Culture of Romania

2567:, there was an almost immediate explosion of publication of books previously censored by the regime. Books were published in huge numbers per edition, sales were high, and a great number of publishing houses appeared. However, this soon reached a saturation point, and publishing houses began to decline due to a combination of bad management, a rapid drop in sales, and the absence of subsidies. Many closed after publishing only a few titles; some changed their profile and started printing commercial literature – mainly translations – and the state-owned publishers entered a "state of lethargy". The latter survived due to state financing, but their publishing activity diminished. Despite this, some publishing houses managed to survive and develop by implementing market-oriented policies, and by improving the quality and overall appearance of the books they published. Among the most notable contemporary Romanian publishers are 1302: 1736: 1637: 2977: 4205: 1287: 405: 1838: 2899: 1581: 2313:. In the smaller towns, there existed the so-called "Worker's Theatre", a semi-professional institution. Partly due to the lack of other entertainment venues, the theatre was highly popular, and the number of actors increased. All of the theatres had a stable, state-funded budget. Again, however, the drawback was the heavy control imposed on them by the regime: censorship was ever-present, and only ideologically-accepted plays were allowed. More progressive theatres managed to survive in some remote cities that became favorite destinations for young actors, but they generally had only a local audience. 3245: 2385:. The communist rule in Romania, unlike most of the other countries of the Eastern bloc, permanently repudiated the Romanians who had left their country and labeled them as traitors to the motherland. So, neither Mircea Eliade, nor Eugène Ionesco, nor Emil Cioran, whose works would be published in this country sporadically after 1960, could see their native land again. It was only after 1989 that the process of regaining the values of the diaspora and of reintegrating its personalities into this country's culture could be started seriously, a process marked in its turn by tension and disagreements. 2549:

expression, but, at the same time, the state subsidies also stopped, and Romania's culture was seriously affected by the side-effects of the incipient, still very imperfect, free-market economy and by inadequate material resources. Culture has had to cope with a variety of problems, one of them being a shift in people's interest towards other areas such as the press and television. The search for a new cultural policy, relying on decentralization, seems to prevail now. People speak about a crisis of culture in this country, but if there is a crisis of culture, it is only at an institutional level.

1764: 2219: 2751: 2681: 3599: 3438: 2301:("The Library for Everyone") with over 5,000 titles. Generally, a book was never published in an edition of less than 50,000 copies. Libraries appeared in every village, and almost all were kept up to date with the newest books published. Also, due to low prices, almost everyone could afford to have their own collection of books at home. The negative part was that all the books were heavily censored. Also, due to rationing in every aspect of life, the quality of the printing and the paper also was very low, and the books, therefore, degraded easily. 2695: 2279: 1651: 2517: 1806: 1694: 4190: 2871: 1595: 4234: 2066: 1623: 2122: 3993: 3607: 1778: 1708: 2723: 2709: 1609: 3965: 1750: 2094: 4248: 76: 2191: 3636: 3397: 4260: 2913: 2052: 1820: 1106: 2461: 2205: 2553: 2843: 1680: 2475: 2489: 2885: 2261: 4324: 2144:

socialist realism and lending legitimacy to the new order by rejecting traditional values. Two currents appeared: one that glorified the regime and another that tried to avoid censorship. The first is probably of no lasting cultural value, but the second managed to create valuable works, successfully avoiding censorship and being very well received by the general public. From this period, the most outstanding personalities are those of the writer

2531: 3626: 1043: 344: 283: 4343:(an ancient instrument related to the Arabic Oud), Vioară (violin), Cimpoi (Balkan bagpipe), and the Tamburină (tambourine, more commonly used during the times under Phanariote and Ottoman influence), were also commonly used in folk music before the introduction on some slightly more modern elements such as the widely used accordion, and clarinet. Folk music, often is accentuated with clapping, yells of tongue rolling, shouts, and whistles. 962: 1665: 4220: 3420: 2737: 123: 434: 3646: 3504: 2503: 2108: 2857: 2247: 2080: 1722: 2233: 35: 1380:, demanding equal political rights with the other ethnicities for the Romanians in Transylvania. This movement, however, leaned more towards westernization in general, when in fact, the origin of the Romanian people is complex, intertwining elements from the peoples of the former Roman Empire with those of the ancient Dacians, and with the addition of 17th and 19th Eastern influences as emphasized through the Ottomans. 1792: 3618: 3009:" have been well received, and yearly events and festivals have continually attracted interest. Medieval festivals held in cities in Transylvania, which combine street theatre with music and battle reenactments to create a very lively atmosphere, are some of the most popular events. In theatre, a yearly National Festival takes place, and one of the most important international theatre festivals is 225: 1171:), covering the period from 1359 to 1594, is a very important source of information about life, events, and personalities in Moldavia. It is among the first non-religious Romanian literary texts; due to its size and the information that it contains, it is arguably the most important Romanian document from the 17th century. 2184:

the public opinion. On the other hand, the slogans disseminated nationwide through the forms of official culture helped spread simplistic views, which were relatively successful among some ranks of the population. The tension between these two directions can still be perceived at the level of society as a whole.

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films, when shown, were heavily censored: entire sections were cut, and dialogue was translated only using ideologically accepted words. Domestic or "friendly" foreign productions constituted the bulk of films in cinemas. During this period, cinematography started to develop in Romania, and the first

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Folk music is the oldest form of Romanian musical creation, characterized by great vitality; it is the defining source of the cultured musical creation, both religious and lay. Conservation of Romanian folk music has been aided by a large and enduring audience, and by numerous performers who helped

4087:, made many important architectural contributions to the region, including numerous churches, fortifications, and town centers. Also, they figured in some landmarks in the development of ethnic Romanian culture: the first letter written in Romanian was addressed to the mayor of Kronstadt (Romanian: 2548:

The fall of soviet-style communism in 1989 elated the cultural world, but the experience hasn't been an easy one due to problems in the transition period and the adoption of a free market economy. The discontinuation of state and political control of culture brought about the long dreamt freedom of

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During the 16th century, Romanian first appeared in writing, usually in religious texts and other written documents. A letter dating from 1521, from Neacșu of Câmpulung to the mayor of Brașov, is considered to be the earliest known text written in Romanian. The letter was written in a script which

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There was a chasm between the official, communist culture and genuine culture. On the one hand, against the authorities' intentions, the outstanding works were perceived as a realm of moral truths, and the significant representatives of genuine cultural achievement were held in very high esteem by

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imposed heavy censorship on almost all elements of life, and they used the cultural world as a means to better control the population. The freedom of expression was constantly restricted in various ways: the Sovietization period was an attempt at building up a new cultural identity on the basis of

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Romanians have had, from time immemorial, a myriad of customs, tales, and poems about love, faith, kings, princesses, and witches. The ethnologists, poets, writers, and historians have tried in recent centuries to collect and to preserve tales, poems, ballads and have tried to describe as well as

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The most striking thing about Romanian culture is the strong folk traditions which have survived to this day due to the rural character of the Romanian communities, which has resulted in an exceptionally vital and creative traditional culture. Romania's rich folk traditions have been nourished by

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is still worn and created in this fashion around the rural areas of the country. Black is the most common color used, but red and blue are predominant in certain areas. Traditionally, men wore a white shirt and pants with a wide leather belt, usually over the shirt, and a vest sometimes made of

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The religious musical creation, born under the influence of Byzantine music adjusted to the intonations of the local folk music, saw a period of glory between the 15th-17th centuries, when reputed schools of liturgical music developed within Romanian monasteries. Russian and Western influences

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Romanian theatre also suffered from economic hardships, and its popularity decreased drastically due to the increased popularity of television and other entertainment channels. Some theatres survived due to their prestige (and some continued subsidies); others survived through good management,

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Before the major incorporation of more modern instruments that found their way into Romanian folk music, older instruments such as the Tobă (double-headed drum, also known as the Tabul or Davul), Surlă (also known as the Zurna in other parts of the Balkans), Caval (ancient shepherd's pipe),

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and they often wore a hat differing in design from region to region. Women also wore a white skirt and a shirt with a vest. They also traditionally wore an apron which had also been embroidered, and a variety of different headscarfs; on special occasions, they wore more elaborate outfits.

3488:(over 81%). Despite the diminishing importance of the church in recent generations, it remains the most trusted institution in Romania. Church attendance is high in rural communities and among the elders in the cities. Also, despite accusations of collaborationism with the 1256:, a Moldavian prince, was an important personality of the medieval period in Moldavia. His interests included philosophy, history, music, linguistics, ethnography, and geography. His most important works containing information about the Romanian regions were 3741:; a mixture of pork, beef, and lamb, or just plain pork, with onions and rice, wrapped in semi-sour cabbage or grape leaves, and then placed usually in a porcelain pot with tomato paste and pork cuts. This dish is then slow-cooked, and commonly served with 2670:, are respected personalities in Romanian life, but they have to devote some of their would-be writing time to other activities, mainly journalism. The ties with the Romanian diaspora are now very strong, and even foreign-language Romanian writers like 1082:, by German culture as well, which also triggered constant relationships with the German world not only at a cultural level but in daily life as well. With the arrival of Soviet communism in the area, Romania quickly adopted many soviet influences, and 1050:

Romania's history has been full of rebounds: the culturally productive epochs were those of stability when the people proved quite an impressive resourcefulness in the making up for less propitious periods and were able to rejoin the mainstream of

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During this period, there was a significant increase in the number of theatres, as they appeared even in the smallest towns. Many new establishments were built, and in the big cities they became important landmarks, such as the building of the

3120:, windmills were made of wood, and in mountainous regions, hardwood was used even for covering the roof. To preserve traditional houses, many village museums have been created in the last century throughout Romania, such as the 1527: 2164:. Most dissidents who chose not to emigrate lived a life closely watched by the regime, either in "house arrest" or in "forced domicile"; some chose to retreat to remote monasteries. Most of their work was published after the 2579:, which specializes in technical topics and dictionaries. Some publishing houses developed their own chains or bookstores, and also other new, privately owned bookstore chains opened, replacing the old state-owned ones. 2582:

Culturally oriented newsprint periodicals followed a similar trajectory of boom and bust. A few have survived and managed to raise their quality and to maintain a critical spirit despite the hardships they encountered.

1278:, which was printed in English between 1734–1735 (second edition in 1756), in French in 1743 and in German in 1745 ; the latter was a major reference work in European science and culture up until the 19th century. 1320:, although they formed the majority of the population, Romanians were merely seen as a "tolerated nation" by the Austrian leadership of the province, and were not proportionally represented in political life and the 4318: 3525:, which push wood building technique to its limits. Byzantine influences can be found in most Romanian church buildings, but domestic styles have evolved in different periods of time and in different regions. In 3219:

are two of the most significant representatives of such styles. The dances are lively and are practiced throughout Romania by a large number of professional and amateur groups, thus keeping the tradition alive;

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is an umbrella term used to encapsulate the ideas, customs and social behaviours of the people of Romania that developed due to the country's distinct geopolitical history and evolution. It is theorized that

2624:, which should, in principle, support these writers' efforts, hasn't undergone much change since 1989, and there is much controversy surrounding its activity and purpose. The most successful writers, like 3870:

is the main drink and has been a tradition for over three millennia. Romania is currently the world's ninth-largest wine producer, and exports have increased in recent years. A wide variety of domestic

3337:, who, in the 19th century, published an impressive number of volumes containing a large number of short novels and tales from popular mythology. They are centered on popular characters like the prince 1848:

The first half of the 20th century is regarded by many as the golden age of Romanian culture, and it is the period when it reached its main level of international affirmation and a strong connection to

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A strong editorial activity took place during the Communist regime. With the purpose of educating the large masses of peoples, a huge number of books were published. Large-scale editing houses such as

4010: 2990: 1398:; thus, the two principalities were heavily influenced by the Ottoman and Greek world. Greek schools appeared in the principalities, and in 1818, the first Romanian School was founded in Bucharest by 2316:

Cinemas evolved the same way as the theatres; sometimes, the same establishment served both purposes. Movies were very popular, and from the 1960s, foreign films started becoming quite widespread.

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investing in themselves, and earning a steady audience through the high quality of their productions. Experimental or independent theatres appeared and are quite popular in university cities.

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Romanian Orthodox monasteries and churches exist throughout Romania, but traditionally, few are constructed on a monumental scale. A great number of wooden churches are still intact in the

2973:. Besides domestic production, Romania became a favorite destination for international producers due to the low cost of filming there, and big investments have been made in large studios. 3333:), a sad, philosophical poem, centered on a simple action: the plot by two shepherds to kill a third shepherd because they envied his wealth. Another prolific editor of folk tales was 2925:

Due to the lack of funds, Romanian film-making suffered heavily in the 1990s; even now, as of 2005, a lot of controversy surrounds state aid for movies. Well-known directors such as

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The modeling role of France, especially in the fields of political ideas, administration, and law, as well as in literature, was paralleled, from the mid-19th century down to

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Many new young writers appeared, but due to financial constraints, only those who have gained a strong reputation could get the financial backing to publish their works. The

1860:(1876–1957), a central figure of the modern movement and a pioneer of abstraction, an innovator of world sculpture by immersion in the primordial sources of folk creation. 4629: 4347:

brought about the introduction of polyphony in religious music in the 18th century, a genre developed by a series of Romanian composers in the 19th and 20th centuries.

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The relationship between traditional and Western European trends was a subject of heated polemics, and outstanding personalities sustained the debates. The playwright,

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books and newspapers, and between 1898 and 1904, it published a Romanian Encyclopedia. Among the greatest personalities from this period are the novelist and publicist

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propagate and further develop the folk sound. Two of them, Vasile Pandelescu, and Dumnitru Zamfira are some of the most famous examples of Romanian folk musicians.

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influences, which they pursued steadily and at a very fast pace. From the end of the 18th century, the sons of the upper classes started having their education in

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continued Eliade's work with great success, in the United States. Another member of the diaspora who distinguished himself was the philosopher and logician

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during the winter or colder periods.These clothes of linen and wool would then be embroidered with traditional motifs that vary from region to region. The

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and made this instrument known to a modern worldwide audience, and was also a composer or interpreter for a great number of movies. Composer and architect

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A consequence of the communist attitude towards the bourgeoisie elites in general, was the creation, for the first time in Romania's history, of a

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is consumed and a good lamb or fish dish is never to be refused. In conjunction with special events or periods, different recipes are prepared.

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was used mainly in Wallachia and Moldavia until the year 1859. This script was a version of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet, a version of the

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The cuisine of Romania has the same influences as the rest of Romanian culture; from Roman times, there still exists the simple pie called, in

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had its echoes also in Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, and a new elite had emerged from the revolutions represented by figures such as:

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period, at the beginning of the 19th century, when Romanians had a historical context and Romania started to become westernized, mainly with

1334:) was formed, emphasizing the Roman element of the Romanian people, and making significant strides in the formation of a modern Latin-based 2797: 992: 3005:

The number of cultural events held yearly in Romania has increased over the past few years. Some sporadic events like the "2005 Bucharest

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style with Moorish influences, and a great number of churches show Greek influences, especially those built in the 18th century, such as

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possible the customs and habits related to different events and times of the year. Customs related to certain times of year are the

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In Transylvania, the emancipation movement became better organized, and in 1861, an important cultural organization by the name of

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can be cited as a member of the traditionalist group and the literary critic founder of the literary circle and cultural journal

874: 187: 4667: 4583: 1881:, represents the so-called Westernizing group, which sought to bring Romanian culture closer to Western European culture. Also, 4653: 159: 354: 4819: 4189: 3530: 2435: 1574:, a simple peasant shepherd from Southern Transylvania who, through his actions became a symbol of the emancipation movement. 889: 531: 17: 4571: 2772:– gives yearly awards to the best performances. Some of the most critically acclaimed directors in contemporary Romania are 5052: 4996: 4640: 4039:

Minorities have made a major cultural contribution to Romania. Influences came from, most notably, minority groups such as

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A great number of proverbs and sayings have developed around the activity of eating. From the innocent child's thank you:

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Moldavia and Wallachia were both situated on important commercial routes often crossed by Polish, Saxon, Greek, Armenian,

166: 4984: 4932: 4841: 4610:("Television in Romania – domination by entertainment and non-news"), 30 November 2005, in a mix of Romanian and English. 3981: 1270:), the first critical history of Romania. His works were also known in western Europe, as he authored writings in Latin: 1239: 140: 48: 4635: 3112:

The wood used to be the main construction material, and heavily ornamented wooden objects were common in old houses. In

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are currently the main institutions which systematically organize the data and continue the research of these elements.

3053:, Cluj and Bucharest are also appreciated. An important event took place in 2007 when the city of Sibiu was, along with 1664: 5011: 605: 2898: 1580: 5476: 5418: 5117: 5092: 4465: 1555: 391: 325: 264: 206: 62: 3876: 1981:, who, during his lifetime, published over 1,250 books and wrote more than 25,000 articles. In music, the composers 1763: 1511:, novelist and Romania's greatest playwright, published most of their groundbreaking works. During the same period, 173: 5082: 4901: 4769: 2218: 1140:. The medieval principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia arose in the mid 1300s, in the areas south and east of the 985: 481: 4531: 4259: 3529:, a particular style was used in the construction of the monasteries, of which some of the most important are the 3496:

and Richard Wurmbrand openly protested against political interventions in religious business. There are also some

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The beginning of the 20th century was also a prolific period for Romanian prose, with personalities such as the

5077: 4856: 4432: 4104: 4100: 3441: 3102: 2405: 1367: 1182:, was printed in Transylvania, in 1544. At the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, European 765: 155: 144: 4613: 3400: 2694: 1993:

became world-famous. The number of important Romanian painters also grew, and the most significant ones were:

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Without a doubt, one of the most popular dishes in Romania, and perhaps can be called the national dish, is

2976: 1650: 1453: 5771: 5521: 4947: 4886: 4742: 4693: 2750: 2621: 2556: 2310: 2041:

was one of Romania's greatest mathematicians, and also an important personality was the mathematician/poet

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took place against Phanariote rule. This uprising was led by the Romanian revolutionary and militia leader

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https://web.archive.org/web/20071231125142/http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm Romania -Culture

3561: 2516: 5833: 5693: 5245: 5161: 5067: 4747: 3930:("Thank you for the meal, it was good and tasty, and the cook was beautiful"), to the more philosophical 3058: 2564: 2165: 2065: 1693: 1423: 1372: 1286: 1203: 978: 941: 738: 600: 459: 4663:

Lost Trails web site has free downloads of Romanian folk music and Photography of many Romanian villages

3181:, and there are a great variety of musical genres and dances. Party music is very lively and shows both 637: 5786: 5738: 5608: 5603: 5213: 5087: 5047: 4974: 4891: 4876: 4774: 2568: 1837: 1777: 1622: 946: 921: 884: 803: 733: 486: 404: 3195:(a sad song either about one's home or about love, composed like an epic ballad) unique in the world. 2870: 2121: 1930:, who was the first to revolutionize poetry in the last 50 years. One should not neglect the poems of 1805: 1475:, and the number of new cultural establishments grew significantly. The new prince from 1866 and then 1358:

was formed, formalized by a synod of bishops on September 4, 1700. The links with Rome brought to the

5250: 5006: 4896: 4387: 3507: 2645: 1903:, a writer of novels of epic proportions with inspiration from the medieval history of Moldavia, and 1707: 1487:

were among the main patrons of arts. Of great impact in Romanian literature was the literary society

798: 88: 3573: 3480:. There are only a few Romanian Catholics (of both the Roman and Greek rites) and a small number of 3283:

custom on the first day of March, marking the spring. Other customs are presumably of pre-Christian

1199: 642: 5743: 5568: 5238: 5132: 5112: 5107: 5057: 4881: 4285: 4247: 4233: 4134: 3946:("The pig would eat anything but it gets fat for others"), or the expression of total fulfillment, 3682: 3485: 2071: 1857: 1608: 1343: 775: 691: 669: 4626:

dance in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritages of Humanity") (in Romanian)

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is one of the most popular peasant group dances, but more complex dances such as the ritual dance

3101:. Ethnographers have tried to collect in the last two centuries as many elements as possible: the 1600: 1563: 1467:

in 1859 brought a growing consolidation of Romanian life and culture. Universities were opened in

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

5748: 5710: 5208: 5178: 4957: 4937: 4804: 4686: 4367: 4116: 3763:– "He hasn't even a mămăligă on the table"), but it has become very appreciated in recent times. 3475: 2700: 2655: 2366: 1431: 1231: 1031: 916: 813: 760: 516: 366: 133: 97: 54: 3305: 2912: 2821: 2708: 2093: 1685: 1504: 180: 5668: 5193: 5037: 4962: 4794: 4377: 3569: 2686: 2625: 2337:, and historical movies, were very well received by the public. The most prolific director was 1749: 1075:

became (and was until the communist years) a genuine second language of culture for Romanians.

1027: 506: 296: 3244: 2804:. Also, among the most appreciated actors, both from the new and old generation, one can name 2204: 1915:

was an influential writer, and as the number of theaters grew, also did the number of actors,

1441: 5638: 5598: 5578: 5558: 5461: 5411: 5325: 5278: 5203: 5188: 4991: 4979: 4952: 4906: 4362: 4156: 4052: 2842: 2722: 2362: 2127: 2038: 1986: 1819: 1464: 1026:) were formed through the admixture of the descendants of Roman colonists and the indigenous 840: 752: 728: 561: 4163:. Also, many achievements have been made in the architectural and engineering domain; thus, 2918: 2460: 2260: 2190: 2051: 1532:

The Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People

1234:). The first successful attempts at written Romanian-language poetry were made in 1673 when 1211: 1109: 362: 242: 93: 5776: 5573: 5198: 5183: 5147: 5127: 5001: 4969: 4942: 4829: 4779: 4357: 4219: 4060: 3537: 3518: 3465: 2970: 2629: 2530: 2401: 1977:. The period was dominated by the overwhelming personality of the historian and politician 1885:

was a more complex writer who, among different literary creations, produced the monumental

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influences. Sentimental music, however, is the most valued, and Romanians consider their

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leather and embroidered. They wore either boots or simple sandals made of leather called

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trends. The most important artist who had a great influence on the world culture was the

1679: 1430:, and would eventually lead to the restoration of Romanian princes on the thrones of the 1175: 683: 592: 526: 466: 5766: 4210: 4139:

In the technical domain, one can note the achievements in the field of aviation made by

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have an ever-stronger international presence. In music, the most important event is the

2536: 2488: 2224: 2149: 1882: 1457: 5688: 5678: 5588: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5526: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5486: 5471: 5466: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5371: 5364: 5255: 5142: 5025: 4846: 4789: 4734: 4724: 4713: 4421: 4398: 4225: 4040: 4001: 3888: 3854:– a cooked mix of offal, meat and fresh vegetables, which is quite similar to Scottish 3453: 3408: 3216: 2981: 2969:

were extremely well received and gained awards at international festivals in Paris and

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Well-known Romanian musicians outside of Romania during this period include conductors

2377:(1911–1996), the greatest French-writing master of style after Pascal. Fellow Romanian 2322: 2177: 2026: 1970: 1907:, a more modern writer distinguishing himself through his analytical prose writing. In 1811: 1783: 1699: 1642: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1480: 1427: 1321: 1095: 903: 501: 444: 2805: 2502: 2107: 2002: 1769: 1614: 1449: 5791: 5733: 5673: 5663: 5643: 5633: 5618: 5613: 5593: 5563: 5531: 5516: 5491: 5427: 5288: 5218: 5042: 4471: 4461: 4438: 4428: 4372: 4044: 3974: 3959: 3657: 3489: 3320: 3304:

Perhaps the most successful collector of folk tales was the novelist and storyteller

3178: 2447: 2338: 2246: 2157: 2140: 2010: 1850: 1791: 1656: 1628: 1571: 1543: 1484: 1445: 1335: 1253: 1121: 1113: 1052: 1019: 845: 4650: 3437: 3308:, who in very picturesque language, shaped into their now-classic form stories like 2856: 2358: 2278: 2079: 1825: 1797: 1721: 1567: 1516: 1399: 5703: 5658: 5583: 5553: 5441: 5404: 5380: 5340: 5330: 5293: 5273: 5173: 4866: 4861: 4393: 4312: 4301: 4279: 4160: 4084: 3716: 3593: 3577: 3497: 3268: 3106: 2848: 2813: 2809: 2789: 2714: 2663: 2649: 2382: 2325:

plays. Financed by the government, during the 1960s, a whole industry developed at

2266: 2232: 2210: 2196: 2173: 2169: 2022: 1935: 1912: 1900: 1713: 1415: 1274:(commissioned by the Academy of Berlin, the member of which he became in 1714) and 1083: 856: 835: 789: 706: 619: 419: 4319:

List of music released by Romanian artists that has charted in major music markets

3755: 3746: 3279: 1755: 1559: 1539: 5315: 5305: 4799: 4657: 4382: 4096: 4014: 3884: 3837: 3831: 3423: 3344: 3334: 3208: 3054: 2994: 2934: 2930: 2876: 2801: 2742: 2671: 2409: 2378: 2334: 2099: 2014: 1994: 1942:, a brilliant mathematician who wrote a series of very successful cryptic poems. 1899:, who described the struggles in the traditional society and the horrors of war, 1878: 1841: 1476: 1422:

becoming what is considered to be the first important Romanian poet. In 1821, an

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Romanian spirituality is greatly influenced by its strong connections with the

3427: 3155: 3121: 2904: 2829: 2781: 2633: 2417: 2357:. Three individuals emerged as the most important Romanians abroad: playwright 2006: 1966: 1931: 1904: 1896: 1741: 1670: 1551: 1500: 1492: 1342:

script). It formed following the Act of Union of 1698, which declared the full

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until 1991, when they switched to the Romanian version of the Latin alphabet.

3116:, wood was used to create impressive structures such as churches or gates; in 2933:

have had a certain degree of continued success, and younger directors such as

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and others appeared, which published huge collections of books, such as the

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merchants, connecting them well to the evolving culture of medieval Europe.

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are considered to be some of the greatest Romanian folk singers, and today

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by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the

3899:) varieties are produced. Romania is the world's second-largest grower of 3802: 3639: 3635: 3541: 3396: 2607:

a lesser, but also respected, weekly paper. Also, a state-financed radio (

2017:. In medicine, a great contribution to human society was the discovery of 75: 4764: 4594: 4148: 4140: 4091:), and the first book printed in Romanian was in Hermannstadt (Romanian: 4076: 4026: 3928:

Săru-mâna pentru masă, c-a fost bună şi gustoasă, și bucătăreasa frumoasa

3724:); from the Hungarians, their ornate pastries; and the list could go on. 3481: 3072:

Southern traditional Romanian costumes from Bucharest, late 19th century

3018: 2942: 2641: 2494: 2443: 2431: 2374: 2342: 2238: 2145: 2030: 1998: 1207: 1195: 1191: 1105: 1079: 1056: 476: 4390:, a cultural movement which sprung during the medieval Romanian history. 4293: 4056: 3629: 3549: 2926: 2552: 1086:

was also widely taught in the country during Romania's socialist years.

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to be "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritages of Humanity".

3098: 2595: 1908: 1887:"History of the Romanian literature, from its origins till present day" 1407: 1392: 1324:. At the end of the 18th century an emancipation movement known as the 1178:, was produced in Wallachia in 1508, and the first book in Romanian, a 1015: 4323: 3911: 3710: 3553: 3325: 5233: 4603:

News, events, venues and extensive coverage of Romanian cultural acts

4164: 3775: 3759:, a cornmeal mush, for a long time considered the "poor man's meal" ( 3721: 3625: 3557: 3511: 3492:, which continue to plague the Romanian Church, some clerics such as 3372: 3125: 3026: 3006: 2950: 2413: 2330: 2042: 1939: 1854: 1472: 1384: 1359: 1309: 1305: 1219: 1179: 1160: 1133: 1042: 1011: 544: 5396: 4297: 4088: 3688: 3419: 3404: 3293:

rain enchanting custom in the summer, or the masked folk theatre or

2617:) with a cultural programme exist, but they are not highly popular. 2309:, situated right in the middle of the city, immediately adjacent to 122: 4678: 4514:"Populația stabilă după religie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune" 3920: 3742: 3738: 3705: 3694: 3671: 3649: 3645: 3611: 3526: 3503: 3431: 3289: 3284: 2354: 1893: 1395: 1388: 1347: 1339: 1294: 1235: 1183: 1137: 3860: 3316:(roughly, "The old woman's daughter and the old man's daughter"). 1538:

under the close supervision of the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan

433: 4709: 4675:– Travel agency that blogs about Romania's culture and traditions 4176: 4068: 3818: 3750: 3700: 3676: 3273: 3263: 3186: 3117: 3090: 3086: 2572: 2018: 1951: 1488: 1247: 4608:

Televiziunea din Romania – dominata de divertisment si non-stiri

4589: 3812: 3708:); from the Bulgarians, a wide variety of vegetable dishes like 1468: 1366:. In 1791 the Transylvanian School issued a petition to Emperor 1290: 1243: 4183:

became one of the most beautiful and modern castles in Europe.

3880: 3855: 3841: 3796: 3617: 3534: 3365: 3233: 3182: 3161: 2765: 2326: 1444:(writer, politician, and the first prime minister of Romania), 1215: 1152: 1064: 4600: 4460:. Johnston, Kenneth R. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 3782:

and cooks it using a wide variety of traditional recipes like

1566:, the historian and founder of Romanian press in Transylvania 1222:, published in 1688 the first translated and printed Romanian 4759: 4340: 4092: 4072: 3934:("Thank you Lord, for I have eaten, but I am hungry again"), 3900: 3823: 3191: 3174: 3170: 3147: 3133: 3094: 3050: 2576: 2341:, and probably the most-acclaimed actor from that period was 1535: 1223: 1206:

of Wallachia, was a great patron of the arts and was a local

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Illustration featuring the Romanian coat of arms and tricolor

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world. The modern national mythology contends Romanians are

3248:

Engraving of a fairy tale scene, featuring Prince Charming (

2440:

describing the structure and function of organelles in cells

1268:

Chronicle of the Antiquity of the Romano-Moldavo-Wallachians

4616:(mostly in Romanian, some portions translated into English) 3916: 3867: 3850: 3807: 3768: 3764: 3572:

in central Bucharest. Romania also evolved the distinctive

3445: 3353: 3253: 3232:, danced originally by the Călușari, have been declared by 3151: 3046: 236:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

3816:(head cheese). The meal is sweetened with the traditional 3996:

The medieval and picturesque Transylvanian Saxon town of

3903:, and almost all of those plums become either the famous 3779: 3150:

was the most common material for clothing, combined with

2037:

was one of the earliest bacteriologists. In mathematics,

4590:

Official Romanian Travel and Tourism Information website

3800:– a jelly made from parts like the feet, head and ears; 2674:(who now writes primarily in English) are very popular. 2430:

and a teacher, became the first Romanian to receive the

1350:

of the Romanian Transylvanian church under Metropolitan

4672: 4565: 3950:("Ate well, drank well, in the morning woke up dead"). 3932:

Mulțumescu-ți ție Doamne, c-am mâncat și iar mi-e foame

2168:. Among the most notable examples are the philosophers 4532:"Bucătăria românească. Istoria gastronomiei românești" 3794:– sausages made with liver and other internal organs; 1519:

founded modern Romanian painting; celebrated composer

4586:, an extensive site on ici.ro about Romanian culture. 3093:, and embroidery of costumes, household decorations, 3767:

is the main meat used in Romanian cuisine, but also

3323:

published the most successful version of the ballad

2603:) remain respected forces in Romanian culture, with 1410:, a successful novelist, emerged in that time, with 3980:A version of the Cyrillic alphabet was used in the 2420:was born in Romania and spent his childhood there. 2273: 1491:, founded in 1863 by the circle of literary critic 1378:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

147:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4420: 4171:. The longest bridge in Europe was constructed by 3806:(a kind of stew) – served along with mămăligă and 3666:and keeping the initial meaning of the Latin word 3987: 3864:(a pie made with cottage cheese) as a sweetener. 3521:villages, but by far, the most impressive is the 5825: 4035:Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania 3944:Porcul mănâncă orice, dar se-ngrașă pentru alții 3938:("Love passes through the stomach"), the simple 1919:being an actress representative of this period. 4110: 3942:("Appetite comes while eating"), the sarcastic 3621:Baked pumpkin with powdered sugar and cinnamon 2957:have become highly respected. Caranfil's film 2373:(1907–1986); and the essayist and philosopher 5412: 4694: 4597:, an extensive site about Sibiu (in Romanian) 3948:Mâncat bine, băut bine, dimineața sculat mort 3130:Traditional Popular Civilization ASTRA Museum 1957:Also during the golden age came the epoch of 1276:Incrementa atque decrementa aulae othomanicae 986: 3602:Baked potatoes with steak and cucumber salad 3385: 3043:"Jeunesses Musicales" International Festival 1112:is the oldest surviving document written in 4668:Romania – cultural and regional differences 4560:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSfSH16tFXU 4427:(1st English ed.). Matthias Corvinus. 1938:poet of neurosis, and despair and those of 1383:The period from 1711 to 1821 was marked in 1055:. This stands true for the years after the 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5419: 5405: 4701: 4687: 4123:Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains 4099:, and to this day, Bucharest is home to a 3737:in other cultures of the Balkans, and the 3081:occupation. Traditional folk arts include 2450:in 1986, was born in the Romanian town of 2321:successful short films were made based on 1483:, was a devoted king, and he and his wife 1264:Hronicul vechimii a romano-moldo-valahilor 993: 979: 306:. Please do not remove this message until 4566:cIMeC – The Institute For Cultural Memory 3968:Romanian keyboard with special characters 3039:"George Enescu" Classical Music Festival, 1452:(publicist and the writer of the current 1174:The first printed book, a prayer book in 392:Learn how and when to remove this message 326:Learn how and when to remove this message 265:Learn how and when to remove this message 207:Learn how and when to remove this message 4322: 3991: 3963: 3644: 3634: 3624: 3616: 3605: 3597: 3502: 3436: 3418: 3395: 3243: 3077:many sources, some of which predate the 2975: 2551: 2543: 2277: 1954:movement, were also of Romanian origin. 1836: 1338:(which eventually supplanted an earlier 1300: 1285: 1214:'s reign, the monks at the monastery of 1104: 1041: 403: 302:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4620:Calusul in Lista Capodoperelor Omenirii 4490:"Tudor Vladimirescu | Walachian leader" 4455: 4273: 4095:). Romania was once also the cradle of 3822:(sweet bread with nuts, poppy seeds or 3753:). One of the most common meals is the 3484:, the vast majority of Romanians being 3370:or fantastic superbeings like the good 3001:), the 2007 European Capital of Culture 2333:, and some films, especially gangster, 1460:(historian, writer and revolutionary). 14: 5826: 4578:Constantin Brâncuși biographical notes 4568:, a key Romanian cultural institution. 4558:Sibiu International Theatre Festival: 3919:is also highly appreciated, generally 3584:in Transylvania are classic examples. 2282:University Square in Bucharest during 1673:, national poet of Romania and Moldova 1542:. It helped publish a great number of 1169:The Chronicles of the land of Moldavia 1128:) were spread across the territory of 1120:Until the 14th century, small states ( 5426: 5400: 4682: 4418: 3915:(twice-or-more-refined plum brandy). 3470:An island of Latinity in a Slavic sea 2436:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2348: 4708: 4456:Ilinca., Zarifopol-Johnston (2009). 3788:– a type of long sausage with meat; 1495:. It published its cultural journal 1465:union between Moldavia and Wallachia 1448:(politician, playwright, and poet), 337: 276: 218: 145:adding citations to reliable sources 116: 69: 28: 3982:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 3879:) and worldwide (Italian Riesling, 3810:("so that the pork can swim"); and 3778:, nearly every family slaughters a 24: 4524: 3953: 3848:(lamb sour soup), roast lamb, and 3714:; from the Austrians there is the 2134: 25: 5845: 4553: 4518:Institutul Național de Statistică 4330:Jazz festival in Bucharest (2010) 4159:in the fields of engineering and 3830:in Romanian, known in English as 3692:); from the Greeks, there is the 2770:The Romanian Theatres Association 2392:—the main conductor at the 2369:; religious historian and writer 1926:, a poet of equal importance was 408:Romanian "tamburași" drummers in 44:This article has multiple issues. 4630:Trust in the Church and the Army 4258: 4246: 4232: 4218: 4203: 4188: 3909:(a once-refined plum brandy) or 2911: 2897: 2883: 2869: 2855: 2841: 2749: 2735: 2721: 2707: 2693: 2679: 2529: 2515: 2501: 2487: 2473: 2459: 2274:Culture inside communist Romania 2259: 2245: 2231: 2217: 2203: 2189: 2120: 2106: 2092: 2078: 2064: 2050: 1818: 1804: 1790: 1776: 1762: 1748: 1734: 1720: 1706: 1692: 1678: 1663: 1649: 1635: 1621: 1607: 1593: 1579: 1362:Transylvanians the ideas of the 1312:) at the end of the 18th century 1297:) at the end of the 18th century 1281: 1246:, published a Romanian metrical 960: 432: 342: 281: 223: 121: 74: 33: 3177:represent a lively part of the 1507:, a storyteller of genius, and 132:needs additional citations for 52:or discuss these issues on the 4651:Traditional costume in Romania 4506: 4482: 4449: 4412: 4179:with the rest of Romania; the 4103:, despite the small number of 3988:Contribution of the minorities 3103:Museum of the Romanian Peasant 2406:Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra 1356:Romanian Greek-Catholic Church 1100: 13: 1: 4405: 3761:N-are nici o mămăligă pe masă 3531:churches of northern Moldavia 3011:"The Sibiu Theatre Festival", 2398:Munich Philharmonic Orchestra 2394:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 2307:National Theatre of Bucharest 1922:Alongside the prominent poet 1832: 1198:who continued Ureche's work. 1037: 1030:people who were subsequently 4111:Architecture and engineering 3523:Wooden Churches of Maramureș 3239: 2611:) and a television channel ( 1556:Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea 7: 4350: 4265:Early airplane model – the 3936:Dragostea trece prin stomac 3401:St. Nicholas Church, Brașov 3059:European Capital of Culture 2365:and eventual member of the 2156:, and the literary critics 1503:, Romania's greatest poet, 1438:The revolutionary year 1848 1391:by the reigns of appointed 1373:Supplex Libellus Valachorum 942:Romanian Cultural Institute 308:conditions to do so are met 87:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 5850: 4985:Chief of the General Staff 4423:Dacians, Romans, Romanians 4316: 4310: 4283: 4277: 4120: 4114: 4107:remaining in the country. 4024: 3957: 3923:, after the German style. 3591: 3587: 3576:style: the monasteries of 3389: 3314:Fata babei și fata moșului 3277:on New Year's Eve, or the 3156:Romanian traditional dress 3064: 2966:The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu 2021:by the Romanian scientist 1165:Letopisețul Țărîi Moldovei 1093: 1089: 5805: 5757: 5719: 5434: 5358: 5264: 5169: 5160: 5033: 5024: 4928: 4919: 4837: 4828: 4733: 4720: 4388:Byzantium after Byzantium 3562:Curtea de Argeș Cathedral 3386:Spirituality and religion 3351:, the villain or monster 3013:while in filmmaking, the 2565:fall of communism in 1989 2559:headquarters in Bucharest 1558:, the poet and publicist 1523:was also from this time. 1262:, published in 1769, and 357:toward certain viewpoints 5012:Unification with Moldova 4933:Administrative divisions 4306: 4195:Ancient Dacian ruins at 4135:Palace of the Parliament 4063:living in Transylvania, 3031:"Anonimul" Film Festival 2404:, main conductor at the 2311:Romania's kilometre zero 1454:Romanian National Anthem 1186:influenced the works of 100:may contain suggestions. 85:may need to be rewritten 4494:Encyclopedia Britannica 4368:Architecture of Romania 4117:Architecture of Romania 3500:living in the country. 3138:Oltenian Village Museum 2701:Horia-Roman Patapievici 2656:Horia-Roman Patapievici 1432:Danubian Principalities 5477:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5118:Science and technology 4646:Romanian folk costumes 4419:Gábor, Vékony (2000). 4378:Famous Romanian people 4331: 4213:, view from the garden 4155:and also the works of 4022: 4018: 3969: 3844:; the main dishes are 3653: 3642: 3632: 3622: 3614: 3603: 3514: 3508:St. Sylvester's Church 3461: 3434: 3416: 3312:("The White Moor") or 3301:(the goat) in winter. 3257: 3023:"Dakino" Film Festival 3002: 2998: 2609:Radio România Cultural 2560: 2412:was a virtuoso of the 2299:Biblioteca pentru Toţi 2286: 1917:Lucia Sturdza Bulandra 1867:poet, and philosopher 1845: 1554:, the poet and writer 1313: 1298: 1240:Moldavian metropolitan 1228:Biblia de la București 1200:Constantin Brâncoveanu 1117: 1047: 412: 245:by rewriting it in an 4902:Territorial evolution 4785:United Principalities 4614:Romanian spirituality 4363:Literature of Romania 4326: 4157:George Constantinescu 3995: 3967: 3749:, which is a type of 3648: 3638: 3628: 3620: 3609: 3601: 3506: 3440: 3422: 3399: 3247: 2979: 2555: 2544:Evolutions after 1989 2363:Theatre of the Absurd 2281: 1987:Constantin Dimitrescu 1961:with such figures as 1840: 1601:Ion Heliade Rădulescu 1564:Ștefan Octavian Iosif 1499:where, among others, 1424:uprising in Wallachia 1404:Ion Heliade Rădulescu 1368:Leopold II of Austria 1304: 1289: 1108: 1045: 1014:and related peoples ( 497:United Principalities 407: 18:Traditions of Romania 5346:World Heritage Sites 4458:Searching for Cioran 4358:Languages of Romania 4274:Media and television 4101:State Jewish Theater 3921:blonde pilsener beer 3670:. The Turks brought 3538:World Heritage Sites 3519:Carpathian Mountains 3097:, and richly varied 3069:Folklore in Romania 3015:"TIFF" Film Festival 2630:Gabriela Adamesteanu 2402:Constantin Silvestri 1376:based on the French 1364:Age of Enlightenment 1327:Transylvanian School 1272:Descriptio Moldaviae 1259:Descriptio Moldaviae 1142:Carpathian Mountains 875:World Heritage Sites 410:traditional clothing 156:"Culture of Romania" 141:improve this article 5720:States with limited 4755:Prehistoric Romania 4606:Manuela Preoteasa, 4286:Televiziunea Română 4253:King Carol I bridge 4197:Sarmizegetusa Regia 4127:King Carol I Bridge 3840:is traditional for 3570:Stavropoleos Church 3540:, such as those of 3392:Religion in Romania 3041:but festivals like 2605:Observator Cultural 2446:, who received the 2434:, winning the 1974 2072:Constantin Brâncuși 1959:Romanian philosophy 1858:Constantin Brâncuși 1550:, the prose writer 1497:Convorbiri Literare 1442:Mihail Kogălniceanu 1412:Ienăchiță Văcărescu 792:and performing arts 467:Prehistoric Romania 363:improve the article 295:of this article is 5834:Culture of Romania 5428:Culture of Europe 5138:Telecommunications 5053:Foreign investment 4872:Historical regions 4656:2013-09-26 at the 4399:Culture of Moldova 4332: 4226:Romanian Athenaeum 4023: 3970: 3940:Pofta vine mâncănd 3889:Cabernet Sauvignon 3654: 3643: 3633: 3623: 3615: 3610:Mustard soup with 3604: 3515: 3476:Orthodox Christian 3462: 3435: 3417: 3258: 3217:Taraful Haiducilor 3003: 2947:Corneliu Porumboiu 2919:Călin Peter Netzer 2794:Victor Ioan Frunză 2561: 2523:Sergiu Celibidache 2424:George Emil Palade 2390:Sergiu Celibidache 2379:Ioan Petre Culianu 2367:Académie française 2349:Romanians in exile 2329:, a town close to 2287: 2178:Nicolae Steinhardt 2027:Gheorghe Marinescu 1971:Alexandru Dragomir 1950:, founders of the 1846: 1844:in Bucharest, 1940 1812:Nicolae Grigorescu 1784:Ciprian Porumbescu 1700:Ion Luca Caragiale 1643:Alexandru Odobescu 1521:Ciprian Porumbescu 1513:Nicolae Grigorescu 1509:Ion Luca Caragiale 1428:Tudor Vladimirescu 1414:writing the first 1406:. Figures such as 1322:Transylvanian Diet 1314: 1299: 1212:Șerban Cantacuzino 1118: 1096:History of Romania 1048: 1007:culture of Romania 967:Romania portal 427:Culture of Romania 413: 247:encyclopedic style 234:is written like a 5821: 5820: 5394: 5393: 5354: 5353: 5156: 5155: 5020: 5019: 4997:Political parties 4948:Foreign relations 4915: 4914: 4810:Communist Romania 4770:Early Middle Ages 4373:Cinema of Romania 4075:regions, and the 3975:Cyrillic alphabet 3960:Romanian alphabet 3686:in a soup called 3494:Dumitru Stăniloae 3486:Romanian Orthodox 3466:Eastern Christian 3349:Ileana Cosânzeana 3347:"), the princess 3321:Vasile Alecsandri 3287:origin, like the 3179:Romanian folklore 2687:Mircea Cărtărescu 2626:Mircea Cărtărescu 2452:Sighetu Marmaţiei 2448:Nobel Peace Prize 2339:Sergiu Nicolaescu 2295:Editura Eminescu, 2291:Cartea Românească 2158:Nicolae Manolescu 2029:was an important 2011:Lucian Grigorescu 1963:Mircea Vulcănescu 1924:George Topîrceanu 1851:European cultural 1657:Vasile Alecsandri 1629:Duiliu Zamfirescu 1544:Romanian language 1534:) was founded in 1446:Vasile Alecsandri 1418:, and his nephew 1336:Romanian alphabet 1254:Dimitrie Cantemir 1020:Megleno-Romanians 1003: 1002: 880:National Register 522:Communist Romania 482:Early Middle Ages 402: 401: 394: 384: 383: 336: 335: 328: 275: 274: 267: 217: 216: 209: 191: 115: 114: 89:quality standards 67: 16:(Redirected from 5841: 5758:Dependencies and 5694:Northern Ireland 5435:Sovereign states 5421: 5414: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5374: 5367: 5246:Social structure 5167: 5166: 5103: 5068:Great Depression 5031: 5030: 4926: 4925: 4835: 4834: 4780:Early Modern Era 4703: 4696: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4641:SOS Romania News 4636:Romanian recipes 4601:Onlinegallery.ro 4584:Cultural aspects 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4426: 4416: 4394:Sport in Romania 4313:Music of Romania 4280:Media of Romania 4262: 4250: 4236: 4222: 4211:Mogoșoaia Palace 4207: 4192: 4167:became known as 4085:Western Moldavia 4013: 3594:Romanian cuisine 3490:communist regime 3269:Christmas carols 3252:) and a dragon ( 3107:Romanian Academy 2993: 2915: 2901: 2887: 2873: 2859: 2849:Victor Rebengiuc 2845: 2814:Maia Morgenstern 2810:Victor Rebengiuc 2790:Alexandru Dabija 2778:Silviu Purcărete 2753: 2739: 2725: 2715:Gabriel Liiceanu 2711: 2697: 2683: 2664:Gabriel Liiceanu 2650:Claudiu Komartin 2537:Stéphane Lupasco 2533: 2519: 2505: 2491: 2477: 2463: 2383:Stephane Lupasco 2267:Mihail Sadoveanu 2263: 2249: 2235: 2225:Nichita Stănescu 2221: 2211:Constantin Noica 2207: 2193: 2170:Constantin Noica 2150:Nichita Stănescu 2141:communist regime 2139:In Romania, the 2128:Gheorghe Țițeica 2124: 2110: 2096: 2082: 2068: 2054: 2039:Gheorghe Țițeica 2023:Nicolae Paulescu 1989:and the pianist 1913:Mihail Sebastian 1901:Mihail Sadoveanu 1883:George Călinescu 1822: 1808: 1794: 1780: 1766: 1752: 1738: 1724: 1714:Mateiu Caragiale 1710: 1696: 1682: 1667: 1653: 1639: 1625: 1611: 1597: 1583: 1458:Nicolae Bălcescu 1416:Romanian grammar 1332:Școala Ardeleană 1194:, the Moldavian 1053:European culture 995: 988: 981: 965: 964: 963: 692:Eastern Orthodox 492:Early Modern Era 436: 415: 414: 397: 390: 379: 376: 370: 346: 345: 338: 331: 324: 320: 317: 311: 285: 284: 277: 270: 263: 259: 256: 250: 227: 226: 219: 212: 205: 201: 198: 192: 190: 149: 125: 117: 110: 107: 101: 78: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 21: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5801: 5759: 5753: 5739:Northern Cyprus 5721: 5715: 5609:North Macedonia 5430: 5425: 5395: 5390: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5350: 5260: 5214:Public holidays 5152: 5113:Property bubble 5101: 5016: 4975:Law enforcement 4911: 4892:Protected areas 4824: 4800:Greater Romania 4729: 4716: 4707: 4658:Wayback Machine 4580:on brancusi.com 4556: 4551: 4550: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4468: 4454: 4450: 4435: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4383:Romanian humour 4353: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4304: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4254: 4251: 4242: 4237: 4228: 4223: 4214: 4208: 4199: 4193: 4169:the small Paris 4137: 4119: 4113: 4097:Yiddish theatre 4037: 4009: 3990: 3962: 3956: 3954:Romanian script 3885:Sauvignon blanc 3832:Turkish delight 3698:(moussaka) and 3596: 3590: 3564:was built in a 3424:Putna Monastery 3394: 3388: 3345:Prince Charming 3343:(the Romanian " 3335:Petre Ispirescu 3319:Also, the poet 3297:(the bear) and 3242: 3209:Ileana Sararoiu 3075: 3067: 2989: 2935:Cristian Mungiu 2931:Lucian Pintilie 2921: 2916: 2907: 2902: 2893: 2888: 2879: 2877:Cristian Mungiu 2874: 2865: 2860: 2851: 2846: 2822:Horațiu Mălăele 2806:Ștefan Iordache 2802:Alexandru Darie 2759: 2754: 2745: 2743:Andrei Codrescu 2740: 2731: 2726: 2717: 2712: 2703: 2698: 2689: 2684: 2672:Andrei Codrescu 2622:Writers's Union 2546: 2539: 2534: 2525: 2520: 2511: 2506: 2497: 2492: 2483: 2478: 2469: 2464: 2410:Gheorghe Zamfir 2351: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2255: 2250: 2241: 2236: 2227: 2222: 2213: 2208: 2199: 2194: 2166:1989 Revolution 2137: 2135:Post-war period 2130: 2125: 2116: 2111: 2102: 2100:Nicolae Tonitza 2097: 2088: 2083: 2074: 2069: 2060: 2055: 2015:Theodor Pallady 2003:Francisc Șirato 1995:Nicolae Tonitza 1879:Eugen Lovinescu 1835: 1828: 1823: 1814: 1809: 1800: 1795: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1770:Andrei Mureșanu 1767: 1758: 1753: 1744: 1739: 1730: 1725: 1716: 1711: 1702: 1697: 1688: 1683: 1674: 1668: 1659: 1654: 1645: 1640: 1631: 1626: 1617: 1615:Calistrat Hogaș 1612: 1603: 1598: 1589: 1584: 1477:King of Romania 1450:Andrei Mureșanu 1420:Iancu Văcărescu 1352:Atanasie Anghel 1284: 1232:Bucharest Bible 1210:figure. During 1110:Neacșu's letter 1103: 1098: 1092: 1040: 1024:Istro-Romanians 999: 961: 959: 952: 951: 937: 936: 927: 926: 922:National anthem 907: 906: 895: 894: 870: 869: 851: 850: 831: 830: 819: 818: 799:Music by region 794: 793: 781: 780: 756: 755: 744: 743: 724: 723: 712: 711: 687: 686: 675: 674: 670:Music festivals 665: 664: 653: 652: 623: 622: 611: 610: 601:Characteristics 596: 595: 580: 579: 565: 564: 539: 538: 537: 536: 512:Greater Romania 448: 447: 398: 387: 386: 385: 380: 374: 371: 360: 347: 343: 332: 321: 315: 312: 301: 286: 282: 271: 260: 254: 251: 243:help improve it 240: 228: 224: 213: 202: 196: 193: 150: 148: 138: 126: 111: 105: 102: 92: 79: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5847: 5837: 5836: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5813:European Union 5809: 5807: 5806:Other entities 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5760:other entities 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5684:United Kingdom 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5497:Czech Republic 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5401: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5251:Urban planning 5248: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5133:Stock Exchange 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5007:Prime Minister 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4706: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4555: 4554:External links 4552: 4549: 4548: 4523: 4520:(in Romanian). 4505: 4481: 4466: 4448: 4433: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4311:Main article: 4308: 4305: 4278:Main article: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4245: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4187: 4173:Anghel Saligny 4115:Main article: 4112: 4109: 3989: 3986: 3958:Main article: 3955: 3952: 3897:Muscat Ottonel 3858:, served with 3592:Main article: 3589: 3586: 3582:Sâmbăta de Sus 3442:Greek Catholic 3428:Suceava County 3390:Main article: 3387: 3384: 3331:The Little Ewe 3241: 3238: 3201:Maria Lătărețu 3142:Râmnicu Vâlcea 3122:Village Museum 3066: 3063: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2908: 2905:Adina Pintilie 2903: 2896: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2847: 2840: 2830:Mircea Diaconu 2782:Mihai Măniuțiu 2761: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2646:Radu Aldulescu 2634:Mircea Dinescu 2571:in Bucharest, 2545: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2514: 2512: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2484: 2479: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2428:cell biologist 2418:Iannis Xenakis 2350: 2347: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2244: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2119: 2117: 2112: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2049: 2007:Ignat Bednarik 1967:Dimitrie Gusti 1932:George Bacovia 1905:Camil Petrescu 1897:Liviu Rebreanu 1842:Victory Avenue 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1826:Ștefan Luchian 1824: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1801: 1798:George Barițiu 1796: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1745: 1742:Titu Maiorescu 1740: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1712: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1675: 1671:Mihai Eminescu 1669: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1578: 1568:George Barițiu 1552:Panait Istrati 1517:Ștefan Luchian 1501:Mihai Eminescu 1493:Titu Maiorescu 1400:Gheorghe Lazăr 1283: 1280: 1157:Grigore Ureche 1144:respectively. 1102: 1099: 1094:Main article: 1091: 1088: 1039: 1036: 1028:Paleo-Balkanic 1001: 1000: 998: 997: 990: 983: 975: 972: 971: 970: 969: 954: 953: 950: 949: 944: 938: 934: 933: 932: 929: 928: 925: 924: 919: 914: 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5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5772:Faroe Islands 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5744:South Ossetia 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5569:Liechtenstein 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5417: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5369: 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3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3070: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3049:festivals in 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2891:Tudor Giurgiu 2886: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826:Ion Caramitru 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774:Andrei Șerban 2771: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638:Ana Blandiana 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2575:in Iași, and 2574: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2538: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2509:Neagu Djuvara 2504: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2481:Eugen Ionescu 2476: 2471: 2468: 2467:Mircea Eliade 2462: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396:and later of 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371:Mircea Eliade 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359:Eugen Ionescu 2356: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335:Western-genre 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2280: 2268: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2253:Marin Sorescu 2248: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2154:Marin Sorescu 2151: 2147: 2142: 2129: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2114:Tudor Arghezi 2109: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2058:George Enescu 2053: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043:Dan Barbilian 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983:George Enescu 1980: 1979:Nicolae Iorga 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:Tristan Tzara 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928:Tudor Arghezi 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1865:expressionist 1861: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1843: 1839: 1827: 1821: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1756:George Coșbuc 1751: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:George Coșbuc 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540:Andrei Șaguna 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 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5628: 5279:Architecture 5265: 5209:Prostitution 5179:Demographics 5083:construction 4958:Human rights 4938:Constitution 4805:World War II 4623: 4574:on itcnet.ro 4557: 4540:. 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Rosetti 1572:Badea Cârțan 1548:Ioan Slavici 1531: 1525: 1496: 1462: 1436: 1382: 1371: 1354:. 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2174:Petre Țuțea 2146:Marin Preda 2031:neurologist 1999:Camil Ressu 1686:Ion Creangă 1562:, the poet 1505:Ion Creangă 1348:See of Rome 1208:Renaissance 1196:chroniclers 1192:Ion Neculce 1101:Middle Ages 1080:World War I 890:Monasteries 507:World War I 487:Middle Ages 477:Roman Dacia 5639:San Marino 5599:Montenegro 5579:Luxembourg 5559:Kazakhstan 5462:Azerbaijan 5336:Philosophy 5321:Literature 5204:Minorities 5189:Healthcare 5102:(currency) 5078:automotive 4992:Parliament 4953:Government 4907:Topography 4820:Since 1989 4815:Revolution 4542:2020-09-09 4499:2018-08-26 4434:1882785134 4406:References 4328:EUROPAfest 4317:See also: 4290:Cotidianul 4284:See also: 4175:, linking 4121:See also: 4065:Hungarians 4053:Hungarians 4031:Sighișoara 4025:See also: 3998:Sighișoara 3893:Chardonnay 3340:Făt-Frumos 3250:Făt-Frumos 3099:folk music 3055:Luxembourg 2986:Nagyszeben 2798:Radu Afrim 2596:Revista 22 2563:After the 1909:dramaturgy 1874:Sburătorul 1833:Golden Age 1408:Anton Pann 1393:Phanariote 1266:(roughly, 1126:voievodate 1057:Phanariote 1038:Background 1016:Aromanians 841:Television 753:Literature 606:Characters 562:Traditions 532:Since 1989 527:Revolution 355:unbalanced 293:neutrality 167:newspapers 49:improve it 5777:Gibraltar 5574:Lithuania 5234:Romanians 5199:Languages 5184:Education 5148:Transport 5128:Squatting 5002:President 4970:Judiciary 4943:Elections 4887:Mountains 4830:Geography 4595:Sibiul.ro 4476:536278659 4165:Bucharest 4019:Schäßburg 4011:‹See Tfd› 4002:Hungarian 3877:Tămâioasă 3803:tochitură 3791:caltaboși 3776:Christmas 3722:schnitzel 3683:perişoare 3672:meatballs 3640:Tochitură 3566:Byzantine 3558:Wallachia 3542:Moldovița 3512:Bucharest 3474:The only 3454:Hungarian 3409:Hungarian 3310:Harap Alb 3240:Mythology 3187:Hungarian 3136:, or the 3126:Bucharest 3114:Maramureș 3027:Bucharest 3007:CowParade 2991:‹See Tfd› 2982:Hungarian 2951:Radu Jude 2569:Humanitas 2557:Humanitas 2414:pan pipes 2331:Bucharest 2284:Communism 1940:Ion Barbu 1936:symbolist 1485:Elisabeth 1473:Bucharest 1396:Hospodars 1385:Wallachia 1346:with the 1344:communion 1310:Wallachia 1306:Bucharest 1220:Bucharest 1180:catechism 1161:chronicle 1134:Wallachia 1032:Romanized 1012:Romanians 867:Monuments 804:Composers 739:Sculptors 662:Festivals 589:Mythology 552:Languages 367:talk page 304:talk page 98:talk page 55:talk page 5828:Category 5797:Svalbard 5782:Guernsey 5729:Abkhazia 5699:Scotland 5654:Slovenia 5649:Slovakia 5624:Portugal 5482:Bulgaria 5381:Category 5311:Folklore 5229:Religion 5224:Refugees 5123:Services 5073:Industry 5063:Forestry 4980:Military 4921:Politics 4852:Counties 4743:Timeline 4714:articles 4673:Rolandia 4654:Archived 4443:45414663 4351:See also 4294:Adevărul 4059:and the 4049:Italians 4006:Segesvár 3756:mămăligă 3747:mămăligă 3743:cornmeal 3739:Caucasus 3706:pretzels 3668:placenta 3663:plăcintă 3658:Romanian 3652:with jam 3630:Papanași 3612:croutons 3550:Sucevița 3527:Moldavia 3432:Bukovina 3290:Paparuda 3280:Mărțișor 3105:and the 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3819:cozonac 3785:cârnați 3774:During 3751:polenta 3730:Sarmale 3711:zacuscă 3701:covrigi 3677:mititei 3674:(fried 3650:Clătite 3588:Cuisine 3580:and of 3554:Voroneț 3498:Muslims 3360:Căpcăun 3326:Miorița 3274:sorcova 3264:colinde 3118:Dobruja 3091:weaving 3065:Culture 3033:in the 2980:Sibiu ( 2573:Polirom 2318:Western 2019:insulin 1952:Dadaist 1489:Junimea 1481:Carol I 1471:and in 1248:psalter 1218:, near 1090:History 1084:Russian 1061:Ottoman 947:Museums 904:Symbols 885:Castles 809:Theatre 776:Writers 761:History 638:Cheeses 620:Cuisine 502:Kingdom 460:ancient 445:History 361:Please 353:may be 241:Please 181:scholar 5792:Jersey 5734:Kosovo 5674:Turkey 5664:Sweden 5644:Serbia 5634:Russia 5619:Poland 5614:Norway 5594:Monaco 5564:Latvia 5532:Greece 5517:France 5492:Cyprus 5386:Portal 5316:Humour 5289:Cinema 5219:Racism 5088:mining 5043:Energy 4897:Rivers 4842:Cities 4725:Topics 4712: 4622:("The 4474: 4464: 4441: 4431: 4300:, and 4298:Gândul 4161:sonics 4151:, and 4133:, and 4089:Brașov 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