160:
1613:, are more likely to experience such side effects. Additionally, the prolonged use of tranquilizers increases the risk of obsessive and compulsive disorder, where the person becomes unaware whether he has performed a scheduled activity or not, he may also repetitively perform tasks and still re-performs the same task trying to make-up for continuous doubts. Remembering names that were earlier known becomes an issue such that the memory loss becomes apparent.
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43:
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Some sedatives can cause psychological and physical dependence when taken regularly over a period of time, even at therapeutic doses. Dependent users may get withdrawal symptoms ranging from restlessness and insomnia to convulsions and death. When users become psychologically dependent, they feel as
1656:
Statistical overviews suggest that the use of sedative-spiked drinks for robbing people is actually much more common than their use for rape. Cases of criminals taking rohypnol themselves before they commit crimes have also been reported, as the loss of inhibitions from the drug may increase their
1450:
that may occur in conjunction with the use of sedatives that lead to unexpected results in some individuals. Malcolm Lader at the
Institute of Psychiatry in London estimates the incidence of these adverse reactions at about 5%, even in short-term use of the drugs. The paradoxical reactions may
1370:
if they need the drug to function, although physical dependence does not necessarily occur, particularly with a short course of use. In both types of dependencies, finding and using the sedative becomes the focus in life. Both physical and psychological dependence can be treated with therapy.
1433:
A study from the United States found that in 2011, sedatives and hypnotics were a leading source of adverse drug events (ADEs) seen in the hospital setting: Approximately 2.8% of all ADEs present on admission and 4.4% of ADEs that originated during a hospital stay were caused by a sedative or
1400:
Many sedatives can be misused, but barbiturates and benzodiazepines are responsible for most of the problems with sedative use due to their widespread recreational or non-medical use. People who have difficulty dealing with stress, anxiety or sleeplessness may overuse or become dependent on
1553:, are believed to be responsible for their effects on mood and anxiety. Additionally, benzodiazepines can indirectly cause or worsen other psychiatric symptoms (e.g., mood, anxiety, psychosis, irritability) by worsening sleep (i.e., benzodiazepine-induced sleep disorder).
1442:
and 89 (0.1%) resulted in death. About half of all the people admitted to emergency rooms in the U.S. as a result of nonmedical use of sedatives have a legitimate prescription for the drug, but have taken an excessive dose or combined it with alcohol or other drugs.
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277:
describes drugs whose main purpose is to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep. Because these two functions frequently overlap, and because drugs in this class generally produce dose-dependent effects (ranging from
1545:(including benzodiazepine-induced persisting dementia which persists even after the medications are stopped). As with alcohol, the effects of benzodiazepine on neurochemistry, such as decreased levels of
1417:
and accidental drug poisonings. Benzodiazepines comparatively have a wider margin of safety and rarely result in overdose unless mixed with other CNS depressants. Accidental deaths sometimes occur when a
1327:
often administer sedatives to patients in order to dull the patient's anxiety related to painful or anxiety-provoking procedures. Although sedatives do not relieve pain, they can be a useful adjunct to
1769:
316:
Advances in pharmacology have permitted more specific targeting of receptors, and greater selectivity of agents, which necessitates greater precision when describing these agents and their effects:
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are commonly used to treat insomnia in the short-term (both prescribed and self-medicated), but worsen sleep in the long-term. While benzodiazepines can put people to sleep, they disrupt
1849:
2051:
Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A. Origin of
Adverse Drug Events in U.S. Hospitals, 2011. HCUP Statistical Brief #158. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. July 2013.
1879:
Yi PL, Tsai CH, Chen YC, Chang FC (March 2007). "Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor mediates suanzaorentang, a traditional
Chinese herb remedy, -induced sleep alteration".
1744:
2317:
Morin CM, Bélanger L, Bastien C, Vallières A (January 2005). "Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia: a survival analysis of relapse".
1976:
Proudfoot H, Teesson M (October 2002). "Who seeks treatment for alcohol dependence? Findings from the
Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing".
5158:
3576:
2656:
1585:. The use of these medications can further impede cognitive function for people with dementia, who are also more sensitive to side effects of medications.
1649:) and being administered to unsuspecting patrons in bars or guests at parties to reduce the intended victims' defenses. These drugs are also used for
3682:
1722:
2624:
4492:
2162:
Lydiard RB, Laraia MT, Ballenger JC, Howell EF (May 1987). "Emergence of depressive symptoms in patients receiving alprazolam for panic disorder".
3633:
251:
and interact with brain activity causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but the majority of them affect the
1857:
2448:"Medication appropriateness tool for co-morbid health conditions in dementia: consensus recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel"
4704:
4153:
2646:
4143:
3427:
164:
3387:
159:
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Negrusz A, Gaensslen RE (August 2003). "Analytical developments in toxicological investigation of drug-facilitated sexual assault".
392:
2352:
Poyares D, Guilleminault C, Ohayon MM, Tufik S (1 June 2004). "Chronic benzodiazepine usage and withdrawal in insomnia patients".
1748:
2197:
Nathan RG, Robinson D, Cherek DR, Davison S, Sebastian S, Hack M (January 1985). "Long-term benzodiazepine use and depression".
1409:
users may take sedatives to calm excessive jitteriness. Others take sedatives recreationally to relax and forget their worries.
258:(GABA). In spite of the fact that each sedative acts in its own way, most produce relaxing effects by increasing GABA activity.
3675:
3000:
2616:
2131:
1825:
1914:
Ebert B, Wafford KA, Deacon S (December 2006). "Treating insomnia: Current and investigational pharmacological approaches".
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368:
being a term for a blunt weapon such as a club) is sometimes used colloquially for a strong sedative, particularly for:
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2893:
1680:
107:
4409:
2654:
2619:
1813:
126:
79:
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2232:
Longo LP, Johnson B (April 2000). "Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines--side effects, abuse risk and alternatives".
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64:
31:
17:
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hypnotic drug. A second study noted that a total of 70,982 sedative exposures were reported to U.S.
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75:
60:
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2389:"Use of sedative-hypnotics and the risk of Alzheimer's dementia: A retrospective cohort study"
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produced by the drug makes it difficult for police to interrogate them if they are caught.
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1395:
8:
4601:
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4163:
3720:
3604:
3340:
3126:
2905:
2732:
1646:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1554:
1497:, the two substances compound each other's actions and this combination can prove fatal.
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687:
399:
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100:
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1993:
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901:
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453:
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2005:
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medication appropriateness tool for co‐morbid health conditions in dementia criteria
1581:
Sedatives and hypnotics should be avoided in people with dementia, according to the
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4176:
3609:
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3357:
3345:
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3136:
3015:
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1985:
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is a factor in nearly one-third of all reported drug-related deaths. These include
1295:
1225:
1101:
909:
639:
476:
297:
or if combined with another sedative, many of these drugs can cause sleep and even
252:
3076:
2274:
Ashton H (May 2005). "The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence".
2087:"benzo.org.uk - Benzodiazepines: Paradoxical Reactions and Long-Term Side-Effects"
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sedative in pills. Significantly cheaper analogue of Novo-Passit® (Novo-Passit®)
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2020:
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The long-term use of benzodiazepines may have a similar effect on the brain as
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1123:
762:
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650:
644:
465:
290:
2609:
The Age of
Anxiety: A History of America's Turbulent Affair with Tranquilizers
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1989:
1892:
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Page AT, Potter K, Clifford R, McLachlan AJ, Etherton-Beer C (October 2016).
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users may take them either to supplement their drug or to substitute for it.
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2122:
Collier, Judith; Longmore, Murray (2003). "4". In Scally, Peter (ed.).
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Sedatives can sometimes leave the patient with long-term or short-term
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4019:
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3468:
3442:
3417:
3352:
3330:
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1642:
1638:
1634:
1609:
patients who receive higher doses over longer periods, typically via
1598:
1566:
1546:
1526:
1468:
1423:
1406:
1345:
1340:, or before other highly uncomfortable and invasive procedures like
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808:
750:
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to loss of consciousness) they are often referred to collectively as
178:
2109:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition
42:
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5231:
5125:
4877:
4606:
4576:
4502:
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4264:
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4014:
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2794:
2713:
1812:
Brunton, Laurence L.; Lazo, John S.; Lazo Parker, Keith L. (2006).
1670:
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1214:
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914:
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3483:
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2737:
2687:
2263:. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2603–2615.
2019:
Kang, Michael; Galuska, Michael A.; Ghassemzadeh, Sassan (2024),
1658:
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1460:
1414:
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1004:
989:
522:
324:
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control centers in 1998, of which 2310 (3.2%) resulted in major
5236:
4388:
4284:
3247:
2910:
2351:
1573:(the most restorative part of sleep for both energy and mood).
1489:
or carelessly. Since alcohol is a strong depressant that slows
1435:
1402:
834:
829:
395:, though paradoxically these drugs are known to be stimulants.
5261:
4581:
3547:
3257:
2752:
2316:
1948:
1522:
1490:
1474:
1050:
792:
298:
2161:
3728:
3251:
2445:
2196:
818:
289:
Sedatives can be used to produce an overly-calming effect (
2062:
1353:
331:
can be all three: sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics).
293:
being the most common sedating drug). In the event of an
2146:
1949:
Sarrecchia C, Sordillo P, Conte G, Rocchi G (1998). "".
309:
There is some overlap between the terms "sedative" and "
2018:
1811:
5101:
2657:
1426:
user repeats doses, or when sedatives are taken with
1336:, and are commonly given to patients before they are
355:
2149:"Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How to Withdraw"
2126:(6 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 366.
1850:"'Chemical cosh' will be cut for dementia sufferers"
1500:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
30:"Tranquilizer" redirects here. For other uses, see
27:
Drug that reduces excitement without inducing sleep
2258:
2111:. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
1913:
1820:(11th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1601:is one such pharmacological agent that can cause
5279:
2535:
1975:
1745:"Johns Hopkins Colon Cancer Center - Glossary S"
1467:behavior and symptoms sometimes misdiagnosed as
2121:
2063:Professor Jeffrey S Cooper (10 December 2007).
2027:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1878:
1641:(Versed) — have been reported for their use as
3690:
1978:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
4705:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors
3676:
2640:
1485:Sedatives and alcohol are sometimes combined
2655:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
2231:
2205:(1). American Journal of Psychiatry: 144–5.
5094:
3683:
3669:
2647:
2633:
1657:confidence to commit the offense, and the
1616:
1565:: decreasing sleep time, delaying time to
1475:Dangers of combining sedatives and alcohol
158:
2512:
2471:
2422:
2412:
2107:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2578:
393:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
376:in residential care to make people with
347:and sleeping pill are near-synonyms for
2124:Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties
323:refers specifically to the effect upon
14:
5280:
3634:Pharmacological classification systems
3001:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
2538:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
2273:
2259:Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA (2008).
2140:
1364:
269:describes drugs that serve to calm or
3664:
3281:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2628:
1847:
835:Passiflora spp.(passiflora incarnata)
407:
183:
2494:
1633:(Rohypnol), and to a lesser extent,
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
2894:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
2581:"'Rape drug' used to rob thousands"
2579:Thompson, Tony (19 December 2004).
2386:
2100:
1951:Annali Italiani di Medicina Interna
24:
2601:
2288:10.1097/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84
2199:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2164:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1848:Smith, Rebecca (25 October 2010).
1681:Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
1315:
25:
5299:
4410:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
2147:Professor Heather Ashton (2002).
1501:Worsening of psychiatric symptoms
3643:
3623:
3622:
2366:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.10.003
1928:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.014
41:
3031:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
2572:
2529:
2488:
2439:
2380:
2354:Journal of Psychiatric Research
2345:
2310:
2267:
2252:
2225:
2190:
2155:
2115:
2079:
2056:
2045:
2012:
1969:
1916:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
624:First generation Antihistamines
52:needs additional citations for
2319:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1942:
1907:
1872:
1841:
1788:"Sedatives | Psychology Today"
1780:
1763:
1703:
304:
13:
1:
2783:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
2611:(Basic Books, 2009) 288 pp.;
2276:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
1881:Journal of Biomedical Science
1814:"17: Hypnotics and Sedatives"
1731:
1519:posttraumatic stress disorder
1509:, and are also implicated in
32:Tranquilizer (disambiguation)
3494:Wakefulness-promoting agents
2497:"Drug-facilitated date rape"
2414:10.1371/journal.pone.0204413
1775:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
337:can refer to anxiolytics or
232:is a substance that induces
7:
4936:Tetracyclic antidepressants
4750:Tetracyclic antidepressants
1664:
1576:
857:Methaqualone and analogues
842:- notably P. infundibularis
372:Widespread dispensation of
10:
5304:
3144:Intravenous immunoglobulin
2331:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.002
1621:Sedatives — most commonly
1588:
1481:Combined Drug Intoxication
1478:
1389:
1386:Combined drug intoxication
1383:
1377:
1332:in preparing patients for
29:
5139:
5092:
5064:
5031:
5011:
4957:
4913:Tricyclic antidepressants
4898:
4886:
4829:
4771:
4727:Tricyclic antidepressants
4695:
4632:
4620:
4549:
4397:
4334:
4301:
4283:
4215:
4162:
4119:
4091:
4033:
3910:
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3719:
3707:
3618:
3574:
3546:
3502:
3311:
3246:
3209:
3157:
3070:
3014:
2974:
2931:
2815:
2751:
2663:
2550:10.1007/s00216-003-1896-z
2452:Internal Medicine Journal
2261:Psychiatry, third edition
2234:American Family Physician
2021:"Benzodiazepine Toxicity"
1990:10.1007/s00127-002-0576-1
1893:10.1007/s11373-006-9137-z
1373:
1270:Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid
846:Prostanthera striatiflora
805:("Marijuana", and others)
400:Antipsychotic controversy
261:This group is related to
215:
210:
196:
191:
177:
172:
157:
148:
143:
4498:Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
3199:Topoisomerase inhibitors
2883:renin–angiotensin system
2877:Calcium channel blockers
2620:excerpty and text search
2387:Lee J (September 2018).
1696:
1543:neurocognitive disorders
1359:
356:The term "chemical cosh"
4985:Atypical antipsychotics
4799:Atypical antipsychotics
2211:10.1176/ajp.142.1.144-b
1617:Disinhibition and crime
1446:There are also serious
1392:Benzodiazepine overdose
1342:cardiac catheterization
1254:Orally active alcohols
256:gamma-aminobutyric acid
5159:Chlorophenylalkyldiols
4967:Typical antipsychotics
4781:Typical antipsychotics
2991:Hormonal contraception
2921:Bile acid sequestrants
2702:Proton-pump inhibitors
2665:gastrointestinal tract
1569:, and decreasing deep
1042:(Dolophine, Methadose)
425:Benzylbutylbarbiturate
391:to calm children with
2176:10.1176/ajp.144.5.664
2065:"Toxicity, Sedatives"
1645:drugs (also called a
1495:depresses respiration
1479:Further information:
1448:paradoxical reactions
1384:Further information:
1058:(OxyContin, Percocet)
5116:Gabapentin enacarbil
4164:Neuroactive steroids
4134:Apronal (apronalide)
3600:Radiopharmaceuticals
3388:Antiparkinson agents
2495:Weir E (July 2001).
1723:spelling differences
1411:Barbiturate overdose
1396:Barbiturate overdose
730:(Spravato, Ketanest)
688:General anaesthetics
491:(Klonopin, Rivotril)
61:improve this article
3383:Antimigraine agents
3373:Antidementia agents
3276:Anti-inflammatories
2966:Medicated dressings
2906:Antihyperlipidemics
2733:Diabetes medication
2405:2018PLoSO..1304413L
1721:(US spelling); see
1607:Intensive care unit
1603:anterograde amnesia
1457:suicidal tendencies
1365:Sedative dependence
893:(Quaalude, "ludes")
821:(Piper methysticum)
631:(Dimetapp, Bromfed)
600:Orexin antagonists
374:antipsychotic drugs
360:The term "chemical
273:, whereas the term
5181:Diethylpropanediol
4463:Dichloralphenazone
4379:Methylmethaqualone
4217:Nonbenzodiazepines
3744:Diethylpropanediol
3236:Immunosuppressants
3106:Antimycobacterials
3062:Antithyroid agents
3046:Mineralocorticoids
2850:Cardiac stimulants
2840:Cardiac glycosides
2832:cardiac therapy /
2728:Anti-obesity drugs
1860:on 28 October 2010
1751:on 1 December 2017
1563:sleep architecture
1535:sexual dysfunction
1463:, aggressiveness,
1455:, with or without
1258:2-methyl-2-butanol
1064:(Numorphan, Opana)
934:(Catapres, Kapvay)
897:Methylmethaqualone
814:Duboisia hopwoodii
671:(Atarax, Vistaril)
408:Types of sedatives
383:Use of drugs like
5275:
5274:
5027:
5026:
4825:
4824:
4545:
4544:
4426:Potassium bromide
4384:Nitromethaqualone
3892:Thiotetrabarbital
3739:Ethanol (alcohol)
3658:
3657:
3561:Ophthalmologicals
3271:Anabolic steroids
3174:Anticancer agents
3137:Ectoparasiticides
2857:Antihypertensives
2805:Antifibrinolytics
2617:978-0-465-08658-0
2464:10.1111/imj.13215
2458:(10): 1189–1197.
2133:978-0-19-852518-9
2067:. USA: eemedicine
1827:978-0-07-146804-6
1298:(Robitussin, DXM)
1285:potassium bromide
902:Nitromethaqualone
799:Herbal sedatives
567:Nonbenzodiazepine
515:(Etizex, Etizest)
454:Sodium thiopental
380:easier to manage.
327:. (However, some
284:sedative-hypnotic
222:
221:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
5295:
5200:muscle relaxants
5103:
5100:
4896:
4895:
4630:
4629:
4567:4-Fluorophenibut
4303:Piperidinediones
4177:Allopregnanolone
3759:Trichloroethanol
3717:
3716:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3647:
3626:
3625:
3610:Senotherapeutics
3464:Neuroprotectives
3459:Mood stabilizers
3358:Anti-ADHD agents
3298:Muscle relaxants
3231:Immunostimulants
3226:Immunomodulators
3058:Thyroid hormones
2996:Fertility agents
2899:Renin inhibitors
2790:Antihemorrhagics
2757:forming organs (
2743:Dietary minerals
2649:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1856:. Archived from
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1792:Psychology Today
1784:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1747:. Archived from
1741:
1725:
1707:
1686:Tranquilizer gun
1637:(Restoril), and
1401:sedatives. Some
1296:Dextromethorphan
1226:Prochlorperazine
1102:Allopregnanolone
910:Muscle Relaxants
771:("Laughing gas")
640:Chlorpheniramine
477:Chlordiazepoxide
253:neurotransmitter
206:
187:
162:
141:
140:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5135:
5098:
5088:
5060:
5023:
5007:
4953:
4900:Antidepressants
4891:
4882:
4853:Dexmedetomidine
4834:
4821:
4767:
4697:Antidepressants
4691:
4652:Diphenhydramine
4625:
4616:
4554:
4541:
4530:Isovaleric acid
4493:Sulfonylalkanes
4448:Chloral hydrate
4443:Chloral betaine
4421:Lithium bromide
4393:
4330:
4297:
4279:
4211:
4158:
4115:
4087:
4029:
3912:Benzodiazepines
3906:
3812:Ethallobarbital
3763:
3712:
3703:
3689:
3659:
3654:
3650:Medicine portal
3614:
3570:
3542:
3537:
3529:Cough medicines
3524:Bronchodilators
3505:
3498:
3378:Antidepressants
3368:Anticonvulsants
3316:
3307:
3303:Bisphosphonates
3293:Corticosteroids
3255:
3242:
3214:
3205:
3189:Spindle poisons
3179:Antimetabolites
3162:
3153:
3075:
3066:
3041:Glucocorticoids
3036:Corticosteroids
3017:
3010:
2977:
2970:
2927:
2845:Antiarrhythmics
2818:
2811:
2768:Antithrombotics
2756:
2747:
2723:Antipropulsives
2719:Antidiarrhoeals
2696:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2604:
2602:Further reading
2599:
2589:
2587:
2577:
2573:
2534:
2530:
2493:
2489:
2444:
2440:
2399:(9): e0204413.
2385:
2381:
2350:
2346:
2315:
2311:
2272:
2268:
2257:
2253:
2230:
2226:
2195:
2191:
2160:
2156:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2120:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2017:
2013:
1974:
1970:
1947:
1943:
1912:
1908:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1854:Telegraph.co.uk
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1715:Oxford spelling
1708:
1704:
1699:
1676:Antidepressants
1667:
1619:
1591:
1579:
1571:slow-wave sleep
1559:benzodiazepines
1531:sleep disorders
1503:
1483:
1477:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1362:
1318:
1316:Therapeutic use
1313:
1291:Dexmedetomidine
1242:Trifluoperazine
1124:Antidepressants
938:Cyclobenzaprine
693:Chloral hydrate
659:(Benadryl, DPH)
657:Diphenhydramine
629:Brompheniramine
485:(Frisium, Onfi)
466:Benzodiazepines
410:
385:Methylphenidate
358:
329:benzodiazepines
307:
271:relieve anxiety
202:
168:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5301:
5291:
5290:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5247:Passion flower
5244:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4992:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4974:
4972:Chlorpromazine
4963:
4961:
4959:Antipsychotics
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4943:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4925:
4920:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4811:
4806:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4786:Chlorpromazine
4777:
4775:
4773:Antipsychotics
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4757:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4701:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4647:Cyproheptadine
4644:
4638:
4636:
4634:Antihistamines
4627:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4591:sodium oxybate
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4562:1,4-Butanediol
4558:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4535:Valerenic acid
4532:
4527:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4431:Sodium bromide
4428:
4423:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4336:Quinazolinones
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3857:Propylbarbital
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3754:Methylpentynol
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:Contrast media
3592:
3586:
3584:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3548:sensory organs
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3393:Antipsychotics
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:Antiaddictives
3360:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3318:nervous system
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:Antirheumatics
3285:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3222:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3194:Antineoplastic
3191:
3186:
3181:
3170:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:Antiprotozoals
3122:Antiparasitics
3119:
3114:
3109:
3102:Antibacterials
3098:Antimicrobials
3094:
3092:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2961:Antipsoriatics
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:ACE inhibitors
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2828:
2826:
2817:cardiovascular
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2778:Anticoagulants
2775:
2764:
2762:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2679:
2677:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2607:Tone, Andrea.
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2571:
2528:
2487:
2438:
2379:
2344:
2309:
2266:
2251:
2224:
2189:
2154:
2139:
2132:
2114:
2099:
2078:
2055:
2044:
2011:
1968:
1953:(in Italian).
1941:
1906:
1871:
1840:
1826:
1804:
1779:
1762:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1618:
1615:
1590:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1551:norepinephrine
1502:
1499:
1487:recreationally
1476:
1473:
1378:Main article:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1188:Antipsychotics
1185:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1002:
997:
987:
986:
985:
979:
973:
968:
963:
957:
951:
946:
940:
935:
929:
924:
918:
906:
905:
904:
899:
894:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
855:
854:
853:
848:
843:
837:
832:
827:
822:
816:
811:
806:
797:
796:
795:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
763:Methoxyflurane
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
734:Ethyl chloride
731:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
685:
684:
683:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
651:Dimenhydrinate
648:
645:Cyproheptadine
642:
637:
632:
621:
620:
619:
613:
607:
598:
597:
596:
590:
584:
578:
564:
563:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
463:
462:
461:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
422:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
403:
402:
381:
357:
354:
353:
352:
342:
339:antipsychotics
332:
306:
303:
220:
219:
213:
212:
208:
207:
200:
194:
193:
192:External links
189:
188:
181:
175:
174:
170:
169:
163:
155:
154:
146:
145:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5300:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5225:Methocarbamol
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:Mephenoxalone
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Chlorphenesin
5203:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5174:Phenaglycodol
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:Amitriptyline
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4828:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:Amitriptyline
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Methapyrilene
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:Aceburic acid
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4548:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:Isovaleramide
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:Sesquiterpene
4518:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:Clomethiazole
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:Pyrithyldione
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Phenprobamate
4071:
4069:
4068:Methocarbamol
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4058:Hexapropymate
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:Flutoprazepam
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Flunitrazepam
3958:
3956:
3955:Flunitrazolam
3953:
3951:
3950:Flubromazolam
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:Phenobarbital
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:Pentobarbital
3840:
3838:
3837:Narcobarbital
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Mephobarbital
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Cyclobarbital
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Ethchlorvynol
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:Decongestants
3517:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Dissociatives
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:Hallucinogens
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Anthelmintics
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:genitourinary
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Antipruritics
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Beta blockers
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Antiplatelets
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:(8): 1192–7.
2543:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:(3): 327–34.
2359:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:(3): 249–55.
2281:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2240:(7): 2121–8.
2239:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:(10): 451–6.
1983:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:(3): 612–29.
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:(2): 285–97.
1886:
1882:
1875:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:tranquillizer
1709:Also spelled
1706:
1702:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:Flunitrazepam
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1493:function and
1492:
1488:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1380:Drug overdose
1371:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:anaesthetized
1335:
1331:
1326:
1325:veterinarians
1322:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:Nortriptyline
1166:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:Neurosteroids
1094:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:Hydromorphone
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
988:
983:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
961:
960:Methocarbamol
958:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
941:
939:
936:
933:
930:
928:
927:Chlorzoxazone
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
912:
911:
907:
903:
900:
898:
895:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
852:
849:
847:
844:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
798:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:Phencyclidine
773:
770:
769:Nitrous oxide
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
735:
732:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:Diethyl ether
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
698:Chlorobutanol
696:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
601:
599:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
565:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
520:
519:Flunitrazepam
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
459:
456:(Pentothal, "
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
442:Phenobarbital
440:
437:
436:Pentobarbital
434:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
413:
412:
401:
397:
396:
394:
390:
386:
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350:
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296:
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285:
281:
276:
272:
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264:
259:
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250:
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243:
239:
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231:
230:tranquilliser
227:
218:
214:
209:
205:
201:
199:
195:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
173:Clinical data
171:
166:
161:
156:
153:
152:
147:
142:
139:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Tranquilizers
5267:Valnoctamide
5169:Metaglycodol
5164:Fenpentadiol
5074:Daridorexant
4977:Thioridazine
4928:Trimipramine
4863:Medetomidine
4791:Thioridazine
4742:Trimipramine
4687:Propiomazine
4682:Promethazine
4488:Petrichloral
4473:Kavalactones
4405:Acetophenone
4374:Methaqualone
4369:Mecloqualone
4364:Mebroqualone
4354:Diproqualone
4349:Cloroqualone
4311:Glutethimide
4207:Progesterone
4197:Hydroxydione
4129:Acecarbromal
4043:Carisoprodol
3985:Lormetazepam
3970:Flutemazepam
3872:Secobarbital
3832:Methohexital
3822:Hexobarbital
3802:Butobarbital
3797:Butabarbital
3787:Aprobarbital
3777:Allobarbital
3769:Barbiturates
3695:
3453:
3433:Psychedelics
3403:Aphrodisiacs
3077:infestations
3053:Sex hormones
3006:Sex hormones
2951:Cicatrizants
2881:
2867:Vasodilators
2834:antianginals
2831:
2683:stomach acid
2682:
2608:
2588:. Retrieved
2585:The Observer
2574:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2170:(5): 664–5.
2167:
2163:
2157:
2142:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2092:12 September
2090:. Retrieved
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2058:
2047:
2036:, retrieved
2024:
2014:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1957:(4): 237–9.
1954:
1950:
1944:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1864:12 September
1862:. Retrieved
1858:the original
1853:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1817:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1773:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:the original
1739:
1719:tranquilizer
1718:
1710:
1705:
1691:Somnifacient
1655:
1620:
1592:
1580:
1555:Like alcohol
1504:
1484:
1445:
1432:
1399:
1368:
1319:
1302:Glutethimide
1283:salts (like
1204:Fluphenazine
1180:Trimipramine
1134:Clomipramine
1112:Hydroxydione
1073:Remifentanil
1068:Propoxyphene
966:Orphenadrine
921:Carisoprodol
891:Methaqualone
886:Mecloqualone
881:Mebroqualone
871:Diproqualone
866:Cloroqualone
840:Physochlaina
708:Cyclopropane
675:Promethazine
604:Daridorexant
521:(Rohypnol, "
448:Secobarbital
415:Barbiturates
365:
359:
335:Tranquilizer
315:
308:
288:
283:
274:
266:
260:
238:irritability
236:by reducing
229:
225:
223:
211:Legal status
185:Drug Classes
149:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5252:Scopolamine
5196:Guaifenesin
5191:Fenadiazole
5147:Cannabidiol
5121:Mirogabalin
5079:Lemborexant
5056:Tasimelteon
5041:Agomelatine
5000:Risperidone
4946:Mirtazapine
4835:-Adrenergic
4814:Risperidone
4760:Mirtazapine
4710:Etoperidone
4677:Pheniramine
4662:Hydroxyzine
4483:Paraldehyde
4478:Loreclezole
4344:Afloqualone
4326:Piperidione
4316:Methyprylon
4245:Pazinaclone
4225:Eszopiclone
4187:Alphaxolone
4182:Alphadolone
4121:Monoureides
4063:Meprobamate
4000:Nitemazepam
3995:Nimetazepam
3940:Doxefazepam
3925:Cinolazepam
3897:Vinbarbital
3862:Proxibarbal
3847:Phenallymal
3782:Amobarbital
3734:Chloralodol
3566:Otologicals
3538:antagonists
3504:respiratory
3479:Orexigenics
3474:Neurotoxins
3423:Euphoriants
3413:Entactogens
3408:Depressants
3398:Anxiolytics
3336:Anesthetics
3112:Antifungals
2709:Antiemetics
2697:antagonists
2325:(1): 1–14.
2071:18 December
1797:20 November
1451:consist of
1350:colonoscopy
1307:Thalidomide
1266:("Alcohol")
1247:Ziprasidone
1237:Thiothixene
1209:Haloperidol
1182:(Surmontil)
1157:Mirtazapine
1142:(Norpramin)
1140:Desipramine
1136:(Anafranil)
1062:Oxymorphone
1022:Hydrocodone
1018:(Duragesic)
1010:Diamorphine
1000:Carfentanil
949:Meprobamate
945:(Neurontin)
861:Afloqualone
787:Sevoflurane
753:(Fluothane)
677:(Phenergan)
669:Hydroxyzine
653:(Dramamine)
647:(Periactin)
610:Lemborexant
575:Eszopiclone
495:Clorazepate
458:truth serum
420:Amobarbital
389:Amphetamine
305:Terminology
265:. The term
249:depressants
244:. They are
217:In Wikidata
5220:Metaxalone
5210:Mephenesin
5131:Pregabalin
5111:Gabapentin
5084:Suvorexant
5019:Niaprazine
4995:Quetiapine
4990:Olanzapine
4873:Tizanidine
4868:Romifidine
4858:Lofexidine
4848:Detomidine
4809:Quetiapine
4804:Olanzapine
4715:Nefazodone
4657:Doxylamine
4642:Captodiame
4453:Chloralose
4417:compounds
4359:Etaqualone
4255:Suproclone
4235:Lirequinil
4202:Minaxolone
4192:Eltanolone
4172:Acebrochol
4139:Bromisoval
4106:Metomidate
4093:Imidazoles
4053:Ethinamate
4048:Emylcamate
4035:Carbamates
4010:Nitrazolam
4005:Nitrazepam
3980:Loprazolam
3965:Flurazepam
3935:Clonazolam
3930:Climazolam
3920:Brotizolam
3902:Vinylbital
3887:Thiopental
3489:Stimulants
3469:Nootropics
3443:Deliriants
3418:Entheogens
3353:Anorectics
3331:Analgesics
3184:Alkylating
3117:Antivirals
3072:infections
2946:Emollients
2800:Coagulants
2670:metabolism
2025:StatPearls
1833:6 February
1770:"sedative"
1732:References
1511:depression
1453:depression
1390:See also:
1330:analgesics
1233:(Seroquel)
1231:Quetiapine
1220:Olanzapine
1163:Nefazodone
1153:(Tofranil)
1151:Imipramine
1117:Zuranolone
1107:Ganaxolone
1083:Tapentadol
1078:Sufentanil
1034:Meperidine
1030:(Dilaudid)
1012:("Heroin")
995:Alfentanil
984:(Zanaflex)
982:Tizanidine
976:Pregabalin
956:(Skelaxin)
954:Metaxalone
943:Gabapentin
917:(Lioresal)
876:Etaqualone
825:Lemon balm
789:(Sevorane)
783:(Diprivan)
765:(Penthrox)
745:Isoflurane
728:Esketamine
713:Desflurane
703:Chloroform
681:Pyrilamine
663:Doxylamine
635:Captodiame
618:(Belsomra)
616:Suvorexant
555:(Restoril)
541:Nitrazepam
497:(Tranxene)
489:Clonazepam
471:Alprazolam
438:(Nembutal)
432:(Fioricet)
430:Butalbital
321:Anxiolytic
280:anxiolysis
242:excitement
151:Drug class
87:newspapers
76:"Sedative"
5288:Sedatives
5257:Trazodone
5198:-related
5051:Ramelteon
5046:Melatonin
5033:Melatonin
4941:Mianserin
4908:Trazodone
4843:Clonidine
4755:Mianserin
4720:Trazodone
4672:Perlapine
4515:Triclofos
4468:Gaboxadol
4275:Zopiclone
4260:Suriclone
4250:Saripidem
4240:Necopidem
4154:Ectylurea
4149:Carbromal
4111:Propoxate
4101:Etomidate
4078:Procymate
4025:Triazolam
4020:Temazepam
3990:Midazolam
3945:Estazolam
3882:Thiamylal
3817:Heptabarb
3696:sedatives
3692:Hypnotics
3639:ATC codes
3605:Dressings
3590:Antidotes
3454:Sedatives
3450:Hypnotics
3159:malignant
3016:endocrine
2862:Diuretics
2795:Platelets
2755:and blood
2714:Laxatives
2507:(1): 80.
1755:1 January
1643:date rape
1639:midazolam
1635:temazepam
1625:but also
1599:Lorazepam
1567:REM sleep
1547:serotonin
1527:psychosis
1469:psychosis
1407:Stimulant
1346:endoscopy
1222:(Zyprexa)
1199:Clozapine
1195:(Saphris)
1193:Asenapine
1176:(Desyrel)
1174:Trazodone
1170:(Pamelor)
1159:(Remeron)
1129:Amoxapine
1056:Oxycodone
1040:Methadone
1036:(Demerol)
1024:(Vicodin)
962:(Robaxin)
932:Clonidine
908:Skeletal
809:Chamomile
759:(Ketalar)
751:Halothane
741:(Amidate)
739:Etomidate
723:Enflurane
612:(Dayvigo)
606:(Quviviq)
595:(Imovane)
593:Zopiclone
577:(Lunesta)
570:hypnotics
561:(Halcion)
559:Triazolam
553:Temazepam
543:(Mogadon)
535:Midazolam
529:Lorazepam
507:Estazolam
479:(Librium)
450:(Seconal)
444:(Luminal)
398:See also
349:hypnotics
345:Soporific
263:hypnotics
179:Drugs.com
117:July 2021
5282:Category
5241:morphine
5232:Midaflur
5152:Cannabis
5126:Phenibut
4878:Xylazine
4607:Phenibut
4577:Baclofen
4503:Tetronal
4438:Centalun
4293:Propofol
4270:Zolpidem
4265:Zaleplon
4230:Indiplon
4144:Capuride
4083:Tybamate
4015:Quazepam
3877:Talbutal
3792:Barbital
3721:Alcohols
3484:Serenics
3149:Vaccines
2916:Fibrates
2738:Vitamins
2688:Antacids
2566:34401047
2558:12682705
2523:11468961
2482:27527376
2433:30248129
2393:PLOS ONE
2374:15003439
2339:15531349
2296:16639148
2246:10779253
2033:29489152
2006:33089344
1998:12242622
1963:10349206
1936:16876255
1901:17151826
1671:Hypnotic
1665:See also
1653:people.
1577:Dementia
1539:delirium
1521:(PTSD),
1440:toxicity
1424:confused
1415:suicides
1249:(Geodon)
1215:Loxapine
1211:(Haldol)
1095:Certain
1090:(Ultram)
1088:Tramadol
1046:Morphine
1016:Fentanyl
978:(Lyrica)
971:Phenibut
915:Baclofen
851:Valerian
803:Cannabis
781:Propofol
757:Ketamine
747:(Forane)
665:(Unisom)
589:(Ambien)
587:Zolpidem
583:(Sonata)
581:Zaleplon
547:Oxazepam
537:(Versed)
531:(Ativan)
513:Etizolam
509:(Prosom)
503:(Valium)
501:Diazepam
483:Clobazam
378:dementia
311:hypnotic
295:overdose
275:hypnotic
267:sedative
234:sedation
226:sedative
165:NOVO-SED
144:Sedative
5239:(e.g.,
5237:Opioids
5186:Evoxine
4923:Doxepin
4737:Doxepin
4612:Tolibut
4508:Trional
4415:Bromide
4285:Phenols
3867:Reposal
3341:General
3248:muscles
3217:L03–L04
3213:disease
3165:L01–L02
3161:disease
2911:Statins
2473:5129475
2424:6152975
2401:Bibcode
2304:1709063
2219:2857068
2184:3578580
1659:amnesia
1651:robbing
1623:alcohol
1611:IV drip
1595:amnesia
1589:Amnesia
1515:anxiety
1507:alcohol
1465:violent
1461:phobias
1428:alcohol
1334:surgery
1321:Doctors
1281:Bromide
1277:Others
1264:Ethanol
1146:Doxepin
1005:Codeine
990:Opioids
549:(Serax)
523:roofies
473:(Xanax)
325:anxiety
291:alcohol
286:drugs.
204:D006993
101:scholar
5140:Others
5066:Orexin
5012:Others
5002:, etc.
4979:, etc.
4948:, etc.
4930:, etc.
4816:, etc.
4793:, etc.
4762:, etc.
4744:, etc.
4398:Others
4389:SL-164
3648:
3627:
3575:other
3506:system
3258:joints
3211:immune
3018:system
2978:system
2819:system
2615:
2564:
2556:
2521:
2511:
2480:
2470:
2431:
2421:
2372:
2337:
2302:
2294:
2244:
2217:
2182:
2130:
2031:
2004:
1996:
1961:
1934:
1899:
1824:
1717:) and
1647:Mickey
1541:, and
1436:poison
1420:drowsy
1403:heroin
1374:Misuse
1260:(2M2B)
923:(Soma)
830:Nepeta
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
5262:UMB68
4582:GABOB
3629:Drugs
3346:Local
3313:brain
3252:bones
2753:blood
2590:8 May
2562:S2CID
2514:81265
2300:S2CID
2038:8 May
2002:S2CID
1697:Notes
1523:mania
1491:brain
1360:Risks
1272:(GHB)
1051:Opium
793:Xenon
777:(PCP)
299:death
108:JSTOR
94:books
5102:VDCC
4888:5-HT
4551:GABA
3729:2M2B
3709:GABA
3700:N05C
3256:and
2933:skin
2613:ISBN
2592:2008
2554:PMID
2519:PMID
2501:CMAJ
2478:PMID
2429:PMID
2370:PMID
2335:PMID
2292:PMID
2242:PMID
2215:PMID
2180:PMID
2128:ISBN
2094:2015
2073:2008
2040:2024
2029:PMID
1994:PMID
1959:PMID
1932:PMID
1897:PMID
1866:2015
1835:2014
1822:ISBN
1799:2017
1757:2009
1549:and
1394:and
1323:and
819:Kava
387:and
366:cosh
362:cosh
198:MeSH
80:news
4602:GVL
4597:GBL
4587:GHB
3577:ATC
3315:and
3074:and
2546:doi
2542:376
2509:PMC
2505:165
2468:PMC
2460:doi
2419:PMC
2409:doi
2362:doi
2327:doi
2284:doi
2207:doi
2203:142
2172:doi
2168:144
1986:doi
1924:doi
1920:112
1889:doi
1772:at
1627:GHB
1605:.
1354:MRI
1352:or
364:" (
313:".
246:CNS
240:or
228:or
63:by
5284::
4890:2A
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3089:QI
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