20:
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1195:
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2104:
295:
172:
28:
158:
415:
1184:
236:. With new seafloor being pushed and pulled out, the older seafloor slowly slides away from the mid-oceanic ridges toward the continents. Although separated only by tens of kilometers, this separation between segments of the ridges causes portions of the seafloor to push past each other in opposing directions. This lateral movement of seafloors past each other is where transform faults are currently active.
2093:
304:
a ridge linked to a subducting plate, where all the lithosphere (new seafloor) being created by the ridge is subducted, or swallowed up, by the subduction zone. Finally, when two upper subduction plates are linked there is no change in length. This is due to the plates moving parallel with each other and no new lithosphere is being created to change that length.
136:, from which the sense of slip is derived. The new class of faults, called transform faults, produce slip in the opposite direction from what one would surmise from the standard interpretation of an offset geological feature. Slip along transform faults does not increase the distance between the ridges it separates; the distance remains constant in
240:
303:
In other cases, transform faults will remain at a constant length. This steadiness can be attributed to many different causes. In the case of ridge-to-ridge transforms, the constancy is caused by the continuous growth by both ridges outward, canceling any change in length. The opposite occurs when
247:
Transform faults move differently from a strike-slip fault at the mid-oceanic ridge. Instead of the ridges moving away from each other, as they do in other strike-slip faults, transform-fault ridges remain in the same, fixed locations, and the new ocean seafloor created at the ridges is pushed away
277:
In his work on transform-fault systems, geologist Tuzo Wilson said that transform faults must be connected to other faults or tectonic-plate boundaries on both ends; because of that requirement, transform faults can grow in length, keep a constant length, or decrease in length. These length changes
260:
rocks were discovered in the edges of the transform ridges. These rocks are created deep inside the Earth's mantle and then rapidly exhumed to the surface. This evidence helps to prove that new seafloor is being created at the mid-oceanic ridges and further supports the theory of plate tectonics.
184:
Transform faults are closely related to transcurrent faults and are commonly confused. Both types of fault are strike-slip or side-to-side in movement; nevertheless, transform faults always end at a junction with another plate boundary, while transcurrent faults may die out without a junction with
268:
represent the previously active transform-fault lines, which have since passed the active transform zone and are being pushed toward the continents. These elevated ridges on the ocean floor can be traced for hundreds of miles and in some cases even from one continent across an ocean to the other
319:
Decreasing length faults: In rare cases, transform faults can shrink in length. These occur when two descending subduction plates are linked by a transform fault. In time as the plates are subducted, the transform fault will decrease in length until the transform fault disappears completely,
251:
A paper written by geophysicist Taras Gerya theorizes that the creation of the transform faults between the ridges of the mid-oceanic ridge is attributed to rotated and stretched sections of the mid-oceanic ridge. This occurs over a long period of time with the spreading center or ridge slowly
411:. The collision led to the subduction of the Farallon Plate underneath the North American Plate. Once the spreading center separating the Pacific and the Farallon Plates was subducted beneath the North American plate, the San Andreas Continental Transform-Fault system was created.
252:
deforming from a straight line to a curved line. Finally, fracturing along these planes forms transform faults. As this takes place, the fault changes from a normal fault with extensional stress to a strike-slip fault with lateral stress. In the study done by
Bonatti and Crane,
284:
In situations where a transform fault links a spreading center and the upper block of a subduction zone or where two upper blocks of subduction zones are linked, the transform fault itself will grow in length.
640:
Reid, H.F., (1910). The
Mechanics of the Earthquake. in The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906, Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington
88:
where the direction of motion is not perpendicular to the trend of the overall divergent boundary. A smaller number of such faults are found on land, although these are generally better-known, such as the
364:, Chain, and Ascension fracture zones, these areas have deep, easily identifiable transform faults and ridges. Other locations include: the East Pacific Ridge located in the South Eastern
144:
was confirmed in a study of the fault plane solutions that showed the slip on transform faults points in the opposite direction than classical interpretation would suggest.
1823:
209:
by transferring displacement between mid-ocean ridges or subduction zones. They also act as the plane of weakness, which may result in splitting in
1813:
872:
278:
are dependent on which type of fault or tectonic structure connect with the transform fault. Wilson described six types of transform faults:
704:
Sykes, L.R. (1967). Mechanism of earthquakes and nature of faulting on the mid-oceanic ridges, Journal of
Geophysical Research, 72, 5–27.
1729:
399:, making it a ridge-to-transform-style fault. The formation of the San Andreas Fault system occurred fairly recently during the
2096:
1144:
912:
588:
1376:
454:
being split into an eastern and western section several hundred kilometres apart. The majority of the syncline is found in
19:
865:
538:
1266:
1971:
1398:
1286:
1818:
1089:
2144:
1276:
1236:
619:
59:. It ends abruptly where it connects to another plate boundary, either another transform, a spreading ridge, or a
2006:
992:
308:
2086:
1679:
858:
832:
1134:
225:
or spreading centres). These mid-oceanic ridges are where new seafloor is constantly created through the
185:
another fault. Finally, transform faults form a tectonic plate boundary, while transcurrent faults do not.
2129:
1194:
811:(1970). "Implications of Plate Tectonics for the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western North America".
289:
1331:
396:
194:
329:
2139:
1866:
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1231:
388:
205:
in rock at the surface or deep in the Earth's subsurface. Transform faults specifically accommodate
2134:
1996:
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1301:
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907:
2033:
2016:
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1346:
1211:
1149:
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from the ridge. Evidence of this motion can be found in paleomagnetic striping on the seafloor.
2028:
1966:
1393:
1079:
455:
133:
578:
313:
1861:
1843:
1351:
1246:
881:
662:
Wilson, J.T. (24 July 1965). "A new class of faults and their bearing on continental drift".
550:
532:
505:
496:
375:
Transform faults are not limited to oceanic crust and spreading centers; many of them are on
198:
94:
324:
2048:
1881:
1584:
1441:
1306:
1017:
820:
777:
723:
671:
408:
8:
2043:
1928:
1923:
1649:
1321:
1281:
997:
847:
The
Encyclopedia of Structural Geology and Plate Tectonics – Ed. by Carl K. Seyfert, 1987
714:
Gerya, T. (2010). "Dynamical
Instability Produces Transform Faults at Mid-Ocean Ridges".
559: – Science of the description and interpretation of deformation in the Earth's crust
450:
is a transform fault for much of its length. This has resulted in the folded land of the
130:
129:
by faults do not follow the classical pattern of an offset fence or geological marker in
824:
781:
727:
675:
294:
1986:
1699:
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85:
77:
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2001:
1981:
1664:
1629:
1564:
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1534:
1416:
1104:
962:
739:
584:
384:
380:
369:
344:
Map of Earth's principal plates (transform boundaries shown as yellow or green lines)
222:
90:
65:
751:
2023:
1991:
1961:
1770:
1755:
1624:
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122:
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52:
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1129:
1062:
987:
947:
544:
463:
361:
44:
348:
The most prominent examples of the mid-oceanic ridge transform zones are in the
1938:
1933:
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1833:
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1609:
1604:
1336:
1226:
1047:
982:
957:
404:
349:
206:
126:
48:
23:
Diagram showing a transform fault with two plates moving in opposite directions
1183:
239:
221:
Transform faults are commonly found linking segments of divergent boundaries (
2123:
2108:
1956:
1876:
1765:
1684:
1659:
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1524:
1431:
1326:
1203:
1124:
1084:
1057:
967:
917:
808:
526:
514:
501:
419:
383:
on the
Pacific coast of the United States. The San Andreas Fault links the
365:
353:
265:
73:
735:
403:
Period between 34 million and 24 million years ago. During this period, the
2063:
2011:
1951:
1902:
1780:
1775:
1750:
1734:
1709:
1426:
1316:
1256:
1042:
952:
927:
743:
553: – Deformation dominated by horizontal movement in Earth's lithosphere
487:
447:
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423:
202:
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1785:
1714:
1579:
1519:
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1471:
1356:
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1251:
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1216:
1099:
1072:
1052:
1012:
977:
473:
459:
439:
427:
340:
137:
110:
850:
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in the island's southeast, but a smaller section is also present in the
1871:
1719:
1694:
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1481:
1466:
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1421:
1341:
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1156:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1007:
264:
Active transform faults are between two tectonic structures or faults.
253:
147:
141:
60:
2103:
1943:
1805:
1790:
1704:
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1383:
1166:
1094:
1022:
942:
932:
889:
683:
400:
226:
210:
414:
27:
2038:
1760:
1619:
1511:
1501:
1446:
922:
768:
Bonatti, Enrico; Crane, Kathleen (1984). "Oceanic
Fracture Zones".
483:
230:
171:
157:
1907:
1897:
1067:
1037:
510:
320:
leaving only two subduction zones facing in opposite directions.
76:, where they accommodate the lateral offset between segments of
1614:
1027:
492:
357:
257:
81:
767:
1976:
1795:
1574:
1529:
233:
197:, which are the response of built-up stresses in the form of
434:. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) long; northwest at top.
216:
1408:
16:
Plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal
833:
10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3513:ioptft]2.0.co;2
608:. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 84–90.
387:
off the West coast of Mexico (Gulf of
California) to the
844:
International
Tectonic Dictionary – AAPG Memoir 7, 1967
193:
Faults in general are focused areas of deformation or
576:
148:
Difference between transform and transcurrent faults
407:, followed by the Pacific plate, collided into the
1824:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
2121:
140:because the ridges are spreading centers. This
1814:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
866:
813:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
109:because they involve no addition or loss of
535: – Transform fault producing new crust
63:. A transform fault is a special case of a
873:
859:
570:
880:
803:
801:
799:
763:
761:
529: – Linear feature on the ocean floor
217:Transform faults and divergent boundaries
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
541: – Movements of Earth's lithosphere
413:
339:
238:
26:
18:
807:
547: – Movement of Earth's lithosphere
105:Transform boundaries are also known as
2122:
1145:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
796:
758:
661:
603:
854:
713:
644:
2092:
707:
597:
539:List of tectonic plate interactions
84:pattern. This results from oblique
13:
1972:National Oceanographic Data Center
1399:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1287:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
612:
69:that also forms a plate boundary.
14:
2156:
1819:Global Sea Level Observing System
790:10.1038/scientificamerican0584-40
622:. British Geological Survey. 2020
2102:
2091:
2082:
2081:
1277:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1193:
1182:
577:Moores E.M.; Twiss R.J. (2014).
328:
323:
312:
307:
293:
288:
170:
156:
2007:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1730:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
583:. Waveland Press. p. 130.
125:recognized that the offsets of
100:
31:Transform fault (the red lines)
698:
634:
72:Most such faults are found in
1:
563:
422:rise dramatically beside the
116:
107:conservative plate boundaries
1267:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1237:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
993:Luke's variational principle
188:
7:
520:
466:in the island's northwest.
379:. The best example is the
335:
243:Spreading center and strips
121:Geophysicist and geologist
10:
2161:
1332:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1180:
397:Northwestern United States
360:. Known as the St. Paul,
134:rebound theory of faulting
2077:
1916:
1890:
1867:Ocean acoustic tomography
1852:
1804:
1743:
1680:Mohorovičić discontinuity
1638:
1510:
1407:
1272:General circulation model
1202:
908:Benjamin–Feir instability
888:
389:Mendocino Triple Junction
1997:Ocean surface topography
1372:Thermohaline circulation
1362:Subsurface ocean current
1302:Hydrothermal circulation
1135:Wave–current interaction
913:Boussinesq approximation
469:Other examples include:
272:
113:at the Earth's surface.
2145:Strike-slip earthquakes
2034:Sea surface temperature
2017:Outline of oceanography
1212:Atmospheric circulation
1150:shallow water equations
1140:Waves and shallow water
1033:Significant wave height
736:10.1126/science.1191349
395:) off the coast of the
2029:Sea surface microlayer
1394:Wind generated current
604:Kearey, K. A. (2007).
435:
368:, which meets up with
345:
244:
32:
24:
1862:Deep scattering layer
1844:World Geodetic System
1352:Princeton Ocean Model
1232:Coriolis–Stokes force
882:Physical oceanography
551:Strike-slip tectonics
533:Leaky transform fault
506:Queen Charlotte Fault
497:North Anatolian Fault
417:
343:
242:
95:North Anatolian Fault
30:
22:
1882:Underwater acoustics
1442:Perigean spring tide
1307:Langmuir circulation
1018:Rossby-gravity waves
409:North American Plate
78:divergent boundaries
2044:Science On a Sphere
1650:Convergent boundary
1322:Modular Ocean Model
1282:Geostrophic current
998:Mild-slope equation
825:1970GSAB...81.3513A
782:1984SciAm.250e..40B
770:Scientific American
728:2010Sci...329.1047G
722:(5995): 1047–1050.
676:1965Natur.207..343W
377:continental margins
2130:Structural geology
1700:Seafloor spreading
1690:Outer trench swell
1655:Divergent boundary
1555:Continental margin
1540:Carbonate platform
1437:Lunitidal interval
557:Structural geology
478:Dead Sea Transform
452:Southland Syncline
436:
393:Juan de Fuca Plate
346:
245:
223:mid-oceanic ridges
177:Transcurrent fault
86:seafloor spreading
41:transform boundary
33:
25:
2117:
2116:
2109:Oceans portal
2069:World Ocean Atlas
2059:Underwater glider
2002:Ocean temperature
1665:Hydrothermal vent
1630:Submarine volcano
1565:Continental shelf
1545:Coastal geography
1535:Bathymetric chart
1417:Amphidromic point
1105:Wave nonlinearity
963:Infragravity wave
819:(12): 3513–3536.
670:(4995): 343–347.
620:"Plate Tectonics"
590:978-1-4786-2660-2
385:East Pacific Rise
381:San Andreas Fault
370:San Andreas Fault
91:San Andreas Fault
66:strike-slip fault
55:is predominantly
2152:
2140:Faults (geology)
2107:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2024:Pelagic sediment
1962:Marine pollution
1756:Deep ocean water
1625:Submarine canyon
1560:Continental rise
1452:Rule of twelfths
1367:Sverdrup balance
1297:Humboldt Current
1222:Boundary current
1197:
1186:
1003:Radiation stress
973:Iribarren number
948:Equatorial waves
903:Ballantine scale
898:Airy wave theory
875:
868:
861:
852:
851:
837:
836:
805:
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756:
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711:
705:
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696:
695:
684:10.1038/207343a0
659:
642:
638:
632:
631:
629:
627:
616:
610:
609:
606:Global Tectonics
601:
595:
594:
574:
332:
327:
316:
311:
301:Constant length:
297:
292:
174:
160:
123:John Tuzo Wilson
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2135:Plate tectonics
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2101:
2073:
1912:
1886:
1848:
1829:Sea-level curve
1800:
1739:
1725:Transform fault
1675:Mid-ocean ridge
1641:
1634:
1600:Oceanic plateau
1506:
1492:Tidal resonance
1462:Theory of tides
1403:
1312:Longshore drift
1262:Ekman transport
1198:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1130:Wave turbulence
1063:Trochoidal wave
988:Longshore drift
884:
879:
841:
840:
806:
797:
766:
759:
712:
708:
703:
699:
660:
645:
639:
635:
625:
623:
618:
617:
613:
602:
598:
591:
575:
571:
566:
545:Plate tectonics
523:
464:Tasman District
338:
282:Growing length:
275:
219:
191:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
175:
166:
165:
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163:Transform fault
161:
150:
119:
103:
61:subduction zone
37:transform fault
17:
12:
11:
5:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2089:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Stratification
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1941:
1939:Color of water
1936:
1934:Benthic lander
1931:
1926:
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1918:
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1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:Sea level rise
1836:
1834:Sea level drop
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
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1788:
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1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1747:
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1741:
1740:
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1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:Marine geology
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:Passive margin
1607:
1605:Oceanic trench
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
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1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1337:Ocean dynamics
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:Coriolis force
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1181:
1179:
1177:
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1117:
1112:
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1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:Stokes problem
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
983:Kinematic wave
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
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945:
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935:
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920:
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910:
905:
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863:
855:
849:
848:
845:
839:
838:
809:Atwater, Tanya
795:
757:
706:
697:
643:
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611:
596:
589:
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560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
522:
519:
518:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
405:Farallon Plate
372:to the North.
350:Atlantic Ocean
337:
334:
274:
271:
266:Fracture zones
218:
215:
207:lateral strain
201:, tension, or
190:
187:
176:
169:
168:
167:
162:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
149:
146:
127:oceanic ridges
118:
115:
102:
99:
49:plate boundary
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2157:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Marine energy
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Acidification
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:SOFAR channel
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Oceanic crust
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Fracture zone
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Oceanic basin
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:Abyssal plain
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:Internal tide
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Ocean current
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1185:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Wave shoaling
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:Ursell number
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
968:Internal wave
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
918:Breaking wave
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
856:
853:
846:
843:
842:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
804:
802:
800:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
762:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
701:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
637:
621:
615:
607:
600:
592:
586:
582:
581:
573:
569:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
527:Fracture zone
525:
524:
516:
515:Sagaing Fault
512:
509:
507:
503:
502:North America
500:
498:
494:
491:
489:
485:
482:
479:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:Southern Alps
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:(Part of the
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
366:Pacific Ocean
363:
359:
355:
354:South America
351:
342:
333:
331:
326:
321:
317:
315:
310:
305:
302:
298:
296:
291:
286:
283:
279:
270:
267:
262:
259:
255:
249:
241:
237:
235:
232:
228:
224:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
186:
173:
159:
145:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
114:
112:
108:
98:
96:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:oceanic crust
70:
68:
67:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
29:
21:
2064:Water column
2012:Oceanography
1987:Observations
1982:Explorations
1952:Marginal sea
1945:
1903:OSTM/Jason-2
1735:Volcanic arc
1724:
1710:Slab suction
1427:Head of tide
1317:Loop Current
1257:Ekman spiral
1043:Stokes drift
953:Gravity wave
928:Cnoidal wave
816:
812:
776:(5): 40–52.
773:
769:
719:
715:
709:
700:
667:
663:
636:
624:. Retrieved
614:
605:
599:
579:
572:
488:Chaman Fault
468:
448:Alpine Fault
444:South Island
437:
424:Alpine Fault
374:
347:
322:
318:
306:
300:
299:
287:
281:
280:
276:
263:
250:
246:
220:
203:shear stress
192:
183:
120:
106:
104:
101:Nomenclature
80:, forming a
71:
64:
40:
36:
34:
2054:Thermocline
1771:Mesopelagic
1744:Ocean zones
1715:Slab window
1580:Hydrography
1520:Abyssal fan
1487:Tidal range
1477:Tidal power
1472:Tidal force
1357:Rip current
1292:Gulf Stream
1252:Ekman layer
1242:Downwelling
1217:Baroclinity
1204:Circulation
1100:Wave height
1090:Wave action
1073:megatsunami
1053:Stokes wave
1013:Rossby wave
978:Kelvin wave
958:Green's law
626:16 February
474:Middle East
460:The Catlins
440:New Zealand
428:New Zealand
269:continent.
199:compression
138:earthquakes
111:lithosphere
2124:Categories
1992:Reanalysis
1891:Satellites
1872:Sofar bomb
1720:Subduction
1695:Ridge push
1590:Ocean bank
1570:Contourite
1497:Tide gauge
1482:Tidal race
1467:Tidal bore
1457:Slack tide
1422:Earth tide
1342:Ocean gyre
1162:Wind setup
1157:Wind fetch
1120:Wave setup
1115:Wave radar
1110:Wave power
1008:Rogue wave
938:Dispersion
564:References
432:West Coast
254:peridotite
211:rift zones
142:hypothesis
117:Background
57:horizontal
51:where the
1854:Acoustics
1806:Sea level
1705:Slab pull
1642:tectonics
1550:Cold seep
1512:Landforms
1389:Whirlpool
1384:Upwelling
1167:Wind wave
1095:Wave base
1023:Sea state
943:Edge wave
933:Cross sea
580:Tectonics
456:Southland
401:Oligocene
227:upwelling
189:Mechanics
2087:Category
2039:Seawater
1766:Littoral
1761:Deep sea
1620:Seamount
1502:Tideline
1447:Rip tide
1377:shutdown
1347:Overflow
1080:Undertow
923:Clapotis
752:10943308
744:20798313
521:See also
484:Pakistan
362:Romanche
352:between
336:Examples
231:basaltic
47:along a
2097:Commons
1967:Mooring
1917:Related
1908:Jason-3
1898:Jason-1
1781:Pelagic
1776:Oceanic
1751:Benthic
1068:Tsunami
1038:Soliton
821:Bibcode
778:Bibcode
724:Bibcode
716:Science
692:4294401
672:Bibcode
511:Myanmar
229:of new
43:, is a
1786:Photic
1615:Seabed
1028:Seiche
750:
742:
690:
664:Nature
587:
493:Turkey
442:, the
358:Africa
258:gabbro
195:strain
131:Reid's
82:zigzag
53:motion
1977:Ocean
1946:Alvin
1796:Swash
1640:Plate
1585:Knoll
1575:Guyot
1530:Atoll
1409:Tides
1172:model
1058:Swell
890:Waves
748:S2CID
688:S2CID
480:Fault
273:Types
234:magma
45:fault
1944:DSV
1929:Argo
1791:Surf
1247:Eddy
740:PMID
641:D.C.
628:2020
585:ISBN
458:and
418:The
356:and
256:and
93:and
829:doi
786:doi
774:250
732:doi
720:329
680:doi
668:207
513:'s
504:'s
495:'s
486:'s
476:'s
446:'s
438:In
430:'s
426:on
39:or
2126::
827:.
817:81
815:.
798:^
784:.
772:.
760:^
746:.
738:.
730:.
718:.
686:.
678:.
666:.
646:^
213:.
97:.
35:A
874:e
867:t
860:v
835:.
831::
823::
792:.
788::
780::
754:.
734::
726::
694:.
682::
674::
630:.
593:.
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