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Therefore, train conductors in
Belgium and The Netherlands always close (and in some scenarios also open) the doors. They are also responsible for performing safety tasks in case of an emergency or accident, such as fire, evacuation, etc. Because of these tasks, there has to be at least one conductor on each passenger train; a train without a conductor is uncommon, but still appears on some regional Dutch trains. The departure trains always have one conductor who is conductor-in-chief. He is responsible for the entire train, the on-board crew and the passengers. Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under command of the conductor-in-chief. Besides the safety tasks, conductors also collect and punch tickets, fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers.
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window to observe passenger boarding and exiting. After a preliminary observation that the doors are clear, the conductor uses the train's PA system to warn passengers that the train doors are closing. When the doors are observed to be clear, the conductor closes the doors in their car. When the locked-door signal is received, the rear car doors are closed. When all the doors are closed, the conductor removes the door key, which tells the motorman to proceed. The conductor then observes the platform until the train has left the station.
455:(New York City) transit system operates trains using two-person crews consisting of a motorman and conductor. The conductor is located in the middle of the train and is responsible for opening the doors and closing them. When a train arrives at a station, the conductor verifies the train alignment on the platform by observing a black-and-white "zebra board" mounted to the platform wall or ceiling. When a train is aligned properly, the 6-feet long zebra board should be located directly opposite of the conductor's cab.
995:
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358:(UTU). Therefore, eliminating the conductor's position would require that the railroads and unions negotiate a new agreement. If the railroads were successful, conductors already trained and certified as engineers would theoretically be able to work as engineers. Those that have not yet progressed to engineer would have to be trained as engineers as positions became available. Others would have to accept other positions or possibly lose their jobs. The primary union for engineers, the
1041:
588:, there were several grades of guard, depending on whether the guard worked on freight or passenger trainsâand a purely operational guard grade worked freight and passenger trains without customer contact. When the guard has significant customer contact, the position is usually classified as conductor-guard or conductor. Since British Rail, there have been a number of titles for a guard's grade but, with a few exceptions, all now perform some sort of customer-facing role.
1023:
designated passenger train, halting at all stations, carries a large heavy cast iron cash safe in the guard's brake van, where cash receipts from ticket sales is deposited in a leather pouch by the station manager (earlier called the station master). Since the late 1990s, each guard is provided with a two-way radio so that they can communicate with the locomotive pilot, and other trains if required. The radio has not yet replaced the traditional red and green flags.
346:, along with the rear flagman and the rear brakeman, and performed duties from there. Advances in technology and pressure to reduce operating costs made cabooses redundant, and in most cases they have been eliminated. This relocated the conductor from the rear of the train to the locomotive (or locomotives) at the head of the train. In most cases, these same conditions gradually eliminated members of the train crew, such as the head brakemen, flagmen, and others.
530:, trains operate with a crew of two train operators, consisting of a motorman and a conductor. The employees who perform these roles are cross-trained, and switch roles each time when a train reaches the end of a line and needs to reverse direction. The conductor is responsible for door control and observation and is located in the rear cab of the last car in a train. A trainline buzzer system is used to notify the motorman that it is safe to proceed.
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operates the doors in the conductor's car and the doors forward of that car, and the other set of controls operates the doors to the rear of the conductor's car. When passengers have completed boarding or exiting, the conductor looks forward and closes the doors forward of their cab. This process is repeated for the doors to the rear of the conductor's cab. A door chime is used to notify the passengers that the doors are closing.
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warn passengers to board the train. After ensuring all passengers are safe to travel, the guard signals the green flag by waving it from the brake van. In an emergency, the guard uses the red flag to indicate a stop, and may directly apply brakes to stop the train. The pilot is not allowed to move the train without a signal from the guard, as the guard is in charge of the train.
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yard. Class I railroads train conductors on the use of RCO packs with classroom and hands-on instruction, culminating with on-the-job training and certification as a RCO operator. Currently, Class I railroads such as
Norfolk Southern require RCO qualified conductors to work from job boards that perform RCO operations exclusively (when in a yard that utilizes RCO switching).
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Keeping the passenger train on-schedule is an important guard function. Guards carry a first aid box with their belongings, along with other important items, all in a medium-sized duty box (generally painted red). The name, designation and base location of the Guard are printed in white on the box. A
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As in
Belgium and in the Netherlands conductors also collect and punch tickets, fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers. They also sell tickets on the trains; if the passengers have entered the train at a station where a ticket office is operating they can buy
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have a driver and conductor. The conductor performs platform duties and, on locomotive-hauled services, operates the train doors and handles passenger luggage. Conductors are responsible for internal mail, passenger safety and assistance, including on board announcements, and perform ticket sales and
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On long-distance expresses, the conductor's title is sometimes enhanced to senior conductor, in line with the implied prestige of operating those trains. Historically, under
British Rail, long-distance intercity trains were normally worked by the most senior guards at the depot, hence the name senior
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When a train enters a station, the conductor opens the doors from a control panel on the appropriate side of the car. There are two separate controls, one set operates just the doors in the conductor's car, and another set operates the rest of the doors. As the doors open, the conductor opens the cab
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Before opening the doors, the train conductor is to open the cab window and point to the zebra board with their index finger to confirm the stop position to the motorman. The doors, operated from a control panel located on the appropriate side of the car, are opened once the alignment verification is
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In
Hungary a conductor may assist the train driver in testing the train's air brakes, and sometimes they have to lead the shunting, mostly when the trains are switching lines. Hungarian train conductors are responsible for the departure of the trains. In each station they give the permission to move
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to signal the driver to depart. Nowadays, these flags are seldom used except on heritage railways. At night, the guard gave the signals using a lamp with red and green lights instead of using flags. Guards still occasionally use a whistle to attract the driver's attention and to warn passengers that
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Most freight trains on most railroads today have a crew of two: one engineer and one conductor. Railroad companies continue to press for reduced operating and labor costs and this threatens to eliminate second men. Railroads rationalize that since the engineer is already qualified as a conductor, he
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When the train begins to leave the station, the conductor will observe the platform with their head out the window. An orange triangle, placed on the platform wall, marks the location where the conductor may cease platform departure observations and pull their head back into the cab. It is a safety
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One set of door controls is provided in the cab to close all the doors at once. A door opening chime is played when the doors open. The conductor sticks their head out the cab window to observe the platform and doors, and when the doors are clear, they will press a button that closes the doors. At
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As the train departs the station, the conductor observes the platform for a distance of three car lengths. Station departure observations are made to ensure that no passenger or item is trapped between the doors and is dragged along the platform. The conductor is required to observe the forward and
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During the day, the guard uses the traditional green flag to signal the pilot to depart, and the red flag to stop, assisted by two-way radios. After sunset, the guard uses lamp signals in place of the flags. A couple of minutes before signalling departure to the pilot, the guard blows a whistle to
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After sunset they give signals with flashlights. Train drivers are not allowed to move the train without the conductor in chief giving them the ready signal. Conductors, along with train drivers, are responsible for keeping the trains on schedule. There is always at least one conductor in chief on
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The conductor determines if a train is ready to depart from a platform and orders the engineer to depart via visual or aural signals. Conductors are trained in coupling and uncoupling cars, operating of the brakes, calculating braking power for the engineer, and other technical subjects related to
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on the train. When the platform is clear, the conductor closes the doors in the rear cars. When a locked-door signal is received, the conductor closes the doors in the forward section of the train. Door chimes warn passengers that the doors are closing. When all the doors are closed, the conductor
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duties in rail yards. This system allows the conductor to directly control the locomotive(s) via a wireless remote unit, as opposed to radioing commands to an engineer in the cab. Some Class I rail yards utilize RCO packs for their conductors, while others do not, depending on the size and type of
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in German) supervises the operational safety of a train and is responsible for its proper operation. He or she is authorized to issue instructions to all employees, for example train attendants, on the train. The conductor also provides passenger service and checks tickets together with the train
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After arrival at a station and before opening the doors, the conductor will verify the train alignment by observing a green triangle placed on the station wall. The green triangle marks the stopping location of the conductor and should be directly in front of the conductor's cab. The conductor is
1067:), which operated through the earlier part of the 20th century, were designed for operation by a crew of two or more. The conductor primarily collected fares and signaled the driver when safe to depart from stopping places. The conductor also assisted with shunting when necessary, changing the
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and a conductor. The conductor is located in the cab of the second-last car of the train. When a train arrives at a station, the conductor opens the doors using cab controls. Two sets of controls are provided on each side of the cab for this purpose. There are two door zones: One set of controls
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Until the latter part of the 20th century, guards on passenger trains in those countries did not have routine responsibilities for ticket inspection or sale. Their job focused on the safe operation of their train, timekeeping, and handling parcels and other consignments. A dedicated "travelling
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Conductors in
Switzerland are assigned to either regional or long-distance trains. In the former case, their job is mainly to check for tickets (and to issue a "ticket supplement" in the event of a missing or incorrect ticket) or to assist customers with inquiries. In the latter case, they are
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services the train guard is known as a
Passenger Service Supervisor (PSS). While still responsible for the safety of passengers, the PSS is also in charge of delivering customer service and a number of value-add functions on the train including ticket inspections and manning the cafe alongside
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As well as ticketing and customer care, guards must be trained in "emergency protection" duties, should an emergency arise, along with other operational roles. That involves using emergency equipment such as detonators, track circuit clips and flags, to prevent other trains colliding with, for
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Guards are used on most passenger railway lines in Japan. Working from the rear driving cab, their responsibilities include opening and closing of doors, sounding the departure melody, making announcements, ensuring on-time departure as well as the safety of passengers boarding and alighting.
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began phasing out conductors. All lines were converted to one-person operation by 1998, making the CTA the first transit agency in the nation to do so system-wide. The elimination of conductors saved an estimated $ 13.8 million, and most were re-trained as customer service reps at stations or
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system. Before operation began, the FRA required FrontRunner to employ a second crewmember on each train to assist with emergency evacuation, disabled access, and other safety-sensitive situations. FrontRunner classified this job as a "train host", with a focus on customer service rather than
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In
Belgium and The Netherlands, train conductors have multiple tasks involving train safety and customer services. Belgian/Dutch train conductors are responsible for the departure of the train. In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver.
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trains are driver-only operated. An on-board train host provides passengers with assistance, makes announcements, and performs minor maintenance. A minority of routes still have guards operating the doors, giving the ready-to-start signal with a green flag, and checking and selling tickets.
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may employ one or more brakemen/assistant conductors who assist the conductor and engineer in the safe and prompt movement of the train, to share the workload, and accept delegated responsibility. If a train crew's route, or tour of duty, exceeds a single shift, or conflicts with a legal or
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After all passengers have left or entered the train and the departure time has arrived, the conductor in chief asks the other conductor for his ready signal. If it is safe to depart he gives a ready signal to the conductor in chief who then gives the same signal to the train driver.
820:'s metropolitan rail network is configured for driver-only operation, but also operate with passenger service assistants (PSAs). That is safety role, but has a focus on customer service and revenue protection. Normally, the train driver operates the doors, but PSAs are also able to.
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After the doors are opened, the conductor sticks their head out the window to observe passenger boarding and exiting. The doors stay open for at least ten seconds, and when the conductor decides to close the doors, the conductor announces a door-closing warning using a
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Passenger guards also accept heavy parcels and luggage boxes that passengers cannot carry in coaches. Some perishable goods like vegetables and milk are also transported under the supervision of the guard, who is responsible for proper loading and unloading.
354:, and operate with an engineer, and a conductor. However, most railroads are contractually obligated to employ a brakeman/assistant conductor in addition to the engineer, via crew consist agreements negotiated with the major rail unions, primarily the
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In 2003, a controversial amendment to the UK operational rule book moved part of the guard's safety and operational role to the driver. With rail service privatisation, train operating companies attempted to bring in DOO to other network areas,
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responsible not only for the same tasks, but also for preparing the train for departure, making announcements, signaling the closing of the doors and departure from each station, and assisting customers in the event of a security incident.
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Dealing with an emergency and being trained in
Personal Track Safety so that the guard is able to safely evacuate all passengers from the train - including using equipment like paddles, short circuit bars, and track circuit operating
873:, off-board ticketing and smartcard systems have reduced the staff level to driver and train manager only. Auckland train managers are now not responsible for revenue on trains, as Revenue Protection officers carry out these roles.
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ticket inspector" handled revenue protection duties. In recent years, guards have been dispensed with and passenger train conductors have been assigned more responsibility for on-train revenue collection and ticket inspection.
866:, where ticketing is still paper-based, each train has between one and three passenger operators (ticket collectors). The exact number of passenger operators depends on how many multiple units or carriages make up the train.
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conductor. Several more recent private UK passenger train operators have renamed the senior conductor's passenger-facing title to "train manager". The RSSB rulebook still refers collectively to those individuals as guards.
756:, perform platform duties, provide basic customer service, ensure the train runs to schedule, and accept and deliver internal mail. On Sydney Trains, the guard is located in the middle of older trains, but on the newer
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exactly the same time, door closing chimes are played, followed by an automated announcement of "please stand clear of the doors". The conductor will use the buzzer to notify the motorman that the train can proceed.
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In India, train managers (earlier called guard) are posted on all passenger trains and goods trains and no passenger-carrying train is allowed to move without a guard. The passenger train guard, generally called a
289:, pilot engineer) share responsibility for safe and efficient train operation and adherence to railway rules and procedures. On some railroads, union contracts specify that a conductor must progress to engineer.
752:, which operates metropolitan trains, and intercity trains, have a train guard. Guards are ultimately responsible for the safety of all passengers on the train. They control the operation of doors and the train
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train operates with a two-person crew consisting of a motorman and conductor. The conductor is responsible for door operation and making announcements. The conductor is located in the rear end of the first car.
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can easily assume the duties of a conductor. In fact, on most railroads, engineers begin as brakemen, then become conductors, and finally engineers. Some railroads already implement such a strategy, notably the
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Passenger
Attendants. On Xplorer trains, the driver operates the doors when the PSS gives clearance to depart. On XPT trains, the PSS performs the platform duties of a guard in conjunction with the driver.
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a ticket only with payment of a fine. However, if the passengers got on at a station or stop where they didn't have an option to buy a ticket, they can buy from the conductor without having to pay a fine.
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Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under the command of the conductor in chief. If there is more than one conductor on a train, then the signal procedure is as follows:
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All passenger trains in New South Wales operate with a driver and guard. Guards were removed from freight trains in the 1980s, but they still operate with a two-man locomotive crew.
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trains, and on certain intercity services, they work from the rear. The guard is not responsible for inspecting tickets, a role performed by Transport Officers and NSW Police.
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example, a disabled or derailed train. If a driver becomes incapacitated, the guard is the only person who can protect the train. Other day-to-day duties include operating the
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Proceedings of the Grand Division of the Order of Railway Conductors (Formerly Conductors' Brotherhood): From Organization to the Eighteenth Session, Inclusive, 1868â1885
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on by giving a ready signal to the train driver. During the day they use a disc (which is white and has a green border) to give the ready signal to the train driver.
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is completely responsible for the train, its schedule, and safety of passengers and the locomotive pilot. These guards wear a specific uniform (generally white).
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made. Like MBTA, there are two separate controls for the doors, those for doors forward of the conductor and those for the doors to the rear of the conductor.
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231:. The conductor often stays in the center of the train where they can best view the platform. While advances in automation allow most transit systems to use
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railway operations, but the role is common worldwide under various job titles. In Commonwealth English, a conductor is also known as guard or train manager.
281:, and is responsible for the movement of the train. The engineer (driver) takes direction from the conductor. The portman (station master), and additional
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and the workforce, which ultimately led to the guards losing their safety-critical roles. British Rail first introduced that on some commuter services in
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On local trains, and depending on the level of automations, the duties of a conductor can be taken over by other personnel or left to automatic systems.
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801:, a proposal existed to reinstate guards on some peak train services, but that option was rejected in favour of hiring additional platform staff.
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Trains in metropolitan Melbourne have been driver-only since the early 1990s. When the city's rail franchise was offered to the current operator,
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motorman would operate the train, and a conductor would open/close the doors and make station announcements. However, with the opening of the
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takes place after entering an entrance lobby, while the vehicle already moves, after which the passenger moves to the seating area of the car
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In the UK, Australia and New Zealand, the person with ultimate responsibility for operation of a train has traditionally been called the
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and to provide customer care, supervision and security functions, even in situations where a second crew member is not strictly needed.
789:, and all have both a driver and guard for suburban passenger services, or a passenger services supervisor for long-distance services.
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required to confirm the stop position to the motorman by pointing out the cab window at the green triangle with their index finger.
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Train Conductor Headquarters - Resource for Train Conductor Training and Requirements. Comprehensive railroad industry information.
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passenger trains in Hungary. No passenger trains may depart without one, as only they have the right to give the departure signal.
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contractual limit on the number of work hours, more than one crew may be assigned, each with its own brakeman/assistant conductor.
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systems. In recent years a number of modern tram or light rail systems have introduced (or re-introduced) conductors to minimise
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Jointly coordinate with the engineer and dispatcher the train's movement authority, and verifying this authority is not exceeded
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used on the Northern Line; following their withdrawal on 27 January 2000, all trains on the London Underground have been DOO.
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crew member responsible for operational and safety duties that do not involve actual operation of the train/locomotive. The
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Historically, to assist with braking on freight trains not fitted with continuous brakes, by applying the handbrake in the
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Some rapid transit systems employ conductors to make announcements and open and close doors, duties otherwise performed by
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Keeping passengers informed of any short notice changes to the service and then keeping the driver informed of any changes
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is somewhat different because its heavy rail lines use a combination of single-person and two-person crews. On the TTC's
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Modern vehicle design and ticketing arrangements have largely eliminated the need for conductors on street railways and
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German conductor signaling for the departure of a train. The red armband on his uniform identifies him as a conductor.
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Communicate and coordinate with other partiesâyardmasters, trainmasters, dispatchers, on board service personnel, etc.
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In New Zealand, inner-city commuter rail networks are staffed by a driver and a train manager (guard) as a minimum.
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This article is about the railroad or tram crew member. For the power system often called the "conductor rail", see
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673:(DOO). The most recent axing of the conventional guard was on Southern rail, after a two-year dispute between the
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members on passenger trains normally remain on duty for the entire run, including assigned meal and sleep breaks.
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precaution to watch the platform to make sure that no passenger is being dragged by the train into the tunnel.
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does not support this movement, claiming that requiring its members to operate trains alone would be unsafe.
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On UK railways, modernisation and economic pressure has led to some trains losing their guards and becoming
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Since nearly the beginning of railroading in North America, the conductor on freight trains rode aboard a
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the train is about to move, even though the electronic communication systems are now very sophisticated.
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As there is no explicit federal requirement for a two-person train crew in the United States, the
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systems have both started using conductors due to problems with ticket machine reliability.
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the cars. They are further trained in customer services and selling and checking tickets.
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takes place while entering, the vehicle cannot leave until this is (almost) finished
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trains and trains with a guard, depending largely on state-based railway practice.
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started with conductors, but now sells tickets from ticket machines or online.
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In North America, the conductor manages a freight, passenger, or other type of
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The responsibilities of a conductor or guard typically include the following:
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Small repairs of the train, including changing a blown shoe fuse, for example
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removes the door key, which alerts the motorman that it is safe to proceed.
1566:. Cedar Rapids, IA: Standard Co. for the Order of Railway Conductors, 1888.
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service to be operated by an operator only, with revenue collected by a
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Ensuring that any cars and cargo are picked up and dropped off properly
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Making sure that the train stays on schedule starting from the stations
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Ensuring that the train follows applicable safety rules and practices
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is an example of that. Currently, several titles describe a guard:
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Writer, Jon Hilkevitch, Tribune Transportation (24 June 1997).
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A Russian train conductor in front of the express train "Repin"
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Selling and checking tickets, and other customer service duties
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It was a well-known British tradition for a guard to have two
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http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_04-b.pdf
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railroad operations. Some other services, such as Amtrak's
717:. South Western Railway and Merseyrail still use the term
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were increasingly popular on North American railroads for
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1305:"CONDUCTOR - meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
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the passengers get seated and the conductor comes to them
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Directing the train's movement while operating in reverse
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Train guard (United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand)
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Systems of ticket checking and selling by a conductor:
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Assist the engineer in testing the train's air brakes
1412:"What's the deal with those strange subway symbols?"
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rear cars at least twice during these observations.
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In subway trains, the conductor's basic duties are:
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Check tickets and collect fares on passenger trains
292:Other duties carried out by the conductor include:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
323:Direct, coordinate, and usually manually perform,
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1560:William P. Daniels (ed.),
1099:Nottingham Express Transit
1036:Tram (streetcar) conductor
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768:On NSW TrainLink regional
549:
520:Toronto Transit Commission
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372:remote control locomotives
366:Remote control locomotives
279:on board service personnel
243:Toronto Transit Commission
234:one person train operation
29:
1139:
507:Chicago Transit Authority
391:originally planned their
314:Keep a log of the journey
218:setting out or picking up
1484:"Kundenbegleiter/in SBB"
1309:dictionary.cambridge.org
1184:Birmingham/Wolverhampton
1026:
989:
601:Govia Thameslink Railway
175:title is most common in
922:Hungarian MĂV conductor
703:London Fenchurch Street
675:train operating company
1270:Manual fare collection
1049:
1003:
985:Railway guards in Asia
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799:Metro Trains Melbourne
389:Utah Transit Authority
157:North American English
148:
1683:Transport occupations
1574:The Railway Conductor
1488:www.berufsberatung.ch
1436:"2014 TTC APTA Audit"
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979:
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889:
754:public address system
605:South Western Railway
574:public address system
142:
76:"Conductor" rail
1654:at Wikimedia Commons
1534:"How to buy tickets"
1444:Toronto City Council
1103:Manchester Metrolink
731:driver-only operated
671:driver-only-operated
422:Making announcements
337:Onboard service crew
239:New York City Subway
201:Completing en-route
165:Commonwealth English
61:improve this article
1678:Railway occupations
1222:Sheffield Supertram
1199:, England - on pre-
1179:West Midlands Metro
1091:West Midlands Metro
1087:Sheffield Supertram
959:Netherlands/Belgium
809:inspection duties.
764:NSW Regional trains
745:Greater Sydney area
613:First Great Western
370:By the late 1990s,
275:assistant conductor
216:Assisting with the
1652:Railway conductors
1375:chicagotribune.com
1346:"Conduct Yourself"
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687:London Underground
497:Traditionally, an
213:or uncoupling cars
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143:A conductor on an
1650:Media related to
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1280:Railroad engineer
1265:Freight conductor
1246:
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1192:Blackpool tramway
1153:Glenelg tram line
844:Western Australia
576:and train doors.
352:Montana Rail Link
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27:Train crew member
16:(Redirected from
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50:This article
48:
44:
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38:
33:
19:
1573:
1569:
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1541:. Retrieved
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1517:. Retrieved
1515:. 2022-01-14
1512:
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1492:. Retrieved
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1419:. Retrieved
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1378:. Retrieved
1374:
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1353:. Retrieved
1349:
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1235:SpÄrvÀg City
1201:World War II
1160:, Australia
1145:
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1128:mass transit
1125:
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1080:fare evasion
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1069:trolley pole
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1490:(in German)
1009:mail guard,
968:Switzerland
855:New Zealand
503:Yellow Line
393:FrontRunner
383:Train hosts
283:engine crew
1662:Categories
1543:2024-04-13
1519:2022-01-16
1494:2023-09-12
1421:2019-04-27
1380:2021-09-16
1355:2019-04-27
1229:, England
1186:, England
1095:light rail
1076:light rail
1065:streetcars
864:Wellington
849:Transperth
781:Queensland
711:train host
691:1959 stock
593:Merseyrail
562:stagecoach
550:See also:
402:Downeaster
117:March 2022
87:newspapers
32:Third rail
1291:Footnotes
1242:, Sweden
1240:Stockholm
1227:Sheffield
1214:Rotterdam
1203:vehicles
1197:Blackpool
1171:Amsterdam
1134:include:
896:ZugfĂŒhrer
725:Australia
715:conductor
659:green one
644:brake van
465:PA system
376:switching
285:members (
229:engineers
203:paperwork
173:conductor
153:conductor
1513:Zee News
1449:Archived
1389:cite web
1249:See also
1158:Adelaide
1146:Location
1058:heritage
871:Auckland
823:The Ghan
793:Victoria
617:ScotRail
440:motorman
325:shunting
263:brakeman
211:Coupling
1126:Modern
1093:modern
1054:antique
946:Ireland
914:Hungary
900:Zugchef
882:Germany
770:Xplorer
758:Waratah
683:Glasgow
655:red one
514:Toronto
493:Chicago
344:caboose
287:fireman
267:flagman
167:) is a
101:scholar
1141:System
806:V/Line
679:London
584:Under
564:days.
528:Line 2
524:Line 1
277:, and
145:Amtrak
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1469:(PDF)
1452:(PDF)
1439:(PDF)
1350:Topic
1132:trams
1061:trams
1052:Many
1027:Japan
990:India
950:Most
719:guard
636:clips
558:guard
480:Each
259:train
169:train
161:guard
159:) or
147:train
108:JSTOR
94:books
1395:link
1105:and
1089:and
834:and
772:and
681:and
653:: a
526:and
518:The
482:PATH
451:The
245:and
80:news
1209:RET
1056:or
898:or
869:In
862:In
774:XPT
713:or
699:c2c
499:'L'
220:of
63:by
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