Traffic enforcement camera

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the effect on crashes. All 28 studies found a lower number of crashes in the speed camera areas after implementation of the program. In the vicinity of camera sites, the reductions ranged from 8% to 49% for all crashes, with reductions for most studies in the 14% to 25% range. For injury crashes the decrease ranged between 8% and 50% and for crashes resulting in fatalities or serious injuries the reductions were in the range of 11% to 44%. Effects over wider areas showed reductions for all crashes ranging from 9% to 35%, with most studies reporting reductions in the 11% to 27% range. For crashes resulting in death or serious injury reductions ranged from 17% to 58%, with most studies reporting this result in the 30% to 40% reduction range. The studies of longer duration showed that these positive trends were either maintained or improved with time. Nevertheless, the authors conceded that the magnitude of the benefit from speed cameras "is currently not deducible" due to limitations in the methodological rigor of many of the 28 studies cited, and recommended that "more studies of a scientifically rigorous and homogenous nature are necessary, to provide the answer to the magnitude of effect."

1113:, the Road safety minister reduced the Road Safety Grant for the current year to Local Authorities from £95 million to £57 million, saying that local authorities had relied too heavily on safety cameras for far too long and that he was pleased that some councils were now focusing on other road safety measures. It is estimated that as a result, the Treasury is now distributing £40 million less in Road Safety Grant than is raised from fines in the year. Dorset and Essex announced plans to review camera provision with a view to possibly ending the scheme in their counties, however Dorset strongly affirmed its support for the scheme, albeit reducing financial contributions in line with the reduction in government grant. Seven counties also announced plans to turn off some or all of their cameras, amidst warnings from the country's most senior traffic policeman that this would result in an increase in deaths and injuries. Gloucestershire cancelled plans to update cameras and has reduced or cancelled maintenance contracts. 1017:, Maryland, have successfully challenged tickets from Optotraffic speed cameras where they were incorrectly ticketed at over 15 mph over the limit. However, Prince George County no longer allows time-distance calculations as a defense in cases where "the equipment was calibrated and validated, or is self calibrating". The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration standards for "across the road radar" state that "If the ATR device is to be considered for unattended operation, the manufacturer shall provide a secondary method for verifying that the evidential recorded image properly identifies the target vehicle and reflects this vehicle's true speed, as described in §5.18.2. This may be accomplished by means of a second, appropriately delayed image showing the target vehicle crossing a specified reference line." 1117:

Awareness Courses" as an alternative to a fine and licence points for drivers, and given that the compulsory fees charged for such courses go directly to the partnerships rather than directly to central government as is the case for fine revenues, the partnership will be able to fund its operations from course fees. Compared with the same period in the previous year with the cameras still switched on, the number of serious injuries that occurred during the same period with the cameras switched off was exactly the same – at 13 – and the number of slight injuries was 15 more at 70, resulting from 62 crashes – 2 more than when the cameras were still operating. There were no fatalities during either period.

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when SPECS average speed cameras were in use as they measured a vehicle's speed over distance in one lane only. Since 2007, measures were taken to mitigate this limitation. Although the cameras do operate in pairs on single lanes (it is a limitation of the technology not a restriction in the type approval) the authorities now install the cameras such that the monitored length of road overlaps between multiple camera pairs. The driver cannot tell which cameras are 'entry' and which are 'exit' making it difficult to know when to change lane.

307: 292: 1312: 1209:, which requested that all red light cameras be dismantled and removed from all of the town's intersections. Enough signatures were captured to put the measure on the November 2009 general election ballot. After an extensive battle between the College Station city council and the opposing sides, both for and against red light cameras, the voters voted to eliminate the red light cameras throughout the entire city. By the end of November, the red light cameras were taken down. 3217:) ("The statute contemplated that it would be a governmental agency that operated the system, not private enterprise. The potential conflict created by a contingent method of compensation further undermines the trustworthiness of the evidence that is used to prosecute red light violations. The evidence obtained from the red light camera system as presently operated appears so untrustworthy and unreliable that it lacks foundation and should not be admitted"), 47: 962:, operate "owner liability", where it is the registered owner of the vehicle who is legally responsible for paying all such fines, regardless who was driving the vehicle at the time of the offense, although they do release the owner from liability by identifying the actual driver and that person pays the fine, and in most such jurisdictions, convictions for such traffic offenses do not result in additional consequences for either drivers or owners (such as 222: 671:

there will be – indeed there already are – those who say that what little money there is can be better spent. devices are already there; they demonstrate value for money, yet are not significant revenue raisers for the Treasury; they are shown to save lives; and despite the headlines, most people accept the need for them. Speed cameras should never be the only weapon in the road safety armoury, but neither should they be absent from the battle."

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they may be deployed on public roads to gather evidence of speeding offences however if the device does not have UK Type Approval then the evidence from the device is not able to be certified but must be adduced by a witness and perhaps an expert witness who is able to adduce evidence of its accuracy. The Road Traffic Offenders Act route via Section 20 certification is a clear advantage over the unapproved equipment route to court.

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subsection (2) or (2.1) if the owner establishes that (a) the person who was, at the time of the contravention, in possession of the motor vehicle was not entrusted by the owner with possession, or (b) the owner exercised reasonable care and diligence in entrusting the motor vehicle to the person who was, at the time of the contravention, in possession of the motor vehicle.

269:(ANPR) cameras in their bus forecourt to monitor bus lanes and provide charging points based on vehicle type and the dwell time of each vehicle. Entry and Exit cameras determine the length of stay and provide alerts for unregistered or vehicles of concern via onscreen, email, or SMS-based alerts. This system was the first of several Sensor Dynamics based ANPR solutions. 974:

actual violator has led to the creation of a unique investigatory tool, the fake "ticket". In Arizona and Virginia, tickets issued by cameras are unenforceable due to there being no penalty for ignoring them. However, acknowledging receipt of such ticket makes it valid and thus enforceable. Many states have outlawed the use of traffic enforcement cameras.

1230: 1438: 1010:, speed camera contractor Redspeed discovered a location where drivers of school buses, big panel trucks, and similar vehicles have been clocked speeding by the city's mobile speed camera and radar unit even though they were obeying the 25 mph speed limit. The errors were due to what was described as an "electromagnetic anomaly". 2918:

Support for speed cameras is running at an all-time high, a poll by the AA has suggested. According to the motoring organisation's survey of members in October, 75% now believe that the use of speed cameras is 'acceptable' – including 30% who believe their use is 'very acceptable'. This compares with

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study on Red Light Running (RLR), "RLR automated enforcement can be an effective safety countermeasure....t appears from the findings of several studies that, in general, RLR cameras can bring about a reduction in the more severe angle crashes with, at worst, a slight increase in less severe rear-end

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abandoned the use of fixed cameras in 2009, questioning their cost effectiveness with the cameras being replaced by vehicle activated warning signs and enforcement by police using mobile speed cameras: in the nine months following the switch-off there was a small reduction in accident rates which had

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published a feasibility study commissioned from a joint venture between engineering consultancies Atkins and Jacobs. The Atkins/Jacobs noise camera setup was unable to consistently derive sound readings from cars travelling less than ten seconds apart from other vehicles. This camera was a trial unit

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is a traffic camera that takes an image of a vehicle that goes through an intersection where the light is red. The system continuously monitors the traffic signal and the camera is triggered by any vehicle entering the intersection above a preset minimum speed and following a specified time after the

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reported on a patent for a "Time Recording Camera for Trapping Motorists" that enabled the operator to take time-stamped images of a vehicle moving across the start and endpoints of a measured section of road. The timestamps enabled the speed to be calculated, and the photo enabled identification of

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Claims of popular support are disputed by elections in the US, where the camera companies often sue to keep it off the ballot, and camera enforcement often loses by a wide margin . Automated enforcement is opposed by some motorists and motoring organizations as strictly for revenue generating. They

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must pass before evidence from them can be admissible in UK courts by way of certification in accordance with Section 20 of the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 (RTOA) (Amended by the Road Traffic Act 1991). It is a misconception that speed enforcement devices must be Home Office Type Approved before

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The 2010 Cochrane Review of speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths reported that all 28 studies accepted by the authors found the effect of speed cameras to be a reduction in all crashes, injury crashes, and death or severe injury crashes. "Twenty eight studies measured

1260:, which contain databases of known camera locations to alert them in advance. These databases may, in some cases, be updated in near-realtime. The use of GPS devices to locate speed cameras is illegal in some jurisdictions, such as France. In Australia, the use of GPS devices within the category of 1075:

Another issue that comes with people getting tickets in the mail due to traffic cameras is the lack of having officer interaction at this occurrence. When an officer pulls someone over to conduct a traffic stop they are able to look at the driver and for instance see if the drive may be impaired as

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on the grounds that it amounted to a 'compulsory confession', also that since the camera partnerships included the police, local authorities, Magistrates Courts Service (MCS) and Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) which had a financial interest in the fine revenue that they would not get a fair trial.

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again reported that speed cameras were an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties, noting however that most studies to date did not have satisfactory control groups. In 2003 Northumbria Police's Acting Chief Inspector of motor patrols suggested that cameras

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In August 2010, a fast-driving Swiss driver reportedly avoided several older model speed cameras, but was detected by a new model, as traveling at 300 km/h (186 mph), resulting in the world's largest speeding fine to date. In the past, it was possible to avoid detection by changing lanes

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A 2002 Australian survey found that "The community generally believes that enforcement intensities should either stay the same or increase", with 40% of those surveyed saying that they thought that the number of speed cameras on the road should be increased, 43% saying that they thought the number

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The accuracies required to meet HOTA, as laid out in the Speedmeter Handbooks, are agreed internationally. They are not particularly challenging to meet for modern digital equipment however, HOTA requirements extend beyond accuracies; it is often the requirement that an instrument must not cause a

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to be awarded UK Type Approval. Once recommended an administrative process takes place between the Home Office and the UK manufacturer or distributing agent in which a contract (Type Approval Agreement) is exchanged and agreed between both parties. When that contract is signed then a Type Approval

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may be hand-held, tripod-mounted, or vehicle-mounted. In vehicle-mounted systems, detection equipment and cameras can be mounted to the vehicle itself, or simply tripod-mounted inside the vehicle and deployed out a window or door. If the camera is fixed to the vehicle, the enforcement vehicle does

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In December 2012, Speed Camera Contractor Xerox Corporation admitted that cameras they had deployed in Baltimore city were producing erroneous speed readings and that 1 out of every 20 citations issued at some locations were due to errors. The erroneous citations included at least one issued to a

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A study conducted in Alabama and published in 2016 reveals that Red Light Cameras (RLCs) seem to have a slight impact on the clearance lost time; the intersections equipped with RLCs are half a second less in use compared with those without cameras; and highway capacity manual estimates a shorter

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notes, "What is to show that at camera sites, speeds have been reduced, and that as a result, collisions resulting in injuries have fallen. The government has said that a decision on whether speed cameras should be funded must be taken at a local level. With the current pressure on public funds,

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Noise cameras follow the same basic construction: a microphone linked to an ANPR video camera, mounted at a fixed location or on a mobile tripod. The ANPR camera is triggered when the microphone detects a passing vehicle emitting a sound signal above a pre-set decibel limit, capturing the vehicle

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A worldwide review of studies found that speed cameras led to a reduction of "11% to 44% for fatal and serious injury crashes". The UK Department for Transport estimated that cameras had led to a 22% reduction in personal injury collisions and 42% fewer people being killed or seriously injured at

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The main report says that fixed cameras reduce deaths and serious injuries by 50 percent and mobile cameras by 35 percent. It calculates that cameras prevent 1,745 deaths or serious injuries a year across Britain. However once the regression to the mean was taken into account, fixed cameras were

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Camera sites had lower than expected numbers of injurious crashes up to 300 metres using circles and up to 500 metres using routes. Routes methods indicated a larger effect than the circles method except in the 100 metres nearest sites. A 500-metre route method was used to investigate the effect

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Trials of noise cameras have been conducted in cities worldwide. In Taipei, fines range from US$ 65 to US$ 130, with additional fines for illegally modified exhausts of up to US$ 1000. The noise camera scheme won 90% voter approval; the national government then earmarked $ 4m to build a national

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A 2007 literature review of the benefits and barriers to implementation of automated speed enforcement in the US. stated that "In general, the results of surveys indicate that a majority of respondents support automated enforcement. However, the margins of support vary widely, from a low of 51

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In a few US states (including California), the cameras are set up to get a "face photo" of the driver. This has been done because in those states red light camera tickets are criminal violations, and criminal charges must always name the actual violator. In California, that need to identify the

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In August 2010, the Oxfordshire, UK speed cameras were switched off because of lack of finance due to government funding policy changes. The cameras were switched back on in April 2011 after a new source of funding was found for them. Following rule changes on the threshold for offering "Speed

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Fixed or mobile speed camera systems that measure the time taken by a vehicle to travel between two or more fairly distant sites (from several hundred meters to several hundred kilometers apart) are called average speed cameras. These cameras time vehicles over a known fixed distance, and then

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The owner of a motor vehicle is liable for the contravention of section 140, 146 (1), (3), (5) or (7), 147 or 148 (1) if evidence of the contravention was gathered through the use of a prescribed speed monitoring device... prescribed traffic light safety device... An owner is not liable under

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The 2010 report, "The Effectiveness of Speed Cameras A review of evidence", by Richard Allsop concludes "The findings of this review for the RAC Foundation, though reached independently, are essentially consistent with the Cochrane Review conclusions. They are also broadly consistent with the

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highlighting earlier findings across the whole of Wiltshire that there had been a 33% reduction in the number of people killed and seriously injured generally and a 68% reduction at camera sites during the previous 3 years. In 2012, the town had the fewest accident rates per 1,000 registered

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While the articles above show the effectiveness of body cameras there is also a controversial side of things. Some states including Minnesota do not use traffic cameras for tickets while other neighboring states like Iowa do. This shows that traffic cameras are not usable the same way across

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Existing research consistently shows that speed cameras are an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties. The level of evidence is relatively poor, however, as most studies did not have satisfactory comparison groups or adequate control for potential

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If one detection is made that is outside of the accuracy parameters or if one violation record is produced when no violation existed during any test, then the device will fail its approval until that error is rectified to the satisfaction of the Home Office and DSTL. When rectification is

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registration and giving police or local government recourse to warn, fine, or prosecute the registered owner. These cameras have been designed to respond to mass complaints about vehicle noise (in 2020 New York City recorded over 99,000 noise complaints specifically related to vehicles).

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In December 2005 the Department for Transport published a four-year report into Safety Camera Partnerships which concluded that there was a 22% reduction in personal injury collisions and 42% fewer people being killed or seriously injured following the installation of cameras.

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input into the testing. Rather than simply testing speed accuracy, the systems are all tested in real traffic situations some of which are created specifically to test a perceived weakness in the systems. Track and real road testing is always conducted so that all kinds of

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The Type Approval of devices that meet the definitions or more accurately "prescriptions" of types of devices in Statutory Instruments (forms of secondary legislation) is administered by the Home Office Road Crimes Section with the scientific scrutiny now performed by The

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In 2001 the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot achieved "virtually complete compliance" on the major ring road into the city using average speed cameras, across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations, KSI (Killed / Seriously Injured) figures have fallen by an average of 65%.

1363:'. Gatsonides wished to better monitor his average speed on a race track and invented the device in order to improve his lap times. The company later started supplying these devices as police speed enforcement tools. The first systems introduced in the late 1960s used 1076:

well as looking at the car itself to see if a plain view search could be conducted. When this is taken away by a ticket through the mail someone committing a crime would not be caught in this incident as they would if they would have gotten pulled over in person.

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Arizona decided not to renew their contract with Redflex in 2011 following a study of their statewide 76 photo enforcement cameras. Reasons given included less than expected revenue due to improved compliance, mixed public acceptance and mixed accident

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The decision to reduce the Road Safety Grant £95 million to £57 million this year means that the Government could raise as much as £40 million more from speeding fines than it hands back to local authorities to reduce death and injury on the country's

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and traffic situations are used to stimulate the systems. Roadside equipment such as fixed cameras must pass environmental testing before deployment in road testing. The period used for road testing ensures that the systems are tested in all weather.

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The world's first all-weather, 24-hour, automatic number plate recognition system SAFE-T-CAM was developed in Australia for the Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) by Telstra as the prime contractor and ICONIX and CSIRO as sub-contractors in 1991. In

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enforcement law after a study questioned their effectiveness, only to reverse itself in 2007 and allow cameras to return to any city with a population greater than 10,000. Citations are not enforceable due to no penalty being in place if they are

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vehicles: a result linked by the Local Authority Member for Council Transformation, Transport and Strategic Planning to the removal of speed cameras and resultant additional funding for road safety, alongside close working with the police.

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and the accredited test laboratories in the general requirements. DSTL and the Home Office may vary the requirements at any time and may adapt them depending upon the equipment that is to be assessed, the Handbooks being "guidance".

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On Monday, February 23, 2009, New York City announced testing camera enforcement of bus lanes on 34th Street in Midtown Manhattan where a New York City taxi illegally using the bus lanes would face a fine of $ 150 adjudicated by the

1391:, and are required by courts in some jurisdictions. New film-based systems are still being sold, but digital pictures are providing greater versatility and lower maintenance and are now more popular with law enforcement agencies. 3137: 1216:, was put to a referendum, in which 321 out of 529 voters (60.4%) voted against the cameras. The turnout for this vote was greater than the number of voters in the previous local Sykesville election for mayor where 523 voted. 1056:. Their primary goal, as stated by BantheCams.org, is to "educate and equip local citizens with a way to combat the abuse of power now being exercised by local and state governments with the regards to the use of electronic 679:

findings of a meta-analysis reported in the respected Handbook of Road Safety Measures, of 16 studies, not including the four-year evaluation report, of the effects of fixed cameras on numbers of collisions and casualties."

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found to reduce deaths and serious injuries by only 873, or 24 percent for fixed and 17 percent for mobile cameras. While still impressive, these reductions are lower than could be achieved by other road safety measures.

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BanTheCams.org was created to organize, educate and equip local citizens with a way to combat the abuse of power now being exercised by local and state governments with the regards to the use of electronic surveillance

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A report published by the RAC Foundation in 2010 estimated that an additional 800 more people a year could be killed or seriously injured on the UK's roads if all speed cameras were scrapped. A survey conducted by

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Only when DSTL scrutiny, laboratory testing and road testing is completed, and the equipment fully meets the specifications in the relevant Home Office Speedmeter Handbook will the equipment be recommended to the

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began to be introduced. Digital cameras can be fitted with a network connection to transfer images to a central processing location automatically, so they have advantages over film cameras in speed of issuing

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changed slightly in similar periods before and after the switch off (Before: 1 fatal, 1 serious and 13 slight accidents. Afterwards: no fatalities, 2 serious and 12 slight accidents). The journalist

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of vehicle movements and therefore by association also the movement of the vehicle's owner. Vehicle owners are often required by law to identify the driver of the vehicle and a case was taken to the

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Various legal issues arise from such cameras and the laws involved in how cameras can be placed and what evidence is necessary to prosecute a driver varies considerably in different legal systems.

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In 2011, a multipurpose smart enforcement camera was tested in Finland. This camera can check driving speeds, the driver wearing a seatbelt, the distance between cars, insurance, and tax payments.

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In 2007, the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority (MRCA), in California, installed the first stop sign cameras in the United States. The five cameras are located in state parks such as

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in September 2001. The judge said that the "total lack of oversight" and "method of compensation" made evidence from the cameras "so untrustworthy and unreliable that it should not be admitted".

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In May 2010, the new Coalition government said that the 'Labour's 13-year war on the motorist is over' and that the new government 'pledged to scrap public funding for speed cameras' In July

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Where verification photos are recorded on a time sequence, allowing the calculation of actual speed, these have been used to challenge the accuracy of speed cameras in court. Motorists in

2828: 2166: 1683: 4698: 994:(ECJ). In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights found there was no breach of article 6 in requiring the keepers of cars caught speeding on camera to provide the name of the driver. 469:

and were threatened with arrest if they refused to answer questions. After they complained formally, it was discovered they were stopped when their car was picked up by the roadside

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violation record to be made when no violation exists that is the most difficult to meet. The Speedmeter Handbooks are freely and openly available to view, they provide guidance to

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Brake just before a camera in order to travel past its sensor below the speed limit. This is, however, a cause of collisions. Or brake suddenly, which results in rear-end crashes.

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not necessarily have to be stationary and can be moved either with or against the flow of traffic. In the latter case, depending on the direction of travel, the target vehicle's

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within strata of time after intervention, time of day, speed limit, and type of road user injured. The number of injurious crashes after intervention was substantially reduced

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study in 2017 found that "adding another 1,000 cameras to British roads could save up to 190 lives annually, reduce up to 1,130 collisions and mitigate 330 serious injuries."

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a 69% approval rating in a poll conducted in November last year, and is the highest level reached in ten years of monitoring public sentiment for the devices, the AA says.

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reported that this research showed that the department had been previous exaggerating the safety benefits of speed cameras but that the results were still 'impressive'.

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logs all the vehicles passing particular points in the national road network, allowing authorities to track the movement of vehicles and individuals across the country.

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undertaken in 2018. Local government cited technical shortcomings with the trial setup to explain spending $ 192,000 on noise cameras that recouped $ 98,000 in fines.

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Certificate is signed by a minister at the Home Office; the equipment can then be used to produce certifiable evidence, evidence of speeding that is admissible in

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Automatic number-plate recognition systems can be used for multiple purposes, including identifying untaxed and uninsured vehicles, stolen cars, and potentially

4088: 3018: 1387:, maintenance and operational monitoring. However, film-based systems may provide superior image quality in the variety of lighting conditions encountered on 666:

Aside from the issues of legality in some countries and states and sometimes opposition the effectiveness of speed cameras is very well documented. Professor

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Gatso Mobile Speed Camera, used in Victoria, Australia. The camera is mounted on the passenger side dash, whilst the black box on the front is the radar unit.

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In January 2011 Edmonton, Alberta cancelled all 100,000 "Speed On Green" tickets issued in the previous 14 months due to concerns about camera reliability.

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violators. In many municipalities, an officer monitors the cameras in a live command center and records all violations, including texting at a red light.

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did not reduce casualties but did raise revenue – an official statement from the police force later re-iterated that speed cameras do reduce casualties.

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confounders. Controlled introduction of speed cameras with careful data collection may offer improved evidence of their effectiveness in the future.

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crashes. However it noted that "there is not enough empirical evidence based on proper experimental design procedures to state this conclusively."

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Turn cameras at intersections where specific turns are prohibited on red. This type of camera is mostly used in cities or heavily populated areas.

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A notable example is in the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot where virtually complete compliance was achieved on the major ring road into the city

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systems can be used for the detection of average speeds and raise concerns over loss of privacy and the potential for governments to establish

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https://www.nhtsa.gov/book/countermeasures-that-work/speeding-and-speed-management/countermeasures/enforcement/speed-safety-camera-enforcement

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Bus lane cameras that detect vehicles that should not be in the bus lane. These may be mounted on buses themselves as well as by the roadside.

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The mobile "flexflasher," (flexflitser in Dutch) was introduced in the Netherlands from 2022. It has its own power supply for 2 months 24/7.

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Baratian-Ghorghi, Fatemeh; Zhou, Huaguo; Wasilefsky, Isaac (2015). "Effect of Red-Light Cameras on Capacity of Signalized Intersections".

4829: 3935: 2988: 889: 259: 3932:"Dorset Safety Cameras by Dorset Safety Camera Partnership - Continuing Support for the Dorset Safety Camera Partnership 27th July 2010" 4347: 4068: 2869: 1741: 1717: 4379: 4288: 3759: 2951: 2544: 2321: 2114: 3335: 2271: 1493: 783: 701:

reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries and recommended wider deployment. In February 2005 the

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with a list of approved vehicles and records images of other vehicles. Other systems use a camera mounted on the bus, for example in

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reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries in their vicinity and recommended wider deployment. An

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devices which actively transmit signals that interfere with the measuring device. These devices are illegal in many jurisdictions.

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companies) almost invariably require authorized drivers to agree in writing to assume financial responsibly for all such tickets.

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Some bus lane enforcement cameras use a sensor in the road, which triggers a number-plate recognition camera, which compares the

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Parking cameras that issue citations to vehicles that are illegally parked or that were not moved from a street at posted times.

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Commissioner Sadik-Khan, MTA Executive Director Sander, Chairman Daus announce camera enforcement of bus lanes to speed transit

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https://transalt.org/press-releases/new-poll-reveals-new-york-city-voters-support-automated-enforcement-to-make-streets-safer

828: 478: 390:, is paid $ 20 per ticket. The fine listed on the citation is $ 100. In 2010, a class action lawsuit was filed against MRCA. 4917: 1437: 966:) besides the immediate financial consideration of the fine. In such jurisdictions, corporations that own vehicles (such as 5653: 5416: 3961: 2142: 2080: 1819: 1103: 198:

in the US, claim that "the common use of speed traps as a revenue source also undercuts the legitimacy of safety efforts."

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Melbourne Airport was the first Australian Airport to use ANPR technology to charge buses for access to bus pick up lanes.

5658: 5587: 1765: 3253: 3231: 3122: 2221: 5477: 5312: 4256: 2136:"SchNEWS 625 - Sussex Police try to close down Smash EDO film, Big Brother Britain, Depleted Uranium raid, and more..." 1528: 1029: 787: 432: 427: 361: 266: 183: 5088: 4911: 4624: 4133: 3010: 911: 800: 5643: 5284: 808: 596: 512: 4323: 3652: 1637: 981:, which required the keeper of a car to identify the driver at a particular time as being in contradiction to the 398:

Noise enforcement cameras are used to monitor and enforce compliance with local or national vehicle noise limits.

2913: 2683: 4373:"Automated Speed Enforcement in the U.S.: A Review of the Literature on Benefits and Barriers to Implementation" 3847: 2775:"Effectiveness of speed cameras in preventing road traffic collisions and related casualties: systematic review" 2514: 485:. Critics say that the Catts had been suspected of no crime, however, the police ANPR system led to them being 5431: 5381: 4572: 4012: 1608: 1049:

raising" in applying cameras in deceptive ways to increase government revenue rather than improve road safety.

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Online websites, like Photo Radar Scam and BantheCams.org, have been created in reaction to the rising use of

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in apprehending traffic violations such as disregarding traffic control signs and other violations via their

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because the Statutory Instrument defining the "type" of equipment has already been fully ratified by both

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experimented with speed limit enforcement vans but they were withdrawn months later due to public outcry.

574: 4150: 5519: 5391: 5307: 5264: 5010: 1924:"Manhattan Lawmaker Proposes Bill To Curb Loud Motor Vehicle Noise Using Surveillance Radar Technology" 1409: 1279: 790:(NPCC) oversee a secretariat who coordinate police and laboratory testing of equipment in the process. 719: 647:

is either added or subtracted from the enforcement vehicle's own speed to obtain its actual speed. The

235: 176: 39: 4958:. GetJerry.com. Retrieved April 23, 2023, from https://getjerry.com/driving/minnesota-red-light-camera 3218: 2295: 2018: 807:. There is no requirement to place the Type Approval Agreement or Certificate of Type Approval before 5663: 5648: 5565: 5143: 5098: 4982: 4099: 1518: 1498: 1325: 1253: 1014: 991: 937: 5633: 5444: 5386: 5116: 3203: 3039: 735: 532: 474: 410: 5482: 5279: 5274: 4763: 3365: 2779: 2077:"Launch of Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) Strategy for the Police Service – 2005/2008" 1553: 1488: 882: 697: 339: 251: 171: 66: 3069: 5537: 5472: 5449: 5411: 5231: 5158: 2700: 1206: 1099: 536: 357: 4870: 4813: 4123: 3540: 2980: 624:

Fixed camera systems can be housed in boxes, mounted on poles beside the road, or attached to

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In Scotland, the introduction of average speed cameras significantly reduced speeding on the

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cameras to detect vehicles inside the chargeable area which have not paid the appropriate fee

458: 327: 272: 2877: 2708:

Across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations, KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65%

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to take their pictures. Gatsometer introduced the first red light camera in 1965, the first

61: 5628: 5576: 5547: 5254: 5179: 4975: 4299: 2931: 2536: 1805: 1515: – which have been used to limit use of speed cameras in the United States. 1483: 1213: 1186:

should stay the same, and 13% saying that they thought that the number should be decreased.

977:

In April 2000, two motorists who were caught speeding in the United Kingdom challenged the

933: 607:-booth cameras to identify vehicles proceeding through a toll booth without paying the toll 383: 4187: 3327: 3094: 1900: 42:

and calibration lines on the road when taking photographs, is visible on the bottom right.

8: 5602: 5592: 5406: 5373: 5121: 5002: 4125:

The Improbability Principle: Why Coincidences, Miracles, and Rare Events Happen Every Day

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completely stationary car, a fact revealed by a recorded video of the alleged violation.

955: 639: 486: 35: 2198:"MMDA set to reimplement the 'no-contact' policy in apprehension of drivers on April 15" 1282:. Tampering with number plates or misrepresenting them is illegal in most jurisdictions. 5560: 5532: 5358: 5319: 5106: 3819: 2746: 2721: 2665: 1413: 1356: 1148: 1042: 625: 568: 552: 466: 162: 2801: 2774: 986:

Their plea was initially granted by a judge then overturned but was then heard by the

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cameras that record evidence of heavy vehicles that break noise regulations by using

306: 299: 187: 154: 4590: 291: 5581: 5336: 5294: 5204: 5111: 5038: 4945: 3803: 2796: 2788: 2741: 2733: 2641: 2272:"Parañaque starts contactless traffic apprehension scheme | Claudeth Mocon-Ciriaco" 1991:"Edmonton's latest vehicle noise reduction pilot came with challenges: city report" 1801: 1568: 1564: 1444: 1194: 1152: 1136: 1087: 1007: 667: 548: 415: 387: 319: 286: 87: 4727: 3760:"Demonstration of Automated Speed Enforcement in School Zones in Portland, Oregon" 1311: 457:

In the UK, 80-year-old pensioner John Catt and his daughter Linda were stopped by

4901: 4789: 4544:"Free GPS Navigation App 'Waze' Maps Live Traffic, Police, and Red Light Cameras" 4212: 3957: 3315: 2630:"Red light cameras revisited. Recent evidence on red light camera safety effects" 1728: 1320: 1212:

On May 4, 2010, an ordinance authorizing the use of speed cameras in the town of

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request was refused and the information was only released after an appeal to the

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in May 2010 indicated that speed cameras were supported by 75% of their members.

592: 515:

or other digital camera and/or other technologies. It was later adapted by other

500:

Other multipurpose cameras can check vehicles passing over the railway crossing.

4324:"Red-Light Cameras Return to Alexandria - Alexandria Virginia News | LocalKicks" 3649:"Intersection Safety Camera Speeding Tickets Cancelled :: City of Edmonton" 3614:"Speed-Measuring Device Performance Specifications:Across-the-Road Radar Module" 3254:"City of Santa Maria, California, Red Light Camera Enforcement, Police Services" 2792: 2135: 1591:"Speed cameras reduce road accidents and traffic deaths, according to new study" 1552:

Wilson, C; Willis, Hendrikz; Le Brocque, Bellamy (2010). Wilson, Cecilia (ed.).

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which found that human rights were not being breached. Some groups, such as the

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Cooper, S. (2010). Mechanical Law Enforcement: Speeding and Camera Technology.

3807: 3587: 3391:"Ignoring is bliss: Why Virginians can safely discard red-light camera tickets" 2629: 1384: 1379: 1140: 1095: 963: 948: 795: 731: 580: 311: 2645: 2394: 827:

Unlike approval systems in most countries, no equipment is approved without a

265:

In October 2013, in Melbourne (Australia), Melbourne Airport introduced seven

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have shown significant margins of approval for automatic speed enforcement.

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enforcement to help improve general road safety and to decrease crash rates.

820: 349: 74: 4515:"Use the "Waze" App to Avoid Speed Traps and Police Checkpoints | Cop Block" 2418: 1319:

The idea of the speed cameras dates back to the late 19th century: the 1894

1202:

percent in Washington, D.C. to a high of 77 percent in Scottsdale, Arizona."

364:. Other speed enforcement systems are also used which are not camera based. 157:, vehicles going through a toll booth without paying, unauthorized use of a 5221: 5169: 5153: 5078: 5018: 2810: 2755: 2661: 1576: 1268: 1110: 1057: 774: 516: 345: 4820:. Vol. 7, no. 9. Hearst Magazines. September 1905. p. 926. 4628: 524: 414:

that hasn't since been deployed. Similar results were found in a trial in

5607: 5509: 5341: 5269: 5241: 5083: 4967: 4643:"Gilets jaunes protesters 'destroy over half of speed cameras' in France" 2895: 2722:"Are mobile speed cameras effective? A controlled before and after study" 2719: 1551: 1364: 1344: 940:

based on the number of tickets they are able to issue. Pictures from the

770: 648: 528: 150: 46: 20: 2370: 1098:, which had generated £1.3m of fines every year since 1999. The initial 215: 34:

speed camera. The camera's lens is visible at top left, while the large

5555: 5353: 5189: 5184: 5174: 5053: 2737: 1038: 967: 896: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 652: 540: 447:

drivers to detect avoidance of legally prescribed driver rest periods.

443:'s SAFE-T-CAM system, ANPR technology is used to monitor long-distance 4254: 4036:"Speed cameras will stay in Gloucestershire - but no more maintenance" 3837: 1554:"Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths" 658:

Some number-plate recognition systems can also be used from vehicles.

221: 206: 5597: 1523: 941: 711: 604: 440: 377: 243: 55: 4625:"Vehicle license plate imaging and reading system for day and night" 3566:"Business owner casts reasonable doubt on accuracy of speed cameras" 2628:

Goldenbeld, Charles; Daniels, Stijn; Schermers, Govert (July 2019).

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can be used for purposes unrelated to enforcement of traffic rules.

4732: 3842: 2851:"The National Safety Camera Programme: Four Year Evaluation Report" 1352: 1190: 747: 629: 584: 544: 482: 393: 158: 70: 51: 4100:

https://www.drivesmartbc.ca/speed/poll-automated-speed-enforcement

3512:"Baltimore issued speed camera ticket to car stopped at red light" 2470: 2019:"Gatso 2: rollout of UK's '24x7 vehicle movement database' begins" 1948:"'Noise camera' finds favor with public: officials - Taipei Times" 786:(DSTL) in conjunction with accredited technical laboratories. The 5464: 4998: 1372: 1329:, set in the year 2000, includes a description of "instantaneous 1307:

Device for speed control in the Hague, newsreel from October 1940

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lost time and thus may overestimate the intersection's capacity.

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in 2005. They had their vehicle searched under section 44 of the

295: 247: 146: 4013:"Cutting funding for speed cameras will cost lives, police warn" 2222:"MMDA's no-contact traffic apprehension starts April 15 | GOVPH" 2322:"Valenzuela to enforce no-contact apprehension on busy streets" 1179: 1034: 633: 556: 520: 462: 239: 138: 26: 4728:"UK | Magazine | How do average speed cameras work?" 3232:"Liability of owner for speeding and traffic light violations" 3108: 2347:"San Juan to enforce no-contact apprehension scheme in August" 2246:"Manila starts 'no contact apprehension' of traffic violators" 1791: 577:

cameras to identify vehicles violating occupancy requirements.

344:

Speed enforcement cameras are used to monitor compliance with

3588:"Maryland: Innocence Not a Defense to Speed Camera Citations" 3483:"Some Baltimore speed cameras have 5% error rate, Xerox says" 3070:"Driver behaviour 'transformed' by A90 average speed cameras" 2720:

S M Christie; R A Lyons; F D Dunstan & S J Jones (2003).

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on which stopping is not allowed for any purpose (other than

113: 31: 4596: 4573:"Driving advice and guides to keep you moving | the AA" 3792:"Mechanical Law Enforcement: Speeding and Camera Technology" 3165:. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. p. 12. 1229: 2772: 1820:"Cops are finding sneaky new ways to catch texting drivers" 1770:

Airport shuttle service, shuttle buses. VHA Airport Shuttle

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in 1971 and the first mobile speed traffic camera in 1982;

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In 1992, cameras were rejected by voters in referendums in

1086:

In 2010, a campaign was set up against a speed camera on a

142: 3280:"(Fighting) Your Ticket - Red Light Cameras in California" 2627: 1162:; voters were the first to reject cameras by a 2–1 margin. 4962:

Home Office approved speed detection devices - March 2007

4445:"Department of Public Safety - Photo enforcement program" 4370: 3958:"Lack of police funds could end South West speed cameras" 2896:"RAC Foundation report backs speed camera safety benefit" 1923: 1234: 636:. Cameras can be concealed, for example in garbage bins. 165:

area. It may be linked to an automated ticketing system.

4890:, "Smile, You Just Got a Ticket!" Michael Lamm, Page 75. 4759:"Drivers can avoid speeding tickets...by changing lanes" 4699:"Drivers can avoid speeding tickets...by changing lanes" 4211:'Photocop didn't play in Peoria', by Wayne Baker in The 3309:"Are police tricking people into paying Snitch Tickets?" 2848: 1315:

Older traffic enforcement camera in Ludwigsburg, Germany

683:

jurisdictions and therefore making them less effective.

314:, China, the black car in the pictures ran the red light 1850:"cam2vision - Technology and Capability - Tech Compare" 368:

calculate the vehicle's average speed for the journey.

4151:"Say 'Cheese,' Speeders: Pasadena to Test Photo Radar" 3838:"Group claims speed camera nets £1.3m a year in fines" 1431:

speed camera as an art project in Loipersdorf, Austria

1127:

have also been rejected in some places by referendum.

4419:"Sykesville residents reject speed camera referendum" 3869:"Anger at £1.3m-a-year speed camera - Channel 4 News" 1045:

tactics" in over-monitoring of public roads, and of "

4903:

The Transport Manager's and Operator's Handbook 2006

4061:"Oxfordshire's speed cameras to be switched back on" 944:

red light camera systems were ruled inadmissible as

406:

network of noise cameras, including mobile cameras.

2226:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

1742:"Melbourne Airport Forecourt Redevelopment Project" 1333:" used by police to enforce speed limits. In 1905, 421: 4600:Australian National Road Safety Strategy 2011-2020 4227:"Angry drivers force Hawaii to drop speed cameras" 2945: 2943: 2941: 3675:"Intersection Safety Camera Ticket Cancellations" 1513:Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution 1147:The first speed camera systems in the US were in 326:Red light cameras are also utilized in capturing 310:A set of pictures taken by a red light camera in 5620: 4954:Hamilton, C., & Barrett, J. (2022, June 1). 3702:"Even the Safest Driver is Being Set Up to Fail" 2107:"Vehicle spy-cam data to be held for five years" 1547: 1545: 1245:To avoid detection or prosecution, drivers may: 1158:In 1991, cameras were rejected in referendum in 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 2938: 2161: 2159: 1205:In 2009, a petition was started in the town of 5440:Commercial Driver's License Information System 4814:"Time Recording Camera for Trapping Motorists" 4348:"New Red-Light Cameras in Fairfax, Alexandria" 3699: 3454:"O'Halloran and Francis v. The United Kingdom" 3448: 3446: 3135: 2952:"Speed camera switch-off sees fewer accidents" 2104: 1676: 1065:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 5488:Disabled parking permits of the United States 4983: 4289:"Red-light Cameras in Texas: A Status Report" 4033: 3307:David Goldstein, CBS Television, Los Angeles 3040:"Comprehensive A9 performance data published" 2949: 2269: 2069: 1542: 769:, a testing and certification process by the 651:of the camera vehicle needs to be accurately 4403:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4255:Mitchell-Taverner, Zipparo and Goldsworthy. 4046: 4010: 2766: 2493:"Street-sweeper cameras eye illegal parking" 2156: 2016: 753: 4847:"GATSO, the experts in traffic enforcement" 3899:"Treasury set to cash in on speeding fines" 3443: 3123:"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory" 3109:"The National Police Chiefs Council (NPCC)" 2773:Paul Pilkington & Sanjay Kinra (2005). 1787: 1785: 1783: 1561:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1278:Remove, falsify, obscure or modify vehicle 260:New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission 4997: 4990: 4976: 4899: 3421:"States using red light and speed cameras" 3177:"Stopping Red Light Running - FHWA Safety" 3160: 3138:"The Speedmeter Handbook (Fourth Edition)" 3008: 2842: 2319: 1718:New York City Department of Transportation 333: 4841: 4839: 4038:. This Is Gloucestershire. Archived from 3211:Superior Court of the State of California 2914:"Speed camera support 'at all-time high'" 2800: 2745: 2012: 2010: 1494:Road speed limit enforcement in Australia 1285:Damage or destroy the cameras themselves. 1067:) have encouraged the usage of automated 912:Learn how and when to remove this message 784:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory 583:cameras to identifying vehicles crossing 505:Metropolitan Manila Development Authority 386:and Temescal Gateway Park. The operator, 5422:List of countries by minimum driving age 4790:"Instantaneous Kodaks (Traffic Control)" 4669:"Driver faces $ 1,000,000 speeding fine" 3896: 2419:"Cauayan City | No Contact Apprehension" 1780: 1310: 1297: 1228: 1193:legislature declined to reauthorize its 1175:, rejected cameras in a 1997 referendum. 371: 305: 290: 280: 271: 220: 205: 60: 45: 25: 2981:"Tory Boy Racers | George Monbiot" 2867: 2568:. Sensordynamics.com.au. Archived from 2296:"QC starts full implementation of NCAP" 1583: 229: 210:Automatic speed enforcement gantry or " 149:to detect motoring offenses, including 5621: 4906:. Kogan Page Publishers. p. 239. 4836: 4262:. Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 4182: 4180: 4178: 3789: 3563: 3431:from the original on December 23, 2016 3401:from the original on December 23, 2016 3358:"Something Every Consumer Should Know" 2588: 2586: 2371:"Muntinlupa | No Contact Apprehension" 2270:Mocon-Ciriaco, Claudeth (2018-02-14). 2007: 1988: 1897:"Lawsuit Filed over Stop-Sign Cameras" 1080: 492: 394:Noise pollution camera ("noise radar") 141:which may be mounted beside or over a 16:Camera for detecting motoring offenses 4971: 4597:Australian Transport Council (2011). 4224: 4188:"Freeze Frame - The Truth About Cars" 3606: 3385: 3383: 3338:from the original on 13 November 2011 3011:"Town tops league for safest driving" 2701:"Permanent Casualty Reduction Scheme" 2344: 1794:Journal of Transportation Engineering 841:demonstrated testing may recommence. 161:, or for recording vehicles inside a 4679:from the original on 26 October 2017 4666: 4257:"Survey on Speeding and Enforcement" 4148: 4121: 3594:from the original on 2 February 2014 3557: 2906: 2684:"Annex 6 TECHNOLOGY FOR ENFORCEMENT" 2594:"The Effectiveness of Speed Cameras" 2081:Association of Chief Police Officers 1973:"Roadside Vehicle Noise Measurement" 1921: 1872: 1830:from the original on 3 November 2017 1224: 936:when private contractors are paid a 894:adding citations to reliable sources 865: 4871:"Netherlands: Precision Speed Trap" 4175: 3050:from the original on 9 October 2018 2583: 2320:Valenzuela, Nikka G. (2019-07-25). 2058:from the original on April 14, 2008 452:United Kingdom's police ANPR system 13: 5478:Decriminalised parking enforcement 4964:archived Link Retrieved 2016-10-21 4269:from the original on 20 March 2012 3380: 2932:"Town ditches fixed speed cameras" 2634:Accident Analysis & Prevention 2443:"Bataan | No Contact Apprehension" 1806:10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000804 1529:TEDES (traffic enforcement system) 1030:Automatic number-plate recognition 734:claimed that the results were not 547:, and also in provinces LGUs like 477:database when they were seen near 433:Automatic number-plate recognition 428:Automatic number-plate recognition 362:automatic number-plate recognition 267:automatic number-plate recognition 184:automatic number-plate recognition 14: 5675: 5285:Category: Speed limits by country 5089:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 4927: 3238:from the original on 2010-12-18. 3095:"Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988" 2870:"Speed camera benefits overrated" 2868:Webster, Ben (16 December 2005). 2849:Department for Transport (2005). 1636:. PIPS Technology. Archived from 686: 597:compression release engine brakes 487:targeted due to their association 4920:from the original on 2018-05-05. 4893: 4888:Popular Mechanics, December 1969 4881: 4863: 4832:from the original on 2018-05-05. 4806: 4782: 4751: 4720: 4691: 4660: 4635: 4617: 4613:from the original on 2013-08-10. 4565: 4536: 4507: 4472: 4437: 4411: 4364: 4340: 4316: 4281: 4248: 4218: 4205: 4023:from the original on 2016-09-27. 3733:. BantheCams.org. Archived from 3576:from the original on 2011-04-25. 3541:"Chief cites 'Bermuda Triangle'" 3364:. March 27, 2009. Archived from 3143:. UK Home Office. Archived from 2525:from the original on 2015-03-17. 2503:from the original on 2009-01-05. 1885:from the original on 2011-10-24. 1776:from the original on 2015-02-27. 1459: 1436: 1421: 1408:A red-light and speed camera in 1401: 870: 844: 661: 513:closed-circuit television camera 422:Number-plate recognition systems 5639:Applications of computer vision 4771:from the original on 2016-08-20 4740:from the original on 2017-08-24 4579:from the original on 2017-05-21 4554:from the original on 2016-12-23 4525:from the original on 2016-12-23 4371:Rodier, Shaheen, and Cavanagh. 4237:from the original on 2010-06-07 4142: 4115: 4104: 4093: 4082: 4071:from the original on 2011-08-27 4027: 4004: 3993:from the original on 2011-09-17 3975: 3964:from the original on 2016-01-31 3950: 3924: 3909:from the original on 2016-08-10 3890: 3879:from the original on 2010-09-05 3861: 3850:from the original on 2016-01-02 3830: 3783: 3772:from the original on 2016-03-18 3752: 3723: 3712:from the original on 2008-04-30 3693: 3667: 3641: 3630:from the original on 2016-03-19 3580: 3533: 3522:from the original on 2013-01-27 3504: 3493:from the original on 2016-07-01 3475: 3464:from the original on 2012-05-24 3413: 3350: 3320: 3301: 3290:from the original on 2016-07-08 3272: 3246: 3224: 3195: 3169: 3154: 3129: 3115: 3101: 3087: 3062: 3032: 3021:from the original on 2016-08-15 3002: 2991:from the original on 2011-01-30 2973: 2962:from the original on 2016-09-18 2924: 2888: 2861: 2821: 2713: 2693: 2676: 2621: 2610:from the original on 2016-04-15 2558: 2547:from the original on 2016-07-15 2529: 2507: 2485: 2459: 2435: 2411: 2387: 2363: 2338: 2313: 2288: 2263: 2238: 2214: 2190: 2145:from the original on 2016-04-15 2128: 2117:from the original on 2008-10-18 2098: 2087:from the original on 2007-07-01 2040: 2029:from the original on 2008-10-09 1982: 1965: 1940: 1915: 1889: 1866: 1842: 1812: 1665:from the original on 2010-05-11 1615:from the original on 2018-04-29 1351:, which was founded in 1958 by 1121: 1023: 924: 881:needs additional citations for 519:local government units such as 145:or installed in an enforcement 5432:Traffic violations reciprocity 3983:"Speed camera turn-off starts" 3897:Millward, David (2010-07-26). 3790:Cooper, Simon (October 2010). 2831:. The Journal. 25 October 2003 1758: 1734: 1711: 1651: 1626: 1609:American Civil Liberties Union 1597: 1569:10.1002/14651858.CD004607.pub3 988:European Court of Human Rights 861: 788:National Police Chiefs Council 509:No Contact Apprehension Policy 196:American Civil Liberties Union 192:European Court of Human Rights 135:No contact apprehension camera 1: 5455:Non-Resident Violator Compact 5397:Inter-American Driving Permit 4128:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 4122:Hand, David J. (2014-02-11). 3700:Miranda Devine (2008-03-23). 2105:Chris Williams (2008-09-15). 2052:Roads & Traffic Authority 1605:"Extreme Traffic Enforcement" 1536: 1094:in a 30 mph area in the 473:; it had been flagged in the 5402:International Driving Permit 5260:Assured clear distance ahead 5074:School bus traffic stop laws 5059:Left- and right-hand traffic 5024:Assured clear distance ahead 4225:Poole, Oliver (2002-04-12). 3328:"The Right To Remain Silent" 2950:David Barrett (2010-08-07). 2395:"CTMDO - Violations Checker" 2375:nocontact.muntinlupacity.net 1766:"Melbourne Airport Bus Lane" 1731:, Nyc.gov, February 23, 2009 1262:intelligent speed adaptation 1256:navigation devices, such as 1241:information overlaid onto it 388:Redflex Traffic Systems Inc. 7: 5654:Traffic enforcement cameras 5417:Driving licences by country 5382:Commercial driver's license 5128:Rules of the Road (Ireland) 4956:Minnesota Red Light Cameras 4149:DUNN, ASHLEY (1987-09-17). 4011:Adam Gabbatt (2010-08-09). 3796:The Journal of Criminal Law 3516:Tribunedigital-baltimoresun 3487:Tribunedigital-baltimoresun 2793:10.1136/bmj.38324.646574.AE 2017:John Lettice (2005-09-15). 1471: 997: 932:One issue is the potential 773:in the United Kingdom that 575:High-occupancy vehicle lane 411:UK Department for Transport 153:, vehicles going through a 10: 5680: 5659:Transportation engineering 5392:Graduated driver licensing 5265:National Maximum Speed Law 4950:10.1350/jcla.2010.74.5.656 4877:. 1961-12-14. p. 687. 3808:10.1350/jcla.2010.74.5.656 2566:"Vyper Mobile ANPR System" 1989:Rosove, Jay (2021-02-12). 1922:Cruz, David (2021-08-28). 1394: 1293: 1027: 720:The Automobile Association 555:and the whole province of 425: 375: 337: 284: 236:vehicle registration plate 83:traffic enforcement camera 18: 5546: 5518: 5463: 5430: 5372: 5325:Mobile phones and driving 5293: 5240: 5136: 5097: 5009: 3009:Katie Bond (2012-03-21). 2646:10.1016/j.aap.2019.04.007 2423:nocontact.cauayancity.net 1519:Home Office Type Approval 1499:Safety Camera Partnership 1326:A Journey in Other Worlds 1237:map showing speed camera 992:European Court of Justice 803:without the support of a 767:Home Office Type Approval 754:Home Office Type Approval 736:statistically significant 214:" with ground sensors in 5588:"How's my driving?" sign 5445:Driver License Agreement 5387:European driving licence 5117:The Highway Code (Malta) 4480:"Arizona Speed Contract" 2876:. London. Archived from 2787:(12 February): 331–334. 2541:English.controlRadar.org 2447:nocap.bataanprovince.net 2345:Servallos, Neil Jayson. 2167:"Speed Enforcement 2018" 1875:"Stop or they'll shoot!" 1873:Pool, Bob (2007-07-12). 1104:Information Commissioner 562: 475:Police National Computer 201: 38:, used for illuminating 19:Not to be confused with 5644:Road traffic management 5483:Disabled parking permit 5280:Speed limits by country 5275:Speed limit enforcement 4938:Journal of Criminal Law 4764:London Evening Standard 3395:The Schilling Show Blog 3136:Dr. S.R. Lewis (2005). 2780:British Medical Journal 2726:British Medical Journal 1746:Melbourneairport.com.au 1489:Speed limit enforcement 703:British Medical Journal 698:British Medical Journal 507:(MMDA) implemented the 340:Speed limit enforcement 334:Speed limit enforcement 323:signal has turned red. 252:disabled parking permit 172:British Medical Journal 137:depending on use) is a 5566:Drivers' working hours 5538:Clunk Click Every Trip 5473:Alternate-side parking 5450:Driver License Compact 5159:Field sobriety testing 4932:Additional resources: 3731:"About BantheCams.org" 3362:www.HandelontheLaw.com 2829:"Cameras are for cash" 1659:"Bus lane enforcement" 1634:"Bus Lane Enforcement" 1316: 1308: 1242: 1207:College Station, Texas 1178:In 2002, the state of 1100:Freedom of information 1041:have been accused of " 1015:Prince George's County 849:According to the 2003 479:EDO MBM demonstrations 315: 303: 277: 226: 218: 78: 65:A speed camera on the 58: 43: 5330:Texting while driving 5250:85th percentile speed 5064:Bidirectional traffic 5049:New Zealand Road Code 5029:Australian Road Rules 4296:Hro.house.state.tx.us 3706:Sydney Morning Herald 3655:on September 26, 2013 3590:. the newspaper.com. 3397:. November 15, 2010. 3206:vs John Allen, et al. 3015:Thisiswiltshire.co.uk 2537:"Hidden speed camera" 1378:From the late 1990s, 1314: 1306: 1264:are being encouraged. 1232: 983:Human Rights Act 1998 979:Road Traffic Act 1988 628:over the road, or to 459:City of London Police 372:Stop sign enforcement 328:texting-while-driving 309: 294: 281:Red light enforcement 275: 224: 209: 64: 49: 29: 5577:Epilepsy and driving 5255:Advisory speed limit 5180:Road traffic control 4703:The Evening Standard 4192:The Truth About Cars 3570:The Washington Times 2880:on October 7, 2008. 2497:The Washington Times 2399:loop.marikina.gov.ph 2202:canadianinquirer.net 1826:. 2 September 2016. 1484:Road traffic control 1214:Sykesville, Maryland 934:conflict of interest 890:improve this article 813:Houses of Parliament 640:Mobile speed cameras 384:Franklin Canyon Park 298:red light camera in 230:Bus lane enforcement 5603:Slow moving vehicle 5593:Old age and driving 5144:Parking enforcement 4900:David Lowe (2005). 4067:. BBC. 2011-04-01. 4034:Freddie Whittaker. 3960:. BBC. 2010-07-22. 3681:on November 5, 2011 3458:Cmiskp.echr.coe.int 3368:on October 24, 2011 3334:. 8 November 2011. 3332:www.almanacnews.com 3215:County of San Diego 3204:State of California 3163:NCHRP Synthesis 310 3161:Hugh McGee (2003). 3044:Scottish Government 2902:. 24 November 2010. 1952:www.taipeitimes.com 1479:Road traffic safety 1081:Revenue, not safety 1063:Groups like NHTSA ( 956:provinces of Canada 954:Some US states and 493:Multipurpose camera 242:where they monitor 5561:Digital tachograph 5533:Click It or Ticket 5359:Vehicular homicide 5320:Distracted driving 4667:Stephens, Thomas. 4328:www.localkicks.com 3314:2011-04-23 at the 3284:Highwayrobbery.net 2934:. BBC. 2009-07-31. 2738:10.1136/ip.9.4.302 2601:Racfoundation.ortg 2473:on October 7, 2007 1727:2009-04-19 at the 1593:. 25 October 2017. 1429:Dazzle camouflaged 1414:Northern Territory 1371:for use with road 1357:Maurice Gatsonides 1317: 1309: 1243: 1149:Friendswood, Texas 796:Secretary of State 467:Terrorism Act 2000 316: 304: 278: 227: 219: 212:Lombada Eletrônica 169:camera sites. The 97:road safety camera 79: 59: 50:A speed camera in 44: 5616: 5615: 5520:Automotive safety 5505:Parking violation 5364:Wrong-way driving 5295:Moving violations 5011:Rules of the road 4818:Popular Mechanics 4155:Los Angeles Times 3938:on March 13, 2012 3545:Messengernews.net 3046:. 20 April 2018. 2252:. 7 December 2020 1903:on March 18, 2012 1879:Los Angeles Times 1449:Beaverton, Oregon 1336:Popular Mechanics 1304: 1225:Avoidance/evasion 1173:Anchorage, Alaska 1167:Batavia, Illinois 990:(ECtHR), and the 922: 921: 914: 615:mass surveillance 569:Congestion charge 471:ANPR CCTV cameras 461:while driving in 300:Springfield, Ohio 188:mass surveillance 163:congestion charge 155:red traffic light 109:photo enforcement 5671: 5664:Dutch inventions 5649:Street furniture 5582:Hours of service 5407:Learner's permit 5374:Driver licensing 5337:Reckless driving 5303:Impaired driving 5149:Impaired driving 5122:Road Users' Code 5112:The Highway Code 5099:Road user guides 5039:Green Cross Code 4992: 4985: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4922: 4921: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4843: 4834: 4833: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4705:. 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Archived from 4293: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4268: 4261: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4222: 4216: 4215:, March 21, 1991 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4184: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4119: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4057: 4044: 4043: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3934:. Archived from 3928: 3922: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3677:. Archived from 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3651:. Archived from 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3618: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3324: 3318: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3256:. Archived from 3250: 3244: 3243: 3228: 3222: 3208: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3179:. Archived from 3173: 3167: 3166: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3142: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2947: 2936: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2853:. 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May 29, 2008. 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2014: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1934: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1899:. Archived from 1893: 1887: 1886: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1789: 1778: 1777: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1738: 1732: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1693:. Archived from 1688: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1563:(10): CD004607. 1558: 1549: 1463: 1445:red light camera 1440: 1425: 1405: 1359:, produced the ' 1305: 1195:red light camera 1153:La Marque, Texas 1137:British Columbia 1088:dual carriageway 1008:Fort Dodge, Iowa 917: 910: 906: 903: 897: 874: 866: 668:Stephen Glaister 416:Edmonton, Canada 348:, which may use 320:red light camera 287:Red light camera 101:road rule camera 88:red light camera 5679: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5634:Cameras by type 5619: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5542: 5514: 5459: 5426: 5368: 5289: 5236: 5175:Pretextual stop 5132: 5107:Driver's manual 5093: 5005: 4996: 4930: 4925: 4914: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4798: 4796: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4774: 4772: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4743: 4741: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4712: 4710: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4661: 4652: 4650: 4647:The Independent 4641: 4640: 4636: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4582: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4555: 4548:Journalist Apps 4542: 4541: 4537: 4528: 4526: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4396: 4395: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4352:NBC4 Washington 4346: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4240: 4238: 4231:Daily Telegraph 4223: 4219: 4213:Chicago Tribune 4210: 4206: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4083: 4074: 4072: 4059: 4058: 4047: 4032: 4028: 4009: 4005: 3996: 3994: 3989:. August 2010. 3981: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3912: 3910: 3895: 3891: 3882: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3851: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3788: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765:. Westat, Inc. 3762: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3740: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3715: 3713: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3562: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3523: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3494: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3316:Wayback Machine 3306: 3302: 3293: 3291: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3125:. 14 June 2023. 3121: 3120: 3116: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3079: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3024: 3022: 3007: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2965: 2963: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2866: 2862: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2771: 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1763: 1759: 1750: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1729:Wayback Machine 1716: 1712: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1686: 1684:"Road markings" 1682: 1681: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1616: 1611:. 24 May 2012. 1603: 1602: 1598: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1556: 1550: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1474: 1467: 1464: 1455: 1441: 1432: 1426: 1417: 1406: 1397: 1380:digital cameras 1321:science fiction 1298: 1296: 1267:Install active 1227: 1160:Peoria, Arizona 1129:Opinion polling 1124: 1083: 1054:traffic cameras 1032: 1026: 1006:In the city of 1000: 927: 918: 907: 901: 898: 887: 875: 864: 847: 756: 689: 664: 593:Noise pollution 565: 495: 430: 424: 396: 380: 374: 342: 336: 289: 283: 232: 204: 123:bus lane camera 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5677: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5574: 5572:Drowsy driving 5569: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5528:Seat belt laws 5524: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5495:Double parking 5492: 5491: 5490: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5342:Brake checking 5334: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5227:Traffic ticket 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166:Highway patrol 5163: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5034:Boulevard rule 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4952: 4929: 4928:External links 4926: 4924: 4923: 4912: 4892: 4880: 4862: 4835: 4805: 4781: 4767:. 2006-10-15. 4750: 4736:. 2007-10-17. 4719: 4690: 4659: 4634: 4631:on 2007-09-28. 4616: 4606:. p. 62. 4589: 4564: 4550:. 2013-10-19. 4535: 4521:. 2014-08-15. 4506: 4471: 4436: 4425:on May 8, 2010 4410: 4363: 4339: 4315: 4280: 4247: 4217: 4204: 4174: 4141: 4134: 4114: 4103: 4092: 4081: 4045: 4042:on 2010-08-06. 4026: 4003: 3974: 3949: 3923: 3889: 3860: 3846:. 2010-07-08. 3829: 3802:(5): 409–414. 3782: 3751: 3722: 3692: 3666: 3640: 3605: 3579: 3556: 3532: 3503: 3474: 3442: 3412: 3379: 3349: 3319: 3300: 3271: 3260:on May 6, 2011 3245: 3223: 3194: 3183:on May 9, 2009 3168: 3153: 3150:on 2010-04-08. 3128: 3114: 3100: 3086: 3061: 3031: 3001: 2987:. 2010-07-26. 2972: 2937: 2923: 2905: 2887: 2860: 2857:on 2010-03-29. 2841: 2820: 2765: 2732:(4): 302–306. 2712: 2692: 2675: 2620: 2582: 2557: 2528: 2506: 2484: 2458: 2434: 2410: 2386: 2362: 2337: 2312: 2287: 2276:BusinessMirror 2262: 2237: 2213: 2189: 2155: 2139:Schnews.org.uk 2127: 2097: 2083:. 2005-03-22. 2068: 2039: 2006: 1981: 1964: 1939: 1914: 1888: 1865: 1841: 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