Trade route - Knowledge

2259: 2085: 409: 33: 1088:"Along this road marched not only the mighty armies of conquerors, but also the caravans of traders, scholars, artists, and common folk. Together with people, moved ideas, languages, customs, and cultures, not just in one, but in both directions. At different meeting places – permanent as well as temporary – people of different origins and from different cultural backgrounds, professing different faiths and creeds, eating different foods, wearing different clothes, and speaking different languages and dialects would meet one another peacefully. They would understand one another's food, dress, manner, and etiquette, and even borrow words, phrases, idioms and, at times, whole languages from others." 1324: 1878: 2658: 2279:

trade in mutually agreed goods as per the prevailing free trade agreement. Some old trading route were reopened during the modern times, although in different political and logistical scenarios. The entry of harmful foreign pollutants by the way of trade routes has been a cause of alarm during the modern times. A conservative estimate stresses that future damages from harmful animal and plant diseases may be as high as 134 billion US dollars in the absence of effective measures to prevent the introduction of unwanted pests through various trade routes.

1220: 919: 1526: 2435: 2344: 1731: 57: 1611: 1152: 62: 2581: 52: 2511: 1990: 1003: 2793: 2743: 592: 429: 384:. Caravans were useful in long-distance trade largely for carrying luxury goods, the transportation of cheaper goods across large distances was not profitable for caravan operators. With productive developments in iron and bronze technologies, newer trade routes – dispensing innovations of civilizations – began to rise. 1712:

and up the Lovat River. From there, ships had to be portaged to the Dnieper River near Gnezdovo. A second route from the Baltic to the Dnieper was along the Western Dvina (Daugava) between the Lovat and the Dnieper in the Smolensk region, and along the Kasplya River to Gnezdovo. Along the Dnieper, the route crossed several major

1948:. Indian exports of spices find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850 CE), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (14th century). After reaching either the Indian or the Sri Lankan ports, spices were sometimes shipped to East Africa, where they were used for many purposes, including burial rites. 942:"Along the Silk Roads, technology traveled, ideas were exchanged, and friendship and understanding between East and West were experienced for the first time on a large scale. Easterners were exposed to Western ideas and life-styles, and Westerners, too, learned about Eastern culture and its spirituality-oriented cosmology. 1711:

The route began in Scandinavian trading centres such as Birka, Hedeby, and Gotland, crossed the Baltic Sea entered the Gulf of Finland, followed the Neva River into the Lake Ladoga. Then it followed the Volkhov River, upstream past the towns of Staraya Ladoga and Velikiy Novgorod, crossed Lake Ilmen,

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played an important role in the histories of many nations. Inland water transportation remained significantly important even as the advent of railroads and automobiles resulted in a steady decline of canals. Inland water transport is still used for the transportation of bulk commodities e.g. grains,

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of the world. By the mid-20th century, however, they had lost their preeminent position. The private automobile had replaced the railroad for short passenger trips, while the airplane had usurped it for long-distance travel, especially in the United States. Railroads remained effective, however, for

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river become the principal artery of trade, eclipsing the Amber Road and other commercial routes. The redirection of investment to the Danubian forts saw the towns along the Amber Road growing slowly, though yet retaining their prosperity. The prolonged struggle between the Romans and the barbarians

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A consistent shift from land based trade to sea-based trade has been recorded since the last three millennia. The strategic advantages of port cities as trading centers are many: they are both less dependent on vital connections and less vulnerable to blockages. Oceanic ports can help forge trading

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The modern times saw development of newer means of transport and often controversial free trade agreements, which altered the political and logistical approach prevalent during the Middle Ages. Newer means of transport led to the establishment of new routes, and countries opened up borders to allow

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also participated in the massive animist-led trading network. Participants in the network at the time had a majority animist population. The maritime road is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for at least

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a mile. Trade benefited as the workers and the lower classes had the ability to travel to other towns frequently. Suburban communities began to develop and towns began to spread outwards. The British constructed a vast railway network in India, but it was considered to serve a strategic purpose in

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and hostilities with Denmark. These events led to the formation of an organized association of Hanseatic towns, which replaced the earlier union of German merchants. This new Hansa of the towns, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade, was prominent for the next hundred and fifty

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as the administrator of the Mediterranean basin led to the resumption of direct trade with the East and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of the south. According to Milo Kearney (2003) "The South Arabs in protest took to pirate attacks over the Roman ships in the

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cultures suggest that the two regions became a part of a wider world system, as a result of trade, by the 1st millennium BCE. The current academic view is that the flow of goods across the Andean slopes was controlled by institutions distributing locations to local groups, who were then free to

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has made the railroads more effective in handling finished merchandise at relatively high speeds. In addition, the introduction of piggyback flatcars, in which truck trailers are transported long distances on specially-designed cars, has allowed railroads to regain some of the business lost to

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The economic importance of pipeline transport – responsible for a high percentage of oil and natural gas transportation – is often unrecognized by the general public due to the lack of visibility of this mode. Generally held to be safer and more economical and reliable than the other modes of

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Air transport has become an indispensable part of modern society. People have come to use air transport both for long and middle distances, with the average route length of long distances being 720 kilometers in Europe and 1220 kilometers in the US. This industry annually carries 1.6 billion

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operated a sophisticated network of trade, usually under the authority of a monarch who levied taxes and provided bureaucratic and military support to his kingdom. Sophisticated mechanisms for the economic and political development of the involved African areas were in place before

1708:) was a trade route that connected Scandinavia, Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire. The route allowed traders along the route to establish a direct prosperous trade with Byzantium, and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. 879:

dominance, specialized long-distance merchants provided the highlanders with goods such as gold nuggets, copper hatchets, cocoa, salt etc. for redistribution among the locals, and were key players in the politics of the region. Hatchet shaped copper currency was produced by the

1634:, German forces attacked and sacked Denmark, bringing with them artisans and merchants under the new administration which controlled the Hansa regions. During the third quarter of the 14th century the Hanseatic trade faced two major difficulties: economic conflict with the 724:, trade and technology – have historically been vital to the growth of urban civilization. The extent of development of cities, and the level of their integration into a larger world system, has often been attributed to their position in various active transport networks. 3994:, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to India, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise. – Strabo (II.5.12.); 748:

The Incense Route served as a channel for trading of Indian, Arabian and East Asian goods. The incense trade flourished from South Arabia to the Mediterranean between roughly the 3rd century BCE to the 2nd century CE. This trade was crucial to the economy of

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Although railroads have lost much of the general-freight-carrying business to semi-trailer trucks, they remain the best means of transporting large volumes of such bulk commodities as coal, grain, chemicals, and ore over long distances. The development of

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increased spices became the main import from India to the Western world, bypassing silk and other commodities. The Indian commercial connection with South East Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and Persia during the 7th and 8th centuries.

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allowed transport of goods and services across great distances. Automobiles continue to play a crucial role in the economies of the Industrialized countries, resulting in rise of businesses such as motor freight operation and truck transportation.

716:. This was truly a world system, even though it occupied only a restricted portion of the western Old World. Whilst each civilization emphasized its ideological autonomy, all were identifiably part of a common world of interacting components." 1827:, made these Mediterranean city-states phenomenally rich. Spices were among the most expensive and demanded products of the Middle Ages. They were all imported from Asia and Africa. Muslim traders – mainly descendants of Arab sailors from 1066:, the latter became synonymous with this route due to his role in ensuring the safety of the travelers and the upkeep of the road. Emperor Sher Shah widened and realigned the road to other routes, and provided approximately 1700 roadside 1267:

over the control of the trans Saharan trade, resulting in damage on both sides and a weak Moroccan victory, further strengthening the uninvolved Saharan tribes. Struggles and disturbances continued till the 14th century, by which the

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are recorded both in case of maritime routes and pipeline routes to the main refineries. Oil spills, amounting to as much as 7.56 billion liters of oil entering the oceans every year, occur due to damaged equipment or human error.

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artifacts, were made by artisans around 500 BCE. The network began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse animist societies of the region.

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In some select cases, pipelines can even transport solids, such as coal and other minerals, over long distances; short-distance transportation of goods such as grain, cement, concrete, solid wastes, pulp etc. is also feasible.

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access them for trading. This trade across the Andean slopes – described sometimes as "vertical trade" – may have overshadowed the long-distance trade between the people of the Andes and the neighboring forests. The

567:, thereby making the control of one route resulting in maritime monopoly difficult. Indian connections to various Southeast Asian states buffered it from blockages on other routes. By making use of the maritime trade routes, 4095:

Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan’s relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so it’s a mystery that it’s not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan

2688:"After World War II, strong sentiment developed throughout the world against protection and high tariffs and in favor of freer trade. The results were new organizations and agreements on international trade such as the 2321:. Preparations were also made according to the weather and protection of trade and travelers was ensured by a few guards on horseback. Wagon freighting was also essential to American growth until it was replaced by the 1107:. Amber satisfied the criteria for long-distance trade as it was light in weight and was in high demand for ornamental purposes around the Mediterranean. Before the establishment of Roman control over areas such as 837:. In response, the Romans destroyed Aden and favored the Western Abyssinian coast of the Red Sea." Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power. 1654:, which outshadowed the older institution. He further sets the date of dissolution of the Hansa at 1630 and concludes that the Hansa was almost entirely forgotten by the end of the 18th century. Scholar 2410:

transporting people in high-volume situations, such as commuting between the centres of large cities and their suburbs, and medium-distance travel of less than about 300 miles between urban centres.

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played a relatively modest role in the north European trade. However, this was to change with the development of Hanseatic trade, as a result of which German traders became prominent in the

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Olivera, Baldomero; Hall, Zach; Granberg, Bertrand (31 March 2024). "Reconstructing Philippine history before 1521: the Kalaga Putuan Crescent and the Austronesian maritime trade network".

2599:. This is leading to major investments in ports, traffic routes and other infrastructure in Europe and Africa as well. The maritime silk road essentially runs from the Chinese coast to 2131:. It flourished between 2nd-century BCE and 15th-century CE. Despite its association with China in recent centuries, the Maritime Silk Road was primarily established and operated by 650:. A transportation network consisting of hard-surfaced highways, using concrete made from volcanic ash and lime, was built by the Romans as early as 312 BCE, during the times of the 1177:. The states controlling the Via Maris were in a position to grant access for trade to their own citizens and collect tolls from the outsiders to maintain the trade route. The name 2313:

routes were highly organized with planned rendezvous locations and essential supplies. The settlers in the United States used these wagon trains – sometimes made up of 100 of more

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came into widespread use in the Western World during World War I, and quickly gained reputation as a means of long-distance transportation of goods. Modern highways, such as the

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Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751

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touched US$ 20 billion in 1998 and, according to the World Trade Organization, is expected to triple in 2015. In 1998, 50 pure cargo-service companies operated internationally.

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in origin and later adapting to Muslim and Arab cultures, controlled the channels to western Africa by making efficient use of horse-drawn vehicles and pack animals. The

1126:, the Amber Road was straightened and paved according to the prevailing urban standards. Roman towns began to appear along the road, initially founded near the site of 249:

identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo. The term can also be used to refer to trade over bodies of water. Allowing

2258: 2317:– for westward emigration during the 18th and the 19th centuries. Among the challenges faced by the wagon route operators were crossing rivers, mountains and hostile 966:. The Silk Roads led to the creation of a merchant class urban centers and the growth of trade-based economies. Among the frequented routes of the Silk Route was the 357:. Organized caravans, visible by the 2nd millennium BCE, could carry goods across a large distance as fodder was mostly available along the way. The domestication of 3040: 1549:

mentions a vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt, indicating that monsoon was known and manipulated for trade in his time. By the time of

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and eastern Mediterranean, created a complex molecular structure of regional foci so that as well as the zonation of core and periphery (originally created around

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Air transport particularly favors light, expensive and small products: electronic media rather than books, for example, and refined drugs rather than bulk food.

2550:(2002): "Russia has been a significant beneficiary. Not only have inland waterways opened vast areas of its interior to development, but Moscow – linked to the 1752:

around the year 1000, together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes, eased the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the

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Maritime trade began with safer coastal trade and evolved with the manipulation of the monsoon winds, soon resulting in trade crossing boundaries such as the

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thrived along the Silk Roads, partly due to the conducive intermixing of trade and cultural values, which created a series of safe stoppages for both the

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became visible in 1860 with the Anglo-French commercial treaty, and the trend gained further momentum during the period after World War II. According to

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saw societies in Southeast Asia, Western Asia, the Mediterranean, China, and the Indian subcontinent develop major transportation networks for trade.

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further strengthened trade, towns and government in western Africa. The capital, court and trade of the region find mention in the works of scholar

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Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.

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in India. Bridges, pathways and newer inns were constructed by the British for the first thirty-seven years of their reign since the occupation of

1855:. From there, overland routes led to the Mediterranean coasts. Venetian merchants distributed then the goods through Europe until the rise of the 1081:

in 1849. The British followed roughly the same alignment as the old routes, and at some places the newer routes ran parallel to the older routes.

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Guido Santevecchi: Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste in Corriere della Sera: 5. November 2019.

4124: 899:. Spondylus was used in elite rituals, and the effective redistribution of it had political effect in the Andes during the pre-Hispanic times. 261:, which may further be connected to smaller networks of commercial and noncommercial transportation routes. Among notable trade routes was the 2492:. This trend is especially notable since there has been a growth in vehicles and vehicle miles traveled by automobiles using these highways. 1671: 228: 2768:, led to greater openness in many international markets, but some international restrictions have survived even during the present times. 2760:

This mode of transportation links national, international and global economies, making it vital to many other industries. Newer trends of

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agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions. Innovative transportation of modern times includes

3854:"Ancient History Sourcebook: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century" 2004:

was an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in Southeast and East Asia. Its primary products were made of jade mined from

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since approximately 500 BCE. It facilitated the spread of Southeast Asian spices and Chinese goods to the west, as well as the spread of

1400:); as well as connecting the material cultures of India and China.. They constituted the majority of the Indian Ocean component of the 2801:

transport, this mode has many advantages over rival modes, such as trucks and railways. Examples of modern pipeline transport include

2084: 536:, although that is a misnomer, since spices, rather than silk, were traded along this route. Many Austronesian technologies like the 2405:

Railroads reached their maturity in the early 20th century, as trains carried the bulk of land freight and passenger traffic in the

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G. Benvenuti - Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia - Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1989; Armando Lodolini,

277:, when nations resorted to military means for control of this influential route. During the Middle Ages, organizations such as the 4458:"Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China’s Belt and Road dreams take off" in Hellenic Shipping News, 4 December 2018. 3628: 1799:

From the 8th until the 15th century, Venetian and genoese merchants held the monopoly of European trade with the Middle East. The

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Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

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The emission rate for cars using highways has been on a decline between 1975 and 1995 due to regulations and the introduction of

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herbalists traded in tropical plants between 6th and the 10th centuries, while copper was dealt by specialized merchants in the

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settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the Roman empire, which resulted in Rome's loss of the

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and Myos Hormos were the principal Roman ports involved in this maritime trading network, while the Indian ports included

4066: 2894: 2716:(NAFTA) was approved by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. In the early 1990s, the nations of the 2713: 1314: 5355:

Ancient Trade Routes between Europe and Asia. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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In May 2004 the United States of America signed the American Free trade Agreement with five Central American nations.

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to control the northern end of the Incense route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be tapped by commanding

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Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019.

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Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete with the Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.

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For centuries, the Grand Trunk Road has served as the main artery for travel across Northern India. A scene from the

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Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry

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ports, previously used to secure trade with India by the Greco-Roman world since the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

3695: 813:– controlled the Incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and exercised control over the trading of 221: 1920:

as entry ports to India and China. Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of

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Sen, Tansen (3 February 2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century".

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passengers worldwide, covers a 15 million kilometer network, and has an annual turnover of 260 billion dollars.

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exercised control over the routes along the Incense Route, and their hold was challenged – without success – by

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of these regions. Prior to the 10th century, the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian traders, although

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Towns along the Amber Road began to rise steadily during the 1st century CE, despite the troop movements under

130: 116: 2724:) undertook to remove all barriers to the free movement of trade and employment across their mutual borders." 895:, which represented rain and fertility and was considered the principal food of the gods by the people of the 872:. Long-distance trade may have seen local elites resorting to struggle in order for manipulation and control. 4683: 3561:

Sen, Tansen (January 2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century".

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during the modern times. Existing roads were developed and highways were designed according to intended use.

891:. A maritime exchange system stretched from the west coast of Mexico to southernmost Peru, trading mostly in 618:

lay on the commercial land routes to Europe from Asia as well as the sea route from the Mediterranean to the

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through his empire. These inns provided free food and lodgings to the travelers regardless of their status.

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Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento, California, to Council Bluffs, Iowa.

2009: 1302: 1323: 296:. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international 5452: 5417: 3103: 2697: 1156: 568: 214: 144: 4105:

Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.

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Trade Routes: The Growth of Global Trade. ArchAtlas, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford.

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Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. Frankfurt am Main 2017, pp 59.

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addition to the commercial purpose. The efficient use of rail routes helped in the unification of the

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gaining popularity as a mode of long-distance overland transportation for both people and goods. The

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and passed through Kiev, and after entering the Black Sea followed its west coast to Constantinople.

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significance of this ancient route, many attempts to find its present-day location have been made by

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by the first half of the first millennium AD. It continued up to historic times, later becoming the

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products shipped across the ports of Arabia to the Near East passed through the ports of India and

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river system and North Africa fell under the reach of this network at some point of their history.

544:, as well as Austronesian ship terminologies, still persist in many of the coastal cultures in the 106: 4768: 2546:

Waterway commerce was historically important to Europe, particularly to Russia. According to the

2443: 764: 183: 990:. This route – often under the presence of hostile tribes – also finds mention in the works of 2693: 2380: 2372: 1877: 1860: 1558: 1520: 1306: 991: 654: 139: 3748: 2534:

as the dynamics of transportation, trade and communication had now changed drastically. Other

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is a current project of the Chinese government to expand and intensify trade on the maritime

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Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans

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Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times to the Fall of Rome

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and other facilities. Part of this road through Pakistan also coincided with the Silk Road.

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The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged

779:, thereby rerouting the incense trade from Dedan to the coast along the Red Sea to Egypt. 576: 575:

in the 2nd century BCE. A Roman trading vessel could span the Mediterranean in a month at

281:, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade became increasingly prominent. 8: 5552: 5442: 2657: 2455: 2112: 1214: 1059: 784: 693: 202: 154: 1835:– controlled maritime routes throughout the Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in the 43: 5472: 5467: 5447: 5286: 5264: 4636: 4213: 3853: 3791: 3616: 2787: 2764:

have fostered routes among nations bound by agreements. One such example, the American

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Historically, many governments followed a policy of protection of trade. International

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in the 10th century, participating directly in the trade route up until the end of the

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in order to influence the Near East; and the Austrian government planned a route from

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The Amber Road was a European trade route associated with the trade and transport of

918: 822: 647: 381: 96: 4230: 2607:, via the Sri Lankan Colombo towards the southern tip of India, to the East African 416:, a large Javanese vessel from the 11th−17th century. Shown with the characteristic 5562: 5482: 5437: 5432: 5422: 4679: 4574: 4205: 4171: 3991: 3979: 3783: 3597: 3570: 2415: 2096: 2057:

3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the

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Series of roads, pathways and stoppages for commercial trade on land; excludes rail

4710: 3534:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships" 3001:

Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century

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Philippe Dollinger associates the downfall of the Hansa to a new alliance between

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Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society

4070: 2652: 2489: 2314: 2208: 2188: 1773: 1730: 1492: 1111:, the Amber Road was virtually the only route available for long-distance trade. 954:, led to development of art due to introduction of a rich variety of influences. 946:

as an Eastern religion received international attention through the Silk Roads."

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Map of Central Asia with its trade routes and movements between 128 BC to 150 AD

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created a demand for better use of highways. Roads evolved into two way roads,

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maritime trade contact with India using the Red Sea ports. The Roman historian

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Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC–AD 305

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Long-distance maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean also had run by the

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for "the way of the sea", was an ancient highway used by the Romans and the

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traders also sailed them. The route was influential in the early spread of

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Krech III, Shepard; Merchant, Carolyn; McNeill, John Robert, eds. (2003).

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Trade Liberalization in Aviation Services: Can the Doha Round Free Flight?

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The modern times saw nations struggle for the control of rail routes: The

1610: 5537: 3787: 2563: 2302: 2184: 2154: 2144: 2140: 2013: 1872: 1804: 1554: 1542: 1504: 1460: 1417: 1413: 1401: 1330: 1236: 1074: 1048: 1014: 896: 852: 677: 552: 521: 504:. It also included the long-distance routes of Austronesian traders from 489: 465: 309: 274: 270: 5427: 4209: 3642:

Daniels, Christian; Menzies, Nicholas K. (1996). Needham, Joseph (ed.).

3574: 1955:, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the 1151: 1073:

The British occupation of this road was of special significance for the

595:

Evolution of Indian trade networks. The main map shows the routes since

5557: 5502: 5402: 5226:

Wings Across Europe: Towards An Efficient European Air Transport System

4628: 2814: 2765: 2677: 2616: 2573: 2555: 2527: 2310: 2175: 2066: 1993: 1623: 1585: 1566: 1500: 1488: 1453: 1449: 1437: 1425: 1381: 1298: 1198: 1194: 1098: 1044: 1028: 1010: 975: 788: 776: 701: 631: 560: 517: 481: 417: 349:

One of the vital instruments which facilitated long-distance trade was

343: 339: 297: 262: 61: 3208: 1201:

refers to the Via Maris route as a way leading along the shore of the

5567: 5527: 5507: 5457: 3074: 2792: 2600: 2596: 2585: 2559: 2551: 2535: 2376: 2162: 2100: 2058: 2049: 2041: 1945: 1933: 1929: 1800: 1659: 1627: 1578: 1508: 1480: 1421: 1389: 1361: 1360:

as early as 1500 BCE, ushering an exchange of material culture (like

1357: 1277: 1174: 1164: 1115: 1052: 1036: 983: 950:

Cultural interactions patronized often by powerful emperors, such as

923: 913: 892: 861: 818: 814: 792: 705: 672:"The spread of urban trading networks, and their extension along the 619: 541: 537: 505: 472: 433: 289: 246: 4913:

Victorian England: Aspects of English and Imperial History 1837-1901

2580: 1863:

in 1453, barring Europeans from important combined-land-sea routes.

1643: 1428:

in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as

5512: 5134:

Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal, 1903–1979

2737: 2705: 2624: 2612: 2567: 2522:

Modern maritime trade routes – sometimes in the form of artificial

2388: 2322: 2288: 2232: 2228: 2192: 2053: 2045: 2033: 1909: 1905: 1836: 1635: 1550: 1409: 1373: 1190: 1123: 1119: 1108: 1040: 1032: 951: 943: 721: 689: 615: 529: 525: 509: 501: 377: 305: 2510: 622:. Records from the 19th century BCE attest to the existence of an 599:, Inset A shows the major prehistorical cultural currents, B: pre- 51: 5114:

Archives of Empire: From the East India Company to the Suez Canal

2632: 2608: 2463: 2459: 2392: 2375:

was intended to be used by the Russian government for control of

2338: 2196: 2120: 2029: 2025: 2017: 1960: 1941: 1925: 1852: 1812: 1647: 1619: 1593: 1574: 1570: 1377: 1264: 967: 963: 959: 888: 810: 806: 697: 623: 497: 457: 362: 350: 288:, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the 1989: 1975:

was one of the early European empires to grow from spice trade.

1662:

regarding the community in the early years of the 19th century.

1002: 265:, which served as a dependable network for long-distance trade. 5360: 5242: 3723:

Genes, Language, & Culture History in the Southwest Pacific

2895:"free trade; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05" 2628: 2523: 2384: 2306: 2180: 2128: 2037: 2005: 1968: 1937: 1848: 1749: 1651: 1589: 1546: 1444:. This trade network also included smaller trade routes within 1429: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1186: 1182: 1139: 1131: 1007: 979: 856: 802: 772: 709: 635: 627: 600: 493: 365: 4751:

Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1

3538:

Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World

2813:, presently connect modern nation states – in this case, 2355:

to a station every day with the third class fares priced at a

2191:

controlled the flow of the Maritime Silk Road, especially the

1223:

Saharan trade routes circa 1400, with the modern territory of

440:

trade would have depended on coastal cargo-ships such as this

5245:

International Environmental Economics: A Survey of the Issues

4832:

Prophets and Markets: The Political Economy of Ancient Israel

4198:

TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia

3987: 3563:

TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia

2749: 2746: 2742: 2671: Former member states, now European Union member states. 2635:

with its international free port and its rail connections to

2620: 2570:

seas by canals and rivers – has become a major inland port."

2469: 2356: 2352: 2326: 2124: 2104: 2021: 1917: 1840: 1828: 1824: 1808: 1284:. Newer trade routes developed following extension of trade. 1281: 1241: 1224: 1170: 1159:(red), and other ancient Levantine trade routes, c. 1300 BCE. 1127: 1104: 971: 922:

Trading routes used around the 1st century CE centred on the

758: 750: 685: 513: 449: 369: 358: 4603:

World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change

3104:"Ancient Trade and Civilization | World | Aurlaea" 3071:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

2631:

to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of

930:

The Silk Road was one of the first trade routes to join the

4419:

canals and inland waterways (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002).

3983: 2429: 1921: 1913: 1832: 1820: 1816: 1369: 876: 865: 591: 485: 441: 373: 5325: 3193:. Message of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin. Archived from 1719: 1084:

Vadime Elisseeff (2000) comments on the Grand Trunk Road:

5243:

G. Schulze, Gunther; Ursprung, Heinrich W., eds. (2003).

3982:

was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the

3517:

western Africa, history of (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)

1839:

and shipping for trading emporiums in India, westward to

1143:

further left its mark on the towns along the Amber Road.

563:

had multiple maritime trade routes which connected it to

471:

In Asia, the earliest evidence of maritime trade was the

338:

period. The period from the middle of the 2nd millennium

5407: 5261: 4563: 2065:. A notable artifact that the trading network made, the 1197:

pilgrims. 13th-century traveler and pilgrim Burchard of

532:

to the east. This route would later become known as the

2379:

and later China; the German forces wanted to establish

2351:

The 1844 Railway act of England compelled at least one

1231:, who exercised influence over the Trans Saharan Trade. 428: 3492:"Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a modern world" 2809:. International pipeline transport projects, like the 2169:(established 1000 to 600 BCE), as well as the earlier 1292: 5111: 4485:

Harry G. Broadman "Afrika´s Silk Road" (2007), pp 59.

3696:"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region" 1424:

and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the

761:

trees were seen as a source of wealth by its rulers.

5284: 2665: European Free Trade Association member states. 2519:

relationships with other parts of the world easily.

732: 704:). Beyond this was a margin which included not only 4548:

BP Caspian: Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline (Overview)

3700:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

3587: 2238:China later built its own fleets starting from the 1676:

The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (

1665: 1319:

Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network

1263:engaged in a struggle against the Sa'di dynasty of 5263: 4910: 4635: 4329:roads and highways (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002). 4320:automotive industry (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002) 3836:Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917 3635: 2150:The Maritime Silk Road developed from the earlier 1553:up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from 1035:in Pakistan – has existed for over two and a half 638:). Trading networks of the Old World included the 5000:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce 4854:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire 2997:"Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road" 2708:(the Southern Cone Common Market, 1991), and the 1557:to India, trading in a diverse variety of goods. 1235:Early Muslim writings confirm that the people of 334:Long-distance trade routes were developed in the 5597: 4794:The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce 3648:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–185. 1436:, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of 1287: 902: 610:, and E: the Z-shaped region of developed roads. 452:between the 4th and the 3rd millennium BCE. The 4367: 4365: 3715: 3713: 2016:by animist indigenous Filipinos, especially in 1971:was now open for the Europeans to explore; the 1959:, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to 1507:); and the vast inter-island trade networks of 1408:, in particular were trading in spices (mainly 1058:This highway has been associated with emperors 4600: 4534: 4532: 4530: 3776:"Stone tool reveals lengthy Polynesian voyage" 3641: 3614: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3256: 3254: 324: 304:and the relatively well-known trade involving 257:, a single trade route contains long-distance 5376: 4316: 4314: 4312: 3952: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3608: 3494:. Smithsonian National Museum of African art. 3395: 3393: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3332: 3330: 3328: 2821:and Turkey – through pipeline networks. 2301:, became prominent in the United States with 1672:Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks 222: 5076:The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome 5035: 4981:The Straits of Malacca: Gateway Or Gauntlet? 4402: 4400: 4398: 4362: 4353: 4161:"The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea" 4059: 4057: 3847: 3845: 3719: 3710: 3687: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3209:"Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev" 3098: 3096: 3094: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3022: 3020: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 1614:Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League. 5266:Encyclopedia of World Environmental History 4527: 4520: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4379: 4377: 4346: 4344: 4240: 4238: 4077:, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. 3865: 3863: 3520: 3251: 3133: 3131: 2942: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 668:According to Robert Allen Denemark (2000): 5383: 5369: 5019:Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements 4892:Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.–A.D. 400 4729: 4309: 4302: 4300: 4281: 4279: 4264:wagon train (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002) 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4033: 4031: 3969:, Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967, Roma. 3947: 3935: 3926: 3746: 3740: 3388: 3374: 3360: 3348: 3339: 3325: 2990: 2988: 2796:Route of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. 229: 215: 5285:Schwela, Dietrich; Zali, Olivier (1998). 4950: 4791: 4591: 4427: 4425: 4413: 4395: 4054: 3842: 3662: 3459: 3425: 3423: 3309: 3293: 3145: 3143: 3091: 3055: 3017: 3003:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. 2967: 2862: 2495: 5036:Curtin, Philip DeArmond; el al. (1984). 4810: 4515: 4497: 4374: 4341: 4235: 3872: 3860: 3268: 3266: 3128: 3110: 2958: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2878: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2791: 2741: 2656: 2579: 2509: 2433: 2342: 2257: 2187:. For most of its history, Austronesian 2083: 1988: 1892:trade routes (white) established in 1568 1876: 1792:), developed their own "empires" in the 1729: 1609: 1529:Roman trade with India according to the 1524: 1322: 1218: 1150: 1001: 938:. According to Vadime Elisseeff (2000): 917: 775:in order to secure the incense route at 727: 590: 427: 407: 31: 5305: 5092: 4997: 4978: 4931: 4656: 4601:Denemark, Robert Allen; el al. (2000). 4538:pipeline (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002) 4323: 4297: 4276: 4247: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4040: 4028: 3890: 3820: 3773: 3726:. Oxford University Press. p. 28. 3581: 3531: 3475: 3201: 3073:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. 2994: 2985: 2771:Express delivery through international 2423: 2179:artifacts, in Southeast Asia, based in 1720:Maritime republics' Mediterranean trade 817:to Babylon in the 1st century BCE. The 771:, may have forged an alliance with the 586: 14: 5598: 5223: 5095:The Economic Life of the Ancient World 5073: 4909:Seaman, Lewis Charles Bernard (1973). 4908: 4870: 4829: 4708: 4633: 4619:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). 4422: 3774:Borrell, Brendan (27 September 2007). 3706:(The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50. 3693: 3540:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3420: 3191:"Traders of the Gold and Incense Road" 3183: 3140: 2803:Alashankou-Dushanzi Crude Oil Pipeline 2690:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1208: 840: 368:to control the long-distance trade in 5364: 5130: 5112:Carter, Mia; Harlow, Barbara (2004). 5054: 5038:Cross-Cultural Trade in World History 4889: 4338:truck (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002). 4332: 4231:Historic India–China link opens (BBC) 3899: 3881: 3802: 3668: 3263: 3068: 3033:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 3026: 2835: 2262:Map of the Arctic region showing the 2095:The Maritime Silk Road refers to the 2073: 1978: 1741:(green) maritime trade routes in the 1514: 1352:. They established trade routes with 603:routes, C: Mauryan routes, D: routes 5016: 4848: 4767: 4748: 4541: 4224: 4158: 4147: 2781: 1618:Shortly before the 12th century the 884:, in order to obtain valuables from 657:. Parts of the Mediterranean world, 329: 5408:Austronesian maritime trade network 4774:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 4195: 3959: 3851: 3631:from the original on 23 March 2019. 3560: 3554: 3498: 2720:(the successor organization to the 2714:North American Free Trade Agreement 2646: 1963:to sail across the Indian Ocean to 1694:Vägen från varjagerna till grekerna 1315:Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere 1293:Austronesian maritime trade network 997: 24: 4894:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 3720:Friedlaender, Jonathan S. (2007). 3673:. Texas A&M University Press. 3671:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins 3615:Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2007–2008). 2282: 2135:sailors in Southeast Asia, and by 1599: 1027:The Grand Trunk Road – connecting 708:areas such as Europe, but the dry 25: 5622: 5335: 5308:The Indian Ocean in World History 4936:. American Enterprise Institute. 4813:Israel Exploration Journal Reader 4623:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. 2807:Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline 2332: 2061:in mainland Eurasia or the later 1487:; the ancient trading voyages in 828:The replacement of Greece by the 733:Combined land and waterway routes 387: 5390: 5324:Traderroute, Turkey (2023). The 4974:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002. 4662:Documentation for Ancient Arabia 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4386: 4244:Schulze & Ursprung 2003: 104 3747:Cunningham, Lawrence J. (1992). 2619:to the Mediterranean, there via 2253: 1888:'s 1498 journey and the Spanish 1702:Εμπορική Οδός Βαράγγων – Ελλήνων 1666:From the Varangians to the Greek 1630:regions. Following the death of 1272:merchants were trading with the 982:and Indian Buddhist missions to 737: 60: 55: 50: 5247:. US: Oxford University Press. 5206:"canals and inland waterways". 4753:. University of Chicago Press. 4749:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). 4715:. University of Chicago Press. 4592:Rawlinson, Hugh George (1916). 4288: 4267: 4189: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4089: 4080: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3972: 3917: 3908: 3811: 3767: 3484: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3411: 3402: 3284: 3275: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3119: 2976: 2702:European Free Trade Association 2593:21st Century Maritime Silk Road 2366:first transcontinental railroad 1896:As trade between India and the 292:to newer routes between modern 5137:. Cambridge University Press. 5040:. Cambridge University Press. 4970:"western Africa, history of". 4811:Orlinsky, Harry Meyer (1981). 4694:. Cambridge University Press. 4664:. Liverpool University Press. 4621:China's Ancient Tea Horse Road 2949: 2853: 2028:. Some were also processed in 1884:and trade routes (blue) since 1866: 1706:Emporikḗ Odós Varángōn-Ellḗnōn 1337:maritime trade network in the 1246:Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī 851:Some similarities between the 117:Distribution resource planning 13: 1: 5291:. Taylor & Francis, Inc. 5224:Button, Kenneth John (2004). 5017:Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003). 5002:. Adamant Media Corporation. 4890:Burns, Thomas Samuel (2003). 4815:. KTAV Publishing House Inc. 4734:. Adamant Media Corporation. 4692:The Cambridge Ancient History 4638:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 4596:. Cambridge University Press. 4557: 3532:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). 2731: 1996:designs from the Philippines. 1859:, that eventually led to the 1541:(305 to 30 BC) had initiated 1288:Predominantly maritime routes 1255:The powerful Saharan tribes, 1092: 974:, which served as a path for 903:Predominantly overland routes 604: 460:, importing spices from the " 456:had trade routes through the 4951:Dollinger, Philippe (1999). 4875:. Diane Publishing Company. 4567:; William L. Langer (2001). 4350:Schwela & Zali 2003: 156 3039:(2): 130–140. Archived from 2811:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline 2514:Canals in the US circa 1825. 2012:and processed mostly in the 2010:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 1584:The Indians were present in 1303:Marshall Islands stick chart 1248:; the mainstay of the trans 1181:is a Latin translation of a 1146: 907: 273:became prominent during the 7: 5326:Turkish import and exporter 4979:Freeman, Donald B. (2003). 4777:. Oxford University Press. 3753:. Bess Press. p. 195. 3621:eJournal of Indian Medicine 3536:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). 2700:(Common Market, 1957), the 2698:European Economic Community 325:Development of early routes 145:Warehouse management system 10: 5627: 5055:Young, Gary Keith (2001). 4792:Elisseeff, Vadime (2000). 4709:Larsen, Curtis E. (1983). 4170:(23): 1–30. Archived from 2995:Bellina, Bérénice (2014). 2785: 2735: 2650: 2499: 2427: 2336: 2286: 2077: 1982: 1870: 1723: 1669: 1603: 1518: 1296: 1212: 1162: 1096: 1020: 911: 844: 741: 397: 391: 319: 160:Field inventory management 5398: 5116:. Duke University Press. 4871:Donkin, Robin A. (2003). 4730:Eckenstein, Lina (2005). 4658:Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson 4075:The Columbia Encyclopedia 3027:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). 2682:The Columbia Encyclopedia 2159:Islander Southeast Asians 1701: 1681: 1656:Georg Friedrich Sartorius 1531:Periplus Maris Erythraei, 1252:trade was gold and salt. 1116:Titus Flavius Vespasianus 720:These routes – spreading 353:and the domestication of 5578:Varangians to the Greeks 4983:. McGill-Queen's Press. 4575:Houghton Mifflin Company 4159:Guan, Kwa Chong (2016). 4069:14 February 2009 at the 3944:Dollinger 1999: page xix 3750:Ancient Chamorro Society 3669:Doran, Edwin B. (1981). 2828: 2710:World Trade Organization 2407:industrialized countries 2362:United States of America 2246:and the collapse of the 1890:Manila-Acapulco galleons 1882:Portuguese India Armadas 1368:, sewn-plank boats, and 1155:The Via Maris (purple), 1138:The 3rd century saw the 1124:Tiberius Caesar Augustus 1120:Titus Flavius Domitianus 571:became possible for the 448:Navigation was known in 342:to the beginning of the 107:Sustainable distribution 5418:Dvaravati–Kamboja route 5288:Urban Traffic Pollution 5217:Encyclopædia Britannica 5208:Encyclopædia Britannica 5199:Encyclopædia Britannica 5190:Encyclopædia Britannica 5188:"automotive industry". 5181:Encyclopædia Britannica 5172:Encyclopædia Britannica 5163:Encyclopædia Britannica 5154:Encyclopædia Britannica 5093:Toutain, Jules (1979). 4972:Encyclopædia Britannica 4932:Hindley, Brian (2004). 4830:Silver, Morris (1983). 4408:Encyclopædia Britannica 3967:Le repubbliche del mare 3932:Dollinger 1999: page 54 3830:The Geography of Strabo 3151:Encyclopædia Britannica 2762:liberalization of trade 2548:Encyclopædia Britannica 2444:Los Angeles, California 2398:Encyclopædia Britannica 2368:was completed in 1869. 2032:, while the peoples of 1748:The economic growth of 1682:Путь "из варяг в греки" 1013:during the days of the 765:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 184:Industry classification 5611:Management cybernetics 5306:Kearney, Milo (2003). 5228:. Ashgate Publishing. 5179:"roads and highways". 5074:Scarre, Chris (1995). 4634:Glasse, Cyril (2001). 4431:Krech et al. 2003: 966 3694:Blench, Roger (2004). 3602:10.54645/2024171ZAK-61 2999:. In Guy, John (ed.). 2982:Rawlinson 2001: 11–12. 2797: 2753: 2726: 2694:Benelux Economic Union 2673: 2588: 2515: 2496:Modern maritime routes 2447: 2438:High-capacity freeway 2421: 2381:Berlin-Baghdad Railway 2373:Trans-Siberian Railway 2348: 2275: 2092: 1997: 1893: 1861:fall of Constantinople 1745: 1693: 1686:Put' iz varyag v greki 1615: 1588:and the Christian and 1534: 1521:Roman trade with India 1452:jade network, and the 1341: 1307:Micronesian navigation 1232: 1160: 1090: 1018: 992:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 986:in order to establish 948: 927: 718: 655:Appius Claudius Caecus 611: 475:trade networks of the 445: 425: 140:Packaging and labeling 37: 5583:Way of the Patriarchs 5493:Polynesian navigation 5413:Canadian canoe routes 5348:22 April 2008 at the 5152:"Roman road system". 4998:Lindsay, W S (2006). 4690:; Cook, S.A. (1969). 3990:and the frontiers of 3856:. Fordham University. 2795: 2745: 2712:(1995). In 1993, the 2686: 2660: 2583: 2513: 2500:Further information: 2478:Highway 1 (Australia) 2437: 2403: 2346: 2261: 2087: 1992: 1880: 1733: 1724:Further information: 1613: 1563:Berenice Troglodytica 1528: 1446:Island Southeast Asia 1350:Island Southeast Asia 1326: 1311:Polynesian navigation 1222: 1169:Via Maris, literally 1154: 1122:. Under the reign of 1086: 1005: 970:route extending from 940: 921: 845:Further information: 787:to the desire of the 728:Historic trade routes 670: 608: 1st century CE 594: 577:one-sixtieth the cost 431: 411: 122:Third-party logistics 35: 5518:Sepik Coast exchange 5131:Major, John (1993). 4125:"Maritime Silk Road" 3788:10.1038/news070924-9 3456:Orlinsky 1981: 1064. 3408:Elisseeff 2000: 178. 3385:Elisseeff 2000: 161. 3371:Elisseeff 2000: 158. 3336:Elisseeff 2000: 326. 3260:Eckenstein 2005: 49. 3197:on 8 September 2007. 3077:. pp. 144–179. 2482:Pan-American Highway 2474:Trans-Canada Highway 2424:Modern road networks 2099:section of historic 1967:. The wealth of the 1953:Manuel I of Portugal 1762:Repubbliche Marinare 1658:published the first 1477:Sepik Coast exchange 1465:Lapita trade network 1346:Austronesian peoples 988:Buddhist monasteries 688:, central Anatolia ( 587:Visible trade routes 569:bulk commodity trade 477:Austronesian peoples 82:Digital distribution 77:Distribution centers 69:Distribution methods 5553:Trans-Saharan trade 5443:Incense trade route 5097:. Ayer Publishing. 5021:. Lexington Books. 4642:. Rowman Altamira. 4371:Denemark 2000: 283. 4273:Seaman 1973: 29–30. 4210:10.1017/trn.2013.15 4037:Donkin 2003: 91–92. 3956:Dollinger 1999: xx. 3923:Dollinger 1999: 42. 3575:10.1017/trn.2013.15 3472:Orlinsky 1981: 1065 3399:Elisseeff 2000: 163 3306:Denemark 2000: 239. 3290:Denemark 2000: 252. 3180:Denemark 2000: 273. 3162:Denemark 2000: 124. 3149:Roman road system ( 2973:Denemark1 2000: 39. 2964:Denemark 2000: 213. 2875:Dollinger 1999: 62. 2643:and the North Sea. 2395:. According to the 2391:for control of the 2293:Networks, like the 2270:within it, and the 2123:and all the way to 2113:Indian subcontinent 1499:(and possibly also 1215:Trans-Saharan trade 1209:Trans Saharan trade 1060:Chandragupta Maurya 841:Pre-Columbian trade 785:Syro-Ephraimite War 626:merchant colony at 479:among which is the 468:) and from Arabia. 420:of Southeast Asian 203:Commercial aviation 155:Delivery (commerce) 5473:Maritime Silk Road 5468:Maritime republics 5448:Indian Ocean trade 4796:. Berghahn Books. 4732:A History of Sinai 4359:Denemark 2000: 282 3978:At any rate, when 3914:Dollinger 1999: 9. 3357:Elisseeff 2000: 14 3345:Elisseeff 2000: 5. 3322:Denemark 2000: 241 3239:Edwards 1969: 329. 3171:Denemark 2000: 126 3116:Toutain 1979: 243. 3043:on 18 January 2020 2946:Denemark 2000: 208 2934:Denemark 2000: 207 2922:Denemark 2000: 274 2798: 2788:Pipeline transport 2754: 2674: 2589: 2516: 2448: 2349: 2276: 2268:Northern Sea Route 2171:Maritime Jade Road 2093: 2090:Maritime Silk Road 2080:Maritime Silk Road 2074:Maritime Silk Road 2063:Maritime Silk Road 2002:Maritime Jade Road 1998: 1985:Maritime Jade Road 1979:Maritime Jade Road 1932:and sandalwood to 1894: 1758:Maritime Republics 1746: 1726:Maritime Republics 1632:Eric VI of Denmark 1616: 1535: 1515:Roman-India routes 1442:Maritime Silk Road 1342: 1233: 1185:phrase related to 1161: 1019: 928: 612: 534:Maritime Silk Road 446: 426: 404:Maritime Silk Road 400:Maritime Jade Road 394:Maritime transport 302:pipeline transport 247:logistical network 198:Maritime transport 170:Stock keeping unit 165:Inventory turnover 131:Management systems 112:Commercial vehicle 44:Business logistics 38: 5591: 5590: 5573:Volga trade route 5498:Rome-India routes 5298:978-0-419-23720-4 5277:978-0-415-93735-1 5270:. US: Routledge. 5078:. Penguin Books. 4680:Edwards, I. E. S. 4565:Stearns, Peter N. 4524:Hindley 2004: 41. 4306:Seaman 1973: 379. 4168:NSC Working Paper 4135:on 5 January 2014 3896:Curtin 1984: 100. 3869:Lindsay 2006: 101 3281:Kearney 2003: 42. 3230:Kitchen 1994: 46. 3137:Stearns 2001: 37. 2955:Stearns 2001: 41. 2859:Donkin 2003: 169. 2782:Pipeline networks 2766:Open Skies policy 2684:, Sixth Edition: 2272:Northwest Passage 2264:Northeast Passage 2117:Arabian Peninsula 1973:Portuguese Empire 1957:Cape of Good Hope 1951:On the orders of 1908:used Alexandria, 1898:Greco-Roman world 1539:Ptolemaic dynasty 1434:Arabian Peninsula 1043:, halting posts, 1031:in Bangladesh to 956:Buddhist missions 823:Antigonus Cyclops 642:of India and the 614:The peninsula of 382:Arabian Peninsula 330:Early development 253:to reach distant 239: 238: 97:Order fulfillment 16:(Redirected from 5618: 5563:Triangular trade 5438:Hiri trade cycle 5433:Hanseatic League 5423:Grand Trunk Road 5385: 5378: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5321: 5302: 5281: 5269: 5258: 5239: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5157: 5148: 5127: 5108: 5089: 5070: 5051: 5032: 5013: 4994: 4975: 4966: 4953:The German Hansa 4947: 4928: 4916: 4905: 4886: 4867: 4845: 4826: 4807: 4788: 4764: 4745: 4726: 4705: 4675: 4653: 4641: 4616: 4597: 4588: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4525: 4522: 4513: 4510: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4404: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4372: 4369: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4307: 4304: 4295: 4294:Seaman 1973: 348 4292: 4286: 4285:Seaman 1973: 30. 4283: 4274: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4245: 4242: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4176: 4165: 4156: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4131:. Archived from 4121: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4061: 4052: 4049: 4038: 4035: 4026: 4025:Donkin 2003: 59. 4023: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3976: 3970: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3945: 3942: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3878:Freeman 2003: 72 3876: 3870: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3782:: news070924–9. 3771: 3765: 3764: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3529: 3518: 3515: 3496: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3481:Silver 1983: 49. 3479: 3473: 3470: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3447:Burns 2003: 231. 3445: 3439: 3438:Burns 2003: 229. 3436: 3430: 3429:Burns 2003: 211. 3427: 3418: 3417:Burns 2003: 216. 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3386: 3383: 3372: 3369: 3358: 3355: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3323: 3320: 3307: 3304: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3261: 3258: 3249: 3248:Larsen 1983: 56. 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3221:Glasse 2001: 59. 3219: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3147: 3138: 3135: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3089: 3088: 3066: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3029:"Outrigger Ages" 3024: 3015: 3014: 2992: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2935: 2932: 2923: 2920: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2901:on 3 August 2007 2897:. Archived from 2891: 2876: 2873: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2850:Burns 2003: 213. 2848: 2670: 2664: 2647:Free trade areas 2611:, from there to 2416:containerization 2319:Native Americans 2315:Conestoga wagons 1703: 1683: 1606:Hanseatic League 1497:Caroline Islands 1485:Papua New Guinea 1473:Hiri trade cycle 1469:Island Melanesia 1448:, including the 1023:Grand Trunk Road 998:Grand Trunk Road 847:Inca road system 781:I. E. S. Edwards 663:Tigris-Euphrates 640:Grand Trunk Road 609: 606: 581:over-land routes 488:industry of the 355:beasts of burden 279:Hanseatic League 231: 224: 217: 87:Order processing 64: 59: 54: 40: 39: 21: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5587: 5483:Penarikan Route 5394: 5389: 5359: 5350:Wayback Machine 5338: 5330:Trader Faulkner 5318: 5299: 5278: 5255: 5236: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5161:"wagon train". 5160: 5151: 5145: 5124: 5105: 5086: 5067: 5048: 5029: 5010: 4991: 4969: 4963: 4944: 4925: 4902: 4883: 4864: 4842: 4823: 4804: 4785: 4761: 4742: 4723: 4702: 4672: 4650: 4613: 4585: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4248: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4177:on 8 March 2021 4174: 4163: 4157: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4071:Wayback Machine 4062: 4055: 4051:Donkin 2003: 92 4050: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016:Ball 2000: 137. 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3977: 3973: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3852:Halsall, Paul. 3850: 3843: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3817:Young 2001: 20. 3816: 3812: 3808:Shaw 2003: 426. 3807: 3803: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3718: 3711: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3640: 3636: 3613: 3609: 3586: 3582: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3530: 3521: 3516: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3389: 3384: 3375: 3370: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3326: 3321: 3310: 3305: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3092: 3085: 3067: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3025: 3018: 3011: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2879: 2874: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2836: 2831: 2790: 2784: 2740: 2734: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2653:Free trade area 2649: 2615:, then via the 2543:coal, and ore. 2508: 2498: 2490:unleaded petrol 2432: 2426: 2341: 2335: 2291: 2285: 2283:Wagonway routes 2256: 2209:Malay Peninsula 2189:thalassocracies 2143:traders in the 2082: 2076: 1987: 1981: 1875: 1869: 1728: 1722: 1674: 1668: 1608: 1602: 1600:Hanseatic trade 1533:1st century CE. 1523: 1517: 1493:Mariana Islands 1366:outrigger boats 1321: 1295: 1290: 1217: 1211: 1167: 1149: 1101: 1095: 1025: 1000: 916: 910: 905: 882:Peruvian people 849: 843: 805:– inhabited by 769:Ptolemaic Egypt 746: 740: 735: 730: 634:(now in modern 607: 589: 500:and peninsular 406: 396: 390: 332: 327: 322: 235: 175:Decision-making 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5624: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5548:Tea Horse Road 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5523:Siberian Route 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5488:Manila galleon 5485: 5480: 5478:Old Salt Route 5475: 5470: 5465: 5463:Lapita culture 5460: 5455: 5453:King's Highway 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5365: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5339: 5337: 5336:External links 5334: 5333: 5332: 5322: 5316: 5303: 5297: 5282: 5276: 5259: 5253: 5240: 5234: 5221: 5212: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5167: 5158: 5149: 5143: 5128: 5122: 5109: 5103: 5090: 5084: 5071: 5065: 5052: 5046: 5033: 5027: 5014: 5008: 4995: 4989: 4976: 4967: 4961: 4948: 4942: 4929: 4923: 4906: 4900: 4887: 4881: 4868: 4862: 4846: 4840: 4827: 4821: 4808: 4802: 4789: 4783: 4765: 4759: 4746: 4740: 4727: 4721: 4706: 4700: 4684:Boardman, John 4676: 4670: 4654: 4648: 4631: 4617: 4611: 4598: 4589: 4583: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4540: 4526: 4514: 4512:Button 2004: 9 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4421: 4412: 4394: 4385: 4373: 4361: 4352: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4308: 4296: 4287: 4275: 4266: 4246: 4234: 4223: 4188: 4146: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4088: 4079: 4064:Gama, Vasco da 4053: 4039: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4007:Ball 2000: 131 4000: 3971: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3887:Lach 1994: 18. 3880: 3871: 3859: 3841: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3766: 3759: 3739: 3732: 3709: 3686: 3679: 3661: 3654: 3634: 3607: 3580: 3553: 3546: 3519: 3497: 3483: 3474: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3387: 3373: 3359: 3347: 3338: 3324: 3308: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3272:Lach 1994: 13. 3262: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3200: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3139: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3090: 3084:978-0415100540 3083: 3054: 3016: 3009: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2877: 2861: 2852: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2786:Main article: 2783: 2780: 2773:cargo airlines 2736:Main article: 2733: 2730: 2718:European Union 2667: 2661: 2651:Main article: 2648: 2645: 2641:Eastern Europe 2532:British Empire 2502:Ship transport 2497: 2494: 2452:motor vehicles 2450:The advent of 2428:Main article: 2425: 2422: 2337:Main article: 2334: 2333:Railway routes 2331: 2295:Santa Fe Trail 2287:Main article: 2284: 2281: 2255: 2252: 2167:Southern India 2109:Southeast Asia 2103:that connects 2078:Main article: 2075: 2072: 1983:Main article: 1980: 1977: 1871:Main article: 1868: 1865: 1857:Ottoman Empire 1721: 1718: 1670:Main article: 1667: 1664: 1604:Main article: 1601: 1598: 1519:Main article: 1516: 1513: 1354:Southern India 1331:proto-historic 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1213:Main article: 1210: 1207: 1203:Sea of Galilee 1163:Main article: 1157:King's Highway 1148: 1145: 1097:Main article: 1094: 1091: 1064:Sher Shah Suri 1021:Main article: 999: 996: 936:Western worlds 912:Main article: 909: 906: 904: 901: 842: 839: 742:Main article: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 588: 585: 565:Southeast Asia 392:Main article: 389: 388:Maritime trade 386: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 314:cargo airlines 267:Maritime trade 237: 236: 234: 233: 226: 219: 211: 208: 207: 206: 205: 200: 195: 193:Road transport 187: 186: 180: 179: 178: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 134: 133: 127: 126: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 71: 70: 66: 65: 47: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5623: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5594: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5543:Brouwer Route 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5317:0-415-31277-9 5313: 5310:. Routledge. 5309: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5260: 5256: 5254:0-19-926111-3 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5235:0-7546-4321-2 5231: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5144:0-521-52126-2 5140: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5123:0-8223-3189-6 5119: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5104:0-405-11578-4 5100: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5085:0-14-051329-9 5081: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5066:0-415-24219-3 5062: 5059:. Routledge. 5058: 5053: 5049: 5047:0-521-26931-8 5043: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5028:0-7391-0407-1 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5009:0-543-94253-8 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4990:0-7735-2515-7 4986: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4962:0-415-19072-X 4958: 4955:. Routledge. 4954: 4949: 4945: 4943:0-8447-7171-6 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4924:0-415-04576-2 4920: 4917:. Routledge. 4915: 4914: 4907: 4903: 4901:0-8018-7306-1 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4882:0-87169-248-1 4878: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4863:0-415-11376-8 4859: 4856:. Routledge. 4855: 4851: 4850:Ball, Warwick 4847: 4843: 4841:0-89838-112-6 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4822:0-87068-267-9 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4803:1-57181-221-0 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4784:0-19-280458-8 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4760:0-226-46731-7 4756: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4741:0-543-95215-0 4737: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4722:0-226-46906-9 4718: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4701:0-521-22717-8 4697: 4693: 4689: 4688:Bury, John B. 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4671:0-85323-359-4 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4649:0-7591-0190-6 4645: 4640: 4639: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4612:0-415-23276-7 4608: 4605:. Routledge. 4604: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4584:0-395-65237-5 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4549: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4426: 4416: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4389: 4380: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4291: 4282: 4280: 4270: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4092: 4083: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3953: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3905:Holl 2003: 9. 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3864: 3855: 3848: 3846: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3760:9781880188057 3756: 3752: 3751: 3743: 3735: 3733:9780195300307 3729: 3725: 3724: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3682: 3680:9780890961070 3676: 3672: 3665: 3657: 3655:9780521419994 3651: 3647: 3646: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3547:9783319338224 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3424: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3342: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3210: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3122: 3113: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3012: 3010:9781588395245 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2856: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2789: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2722:Common Market 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2659: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2584:21st Century 2582: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2512: 2507: 2506:Shipping lane 2503: 2493: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2280: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2254:Modern routes 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2235:to the east. 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217:Indianization 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1886:Vasco da Gama 1883: 1879: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1794:Mediterranean 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754:Mediterranean 1751: 1744: 1743:Mediterranean 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1230: 1229:Tuareg people 1227:highlighted; 1226: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189:. 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Springer. 4831: 4812: 4793: 4773: 4750: 4731: 4711: 4691: 4661: 4637: 4620: 4602: 4593: 4569: 4543: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4415: 4407: 4388: 4383:Carter 2004. 4355: 4334: 4325: 4290: 4269: 4226: 4204:(1): 31–59. 4201: 4197: 4191: 4179:. Retrieved 4172:the original 4167: 4137:. Retrieved 4133:the original 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4091: 4082: 4074: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3974: 3966: 3961: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3779: 3769: 3749: 3742: 3722: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3670: 3664: 3644: 3637: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3596:(1): 71–85. 3593: 3589: 3583: 3569:(1): 31–59. 3566: 3562: 3556: 3537: 3486: 3477: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3413: 3404: 3341: 3286: 3277: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3203: 3195:the original 3185: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3150: 3125:Scarre 1995. 3121: 3112: 3070: 3045:. Retrieved 3041:the original 3036: 3032: 3000: 2978: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2903:. Retrieved 2899:the original 2855: 2823: 2799: 2777: 2770: 2759: 2755: 2727: 2696:(1948), the 2692:(1948), the 2687: 2675: 2605:Kuala Lumpur 2590: 2572: 2547: 2545: 2540:Panama Canal 2521: 2517: 2487: 2468: 2449: 2412: 2404: 2396: 2370: 2350: 2303:wagon trains 2299:Oregon Trail 2292: 2277: 2248:Qing dynasty 2244:Colonial Era 2240:Song dynasty 2237: 2213:Mekong Delta 2174: 2173:, known for 2157:networks of 2152:Austronesian 2149: 2133:Austronesian 2127:and finally 2094: 1999: 1950: 1903: 1895: 1845:Persian Gulf 1807:, involving 1798: 1761: 1747: 1710: 1705: 1685: 1675: 1641: 1617: 1583: 1536: 1530: 1491:between the 1458: 1343: 1339:Indian Ocean 1328:Austronesian 1254: 1234: 1178: 1168: 1137: 1130: 1118:and his son 1113: 1102: 1087: 1083: 1072: 1057: 1049:post offices 1026: 978:'s visit to 949: 941: 929: 874: 853:Mesoamerican 850: 835:Gulf of Aden 830:Roman empire 827: 809:exiles from 801: 763: 755:frankincense 747: 719: 714:central Asia 712:corridor of 684:; then also 682:Indus Valley 674:Persian Gulf 671: 667: 644:Incense Road 613: 597:Mughal times 550: 546:Indian Ocean 480: 470: 462:Land of Punt 447: 438:Indian Ocean 432:Much of the 348: 336:Chalcolithic 333: 286:modern times 283: 242: 240: 150:Supply chain 92:Trade routes 29: 5538:Spice Route 5328:. İstanbul 4494:Button 2004 4392:Major 1993. 2538:, like the 2456:expressways 2440:interchange 2195:around the 2185:Philippines 2155:spice trade 2145:Arabian Sea 2088:Map of the 2014:Philippines 2008:by animist 1873:Spice trade 1867:Spice Route 1805:spice trade 1760:, Italian " 1555:Myos Hormos 1543:Greco-Roman 1505:Philippines 1461:Austronesia 1459:In eastern 1418:East Africa 1406:Indonesians 1402:spice trade 1237:West Africa 1075:British Raj 1015:British Raj 897:Inca empire 797:Transjordan 678:Mesopotamia 553:Arabian Sea 522:Middle East 512:connecting 496:, southern 490:Philippines 466:East Africa 310:automobiles 306:rail routes 275:Middle Ages 271:Spice Route 243:trade route 5600:Categories 5558:Trepanging 5503:Royal Road 5403:Amber Road 4629:B005DQV7Q2 4558:References 3986:as far as 3627:: 87–140. 2905:22 October 2815:Azerbaijan 2732:Air routes 2678:free trade 2617:Suez Canal 2574:Oil spills 2528:Suez Canal 2419:trucking. 2364:, and the 2311:California 2211:, and the 2176:lingling-o 2067:Lingling-o 1994:Lingling-o 1940:of Yemen. 1737:(red) and 1586:Alexandria 1567:Barbaricum 1501:New Guinea 1489:Micronesia 1479:, and the 1454:trepanging 1450:lingling-o 1438:Madagascar 1426:Westerlies 1382:sandalwood 1362:catamarans 1299:Lingling-o 1297:See also: 1276:, between 1199:Mount Zion 1099:Amber Road 1093:Amber Road 1053:milestones 1041:fortresses 1029:Chittagong 1011:cantonment 976:Marco Polo 868:valley of 789:Israelites 773:Lihyanites 702:Mycenaeans 692:) and the 632:Cappadocia 561:South Asia 518:South Asia 482:lingling-o 434:Radhanites 418:tanja sail 398:See also: 344:Common Era 298:free-trade 269:along the 263:Amber Road 5568:Via Maris 5528:Silk Road 5508:Salt road 5458:Kula ring 5197:"truck". 5170:"canal". 4769:Shaw, Ian 4218:140665305 3796:161331467 3211:. UNESCO. 3075:Routledge 2601:Singapore 2597:Silk Road 2586:Silk Road 2536:waterways 2526:like the 2377:Manchuria 2163:Sri Lanka 2101:Silk Road 2059:Silk Road 2050:Indonesia 2042:Singapore 1946:Sri Lanka 1934:Ibn Ziyad 1930:ambergris 1660:monograph 1628:North Sea 1579:Arikamedu 1509:Polynesia 1481:Kula ring 1456:network. 1422:catamaran 1404:network. 1390:sugarcane 1374:cultigens 1358:Sri Lanka 1278:Lake Chad 1195:Christian 1179:Via Maris 1175:Crusaders 1165:Via Maris 1147:Via Maris 1037:millennia 924:Silk Road 914:Silk Road 908:Silk Road 893:Spondylus 862:Callawaya 819:Nabateans 815:aromatics 793:Aramaeans 706:temperate 620:Black Sea 542:catamaran 538:outrigger 506:Indonesia 473:Neolithic 454:Egyptians 376:from the 290:Old World 5513:Sea lane 5428:Hærvejen 5346:Archived 4852:(2000). 4771:(2003). 4660:(1994). 4067:Archived 3992:Ethiopia 3629:Archived 3590:SciEnggJ 2738:Aviation 2706:Mercosur 2704:(1959), 2625:Istanbul 2613:Djibouti 2464:tollways 2460:freeways 2401:(2002): 2389:Salonika 2325:and the 2323:railroad 2297:and the 2289:Wagonway 2233:Buddhism 2229:Hinduism 2193:polities 2183:and the 2097:maritime 2054:Cambodia 2046:Thailand 2034:Malaysia 1942:Moluccan 1910:Damietta 1906:Abbasids 1837:Far East 1796:shores. 1739:Venetian 1636:Flanders 1626:and the 1571:Barygaza 1551:Augustus 1503:and the 1495:and the 1432:and the 1410:cinnamon 1378:coconuts 1335:historic 1280:and the 1191:biblical 1109:Pannonia 1033:Peshawar 962:and the 960:pilgrims 952:Kanishka 944:Buddhism 934:and the 866:Peruvian 855:and the 807:Chaldean 791:and the 753:and the 722:religion 690:Hittites 624:Assyrian 616:Anatolia 555:and the 530:Buddhism 526:Hinduism 520:and the 510:Malaysia 502:Thailand 378:Far East 361:allowed 259:arteries 5219:. 2002. 5210:. 2002. 5201:. 2002. 5192:. 2002. 5183:. 2002. 5174:. 2002. 5165:. 2002. 5156:. 2002. 4406:canal ( 4181:20 June 4139:20 June 4129:SEAArch 3047:20 June 2819:Georgia 2637:Central 2633:Trieste 2609:Mombasa 2564:Caspian 2393:Balkans 2339:Railway 2225:Persian 2201:Malacca 2197:straits 2137:Persian 2121:Somalia 2030:Vietnam 2026:Palawan 2018:Batanes 1965:Calicut 1961:Malindi 1926:camphor 1853:Red Sea 1851:in the 1813:incense 1735:Genoese 1690:Swedish 1678:Russian 1648:Hamburg 1639:years. 1620:Germans 1594:Red Sea 1575:Muziris 1559:Arsinoe 1416:) with 1386:bananas 1265:Morocco 1261:Songhai 1250:Saharan 968:Burmese 964:traders 932:Eastern 889:Ecuador 870:Chincha 811:Babylon 698:Minoans 601:Mauryan 498:Vietnam 458:Red Sea 380:to the 363:Arabian 351:portage 320:History 255:markets 5314: 5295: 5274: 5251: 5232: 5141: 5120: 5101: 5082: 5063: 5044: 5025: 5006: 4987: 4959: 4940: 4921: 4898: 4879: 4860: 4838: 4819: 4800: 4781: 4757: 4738: 4719: 4698: 4668: 4646: 4627: 4609: 4581: 4410:2002). 4216: 4096:Times. 3996:Source 3980:Gallus 3794: 3780:Nature 3757: 3730: 3677: 3652: 3544: 3153:2002). 3081: 3007: 2669: 2663: 2629:Athens 2566:, and 2556:Baltic 2524:canals 2470:Trucks 2385:Vienna 2307:Oregon 2266:, the 2207:, the 2205:Bangka 2181:Taiwan 2129:Europe 2111:, the 2052:, and 2038:Brunei 2024:, and 2006:Taiwan 1969:Indies 1938:sultan 1936:, the 1849:Jeddah 1809:spices 1790:Ragusa 1786:Ancona 1774:Amalfi 1766:Venice 1750:Europe 1714:rapids 1652:Bremen 1644:Lübeck 1624:Baltic 1590:Jewish 1547:Strabo 1471:; the 1430:Africa 1420:using 1414:cassia 1398:nutmeg 1396:, and 1394:cloves 1376:(like 1372:) and 1317:, and 1257:Berber 1187:Isaiah 1183:Hebrew 1140:Danube 1132:oppida 1128:Celtic 1079:Punjab 1008:Ambala 984:Canton 980:Yunnan 857:Andean 803:Gerrha 710:steppe 694:Aegean 652:Censor 648:Arabia 636:Turkey 628:Kanesh 573:Romans 494:Taiwan 370:spices 366:nomads 359:camels 312:, and 4214:S2CID 4175:(PDF) 4164:(PDF) 3988:Syene 3792:S2CID 2829:Notes 2750:DC-10 2747:FedEx 2621:Haifa 2560:Black 2552:White 2357:penny 2353:train 2327:truck 2221:Tamil 2161:with 2125:Egypt 2105:China 2022:Luzon 1918:Siraf 1841:Ormus 1829:Yemen 1825:opium 1821:drugs 1817:herbs 1782:Gaeta 1770:Genoa 1698:Greek 1282:Niger 1274:Hausa 1270:Mandé 1242:Islam 1225:Niger 1171:Latin 1105:amber 1045:wells 972:Bhamo 777:Dedan 759:myrrh 751:Yemen 686:Syria 516:with 514:China 450:Sumer 251:goods 245:is a 5312:ISBN 5293:ISBN 5272:ISBN 5249:ISBN 5230:ISBN 5139:ISBN 5118:ISBN 5099:ISBN 5080:ISBN 5061:ISBN 5042:ISBN 5023:ISBN 5004:ISBN 4985:ISBN 4957:ISBN 4938:ISBN 4919:ISBN 4896:ISBN 4877:ISBN 4858:ISBN 4836:ISBN 4817:ISBN 4798:ISBN 4779:ISBN 4755:ISBN 4736:ISBN 4717:ISBN 4696:ISBN 4666:ISBN 4644:ISBN 4625:ASIN 4607:ISBN 4579:ISBN 4183:2019 4141:2019 3984:Nile 3755:ISBN 3728:ISBN 3675:ISBN 3650:ISBN 3542:ISBN 3079:ISBN 3049:2019 3005:ISBN 2907:2013 2805:and 2639:and 2627:and 2603:and 2591:The 2568:Azov 2504:and 2480:and 2462:and 2430:Road 2231:and 2223:and 2203:and 2165:and 2141:Arab 2139:and 2000:The 1922:musk 1916:and 1914:Aden 1904:The 1847:and 1833:Oman 1831:and 1823:and 1803:and 1801:silk 1788:and 1778:Pisa 1650:and 1577:and 1537:The 1412:and 1370:paan 1356:and 1333:and 1068:inns 1062:and 877:Inca 757:and 700:and 540:and 528:and 508:and 486:jade 442:dhow 402:and 374:silk 372:and 4206:doi 3784:doi 3598:doi 3571:doi 2442:in 2387:to 2199:of 1843:in 1764:" ( 1483:of 1467:of 1348:of 646:of 630:in 579:of 464:" ( 340:BCE 284:In 5602:: 4686:; 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