138:, the splicing of the sequence leader occurs close to the initiation codon. Some scientists also suggest the sequence is required for cell viability. In Ascaris, the spliced leader sequence is needed to the RNA gene can be transcribed. The Spliced leader sequence may be responsible for initiation, mRNA localization, and translation initiation or inhibition.
243:
to the outron and forms an intermediate. This step results in a free spliced leader exon. The exon is then spliced to the first exon on the pre-mRNA and the intermediate is released. Trans-splicing differs from cis-splicing in that there is no 5' splice site on the pre-mRNA. Instead the 5' splice site is provided by the SL sequence.
242:
Trans-splicing is characterized by the joining of two separate exons transcribed RNAs. The signal for this splicing is the outron at the 5’ end of the mRNA, in the absence of a functional 5’ splice site upstream. When the 5’ outron in spliced, the 5’ splice site of the spliced leader RNA is branched
260:
Alternative trans-splicing includes intragenic trans-splicing and intergenic trans-splicing. Intragenic trans-splicing involves duplication of exons in the pre-mRNA. Intergenic trans-splicing is characterized by the splicing together of exons formed form the pre-mRNA of two different genes,
251:
As a result of the sense strand undergoing transcription, a pre-mRNA is formed that complements the sense strand. The anti-sense strand is also transcribed resulting in a complementary pre-mRNA strand. The exons from the two transcripts are spliced together to form a chimeric mRNA.
133:
isoforms with specialized roles in capping. The spliced leader sequence is highly conserved in lower species that undergo trans-splicing. Such as trypanosomes. While the spliced leader's role is not known in the cell, it's thought to be involved in translation initiation. In
1111:
Dixon RJ, Eperon IC, Samani NJ (January 2007). "Complementary intron sequence motifs associated with human exon repetition: a role for intragenic, inter-transcript interactions in gene expression".
81:. This phenomenon can be exploited for molecular therapy to address mutated gene products. Genic trans-splicing allows variability in RNA diversity and increases proteome complexity.
728:
Girard, Lisa R.; Fiedler, Tristan J.; Harris, Todd W.; Carvalho, Felicia; Antoshechkin, Igor; Han, Michael; Sternberg, Paul W.; Stein, Lincoln D.; Chalfie, Martin (January 2007).
121:
class to express genes. In these organisms, a capped splice leader RNA is transcribed, and simultaneously, genes are transcribed in long polycistrons. The capped splice leader is
830:"High-throughput sequence analysis of Ciona intestinalis SL trans-spliced mRNAs: alternative expression modes and gene function correlates"
125:-spliced onto each gene to generate monocistronic capped and polyadenylated transcripts. These early-diverging eukaryotes use few
438:
Li H, Wang J, Mor G, Sklar J (September 2008). "A neoplastic gene fusion mimics trans-splicing of RNAs in normal human cells".
129:, and the spliceosome they possess show some unusual variations in their structure assembly. They also possess multiple
491:"SLC45A3-ELK4 is a novel and frequent erythroblast transformation-specific fusion transcript in prostate cancer"
676:"The Role of Cytoplasmic mRNA Cap-Binding Protein Complexes in Trypanosoma brucei and Other Trypanosomatids"
538:
Campbell DA, Sturm NR, Yu MC (February 2000). "Transcription of the kinetoplastid spliced leader RNA gene".
1177:"Restoration of SMN function: delivery of a trans-splicing RNA re-directs SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing"
489:
Rickman DS, Pflueger D, Moss B, VanDoren VE, Chen CX, de la Taille A, et al. (April 2009).
992:
Lei, Quan; Li, Cong; Zuo, Zhixiang; Huang, Chunhua; Cheng, Hanhua; Zhou, Rongjia (March 2016).
1265:
195:-splicing is better described by a quantitative view recognising frequently and infrequently
1260:
828:
Matsumoto J, Dewar K, Wasserscheid J, Wiley GB, Macmil SL, Roe BA, et al. (May 2010).
447:
384:
8:
231:
66:
451:
1088:
1026:
993:
974:
854:
829:
810:
762:
729:
702:
675:
651:
626:
515:
490:
471:
420:
321:
296:
187:
911:
878:
602:
577:
551:
1233:
1198:
1163:
1128:
1080:
1072:
1031:
1013:
966:
958:
916:
898:
859:
814:
802:
767:
749:
707:
656:
607:
555:
520:
463:
424:
412:
404:
365:
326:
98:
1124:
1092:
475:
1223:
1188:
1153:
1120:
1062:
1021:
1005:
978:
950:
906:
890:
849:
841:
794:
757:
741:
697:
687:
646:
638:
597:
589:
547:
510:
502:
455:
396:
357:
316:
308:
506:
142:
1158:
1141:
593:
578:"trans and cis splicing in trypanosomatids: mechanism, factors, and regulation"
361:
894:
346:"Trans-splicing as a novel method to rapidly produce antibody fusion proteins"
1249:
1076:
1017:
962:
902:
753:
692:
408:
270:
215:
118:
34:
459:
16:
Maturation process joining exons from different pre-mRNAs into a mature mRNA
1255:
1237:
1202:
1167:
1132:
1084:
1035:
970:
920:
863:
806:
771:
711:
660:
611:
559:
524:
467:
416:
369:
330:
170:
26:
1193:
1176:
845:
1228:
1211:
1009:
745:
627:"The pre-mRNA splicing machinery of trypanosomes: complex or simplified?"
312:
166:
158:
46:
642:
1067:
1050:
199:-spliced genes rather than a binary and conventional categorisation of
154:
879:"Life without transcriptional control? From fly to man and back again"
344:
Iwasaki R, Kiuchi H, Ihara M, Mori T, Kawakami M, Ueda H (July 2009).
246:
222:
into individual 5'-capped mRNAs. This processing is achieved when the
178:
162:
150:
117:-splicing is used by certain microorganisms, notably protists of the
42:
1212:"Spliceosome-mediated trans-splicing: the therapeutic cut and paste"
798:
400:
230:-spliced to unpaired, downstream acceptor sites adjacent to cistron
954:
345:
174:
78:
77:-splicing generates a single RNA transcript from multiple separate
674:
Freire ER, Sturm NR, Campbell DA, de Melo Neto OP (October 2017).
1051:"Alternative trans-splicing: a novel mode of pre-mRNA processing"
146:
49:, although some bacteria and archaea also have "half-genes" for
937:
Blumenthal, Thomas; Gleason, Kathy
Seggerson (February 2003). "
827:
730:"WormBook: the online review of Caenorhabditis elegans biology"
673:
223:
219:
126:
38:
994:"Evolutionary Insights into RNA trans-Splicing in Vertebrates"
297:"Evolutionary Insights into RNA trans-Splicing in Vertebrates"
130:
97:-splicing can also be the mechanism behind certain oncogenic
727:
488:
295:
Lei Q, Li C, Zuo Z, Huang C, Cheng H, Zhou R (March 2016).
50:
30:
1175:
Coady TH, Shababi M, Tullis GE, Lorson CL (August 2007).
576:
Liang XH, Haritan A, Uliel S, Michaeli S (October 2003).
575:
1174:
785:
Lasda EL, Blumenthal T (2011-05-01). "Trans-splicing".
343:
1049:
Horiuchi, Takayuki; Aigaki, Toshiro (February 2006).
350:
247:
Trans-splicing between sense and anti-sense strands
1209:
1110:
936:
932:
930:
1247:
784:
537:
382:
1048:
927:
571:
569:
437:
1210:Wally V, Murauer EM, Bauer JW (August 2012).
991:
821:
294:
255:
383:Lasda, Erika L.; Blumenthal, Thomas (2011).
870:
566:
1227:
1192:
1157:
1142:"Spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing"
1139:
1066:
1025:
910:
853:
778:
761:
701:
691:
650:
601:
514:
320:
290:
288:
286:
214:-splicing functions in the resolution of
1216:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
181:also use more or less frequently the SL
89:While some fusion transcripts occur via
876:
56:
1248:
283:
723:
721:
624:
141:Some other eukaryotes, notably among
877:Clayton, Christine E. (2002-04-15).
787:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: RNA
104:
13:
1140:Yang Y, Walsh CE (December 2005).
1103:
718:
14:
1277:
93:-splicing in normal human cells,
1042:
985:
261:resulting in trans-genic mRNA.
667:
618:
531:
482:
431:
376:
337:
84:
1:
1125:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl575
941:operons: form and function".
552:10.1016/s0169-4758(99)01545-8
507:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4926
276:
73:processes a single molecule,
998:Genome Biology and Evolution
740:(Database issue): D472–475.
301:Genome Biology and Evolution
237:
7:
1159:10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.09.006
594:10.1128/EC.2.5.830-840.2003
264:
185:-splicing. In the tunicate
33:from two different primary
10:
1282:
362:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.122
256:Alternative Trans-splicing
37:are joined end to end and
41:. It is usually found in
693:10.3390/pathogens6040055
943:Nature Reviews Genetics
895:10.1093/emboj/21.8.1881
625:Günzl A (August 2010).
460:10.1126/science.1156725
939:Caenorhabditis elegans
734:Nucleic Acids Research
1194:10.1038/sj.mt.6300222
846:10.1101/gr.100271.109
25:is a special form of
1229:10.1038/jid.2012.101
203:-spliced versus non-
113:Spliced leader (SL)
45:and mediated by the
1055:Biology of the Cell
643:10.1128/EC.00113-10
452:2008Sci...321.1357L
232:open reading frames
191:, the extent of SL
1068:10.1042/bc20050002
1010:10.1093/gbe/evw025
746:10.1093/nar/gkl894
540:Parasitology Today
313:10.1093/gbe/evw025
188:Ciona intestinalis
99:fusion transcripts
1181:Molecular Therapy
1146:Molecular Therapy
446:(5894): 1357–61.
65:Whereas "normal"
1273:
1241:
1231:
1206:
1196:
1171:
1161:
1136:
1097:
1096:
1070:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
989:
983:
982:
934:
925:
924:
914:
889:(8): 1881–1888.
883:The EMBO Journal
874:
868:
867:
857:
825:
819:
818:
782:
776:
775:
765:
725:
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705:
695:
671:
665:
664:
654:
622:
616:
615:
605:
573:
564:
563:
535:
529:
528:
518:
486:
480:
479:
435:
429:
428:
385:"Trans-splicing"
380:
374:
373:
341:
335:
334:
324:
292:
207:-spliced genes.
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1106:
1104:Further reading
1101:
1100:
1047:
1043:
990:
986:
935:
928:
875:
871:
834:Genome Research
826:
822:
799:10.1002/wrna.71
783:
779:
726:
719:
672:
668:
631:Eukaryotic Cell
623:
619:
582:Eukaryotic Cell
574:
567:
536:
532:
495:Cancer Research
487:
483:
436:
432:
401:10.1002/wrna.71
381:
377:
342:
338:
293:
284:
279:
267:
258:
249:
240:
218:transcripts of
143:dinoflagellates
111:
87:
63:
35:RNA transcripts
17:
12:
11:
5:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1243:
1242:
1222:(8): 1959–66.
1207:
1172:
1152:(6): 1006–12.
1137:
1113:Bioinformatics
1107:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1061:(2): 135–140.
1041:
1004:(3): 562–577.
984:
955:10.1038/nrg995
949:(2): 110–118.
926:
869:
820:
777:
717:
666:
637:(8): 1159–70.
617:
565:
530:
481:
430:
395:(3): 417–434.
375:
336:
281:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
266:
263:
257:
254:
248:
245:
239:
236:
110:
103:
86:
83:
62:
55:
27:RNA processing
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1278:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1187:(8): 1471–8.
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
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1033:
1028:
1023:
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1015:
1011:
1007:
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999:
995:
988:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
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952:
948:
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933:
931:
922:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
840:(5): 636–45.
839:
835:
831:
824:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:(3): 417–34.
792:
788:
781:
773:
769:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
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653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
613:
609:
604:
599:
595:
591:
588:(5): 830–40.
587:
583:
579:
572:
570:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:
526:
522:
517:
512:
508:
504:
501:(7): 2734–8.
500:
496:
492:
485:
477:
473:
469:
465:
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457:
453:
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445:
441:
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418:
414:
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406:
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386:
379:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:(3): 316–21.
355:
351:
347:
340:
332:
328:
323:
318:
314:
310:
307:(3): 562–77.
306:
302:
298:
291:
289:
287:
282:
272:
271:Chimera (EST)
269:
268:
262:
253:
244:
235:
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229:
225:
221:
217:
216:polycistronic
213:
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119:Kinetoplastea
116:
108:
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100:
96:
92:
82:
80:
76:
72:
70:
60:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
22:
1266:RNA splicing
1219:
1215:
1184:
1180:
1149:
1145:
1119:(2): 150–5.
1116:
1112:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1001:
997:
987:
946:
942:
938:
886:
882:
872:
837:
833:
823:
790:
786:
780:
737:
733:
683:
679:
669:
634:
630:
620:
585:
581:
546:(2): 78–82.
543:
539:
533:
498:
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392:
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353:
349:
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304:
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171:chaetognaths
140:
135:
122:
114:
112:
106:
94:
90:
88:
74:
68:
64:
58:
20:
19:
18:
1261:Spliceosome
167:crustaceans
159:ctenophores
85:Oncogenesis
47:spliceosome
1250:Categories
277:References
155:cnidarians
71:-)splicing
43:eukaryotes
1077:0248-4900
1018:1759-6653
963:1471-0056
903:1460-2075
815:209567118
754:1362-4962
686:(4): 55.
680:Pathogens
425:209567118
409:1757-7012
389:WIREs RNA
238:Mechanism
179:tunicates
163:flatworms
151:nematodes
109:-splicing
79:pre-mRNAs
61:-splicing
23:-splicing
1238:22495179
1203:17551501
1168:16226059
1133:17105720
1093:10335534
1085:16417469
1036:26966239
971:12560808
921:11953307
864:20212022
807:21957027
772:17099225
712:29077018
661:20581293
612:14555465
560:10652494
525:19293179
476:13605087
468:18772439
417:21957027
370:19409879
331:26966239
265:See also
175:rotifers
136:.elegans
1027:4824033
979:9864778
855:2860165
763:1669767
703:5750579
652:2918933
516:4063441
448:Bibcode
440:Science
322:4824033
224:outrons
220:operons
210:The SL
147:sponges
127:introns
39:ligated
1236:
1201:
1166:
1131:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1034:
1024:
1016:
977:
969:
961:
919:
912:125970
909:
901:
862:
852:
813:
805:
770:
760:
752:
710:
700:
659:
649:
610:
603:219355
600:
558:
523:
513:
474:
466:
423:
415:
407:
368:
329:
319:
177:, and
57:Genic
29:where
1089:S2CID
975:S2CID
811:S2CID
472:S2CID
421:S2CID
228:trans
212:trans
205:trans
201:trans
197:trans
193:trans
183:trans
131:eIF4E
123:trans
115:trans
107:trans
95:trans
91:trans
75:trans
59:trans
51:tRNAs
31:exons
21:Trans
1234:PMID
1199:PMID
1164:PMID
1129:PMID
1081:PMID
1073:ISSN
1032:PMID
1014:ISSN
967:PMID
959:ISSN
917:PMID
899:ISSN
860:PMID
803:PMID
768:PMID
750:ISSN
708:PMID
657:PMID
608:PMID
556:PMID
521:PMID
464:PMID
413:PMID
405:ISSN
366:PMID
327:PMID
226:are
1256:RNA
1224:doi
1220:132
1189:doi
1154:doi
1121:doi
1063:doi
1022:PMC
1006:doi
951:doi
907:PMC
891:doi
850:PMC
842:doi
795:doi
758:PMC
742:doi
698:PMC
688:doi
647:PMC
639:doi
598:PMC
590:doi
548:doi
511:PMC
503:doi
456:doi
444:321
397:doi
358:doi
354:384
317:PMC
309:doi
105:SL
69:cis
1252::
1232:.
1218:.
1214:.
1197:.
1185:15
1183:.
1179:.
1162:.
1150:12
1148:.
1144:.
1127:.
1117:23
1115:.
1087:.
1079:.
1071:.
1059:98
1057:.
1053:.
1030:.
1020:.
1012:.
1000:.
996:.
973:.
965:.
957:.
945:.
929:^
915:.
905:.
897:.
887:21
885:.
881:.
858:.
848:.
838:20
836:.
832:.
809:.
801:.
789:.
766:.
756:.
748:.
738:35
736:.
732:.
720:^
706:.
696:.
682:.
678:.
655:.
645:.
633:.
629:.
606:.
596:.
584:.
580:.
568:^
554:.
544:16
542:.
519:.
509:.
499:69
497:.
493:.
470:.
462:.
454:.
442:.
419:.
411:.
403:.
391:.
387:.
364:.
352:.
348:.
325:.
315:.
303:.
299:.
285:^
234:.
173:,
169:,
165:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
145:,
101:.
53:.
1240:.
1226::
1205:.
1191::
1170:.
1156::
1135:.
1123::
1095:.
1065::
1038:.
1008::
1002:8
981:.
953::
947:4
923:.
893::
866:.
844::
817:.
797::
791:2
774:.
744::
714:.
690::
684:6
663:.
641::
635:9
614:.
592::
586:2
562:.
550::
527:.
505::
478:.
458::
450::
427:.
399::
393:2
372:.
360::
333:.
311::
305:8
134:C
67:(
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