226:. The book, which theorises about community governed by an agreement that dictates both "moral and political rules of behaviour", begins with a famous phrase that; "Man was/is born free, and everywhere he is in chains". Thus, Rousseau's contribution to the philosophical theory of transcendental humanism can be found in his definition of human freedom as the autonomy to live according to the law one has prescribed to himself, and according to his own judgement about what is good.
385:"Now all outer appearances are of this kind: their existence cannot be immediately perceived, but can be inferred only as the cause of given perceptions: Thus the existence of all objects of outer sense is doubtful. This uncertainty I call the ideality of outer appearances, and the doctrine of this ideality is called idealism, in comparison with which the assertion of a possible certainty of objects of our sense is call dualism."
29:
2137:"Scott Cutler Shershow David Hawkes, Ideology (in 'The New Critical Idiom' series, ed. John Drakakis) (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), 210 pp., $ 49.95 (hardback), $ 9.95 (paperback) Paul Hamilton, Historicism (in 'The New Critical Idiom' series, ed. John Drakakis (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), 226 pp., $ 49.95 (hardback), $ 9.95 (paperback)"
432:"...a belief in reason and autonomy as foundational aspects of human existence; a belief that reason, scepticism and the scientific method are the only appropriate instruments for discovering truth and structuring the human community; a belief that the foundations for ethics and society are to be found in autonomy and moral equality...".
309:), and God (theology). These ideas are transcendental as they cannot be proven empirically, and no empirical or observed concept of these ideas can adequately or holistically represent them. However, while their representations are not based on empirical cognition, the three transcendental ideas may still guide an understanding of the
246:
describes the human mind as the originator of experience rather than a recipient of perception. This lends to the core idea of transcendental humanism, which describes man as "a part of nature, subject to its laws", and on the other hand able to not only transcend these laws, "but who is actually the
151:
philosophies. Humanism is a philosophy founded in a rationalist outlook that emphasises human agency as opposed to that of the divine. It recognises the centrality of moral values in human nature and experience. Thus, humans are believed to have the freedom to give meaning though independent thought
159:
describes that which lies beyond the limitations of physical experience and knowledge. In philosophy, transcendence refers to an understanding of the mind's innate ability to process sensory evidence, employed as a theoretical perspective to define the structures of being as a framework to analyse
134:
theory of transcendental humanism has been subject to criticism by academics for its paradoxical position that has caused misinterpretation of the theory. In the world of academia, critiques have engaged in profound discussion and debate around the meaning, relevance and historical context of the
85:
in philosophy considers humans as simultaneously the originator of meaning, and subject to a larger ultimate truth that exists beyond the human realm (transcendence). The philosophy suggests that the humanistic approach is guided by "accuracy, truth, discovery, and objectivity" that transcends or
195:
and covered the 17th and 18th century. It is based on the thesis that humans can be the source of all knowledge. British
Empiricism was also founded in the 17th and 18th century and proposed that all knowledge is gained though experience and thus all knowledge, with the exception of mathematics,
190:
As such, transcendental humanism implies that humans are both of the creators of and receptors of meaning. Historically, the philosophy is thought to reconcile the transcendental positioning of
Continental Rationalism and the humanistic approach of British Empiricism. Continental Rationalism was
416:
was first used by a German educationist in 1808. Humanism is a rational philosophy that seeks to understand the universe through science and inquiry-logical reasoning. Definitions of humanism have continued to evolve since its emergence as it is applied in different philosophical, cultural, and
401:
Instead, Kant proposes transcendental idealism as a philosophy that considers the "outer appearances" of objects as the "spatial-temporal objects of everyday experience – as imperfect shadows of a transcendent reality". Transcendental idealism affirms that the world and objects are real to the
241:
around human autonomy in the causes and origins of knowledge. Kant's "transcendental, logical investigation of the nature and limits of knowledge", which inherently lead to the analysis of human characteristics and cognitive faculties as "a priori", form the key foundations of transcendental
643:
states that "the transcendental portion of humanism is like an anchor that severely limits the growth and power of humanistic ideology". The journal instead discusses a need for non-transcendental humanism that disengages from the idea of ultimate truths. The critic considers
531:
of knowledge is Kant supports the empirical claim that all knowledge originates with experience but does not agree that experience must be the only form of knowledge. The Mind, then, is understood not as a blank canvas impressionable by experience, but rather a "reservoir of
630:
at the
University of Oxford from 1968 to 1987. Strawson states the theory is "completely unintelligible" and dismisses the "imaginary subject of transcendental psychology" as belonging to neither "empirical ..., nor to an analytic philosophy of mind".
585:"Concepts without percepts may be empty, but percepts without concepts are blind. Yet the transcendental world of ideas harbor their own contents of abstract forms, constituting a system of a priori truths, accessible through pure reason alone"
359:
world, in which phenomena are 'appearances', or those that are apparent to the senses, and noumena are 'things in themselves' that exist within the intelligible realm. In the phenomenal world, objects are present to individuals through their
593:
Criticisms of transcendental humanism focus on its paradoxical nature. Critics have claimed there is a lack of clarity in its argumentation, suggesting that Kant's "perspectival dualism" was successful only in creating a transcendental
474:"...the realistic epistemological and metaphysical approaches, the wholeness of the human being and the notion of person, the unity of the human action, the understanding of the society, and the eudemonistic perspective to ethics."
187:, a priori is a Latin phrase used in philosophy to describe knowledge that exists in the mind prior to and independent of experience. It exists as a faculty or character trait, independent of observation or experimentation.
578:, Kant's philosophy discerns humans as the originator experience and knowledge – "that the subject doing the knowing constitutes, to a considerable extent, the object". Kant explained knowledge as part transcendental
547:
through his argument that space, and time are not things in themselves, but are merely formal features of how one may perceive something. Kant defines space and time as "appearances" and argues that:
302:
conditions of knowledge or experience. In philosophy, knowledge is considered transcendental if it is made up not of objects, but the way in which we know objects before prior to experiencing them.
1135:"Dodge, John Vilas, (25 Sept. 1909–23 April 1991), Senior Editorial Consultant, Encyclopædia Britannica, since 1972; Chairman, Board of Editors, Encyclopædia Britannica Publishers, since 1977"
135:
philosophical theory. The ample discussion surrounding the topic branches from the broad nature of the theory that responds to the nature and origin of knowledge and the human cognition.
1958:"Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. xi, 785. £50 (hbk). ISBN 0-521-65729-6"
348:
proposed that space and time, rather than being empirically mediated appearances in themselves, are the "very forms of intuition" in the way people perceive and interpret objects.
598:
which is considered incapable of solving "largely imaginary" issues. There are differing arguments and interpretations of Kant's transcendental philosophy as either a form of
516:
knowledge. Explaining that knowledge is "provided by a transcendental unity of reason and experience", Kant presents a cross section of rationalist and empiricist positions.
2581:
556:(c) Humans can only know an object that we can intuit. As such, humans can only comprehend objects in appearances (space and time) and cannot cognise things in themselves.
402:
conditions of the human faculty and cognition. As such, objects of perception are conditioned by the mind in response to their form rather than contents.
120:
in the 17th and 18th centuries. This formed the basis of philosophical thought that inspired transcendental humanist thinking through the amalgamation of
648:
as the alternate ideology that rejects transcendence and equates humans and animals as more relevant and influential in philosophical thinking.
627:
1004:, New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: The history of the philosophy of mind ; Volume 4: Routledge, pp. 342–362,
451:. Refuting the existence of a transcendental realm, the philosophical movement considered humans as "irreducibly whole beings".
274:
and thus had a significant impact on the rise of transcendental humanism. His philosophies are considered by many a blending of
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in philosophy deals with the causes and origins of our knowledge, as well as the limits and objective validity. Aligned with
398:"Considers space, time, and objects alike, to be real in themselves, quite independently from the human perception of them."
459:
Classical humanism is a branch of education and type of consciousness. It refers to the practice of engaging with a broader
329:
beyond human capabilities or experience. It can be referred to as the acknowledgement of an underlying unity within nature.
639:
447:, defined by its adherence to religion as the ultimate source of knowledge, Renaissance Humanism saw a rejection of the
97:. However, the theory is both heavily influenced by and reflected in the work of other well-known theorists, including
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550:(a) Space and time are not being that exist independently, but rather forms of our sensible intuition of objects.
2685:
1512:"Comparative Religion studies & the Faith vs. Reason Debate – Aldous Huxley & "The Perennial Philosophy""
1231:
243:
2055:"Should We Practice Justice Toward Nonhuman Animals? Radical Animal Interests, Humanism, and Classical Justice"
2428:"Nicolaus Copernicus | Biography, Facts, Nationality, Discoveries, Accomplishments, & Theory | Britannica"
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553:(b) Objects we understand or comprehend are 'appearances' and do not exist independently of our intuition.
305:
Transcendental concepts (pure concepts of reason) include that of the soul (psychology), ultimate reality (
51:
719:. Translated by David Pellauer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Pp. xxiv+155. $ 20.00 (cloth)"
2255:
683:
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originated in 14th century Italy and spread throughout 15th century Europe. Emerging off the back of the
1478:
Proceedings of the 4th
International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE 2018)
809:
2690:
2256:"Relational and Transcendental Humanism: Exploring the Consequences of a Thoroughly Pragmatic Humanism"
684:"Relational and Transcendental Humanism: Exploring the Consequences of a Thoroughly Pragmatic Humanism"
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political contexts. Reactions against humanist ideologies have seen the emergence of movements such as
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258:(1803–1882) was an American essayist, poet and philosopher best known for his contribution to the
956:"How Could Humanists Become Solidary with the Non-Humanist World? Towards an Anamnestic Humanism"
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113:
1536:"Ralph Waldo Emerson | Biography, Poems, Books, Nature, Self-Reliance, & Facts | Britannica"
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962:, Studies in Humanism and Atheism, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 117–132,
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368:, yet, the ascription of meaning comes from the noumenal world, or the transcendental realm.
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in philosophy is defined by the subjectivity of space and time and concerns the limits of
8:
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is a philosophical stance established by Kant, who compares the philosophy with that of
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212:(1712–1778) was a Swiss writer and philosopher. He is commonly recognised for his book
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Jauernig, Anja (2021-02-18), "Kant's
Transcendental Idealism and Empirical Realism",
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Closely aligned with the study of theology, spiritual transcendentalism describes a
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364:. As such, one has knowledge of objects through the world of appearances and
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of the mid-19th century. Emerson's spiritual transcendentalism re-emerged in
234:
131:
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17:
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1474:"Foundations of Ethics and Education in the Philosophy of Transcendentalism"
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2586:
Idealism and
Freedom: Essays on Kant's Theoretical and Practical Philosophy
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237:(1724–1804) is a German philosopher that centred many of his studies and
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2287:"Re‑Thinking Management: Insights from Western Classical Humanism"
1652:"Kant's Theoretical Philosophy : The Critique of Pure Reason"
1511:
89:
The term is associated predominantly with the work of philosopher
1561:"COMPLETE PROSTHESES TREATMENT – PRESENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES"
282:
themes that give "more to interpretation than to argumentation".
640:
The
Journal of Humanistic Counselling, Education and Development
536:
forms that mould the data of experience into an ordered whole".
521:
a) What can I know? (b) What ought I to do? (c) What may I hope?
2260:
The
Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development
1559:
Uram-Ţuculescu, Sorin; Constantinescu, Marian-Vladimir (2017).
688:
The
Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development
617:, critiqued Kant's transcendental humanism in his body of work
559:(d) Humans can distinguish and cognise objects in categories.
2059:
Early Modern
Humanism and Postmodern Antihumanism in Dialogue
180:
1558:
922:"Deicide in Star Trek: The Ultimate Expression of Humanism?"
285:
2177:
Craig, Professor Edward; Craig, Edward, eds. (2013-01-11).
2061:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 49–70,
582:, which the mind imposes on a set of data – or experience.
270:
rational transcendentalism. He was a pivotal member of the
1102:, Princeton University Press, pp. 19–24, 2022-02-08,
2588:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 53–66,
2480:"A Theoretical Framework for the Critical Posthumanities"
199:
498:. Written in response to the intellectual crisis of the
1783:
Gardner, Sebastian; Grist, Matthew, eds. (2015-02-19).
1611:
Higher Humanism: A Neotranscendental Philosophy of Life
949:
947:
344:
in its claims to the knowledge of objects. Philosopher
1480:. Zhengzhou, China: Atlantis Press. pp. 604–607.
1002:
Philosophy of Mind in the Early Modern and Modern Ages
112:
Transcendental humanism can be largely traced back to
1903:, Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017, p. 1456,
588:
2048:
2046:
1427:"Kant on justification in transcendental philosophy"
944:
891:. California United States: SAGE Publications, Inc.
204:
1857:
1855:
143:Transcendental humanism is a cross-section of both
2582:"On naturalizing Kant's transcendental psychology"
2330:Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences
768:, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 1–86,
250:
2043:
1901:Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory
477:
2667:
1852:
1232:"Social Contract by Jean Jacques Rousseau 1762"
562:
490:(1781) is a book written by German philosopher
628:Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy
316:
2621:
1866:, Oxford University Press, pp. 110–178,
1846:The Power of Language: Philosophy and Society
1690:
1688:
1263:, Oxford University Press, pp. 403–416,
543:, Kant dissects the philosophical concept of
374:'s transcendental idealism is defined in the
2622:Gartner, Murray; Cairns, Huntington (1950).
2180:Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2096:"Humanists Before Humanism: The Renaissance"
1782:
1744:"Transcendence, religion and social bonding"
229:
50:. There might be a discussion about this on
2143:, Routledge, pp. 165–168, 2005-06-27,
1304:, Routledge, pp. 136–143, 2014-02-03,
1298:"Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract"
471:. Classical humanism offers insights into:
160:the emergence and validation of knowledge.
138:
2176:
2102:, Routledge, pp. 80–112, 2006-10-19,
2005:"The psychological speciesism of humanism"
1685:
1378:
1376:
884:
623:An Essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
519:The book deals with three main questions:
332:
2505:
2495:
2474:
2382:"The Copernican Revolution in Philosophy"
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1871:
1793:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198724872.001.0001
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1576:
1485:
1471:
429:. In philosophy, humanism is defined as:
286:Related concepts, theories and ideologies
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
2536:
2211:
1861:
1424:
1346:, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd,
953:
2579:
2284:
1385:"Immanuel Kant: Theoretical Philosophy"
1382:
1373:
1337:
1141:, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01,
1059:
940:– via Science Fiction Foundation.
845:
763:
435:
351:Kant distinguishes between that of the
167:, transcendental philosophy is defined
2668:
2624:"Legal Philosophy from Plato to Hegel"
2452:"Kantianism | philosophy | Britannica"
2253:
2052:
2002:
1748:Archive for the Psychology of Religion
1164:
1100:Studies in Greek Philosophy, Volume II
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681:
200:Influential theorists and philosophers
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1955:
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523:The first questions unpacks what the
454:
325:that acknowledges the existence of a
1741:
1344:International Encyclopedia of Ethics
1171:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1147:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u172122
837:
835:
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823:
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766:"Between Rationalism and Empiricism"
677:
675:
673:
290:
218:, which was originally published as
22:
2254:Hansen, James T. (September 2007).
888:SAGE Brief Guide to Business Ethics
613:English philosopher and professor,
13:
2272:10.1002/j.2161-1939.2007.tb00031.x
1938:
1873:10.1093/oso/9780199695386.003.0003
1830:
1697:"Fichte's Transcendental Theology"
1617:
1593:
1578:10.25241/stomaeduj.2017.4(4).art.5
1269:10.1093/oso/9780198853541.003.0018
700:10.1002/j.2161-1939.2007.tb00031.x
589:Criticisms and academic engagement
506:examines the relationship between
380:The Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
14:
2702:
1628:"Definition of TRANSCENDENTALISM"
816:
670:
205:Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
1909:10.1007/978-981-287-588-4_100650
1842:"Kant's Critique of Pure Reason"
960:Humanism in a Non-Humanist World
848:"Kant's Transcendental Humanism"
86:exists apart from subjectivity.
27:
2615:
2580:Allison, Henry E., ed. (1996),
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1996:
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1418:
1338:Simpson, Matthew (2013-02-01),
1331:
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1224:
1200:
1158:
1127:
1088:
298:is a philosophy defined by the
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2537:Strawson, Peter (2018-09-14).
2226:10.1093/obo/9780195399301-0002
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996:Brook, Andrew (2018-07-06),
715:"Book ReviewPaul Ricoeur, .
568:Kant's Copernican Revolution
563:Kant's Copernican Revolution
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2326:"A Priori and a Posteriori"
2220:, Oxford University Press,
2218:Renaissance and Reformation
2067:10.1007/978-3-319-32276-6_3
1864:The World According to Kant
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1391:, Oxford University Press,
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487:The Critique of Pure Reason
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10:
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2303:10.1007/s41463-021-00115-z
2021:10.1007/s11098-020-01495-y
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846:Allison, Henry E. (1971).
272:Transcendental Club (1836)
260:transcendentalism movement
215:The Social Contract (1762)
15:
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1785:"The Transcendental Turn"
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682:Hansen, James T. (2007).
576:heliocentric solar system
230:Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
2497:10.1177/0263276418771486
2386:The Philosophical Review
2365:: CS1 maint: location (
2338:10.4135/9781452276052.n1
2149:10.4324/9780203986332-14
2053:Langer, Ullrich (2016),
1761:10.1177/0084672420905018
1340:"Rousseau, Jean-Jacques"
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1302:Philosophy: The Classics
1045:: CS1 maint: location (
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764:Scheibe, Erhard (2001),
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139:Background and key ideas
126:psychological empiricism
16:Not to be confused with
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2003:Figdor, Carrie (2021).
1632:www.merriam-webster.com
1565:Stomatology Edu Journal
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864:10.5840/monist197155219
545:transcendental idealism
504:Critique of Pure Reason
480:Critique of Pure Reason
389:Transcendental idealism
333:Transcendental Idealism
247:author of these laws".
220:On the Social Contract,
114:Continental rationalism
83:Transcendental humanism
2686:Philosophical theories
1956:Stern, Robert (1999).
1818:Cite journal requires
1108:10.2307/j.ctv24rgc46.8
920:Grech, Victor (2016).
393:transcendental realism
2549:10.4324/9780429447075
2324:Baehr, Jason (2013),
2189:10.4324/9780203157909
2009:Philosophical Studies
1713:10.1515/AGPH.2010.003
1257:"A Method of Ethics?"
1173:, London: Routledge,
1072:10.1002/9781405164658
926:Foundation (Dagenham)
897:10.4135/9781452243979
658:Humanistic naturalism
210:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2676:Branches of humanism
1840:Scott, Alex (2002).
1742:Dein, Simon (2020).
620:The Bounds of Sense:
572:Nicholas Copernicus'
500:Enlightenment Period
441:Renaissance humanism
436:Renaissance Humanism
40:confusing or unclear
2628:Stanford Law Review
2540:The Bounds of Sense
1609:Gobar, Ash (2017).
626:. Strawson was the
376:"Fourth Paralogism"
323:religious worldview
256:Ralph Waldo Emerson
239:critical philosophy
122:logical rationalism
48:clarify the article
2456:www.britannica.com
2432:www.britannica.com
1540:www.britannica.com
1443:10.1007/BF00873193
998:"Kant on the mind"
455:Classical Humanism
177:Hellenistic period
173:Ancient philosophy
165:Kantian philosophy
118:British Empiricism
2691:Transcendentalism
2603:978-0-521-48337-7
2235:978-0-19-539930-1
2198:978-1-134-59392-7
2158:978-0-203-98633-2
2117:978-0-203-12972-2
2076:978-3-319-32275-9
1918:978-981-287-587-7
1897:"Mobile Internet"
1883:978-0-19-969538-6
1802:978-0-19-872487-2
1673:978-1-6235-6351-6
1656:Kant's Philosophy
1497:978-94-6252-548-1
1406:978-0-19-539657-7
1278:978-0-19-885354-1
1063:A Kant Dictionary
977:978-3-319-57909-2
906:978-1-4129-9721-8
804:Missing or empty
783:978-1-4612-6555-9
502:(1685–1815), the
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46:Please help
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1968:: 137–140.
1212:www.utm.edu
1139:Who Was Who
608:ontological
602:, or not a
496:metaphysics
445:Middle Ages
362:sensibility
264:New England
196:empirical.
2670:Categories
2634:(4): 818.
2609:2022-06-02
2461:2022-06-02
2437:2022-06-02
2353:2022-06-02
2241:2022-06-02
2214:"Humanism"
2164:2022-06-02
2123:2022-06-02
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1932:2022-06-02
1679:2022-06-02
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1412:2022-06-02
1389:Philosophy
1367:2022-06-02
1325:2022-06-02
1284:2022-06-02
1241:2022-06-02
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1033:2022-06-02
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938:1776114205
789:2022-06-02
664:References
580:(a priori)
463:– that of
353:phenomenal
266:following
242:humanism.
60:April 2024
42:to readers
2648:0038-9765
2567:240177692
2524:150292968
2516:0263-2764
2406:0031-8108
2311:245773548
2037:225716619
2029:0031-8116
1990:170632937
1982:1369-4154
1927:225790332
1770:213574963
1729:170299831
1721:0003-9101
1587:2360-2406
1451:0039-7857
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