Trans Mountain pipeline

786: 905:, along the proposed route of the expansion. One of the residents of the Thompson River camp was Secwépemc matriarch Miranda Dick, who told reporters there were an average of 20 people at the camp as of October 5th. At the time it was set up, Kúkpi7 Casimir said she had no issue with the protest camp, so long as health and safety guidelines were followed. On October 9, in response to TMX workers being seen surveying in preparation to drill under the river, the camp was moved directly in the way of the expansion. On October 10, the Secwépemc delivered a cease and desist notice to TMX for the second time. On October 11 it was moved again due to a chemical leak in the river. By October 15, the RCMP had begun arresting people connected to the camp, including Hereditary Chief Segwses, Loralie Dick, April Thomas, Billie Pierre and Romilly Cavanaugh. In February 2020, Segwses and his daughter gave themselves up for arrest for participating in the 419:

224–234 m (1,410–1,470 bbl) of crude oil. Some of it flowed into Burrard Inlet via the Burnaby storm sewer system. Most of it was recovered. Eleven houses were sprayed with oil, and about 225–250 residents were evacuated or left voluntarily. Cleanup took more than a year. In 2009, in Burnaby 305 m (1,920 bbl) of crude oil were released from a tank at the Trans Mountain Burnaby Terminal. Most of it flowed into a containment area. In Sumas in 2012 90 m (570 bbl) of light crude oil leaked from a Sumas Mountain holding tank. All of it flowed into a containment area. In 2020, in Sumas, 190.0 m (1,195 bbl) of light crude leaked from small pipe connected to mainline. Trans Mountain reported on June 14 that the spill was contained on the property and that groundwater was monitored for contamination.

456: 38: 794: 3707: 710:, and operate it in the meantime. The eventual owner will be indemnified by the government for any delays or hindrances to the project that result from legal actions by provincial or municipal governments. The government will also have the option to cover costs or purchase the pipeline back if the new owner is unable to complete the project due to legal pressure, or, despite reasonable efforts, cannot complete the project by an established deadline. 3718: 698:

May 31. On April 16, 2018, the Alberta government introduced the Preserving Canada's Economic Prosperity Act, which would give the Minister of Energy power to regulate the export of crude oil, natural gas, or refined fuel from Alberta. The bill could be used to effectively ban the export of Alberta gas to British Columbia. As such, B.C. Attorney General

564:, said this new funding for the pipeline was not part of the federal government's commitment. The status of the company changed to a non-agent Crown corporation on April 29, 2022, which meant that it was able to access financing from third-party lenders. In March 2023, it was announced that the cost has again increased to $ 30.9 billion. 968:

TMX was in the "national interest" as it would add "tens of billions of dollars" to government revenue as well as sustaining thousands of jobs. Both the NEB and the federal government acknowledged that there was a possibility that TMX could "damage the environment and marine life", but the benefits outweighed the risks.

4270: 448:, also known as dilbit. The additional pipeline requires 12 new pumping stations. The proposed expansion, with 980 kilometres (610 mi) of pipe, would increase the system's capacity from 300,000 to 890,000 barrels per day (48,000 to 141,000 m/d). In 2013, the cost of completing the connection between 967:

confirmed the approval of federally-owned TMX project. The twinned pipeline will have the capacity to carry almost 1 million barrels per day (160,000 m/d) from Alberta to the coast of British Columbia. The National Energy Board, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and his cabinet agreed that the

514:

In 2016, the B.C. government said it did not support Trans Mountain, partly because Kinder Morgan had not provided enough information about its proposed spill prevention and spill clean-up program. On November 29, 2016, the federal cabinet approved the expansion project, announcing that the approval

912:

On October 17, 2020, Dick cut her hair in ceremony before the gates of the expansion project. Soon after the ceremony, she and four other women were arrested by RCMP officers. In a statement released the following day, TteS Kúkpi7 Rosanne Casimir thanked the RCMP for maintaining peace and order and

855:

community members, primarily women, have been defending their traditional land (known as Secwepemcul’ecw) against the proposed expansion of the pipeline, asserting that the expansion was approved without sufficient consultation. The expansion would cross 518 km of Secwépemc territory. The land

574:

On January 3, 2024, Trans Mountain Corp said in a 33-page filing that it planned to begin line fill in March or May, depending on the diameter of pipe to be used and assuming no new problems. The line fill represents the final step before the pipeline goes into service. According to the filing, the

705:

On May 29, 2018, the Canadian federal government announced its intent to acquire the Trans Mountain Pipeline from Kinder Morgan for $ 4.5 billion. The government does not intend to remain the permanent owner of the pipeline, as it plans to seek outside investors to finance the twinning project. If

697:

On April 8, 2018, Kinder Morgan suspended "non-essential" activities relating to the pipeline, as the company did not want to "put [its] shareholders at risk on the remaining project spend". The company stated that it would attempt to reach agreements on a funding plan with stakeholders by

526:

In 2018, the federal government created a Crown corporation, the Trans Mountain Corporation (TMC), when it bought the pipeline from the Houston-based Kinder Morgan for C$ 4.5 billion. The purchase had been announced by the federal government in May 2018. At that time, the government said it would

913:

stated that she and the elected council did not endorse the protesters. TteS is one of several First Nations bands that have signed agreements with Trans Mountain. Casimir's statement asserted that the council " not sold or ceded or given anything away" but that " upheld jurisdictional rights."

418:

In Abbotsford in 2005, a ruptured pipeline dumped 210 m (1,300 bbl) of crude oil. The company attributed the accident to activity on a neighbouring property. In 2007, in Burnaby, a contractor working on a sewage project for the City of Burnaby ruptured a pipeline, causing spillage of

933:

The Trudeau government restricted the Phase III hearings in terms of time and scope. The government gave the NEB a "tight timeline" with a final report due on February 22, 2019. The hearings were also restricted by the NEB panel to investigate "new information" as it related to the impact of

342:

In 1983, Trans Mountain began experiments to shift from single- to multiple-product pipelines to increase efficiency and to become more competitive. By 1985, TMPL regularly carried refined-products 820 kilometres (510 mi) from Edmonton to Kamloops, British Columbia. This had extended to

578:

On May 1, 2024, the long-delayed Trans Mountain pipeline expansion officially begun operations after 12 years and C$ 34 billion in costs. The project nearly tripled Canada's oil export capacity to 890,000 barrels per day, enabling better access to global markets and boosting crude prices.

349:

By 1998, TMPL made regular shipments to Vancouver of refined petroleum products "including jet fuel, gasoline (unleaded and premium unleaded), diesel (regular sulfur, low sulfur, and low temperature), methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), and crude-oil (light sweet, light sour, and heavy)".

721:

stated that the sale would not affect the provincial government's ongoing efforts to block the pipeline expansion, stating that "rather than go to the court to determine jurisdictions, they're making financial decisions that affect taxpayers and they'll have to be accountable for that".

377:

Shell, Petro-Canada and Imperial closed refineries in British Columbia in the 1990s and expanded their refineries in the Edmonton area following the TMPL construction. TMPL had the capacity to carry refined products, as well as crude oil via the batch system. According to a 2016

567:

As of April 2022, construction had reached the half-way mark. The company said in their November 2022 third-quarter report that expansion would be mechanically complete by the third quarter of 2023 and the commercial service would be operational in the fourth quarter of 2023.

661:

accused the federal government of interfering with an independent review of the project, arguing that "it's both a highly unusual and a highly troubling intrusion on a province's right to enforce its own permits, its own regulations and the interests of its own citizens".

1902: 591:

groups. To reach the terminus, tankers have to pass through a very narrow channel of shallow water from the open sea, still putting leaks at risk due to vehicle crashes. Environmentalists have expressed concern about the heightened risk of an oil spill in the

950:

feeding ground. By November 2018, there were only 74 SRKW left. Noise and pollution from marine vessels along with the diminishing stocks of salmon – their prime source of food – contributed to the whales' declining numbers.

737:

overturned the government's approval of the expansion project, citing that it did not sufficiently fulfill its constitutional duties to consult local First Nations groups, and because it lacked an environmental assessment of increased tanker traffic on

929:

appointed by the government to oversee consultations. An NEB panel heard three weeks of Indigenous traditional testimony with 117 Indigenous groups impacted by the pipeline, beginning on November 19, with sessions in Calgary, Victoria and Nanaimo.

218:. The project was 98% complete, as of 23 January 2024. The expansion, which runs roughly parallel to the existing pipeline, will increase capacity from 300,000 to 890,000 barrels per day (48,000–141,000 m/d), at a cost of C$ 34 billion. 982:, the NEB's regulatory oversight processes for the next phases of the Trans Mountain Expansion Project "lifecycle", which include "detailed route approvals", such as potential "routing and non-routing", would include a public comment period. 541:

By February 2020, the assessment for the completion of the project was estimated at $ 12.6 billion, an increase of the previous estimate of $ 7.4 billion. The cost increase was the result of rising costs of "labour, steel, and land".

1040:

rejected appeals by the Squamish Nation, Tsleil-Waututh Nation, and Coldwater Indian Band and others challenging federal approval of the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project, "bringing an end to the years-long legal challenge".

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Hearings in the form of pipeline roundtable meetings with Trans Mountain representative and indigenous groups took place in Calgary in November, and in Kamloops and Nanaimo in December, with the summary expected in January.

677:

criticized the proposal as being a stalling tactic on Trans Mountain expansion, explaining that "the B.C. government has every right to consult on whatever it pleases with its citizens. It does not have the right to rewrite

1898: 522:

announced British Columbia's support for the expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline, saying the project met her government's five conditions for approval and included a revenue-sharing agreement worth up to $ 1 billion.

778:

interview, with the pipeline expansion work underway again, Grand Chief Stewart Phillip, president of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs, said that he expected that there would be more "Burnaby Mountain-style" protests.

431:

pursuant to Part III of the National Energy Board Act to build a second pipeline under the Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project. The second pipeline was to run roughly parallel to the existing pipeline, between

762:

The expansion project faced opposition from civic governments, First Nations, environmentally concerned citizens, and others. In September 2012, Tsleil-Waututh leaders had hoped to shut down the project altogether.

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By December 2019, the legal basis of the expansion was challenged in Canada's Federal Court of Appeal as politicians, environmentalists and some Indigenous groups returned to the courts and pressed the issue of

838:

Conservation Area was dismantled by RCMP following a court injunction. The protest camp had been occupied by protesters since December 2020, and a leader of the protest claimed further actions would be planned.

414:

since 1961. Although a majority occurred at contained zones such as pumping stations, and a majority were below the mandatory reporting threshold of 1.5 cubic metres, there were some significant spill events.

1027:, have unsettled issues. These issues include disputes over the compensation from the institution of the first pipeline right-of-way in the 1950s, as well as future water supply risks that they would assume. 3754: 856:

defenders (as they call themselves; some media refers to them as protesters and activists) are concerned about the damage to the land and water the pipeline passes through, in particular the disruption of

978:, the NEB wrote that within the context of "substantial" and "significant" interest and participation on the part of Indigenous peoples and the general public, including the August 30, 2018, decision in 4284: 746:

off the BC coast. On August 31, Trudeau said the federal government remained committed to the pipeline expansion project in spite of this setback. In response to the approval being overturned, Premier

2919: 603:

Those who support the pipeline say that it will create jobs and that it has a lower risk of spilling oil than transporting oil by rail, which pipeline proponents say would otherwise have to be used.

875:, where there are plans to drill under the river. That camp, established by a group known as the Tiny House Warriors, is near a planned work camp. The establishment of the camp led Kúkpi7 (Chief) 3216: 1529: 310:

mounted. The governments considered the TMPL to be a strategic way of reducing reliance on oil tankers, made vulnerable under threats of potential attack on the west coast of North America.

2380: 1222: 785: 515:

was "subject to 157 binding conditions that will address potential Indigenous, socio-economic and environmental impacts, including project engineering, safety and emergency preparedness."

3537: 2304: 3414: 4411: 3890: 3747: 809:

addressed the crowd at a Stop Kinder Morgan protest rally in Burnaby Mountain Park. By 2018, rallies opposing the projects had been organized across Canada. Organizations including

766:

In November 2014, opponents of the pipeline expansion camped in Burnaby Mountain Park to block pipeline construction crews, and over 100 were arrested. Members of the Squamish and

2357: 1300: 560:

By February 2022, TMC said that costs had increased by 70%, from $ 12.6 billion to $ 21.4 billion. Faced with the federal government's costly COVID-19 response, Finance Minister

971:

Trudeau said that the revenue from TMC, which was estimated at $ 500 million annually just in federal corporate taxes, would be invested in "unspecified clean energy projects".

1876: 730:, stated that the union was "absolutely shocked and appalled that Canada is willingly investing taxpayers' money in such a highly controversial fossil fuel expansion project". 1565: 549:, TMC's CEO Ian Anderson said that the expansion was on schedule despite the $ 5.2-billion increase in its cost. Anderson cited other challenges to construction including the 358: 208: 2485: 221:

The Trans Mountain Expansion Project was controversial due to its potential environmental impact. It faced legal challenges, as well as challenges from environmentalists and

2327: 3740: 2266: 2182: 702:

threatened to sue Alberta over the proposed bill, as he considered it unconstitutional, and stated that it could have a further impact on gasoline prices in the province.

284:. One element seen as a benefit to the project were defence implications, with availability of oil infrastructure being beneficial to both the Canadian and US militaries. 346:

A 1993 report said that the TMPL was the "only major system in the world" at that time, transporting both crude oil and refined petroleum products" in a single pipeline.

4254: 3963: 2934: 935: 2801: 1102:

Use of a crude-oil pipeline to transport refined petroleum products can be successful and cost-effective, as the experience of one western Canadian pipeline makes clear

2410: 1247: 571:

According to a January 2023 statement from the company, more than 700 kilometres (430 mi) of pipe was already in place representing 75% of the entire project.

3098: 2992: 229:. A Supreme Court decision on July 2, 2020, that rejected the appeals made by First Nations and environmental groups, " an end to the years-long legal challenge". 3242: 1030:

In February 2020, a Federal Court of Appeal denied the request by environment and Indigenous groups to "consider whether there had been sufficient consultation".

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In response to the Federal Court's overturning the federal authorization of Trans Mountain, the Canadian government "reinitiated Phase III consultations" with

4474: 2560: 2460: 2911: 287:

On March 21, 1951, the Trans Mountain Pipeline Company Trans Mountain was created when the Canadian Parliament granted the company a charter under a special

2197: 1653: 200:

The corporation was created in 1951, construction began in 1952, and operations commenced in 1953. It is the only pipeline to run between these two areas.

1756: 3958: 2885: 2211: 733:

On August 30, 2018, Kinder Morgan Canada's shareholders voted to approve the sale of the pipeline to the federal government. However, the same day, the

295:

and was approved. Construction began in February 1952 and the final section was welded in place near Aldergrove, British Columbia, on October 17, 1952.

4416: 2713: 2237: 3181: 382:

article, this resulted in the conversion of existing refineries along the TMPL route into storage and distribution facilities and terminals. In 1983,

4533: 3522: 3517: 2435: 3208: 2585: 2535: 1481:

Mortimer, D. (1993). Receipt Piping Hydraulic Study private report prepared for Petro-Canada, Burrard Products Terminal, Port Moody, B.C. (Report).

3044: 894:

In early September 2020, protester Loralie Dick chained herself to the TMX worksite in Kamloops before being arrested by the RCMP for violating a

868:

only have jurisdiction through Canadian law on their reserves, whereas traditional Secwépemc leadership retains sovereignty over Secwepemcul’ecw.

4237: 3953: 884: 861: 306:, Gordon Jaremko, both the Board approval and the construction of the 1,150-kilometre (710 mi) pipeline were sped up as concerns about the 2296: 2085: 1924: 3332:"Trans Mountain Expansion Project Order in Council P.C. 2019-0820 Project update: Letter from NEB to Trans Mountain and Tsleil-Waututh Nation" 4242: 4089: 3829: 1092:

Baum, Judy S.; Marzocco, Ken E.; Hansen, Larry I. (October 5, 1998). "Batching, treating keys to moving refined products in crude-oil line".

369:. This increased capacity by 40,000 barrels per day (6,400 m/d), (from 260,000 to 300,000 barrels per day (41,000 to 48,000 m/d)). 673:

could be mitigated. The province also announced an intent to consult with local communities and First Nations among others. Alberta premier

324:

In August 1953, crude oil from Edmonton, Alberta, began flowing to refineries in the Vancouver area and the northwestern U.S. through TMPL.

3834: 3421: 3127: 313:

Canadian Bechtel Ltd. was responsible for engineering, design, and construction of the project. Ownership of the company was split between

2763: 2662: 1995: 1734: 596:

resulting from the expansion, which entails the obstruction of 30% of the inlet and a seven-fold increase in tanker traffic, according to

4106: 2611: 2150: 2136: 2054: 1690: 906: 1208: 4591: 4581: 2353: 37: 1708: 334:

Prior to 1983, the only product TMPL carried was crude oil to supply refineries in the Vancouver area and to the state of Washington.

4320: 4247: 3824: 1868: 1503: 245: 127: 3948: 1572: 622:(WTI). This widened to a record US$ 50 in the fall of 2018 with the price of WCS hitting a record low of less than US$ 14 a barrel. 2688: 2267:"Pipelines much safer than shipping oil by rail, Fraser Institute (a private organization funded by the Koch Brothers) study says" 1400: 353:

In 2004, Kinder Morgan began the process to add a second pipeline, running parallel to the first, for the portion running between

214:

In 2013, a project to twin the existing Trans Mountain pipeline—the Trans Mountain Expansion Project—was proposed to the Canadian

4385: 3816: 3360: 2111: 771: 727: 3975: 1627: 1601: 864:, and violation of traditional Secwépemc law, founded by the Okanagan Shuswap Confederacy. Their claim is that the First Nation 4064: 4049: 891:

to issue a joint statement asking the Tiny House Warriors to stand down, claiming it was the Warriors violating Secwépemc law.

1812: 4586: 4571: 4005: 848: 3275: 3015: 4182: 2637: 1023:

formed the Western Indigenous Pipeline Group (WIPG) and have sanctioned the project for ownership stakes. Others, like the

1016: 683: 1972: 3995: 3850: 2738: 964: 366: 774:, to Kinder Morgan's Burnaby Terminal for a ceremony to protest the expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline. In a 2020 4510: 4044: 3970: 3845: 1180: 1152: 657:

to expedite any future disputes over provincial or municipal permits impeding the expansion. BC Environmental Minister

4576: 4079: 4034: 3681: 1033:

A March 5, 2020, Supreme Court March, "decided not to hear five challenges from environment and Indigenous groups".

895: 399: 909:, in order to prevent the RCMP from snuffing a sacred fire as well as to prevent the escalation of a confrontation. 4566: 4308: 4130: 3732: 3542: 3532: 3527: 3512: 3507: 3497: 3487: 3482: 3477: 2965: 1790: 734: 538:, the leading insurer. The company that is advancing the project said that it still had enough insurance coverage. 4375: 2028: 610:

claimed that Kinder Morgan overestimated the economic benefits of the pipeline expansion. From 2008 through 2018,

4325: 3686: 1274: 943: 880: 828: 706:

the government cannot find a buyer before the consummation of the purchase, it will carry out the purchase via a

281: 20: 2510: 1649: 1328: 4596: 4445: 3895: 1676: 534:

In 2020, three insurance companies that had previously supported the project withdrew their support, including

3303: 4059: 4029: 3779: 821: 467:

Kinder Morgan had the support at that time of several large petroleum industry customers for this expansion (

292: 240:

through the creation of the Trans Mountain Corporation (TMC), in order to "keep the project alive". TMC is a

4101: 4556: 3764: 3721: 2857: 2381:"Yes could still be no as Kinder Morgan awaits Trudeau's nod on its multibillion-dollar pipeline expansion" 872: 241: 1343: 669:

that can be imported into the province from Alberta, until the completion of studies on whether potential

3407: 1209:"Varcoe: 'A long time coming': Trans Mountain pipeline expansion aims to be finished in the coming weeks" 975: 630: 2714:"Kinder Morgan Canada shareholders vote to sell Trans Mountain pipeline to Ottawa with project in limbo" 4069: 3640: 3592: 472: 449: 394:—27 km (17 mi) east of Vancouver—were closed. In 1995, Imperial Oil closed their refinery in 3882: 1530:"U.S. oil refiners raise concerns about quality of crude shipped on Trans Mountain pipeline expansion" 665:

On January 30, 2018, the B.C. government proposed a restriction on increases to the amount of diluted

4219: 4140: 2831: 2739:"Federal Court of Appeal quashes construction approvals for Trans Mountain, leaving project in limbo" 1899:"Government of Canada announces pipeline plan that will protect the environment and grow the economy" 1055: 460: 95: 2436:"'No province can impinge on the national interest', federal minister says as pipeline feud simmers" 110:

Multiple product pipelines: crude oil, refined petroleum products such as jet fuel, gasoline, diesel

4431: 4365: 4214: 4135: 3788: 3602: 3597: 3547: 1008: 922: 754:

and called for an appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada of the federal court's August 30 decision.

1945: 1223:"Trans Mountain expansion project's latest cost estimate has climbed 10%, regulatory filing shows" 4438: 4113: 3988: 3983: 1037: 626: 619: 611: 607: 588: 222: 2586:"New law would allow Alberta to restrict flow of oil and gas as Trans Mountain battle escalates" 4561: 4503: 4074: 4054: 4039: 3867: 1730: 1004: 679: 535: 277: 194: 4395: 4177: 3905: 3336: 3154:"Camp set up near Mission Flats Road in protest of Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project" 1185: 1050: 1024: 751: 687: 682:

and assume powers for itself that it does not have." On February 6, 2018, Notley ordered the

654: 642: 638: 615: 428: 411: 215: 3099:"Tiny House Warriors establish new village to resist pipeline, assert Secwepemc sovereignty" 3075: 1757:"Trans Mountain Pipeline spill in Abbotsford estimated at up to 190,000 litres of crude oil" 1301:"Chrystia Freeland closes the door on new funding for Trans Mountain as project costs surge" 4152: 4022: 3612: 3291:

Federal officials say construction of the $ 7.4 billion pipeline is likely to begin in 2019

3182:"5 arrested after standing in way of Trans Mountain pipeline construction in B.C. Interior" 2935:"Summer jobs controversy reheats over posting calling to 'stop the Kinder Morgan pipeline'" 1704: 1020: 233: 575:

pipeline can enter service within one month of mechanical completion preceding line fill.

8: 4360: 4187: 3666: 1012: 996: 888: 3331: 1426: 4370: 3607: 3565: 3450: 3430: 3076:"Secwepemc set up new camp in hopes of halting TMX construction, leads to five arrests" 2961: 2886:"Prime Minister says Ottawa still committed to build Trans Mountain pipeline expansion" 1000: 939: 814: 650: 476: 455: 327:

The total cost of TMPL was $ 93 million, according to then Premier of British Columbia

225:

groups on the grounds of inadequate consultation of the pipeline route passing through

178: 3243:"Three arrested as judge consults with Indigenous groups about Trans Mountain project" 2993:"Pipeline protesters block Trans Mountain oil tanker from Ironworkers Memorial Bridge" 4528: 4496: 4330: 4209: 4123: 3872: 3794: 3676: 3671: 3587: 2536:"Alberta demands 'concrete action' from Ottawa to get Trans Mountain pipeline moving" 2486:"B.C. not backing down on fight against pipeline expansion despite Alberta's threats" 2384: 1623: 1597: 782:

Protests took place in Vancouver to stop work on the pipeline on September 19, 2017.

707: 691: 561: 550: 288: 186: 85: 3762: 4352: 4118: 4017: 1820: 1275:"RCMP cited Standing Rock protests as 'evidence' to create controversial B.C. unit" 992: 793: 587:

The expansion project has faced criticism, particularly from environmentalists and

386:' Royalite Refinery, was shut down. In 1993, two refineries were closed—Shell's in 328: 273: 269: 226: 75: 1842: 1434:(video). Richard Finnie of Canadian Bechtel Limited. Event occurs at 9 min 42 sec 1248:"Supreme Court dismisses First Nations' challenge against Trans Mountain pipeline" 713:

Critics of the expansion argued that this proposed purchase was a taxpayer-funded

4452: 4192: 4145: 3910: 3860: 3691: 3502: 3492: 3393: 2638:"Liberals to buy Trans Mountain pipeline for $ 4.5B to ensure expansion is built" 926: 876: 865: 723: 634: 445: 354: 248:(CDEV). Until the purchase by CDEV, the Trans Mountain Pipeline was owned by the 204: 3806: 2183:"Canada's long-delayed Trans Mountain pipeline plans line fill for March or May" 527:

seek outside investors to complete the expansion. These investors would also be

3838: 2612:"Alberta premier 'prepared to turn off the taps' now that legislation approved" 947: 902: 835: 806: 798: 767: 546: 480: 391: 362: 249: 3394:

The Building of Trans Mountain: Canada's First Oil Pipeline Across the Rockies

3387: 2802:"Limited public access to new hearings on the Trans Mountain pipeline project" 1547: 1462:(video). Richard Finnie of Canadian Bechtel Limited. Event occurs at 9.44 min 1454: 629:

challenges were filed by the municipalities of Vancouver and Burnaby, and the

402:. After TMX opened in 2024, oil refineries complained about poor oil quality. 4550: 4482: 4466: 4345: 4204: 4197: 3855: 3711: 3658: 2561:"Alberta unveils bill that could wreak havoc on B.C. gas prices in trade war" 974:

In their letter sent to both Trans Mountain and the lawyers representing the

747: 674: 658: 593: 519: 504: 387: 237: 1181:"The Government of Canada has approved the Trans Mountain Expansion Project" 1144: 871:

Since July 2018, a Secwépemc protest camp has been occupied just outside of

4424: 3900: 2858:"Trudeau committed to building Trans Mountain despite new legal challenges" 2461:"B.C. creates more uncertainty for Trans Mountain with bitumen restriction" 1115: 618:

sold at an average discount of US$ 17 against the benchmark for light oil,

554: 492: 488: 484: 318: 3045:"Secwépemc Matriarch cuts off her hair in defense of her lands and waters" 2086:"Trans Mountain expansion on track, despite comments from Alberta premier" 553:, the slump in the demand for fuel, which contributes to the slump in the 4489: 3943: 3557: 3128:"ROTHENBURGER: Protests and arrests were played out in a familiar script" 2939: 718: 597: 261: 2912:"B.C. First Nation launches legal challenge over Kinder Morgan pipeline" 1782: 1401:"Canada's history of pipeline challenges is longer than you might think" 1370: 985: 694:

over these moves. The wine sanctions were lifted on February 22, 2018.

361:. This required two more pumping stations – the Wolf Pump Station, near 4380: 3800: 3622: 743: 508: 395: 307: 3399: 770:

First Nations in British Columbia paddled canoes on Burrard Inlet, in

4335: 3579: 3209:"Tk'emlups te Secwepemc leadership releases statement on TMX arrests" 2970: 2198:"Canada's long-delayed Trans Mountain oil pipeline starts operations" 2112:"Trans Mountain pipeline expansion costs surge 44% to $ 30.9 billion" 852: 699: 670: 649:

stated that the federal government had sent a letter in support of a

528: 468: 441: 182: 3352: 2689:"B.C. premier, Indigenous groups respond to Trans Mountain purchase" 1869:"Trans Mountain pipeline expansion not supported by B.C. government" 898:

injunction from 2018 that barred land defenders from blocking work.

4459: 3630: 3460: 942:. The environmental concern in this area included the Salish Sea's 646: 433: 383: 337: 190: 43: 4285:

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act

2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2411:"B.C. slams Ottawa's defence of Trans Mountain pipeline expansion" 1344:"Historical Background Report: Trans Mountain Pipeline, 1947-2013" 410:

As of 2017, TMPL had reported approximately 84 spills to Canada's

4172: 1996:"Cost of Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project in B.C. soars" 810: 714: 666: 500: 437: 314: 291:. The proposal for the pipeline was immediately submitted to the 265: 71: 47: 2151:"Trans Mountain Corporation Releases Third Quarter 2022 Results" 505:

Suncor Energy Marketing Inc., Suncor Energy Products Partnership

452:, and Burnaby, British Columbia was estimated at $ 6.8 billion. 211:, running adjacent to the existing line, was completed in 2008. 4278: 3434: 3358: 2966:"Rallies planned across Canada to protest Kinder Morgan buyout" 2782: 2663:"Ottawa is buying Trans Mountain. What does that mean? A guide" 2029:"Trans Mountain pipeline expansion on schedule, on budget: CEO" 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1075: 857: 645:

First Nations. In November 2017, Minister of Natural Resources

531:

for any delays induced by provincial or municipal governments.

3359:

Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian; O'Toole, Megan (December 5, 2019).

3236: 3234: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 1973:"Trans Mountain Pipeline's Lead Insurer Zurich Drops Coverage" 1504:"Why Vancouver Desperately Needs A New Oil Refinery Investing" 427:

On June 18, 2013, Kinder Morgan filed an application with the

3442: 2297:"Kinder Morgan's Trans Mountain pipeline benefits questioned" 2212:"What the Trans Mountain pipeline will mean for B.C.'s coast" 496: 3016:"Treetop camp protesting Trans Mountain pipeline dismantled" 2354:"U.S. Oil Exports Could Narrow WTI-Brent Spread - CME Group" 1925:"B.C. approves Trans Mountain pipeline expansion - The Star" 1652:. Transportation Safety Board of Canada. December 23, 2008. 1072: 958: 4255:

National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women

3276:"Trudeau cabinet approves Trans Mountain expansion project" 3231: 2137:"Trans Mountain says expansion project is now 50% complete" 2013: 901:

In early October 2020, a protest camp was set up along the

739: 2511:"Cheers! B.C. wine industry celebrates end of Alberta ban" 2345: 2046: 1901:(Press release). Government of Canada. November 29, 2016. 1691:"3 companies plead guilty to Burnaby oil spill - CBC News" 3469: 3326: 3324: 1329:"Trans Mountain - Trans Mountain Corporation: Who We Are" 2328:"Why Alberta's latest oil-price plunge is unprecedented" 2319: 938:

in Burrard Inlet, Burnaby, to Canada's 12-nautical-mile

2238:"Trans Mountain Pipeline: The truth about construction" 390:—a large Vancouver neighbourhood—and Petro-Canada's in 3321: 2825: 2823: 1940: 1938: 827:

In July 2018 activists blocked an oil tanker from the

750:

announced that Alberta would pull out of the national

2230: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 986:

SCC 2020 decisions dismissing appeals challenging TMX

963:

On June 18, 2019, the federal government through the

367:

Pyramid Creek Falls Provincial Park, British Columbia

19:"Trans Mountain" redirects here. For other uses, see 2880: 2878: 2352:

Brusstar, Dan; Putnam, Bluford (December 21, 2015).

1178: 4475:

Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Métis Child

3361:"Nations divided: mapping Canada's pipeline battle" 2905: 2903: 2820: 2764:"Trans Mountain pipeline approval quashed by court" 2079: 2077: 2075: 1935: 1394: 1392: 422: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 2960: 1805: 1731:"Abbotsford - Sumas Facility: Tank 121 2012 Spill" 1316:Construction costs have surged by some 70 per cent 1285: 1139: 1137: 1091: 557:, and the protests by opponents to the expansion. 4534:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians 2875: 1987: 1566:"Releases Reported by Trans Mountain - 1961-2016" 1446: 1418: 817:also opposed the project and organized protests. 4548: 2900: 2372: 2072: 1861: 1571:. Transmountain. August 31, 2016. Archived from 1389: 338:Shift from single to multiple products pipelines 3296: 3260: 2850: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1365: 1363: 1134: 862:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 3390:- Documentary of the building of the pipeline. 2832:"New Trans Mountain hearings begin in Calgary" 2351: 1598:"Abbotsford - Sumas Facility: Ward Road Spill" 1242: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1174: 1172: 1170: 459:Trans Mountain Pipeline, in green, with other 252:–based pipeline operator's Canadian division. 236:purchased the pipeline for $ 4.7 billion from 203:The construction of a second pipeline between 3748: 3415: 2247:. Vancouver, British Columbia. September 2019 1474: 934:increased oil tanker traffic to and from the 3125: 2143: 1891: 1485: 1453:Richard Finnie (director) (June 20, 2010) . 1425:Richard Finnie (director) (June 20, 2010) . 1360: 824:contained the protests on Burnaby Mountain. 118:Operational – twinning completed May 1, 2024 4412:Portrayals of the residential school system 1233: 1167: 907:2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests 625:Despite federal government approval, seven 3755: 3741: 3422: 3408: 3396:- Book about the building of the pipeline. 2055:"Oil Prices Slump on US Fuel Supply Build" 1298: 916: 507:, Tesoro Refining & Marketing Co, and 372: 260:In February 1947, large oil deposits were 36: 3013: 1558: 959:Government of Canada 2019 approval of TMX 246:Canada Development Investment Corporation 128:Canada Development Investment Corporation 4102:Violence against Wetʼsuwetʼen protesters 3151: 2378: 2195: 2083: 1993: 1650:"Pipeline Investigation Report P07H0040" 1480: 1272: 834:In September 2021 a treetop camp in the 792: 784: 454: 264:, Alberta. The idea for a pipeline from 3429: 3240: 3073: 3042: 2829: 2686: 2053:Luz, Andres Guerra (October 21, 2020). 2026: 1793:from the original on September 28, 2015 1674: 1398: 1299:Carmichael, Kevin (February 18, 2022). 842: 728:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs 545:In a September 2020 interview with the 4549: 3273: 3206: 3126:Rothenburger, Mel (October 24, 2020). 2932: 2909: 2799: 2379:Hoekstra, Gordon (November 26, 2016). 2180: 2084:Franklin, Michael (January 12, 2023). 1994:Crawford, Tiffany (February 7, 2020). 1970: 1341: 1206: 1179:Government of Canada (June 18, 2019), 995:. Some Indigenous groups, such as the 883:First Nation (TteS), along with Chief 298:According to a 2019 JWN Energy series— 3736: 3403: 3241:Verenca, Tereza (December 10, 2018). 3219:from the original on October 23, 2020 3176: 3174: 3121: 3119: 3096: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3038: 3036: 3014:Hernandez, Jon (September 28, 2021). 2391:from the original on December 9, 2016 2325: 2307:from the original on December 4, 2016 2277:from the original on December 2, 2016 2176: 2174: 2172: 1905:from the original on December 1, 2016 1879:from the original on December 7, 2016 1737:from the original on December 1, 2016 1711:from the original on December 1, 2016 1630:from the original on December 1, 2016 1604:from the original on December 1, 2016 849:Aboriginal Peoples Television Network 365:, and the Chappel Pump Station, near 4183:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp 3763:Violence and discrimination against 3207:Kergin, Brendan (October 18, 2020). 3074:Laferte, Boston (October 23, 2020). 3043:Kilawna, Kelsie (October 24, 2020). 2800:Hunter, Justine (November 8, 2018). 1677:"The day oil rained down on Burnaby" 684:Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission 4243:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 3851:First Nations nutrition experiments 3717: 3310:, no. 2019–0820, June 18, 2019 3274:Tasker, John Paul (June 18, 2019). 2830:Tarasko, Mike (November 20, 2018). 2052: 2027:Healing, Dan (September 15, 2020). 1813:"Trans Mountain Proposed Expansion" 42:Trans Mountain pipeline route from 16:Oil pipeline in southwestern Canada 13: 4511:The Unnatural and Accidental Women 3538:Line 13 (Southern Lights pipeline) 3171: 3152:Sperling, Jill (October 5, 2020). 3116: 3062: 3033: 2360:from the original on July 16, 2016 2169: 1656:from the original on June 13, 2017 1399:Jaremko, Gordon (March 19, 2019). 1273:Forester, Brett (August 3, 2023). 1207:Varcoe, Chris (January 23, 2024). 1155:from the original on June 16, 2016 518:On January 11, 2017, B.C. Premier 126:Trans Mountain Corporation (TMC) ( 14: 4608: 4592:Political controversies in Canada 4582:Oil pipelines in British Columbia 4272:An Act to amend the Criminal Code 3381: 3341:, Calgary, Alberta, June 18, 2019 2922:from the original on May 8, 2014. 2326:Lundy, Matt (November 27, 2018). 400:Metro Vancouver Regional District 300:Inside Canada's Pipeline Industry 4131:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet 3716: 3705: 2687:Weichel, Andrew (May 29, 2018). 1971:Rosane, Olivia (July 23, 2020). 1675:Granger, Grant (July 21, 2017). 423:Trans Mountain Expansion Project 405: 293:Board of Transport Commissioners 276:for oil both in Asia and on the 4326:British Columbia Treaty Process 3200: 3145: 3097:Brake, Justin (July 19, 2018). 3090: 3007: 2985: 2954: 2926: 2756: 2731: 2706: 2680: 2655: 2630: 2604: 2578: 2553: 2528: 2503: 2478: 2453: 2428: 2403: 2289: 2259: 2204: 2189: 2181:Nickel, Rod (January 3, 2024). 2129: 2104: 1964: 1917: 1835: 1775: 1749: 1723: 1697: 1683: 1668: 1642: 1616: 1590: 1540: 1522: 1335: 1321: 980:Tsleil-Waututh Nation v. Canada 944:southern resident killer whales 272:quickly emerged, driven by the 21:Trans-mountain (disambiguation) 2933:Azpiri, Jon (April 25, 2018). 2033:Global News via Canadian Press 1946:"TMX cost balloons to $ 12.6B" 1875:. CBC News. January 11, 2016. 1266: 1215: 1200: 1108: 1105:Via Gale and Knowledge Library 860:populations, violation of the 789:A protester at a rally in 2017 444:) and to be used to transport 167:Trans Mountain Pipeline System 31:Trans Mountain Pipeline (TMPL) 1: 4390: 2910:Keller, James (May 2, 2014). 2196:Williams, Nia (May 2, 2024). 1456:Oil across the Rockies Part 4 1428:Oil across the Rockies Part 1 1066: 717:of the project. B.C. Premier 616:benchmark for heavy crude oil 4587:Justin Trudeau controversies 4572:Proposed pipelines in Canada 3765:Indigenous peoples in Canada 1705:"Burnaby Tank 82 2009 Spill" 1145:"Trans Mountain Anchor Loop" 873:Blue River, British Columbia 829:Ironworkers' Memorial Bridge 469:BP Canada Energy Trading Co. 398:—a city that is part of the 359:Hargreaves, British Columbia 209:Hargreaves, British Columbia 7: 4386:Old-growth logging protests 1044: 976:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation 801:addresses a protest in 2014 757: 686:to cease future imports of 489:Husky Energy Marketing Inc. 151:1,150 km (710 mi) 10: 4613: 4153:Judge David William Ramsay 3593:Gas Transmission Northwest 473:Canadian Natural Resources 450:Strathcona County, Alberta 255: 18: 4524: 4404: 4344: 4307: 4298: 4274:for trafficking of minors 4263: 4228: 4165: 4141:Saskatoon freezing deaths 4088: 4004: 3932: 3923: 3881: 3825:Residential school system 3815: 3778: 3771: 3700: 3682:Maritimes & Northeast 3657: 3639: 3621: 3578: 3556: 3548:Line 67 (Alberta Clipper) 3468: 3459: 3441: 2916:Canadian Televisions News 2693:CTV News British Columbia 1056:Northern Gateway Pipeline 936:Westridge Marine Terminal 600:, formerly ForestEthics. 582: 461:Canadian Energy Regulator 331:at the opening ceremony. 195:coast of British Columbia 177:), is a multiple product 155: 147: 142: 134: 122: 114: 106: 101: 96:Burnaby, British Columbia 91: 81: 67: 59: 54: 35: 30: 4577:Oil pipelines in Alberta 4215:Walking With Our Sisters 4136:Killing of Chantel Moore 4030:Winnipeg serial killings 3789:Gradual Civilization Act 3598:Great Lakes Transmission 1061: 923:Natural Resources Canada 509:Total E&P Canada Ltd 232:On August 31, 2018, the 159:610 mm (24 in) 4567:Oil pipelines in Canada 4391:Trans Mountain pipeline 4114:Gustafsen Lake standoff 1038:Supreme Court of Canada 1017:Pellt'iq't First Nation 917:Phase III consultations 735:Federal Court of Appeal 620:West Texas Intermediate 612:Western Canadian Select 608:Simon Fraser University 477:Canadian Oil Sands Ltd. 373:TMPL and oil refineries 363:Niton Junction, Alberta 227:unceded indigenous land 171:Trans Mountain Pipeline 4366:Caledonia land dispute 4220:Women's Memorial March 3980:Healthcare inequality 3868:High Arctic relocation 3388:Oil Across the Rockies 1819:. 2013. Archived from 1624:"Westridge 2007 spill" 1005:Frog Lake First Nation 881:Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc 802: 790: 536:Zurich Insurance Group 464: 244:, a subsidiary of the 4597:Environmental justice 4065:Jean Virginia Sampare 4050:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon 3337:National Energy Board 2303:. November 10, 2014. 1847:www.transmountain.com 1552:www.transmountain.com 1342:Kehraj, Sean (n.d.). 1186:National Energy Board 1051:Eagle Spirit Pipeline 1036:On July 2, 2020, the 1025:Coldwater Indian Band 1009:Scia'new First Nation 796: 788: 688:British Columbia wine 655:National Energy Board 458: 429:National Energy Board 412:National Energy Board 315:Canadian Bechtel Ltd. 302:—by former editor of 262:discovered near Leduc 216:National Energy Board 143:Technical information 4446:Missing and Murdered 4006:Missing and Murdered 3846:Forced sterilization 3641:Trans Mountain Corp. 3308:Government of Canada 1578:on December 21, 2016 1470:– via YouTube. 1442:– via YouTube. 1229:. February 28, 2024. 1021:Squiala First Nation 925:as lead and Justice 843:Secwépemc opposition 497:Nexen Marketing Inc. 278:west coast of Canada 234:Government of Canada 181:system that carries 4557:Athabasca oil sands 4361:Burnt Church Crisis 4188:Moose Hide campaign 4060:Helen Betty Osborne 3959:Criminal sentencing 3933:Structural violence 3780:Settler colonialism 3304:"Orders In Council" 2157:. November 29, 2022 1931:. January 11, 2017. 1843:"Expansion Project" 1094:Oil&Gas Journal 1013:Simpcw First Nation 997:Kehewin Cree Nation 965:Governor in Council 889:Simpcw First Nation 726:, president of the 501:Statoil Canada Ltd. 481:Cenovus Energy Inc. 343:Vancouver by 1993. 102:General information 4371:Clayoquot protests 3964:Mass incarceration 3937:and discrimination 3365:Al Jazeera website 3188:. October 16, 2020 3103:APTN National News 3049:APTN National News 2962:The Canadian Press 2806:The Globe and Mail 2667:The Globe and Mail 2415:The Globe and Mail 2332:The Globe and Mail 2216:The Globe and Mail 1952:. February 7, 2020 1534:The Globe and Mail 1508:Oil Sands Magazine 1227:The Globe and Mail 940:territorial waters 896:B.C. Supreme Court 815:Dogwood Initiative 803: 791: 651:dispute resolution 485:Devon Canada Corp. 465: 463:managed pipelines. 380:Oil Sands Magazine 193:, Alberta, to the 4542: 4541: 4529:Indigenous rights 4520: 4519: 4376:Keystone Pipeline 4331:Yukon Land Claims 4294: 4293: 4210:Sisters in Spirit 4161: 4160: 4045:Pamela Holopainen 3919: 3918: 3873:RCMP dog killings 3795:Numbered Treaties 3730: 3729: 3712:Canada portal 3687:Montreal–Portland 3574: 3573: 2888:. August 31, 2018 2770:. August 30, 2018 2385:The Vancouver Sun 2139:. April 19, 2022. 2116:financialpost.com 2059:Bloomberg Rigzone 1823:on April 23, 2016 1733:. Transmountain. 1707:. Transmountain. 1626:. Transmountain. 1600:. Transmountain. 1211:. Calgary Herald. 708:crown corporation 690:as a retaliatory 562:Chrystia Freeland 551:COVID-19 pandemic 493:Imperial Oil Ltd. 289:act of Parliament 242:Crown corporation 163: 162: 86:Edmonton, Alberta 4604: 4477: 4439:Highway of Tears 4396:Unistʼotʼen Camp 4353:Water protection 4351: 4312: 4305: 4304: 4226: 4225: 4119:Ipperwash Crisis 4093: 4090:Police brutality 4080:Lisa Marie Young 4070:Loretta Saunders 4035:Immaculate Basil 4018:Highway of Tears 4010:Indigenous Women 4009: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3911:Indian hospitals 3807:Role of the RCMP 3776: 3775: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3720: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3466: 3465: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3401: 3400: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3271: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3071: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2964:(June 4, 2018). 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2797: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2616:Edmonton Journal 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2592:. April 16, 2018 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2242: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2081: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2024: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1929:The Toronto Star 1921: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1577: 1570: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1554:. June 27, 2017. 1544: 1538: 1537: 1536:. June 12, 2024. 1526: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1500: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1461: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1433: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1396: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1367: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1296: 1283: 1282: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1244: 1231: 1230: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1176: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1141: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1089: 993:Aboriginal title 866:band governments 680:our constitution 614:(WCS), Canada's 606:A 2014 study by 329:W. A. C. Bennett 270:British Columbia 169:, or simply the 76:British Columbia 40: 28: 27: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4516: 4473: 4453:The Pass System 4400: 4349: 4346:Land protection 4340: 4321:Specific claims 4310: 4300: 4290: 4259: 4230: 4224: 4193:REDress Project 4157: 4146:Neil Stonechild 4091: 4084: 4023:list of victims 4007: 4000: 3971:Food insecurity 3934: 3925: 3915: 3877: 3861:Kimelman Report 3811: 3767: 3761: 3731: 3726: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3653: 3635: 3617: 3603:Northern Border 3570: 3552: 3455: 3437: 3428: 3384: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3342: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3284: 3282: 3272: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3239: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3124: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3072: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3041: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2931: 2927: 2908: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2828: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2798: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2194: 2190: 2179: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2082: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2025: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1849:. June 21, 2017 1841: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1763:. June 14, 2020 1755: 1754: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1673: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1607: 1605: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1548:"Spill History" 1546: 1545: 1541: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1510:. March 3, 2016 1502: 1501: 1486: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1397: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1309: 1307: 1297: 1286: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1255: 1246: 1245: 1234: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1205: 1201: 1192: 1190: 1177: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1143: 1142: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1090: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1047: 1001:T'Sou-ke Nation 988: 961: 946:' (SRKW) prime 927:Frank Iacobucci 919: 877:Rosanne Casimir 845: 772:North Vancouver 760: 724:Stewart Phillip 653:process to the 585: 446:diluted bitumen 425: 408: 375: 355:Hinton, Alberta 340: 258: 205:Hinton, Alberta 50: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4610: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4355: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4281: 4279:Project E-Pana 4276: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4098: 4096: 4094:and misconduct 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4014: 4012: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3996:Long-term DWAs 3993: 3992: 3991: 3989:Joyce Echaquan 3986: 3984:Brian Sinclair 3978: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3956: 3954:Climate change 3951: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3839:Chanie Wenjack 3832: 3821: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3792: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3714: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3661: 3659:Joint ventures 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3649:Trans Mountain 3645: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3383: 3382:External links 3380: 3378: 3377: 3351: 3320: 3295: 3259: 3230: 3199: 3170: 3144: 3115: 3089: 3061: 3032: 3006: 2995:. July 3, 2018 2984: 2953: 2925: 2899: 2874: 2849: 2819: 2781: 2768:Financial Post 2755: 2730: 2705: 2679: 2654: 2629: 2618:. May 17, 2018 2603: 2590:Financial Post 2577: 2552: 2527: 2502: 2477: 2452: 2427: 2402: 2371: 2344: 2318: 2288: 2271:Financial Post 2258: 2229: 2203: 2188: 2168: 2155:Trans Mountain 2142: 2128: 2103: 2071: 2045: 2012: 1986: 1963: 1934: 1916: 1890: 1860: 1834: 1817:Trans Mountain 1804: 1787:Trans Mountain 1774: 1748: 1722: 1696: 1682: 1667: 1641: 1615: 1589: 1557: 1539: 1521: 1484: 1473: 1445: 1417: 1388: 1375:Trans Mountain 1359: 1334: 1320: 1305:Financial Post 1284: 1265: 1254:. July 2, 2020 1232: 1214: 1199: 1166: 1133: 1120:Trans Mountain 1107: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1046: 1043: 987: 984: 960: 957: 948:Chinook salmon 918: 915: 903:Thompson River 844: 841: 836:Brunette River 831:in Vancouver. 807:Derek Corrigan 805:Burnaby Mayor 799:Derek Corrigan 797:Burnaby Mayor 768:Tsleil-Waututh 759: 756: 631:Tsleil-Waututh 584: 581: 547:Canadian Press 424: 421: 407: 404: 392:Port Coquitlam 374: 371: 339: 336: 274:growing demand 257: 254: 250:Houston, Texas 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 69: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 52: 51: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4609: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4562:Kinder Morgan 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4545: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4483:Rustic Oracle 4480: 4478: 4476: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4467:Quiet Killing 4464: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231:and inquiries 4227: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4205:Red handprint 4203: 4199: 4198:Red Dress Day 4196: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4075:Amber Tuccaro 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4040:Tina Fontaine 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3949:Child poverty 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906:Indian agents 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3856:Sixties Scoop 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3723: 3715: 3713: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3325: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3078:. The Martlet 3077: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3037: 3021: 3017: 3010: 2994: 2988: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2887: 2881: 2879: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2824: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2246: 2239: 2233: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2199: 2192: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2138: 2132: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2001: 2000:Vancouver Sun 1997: 1990: 1974: 1967: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1878: 1874: 1873:Transmountain 1870: 1864: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1797:September 27, 1792: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1692: 1686: 1678: 1671: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1574: 1567: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1477: 1458: 1457: 1449: 1430: 1429: 1421: 1406: 1402: 1395: 1393: 1376: 1372: 1371:"Our History" 1366: 1364: 1345: 1338: 1330: 1324: 1317: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1210: 1203: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1154: 1150: 1149:Transmountain 1146: 1140: 1138: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 983: 981: 977: 972: 969: 966: 956: 952: 949: 945: 941: 937: 931: 928: 924: 914: 910: 908: 904: 899: 897: 892: 890: 886: 885:Shelly Loring 882: 878: 874: 869: 867: 863: 859: 854: 851:, since 2013 850: 847:According to 840: 837: 832: 830: 825: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 800: 795: 787: 783: 780: 777: 773: 769: 764: 755: 753: 749: 748:Rachel Notley 745: 741: 736: 731: 729: 725: 720: 716: 711: 709: 703: 701: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 675:Rachel Notley 672: 668: 663: 660: 659:George Heyman 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 627:Federal Court 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 601: 599: 595: 594:Burrard Inlet 590: 589:First Nations 580: 576: 572: 569: 565: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 543: 539: 537: 532: 530: 524: 521: 520:Christy Clark 516: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 462: 457: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 420: 416: 413: 406:Spill history 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 388:North Burnaby 385: 381: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 347: 344: 335: 332: 330: 325: 322: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 296: 294: 290: 285: 283: 282:United States 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 238:Kinder Morgan 235: 230: 228: 224: 223:First Nations 219: 217: 212: 210: 206: 201: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 100: 97: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: 66: 62: 58: 53: 49: 45: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 4544: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4432:Foster Child 4430: 4425:Finding Dawn 4423: 4283: 4271: 4178:History wars 4055:Serena McKay 3944:Birth alerts 3901:Potlatch ban 3837: / 3799: 3787: 3648: 3368:. 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