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1924:Parallel port
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1740:Computer case
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1300:September 17,
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1177:0-7615-3643-4
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812:The Telegraph
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721:Imagine Media
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659:In lieu of a
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173:
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109:(such as the
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33:
28:
19:
2299:Toys-to-life
2289:Reset button
2200:
2192:Start button
2183:Scroll wheel
2163:Analog stick
2124:direct drive
1830:Power MOSFET
1813:Power supply
1782:Data storage
1718:Flash memory
1696:Optical disc
1678:data storage
1537:
1413:. Retrieved
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1374:
1363:. Retrieved
1349:
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1319:. Axistive.
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1287:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1254:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1223:
1214:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1165:
1156:
1148:
1141:. Retrieved
1132:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1063:
1054:
1036:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
991:. Retrieved
976:
966:
955:. Retrieved
941:
930:. Retrieved
916:
905:. Retrieved
891:
880:. Retrieved
850:. Retrieved
841:
831:
820:. Retrieved
781:. Retrieved
742:
739:tracker+ball
714:
705:
669:Mighty Mouse
661:scroll wheel
658:
631:
611:
603:
595:
591:
583:
552:
548:rack-mounted
541:
522:
511:
504:
486:
477:optical mice
469:Apple Pippin
457:ColecoVision
443:
436:
430:
424:
414:
404:
401:arcade games
394:
370:
362:Apple Pippin
330:
315:
311:scroll wheel
308:
301:
293:
278:
266:
209:
207:
202:
198:
196:
192:
162:
156:
153:ball tracker
152:
129:World War II
126:
124:
96:
88:
55:
53:
2259:Touchscreen
2247:Digital pen
2140:Wired glove
1929:Serial port
1920:(IEEE 1394)
1897:DisplayPort
1887:Thunderbolt
1760:Motherboard
1723:Memory card
1691:Floppy disk
1533:Touchscreen
1267:17 December
1234:17 December
665:scroll ball
645:smartphones
636:range, the
563:multi touch
537:phone boxes
397:video games
386:Airbus A350
382:Airbus A380
299:occurring.
251: [
230: [
216: [
157:roller ball
2314:Categories
2178:Hat switch
2168:Arrow keys
2090:Microphone
1676:Removable
1661:Sound card
1591:Sound chip
1586:Sound card
1576:Microphone
1466:components
1415:2020-08-02
1390:2020-08-02
1365:2017-09-17
1327:2007-06-05
1046:Enterbrain
1042:Famitsu DC
1021:2017-09-14
993:2021-08-22
957:2013-08-03
932:2013-08-03
907:2013-08-03
882:2013-01-07
852:2007-10-15
822:2013-07-18
783:2013-07-18
697:References
634:BlackBerry
569:Ergonomics
529:McDonald's
497:Panther XL
482:Golden Tee
465:peripheral
449:Atari 2600
339:See also:
322:Kensington
289:RKS 100-86
275:ball mouse
259:TR 86
244:Telefunken
141:Royal Navy
44:Kensington
2215:Sensitive
2201:Trackball
2085:Light gun
2055:Dance pad
1939:PS/2 port
1934:Game port
1847:Fax modem
1686:Disk pack
1538:Trackball
1501:Light pen
978:SĂŒdkurier
626:Nexus One
555:touchpads
506:Half-Life
489:joysticks
432:Centipede
416:World Cup
413:released
326:Microsoft
282:Rollkugel
269:Rollkugel
135:(CDS) by
56:trackball
34:trackball
18:Trac Ball
2284:Multitap
2254:Touchpad
2080:Keyboard
2075:Joystick
1918:FireWire
1911:Obsolete
1877:Ethernet
1656:Speakers
1554:Keyboard
1528:Touchpad
1463:computer
1409:Archived
1384:Archived
1359:Archived
1321:Archived
1294:Archived
1289:Engadget
1261:Archived
1228:Archived
1164:(2001).
1137:Archived
1112:19 March
1103:Archived
1101:. 1999.
1070:Archived
1015:Archived
987:Archived
951:Archived
926:Archived
901:Archived
876:Archived
846:Archived
816:Archived
777:Archived
681:Touchpad
675:See also
578:Logitech
493:Mad Catz
461:joystick
375:room or
350:Logitech
318:Logitech
304:mousepad
287:, model
239:Konstanz
149:joystick
115:keyboard
103:touchpad
32:Logitech
2272:Related
2206:Trigger
2060:Gamepad
1967:Related
1870:Current
1711:Blu-ray
1649:Plotter
1644:Printer
1627:Monitor
1603:Softcam
1511:Optical
1201:GamePro
741:at the
655:On mice
473:gamepad
467:. The
445:Console
403:(see a
365:gamepad
121:History
80:fingers
72:pointer
2294:R.O.B.
2242:Stylus
2110:Paddle
1825:MOSFET
1765:Memory
1632:Screen
1598:Webcam
1461:Basic
1174:
518:eSport
514:series
248:TR 440
2173:D-pad
2120:Wheel
2115:Pedal
2100:Mouse
1944:eSATA
1862:Ports
1547:Other
1506:Mouse
1427:Notes
1143:2 May
1106:(PDF)
1099:Atari
1095:(PDF)
1076:2 May
544:mouse
512:Quake
419:, an
377:sonar
255:]
234:]
220:]
172:DATAR
76:thumb
68:mouse
58:is a
1902:HDMI
1818:SMPS
1806:SSHD
1800:NVMe
1796:SATA
1775:BIOS
1302:2017
1269:2020
1236:2020
1172:ISBN
1145:2021
1114:2012
1078:2021
1065:Sega
749:GFDL
557:and
453:5200
451:and
435:and
411:Sega
384:and
320:and
84:hand
64:ball
1954:VGA
1949:DVI
1882:USB
1835:VRM
1792:SSD
1787:HDD
1770:RAM
1706:DVD
1569:GPU
1206:IDG
642:HTC
360:An
99:CAD
2316::
1798:/
1701:CD
1407:.
1382:.
1357:.
1292:.
1286:.
1259:.
1253:.
1222:.
1198:.
1180:.
1147:.
1135:.
1131:.
1097:.
1062:.
1040:.
1013:.
1002:^
985:.
924:.
861:^
840:.
814:.
810:.
792:^
757:^
729:^
713:.
533:BT
392:.
253:de
232:de
218:de
78:,
54:A
30:A
2126:)
2122:(
2018:e
2011:t
2004:v
1802:)
1794:(
1454:e
1447:t
1440:v
1418:.
1393:.
1368:.
1330:.
1304:.
1271:.
1238:.
1116:.
1080:.
1024:.
996:.
960:.
935:.
910:.
885:.
855:.
825:.
786:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
