174:. These kernels came from a long line of plants that had been self-pollinated, causing broken arms on the end of their ninth chromosomes. As the maize plants began to grow, McClintock noted unusual color patterns on the leaves. For example, one leaf had two albino patches of almost identical size, located side by side on the leaf. McClintock hypothesized that during cell division certain cells lost genetic material, while others gained what they had lost. However, when comparing the chromosomes of the current generation of plants with the parent generation, she found certain parts of the chromosome had switched position. This refuted the popular genetic theory of the time that genes were fixed in their position on a chromosome. McClintock found that genes could not only move but they could also be turned on or off due to certain environmental conditions or during different stages of cell development.
40:
1268:
sequence would have a T at this position as well, as the base pair is representative of the family as a whole at that particular position, and is most likely the base pair found in the family's ancestor at that position. Once a consensus sequence has been made for each family, it is then possible to move on to further analysis, such as TE classification and genome masking in order to quantify the overall TE content of the genome.
326:
474:
1243:
allows mismatches, the number of which is determined by the analyst. Some k-mer approach programs use the k-mer as a base, and extend both ends of each repeated k-mer until there is no more similarity between them, indicating the ends of the repeats. Another group of algorithms employs a method called sequence self-comparison. Sequence self-comparison programs use databases such as
528:
frequency starts as a function once there is a distance from the TSS. A possible theory for this is that TEs might interfere with the transcription pausing or the first-intro splicing. Also as mentioned before, the presence of TEs closed by the TSS locations is correlated to their evolutionary age (number of different mutations that TEs can develop during the time).
728:, two types of transposons combined to form noncoding RNA that catalyzes the development of stem cells. During the early stages of a fetus's growth, the embryo's inner cell mass expands as these stem cells enumerate. The increase of this type of cells is crucial, since stem cells later change form and give rise to all the cells in the body.
1303:
cis-regulatory region of the EO gene, which regulates molting hormone 20E, and enhanced expression was recorded. While populations without the TE insert are often unable to effectively regulate hormone 20E under starvation conditions, those with the insert had a more stable development, which resulted in higher developmental uniformity.
1032:, is a Tc1/mariner-like transposon. Its dead ("fossil") versions are spread widely in the salmonid genome and a functional version was engineered by comparing those versions. Human Tc1-like transposons are divided into Hsmar1 and Hsmar2 subfamilies. Although both types are inactive, one copy of Hsmar1 found in the
962:, chromatin remodeling and piRNA, such that little to no phenotypic effects nor movements of TEs occur as in some wild-type plant TEs. Certain mutated plants have been found to have defects in methylation-related enzymes (methyl transferase) which cause the transcription of TEs, thus affecting the phenotype.
1298:
to exhibit extended developmental time and reduced egg to adult viability. Although this adaptation was observed in high frequency in all non-African populations, it was not fixed in any of them. This is not hard to believe, since it is logical for a population to favor higher egg to adult viability,
1315:
Recent studies have confirmed that TEs can contribute to the generation of transcription factors. However, how this process of contribution can have an impact on the participation of genome control networks. TEs are more common in many regions of the DNA and it makes up 45% of total human DNA. Also,
1255:
on the sequence data, identifying periodicities, regions that are repeated periodically, and are able to use peaks in the resultant spectrum to find candidate repetitive elements. This method works best for tandem repeats, but can be used for dispersed repeats as well. However, it is a slow process,
1099:
There is a hypothesis that states that TEs might provide a ready source of DNA that could be co-opted by the cell to help regulate gene expression. Research showed that many diverse modes of TEs co-evolution along with some transcription factors targeting TE-associated genomic elements and chromatin
1293:
However, not all effects of adaptive TEs are beneficial to the population. In the research conducted in 2009, "A Recent
Adaptive Transposable Element Insertion Near Highly Conserved Developmental Loci in Drosophila melanogaster", a TE, inserted between Jheh 2 and Jheh 3, revealed a downgrade in the
1276:
Transposable elements have been recognized as good candidates for stimulating gene adaptation, through their ability to regulate the expression levels of nearby genes. Combined with their "mobility", transposable elements can be relocated adjacent to their targeted genes, and control the expression
1227:
repeat identification, all operating under the same general principles. As short tandem repeats are generally 1–6 base pairs in length and are often consecutive, their identification is relatively simple. Dispersed repetitive elements, on the other hand, are more challenging to identify, due to the
769:
and due to the contribution to the formation of new cis-regulatory DNA elements that are connected to many transcription factors that are found in living cells; TEs can undergo many evolutionary mutations and alterations. These are often the causes of genetic disease, and gives the potential lethal
527:
New discoveries of transposable elements have shown the exact distribution of TEs with respect to their transcription start sites (TSSs) and enhancers. A recent study found that a promoter contains 25% of regions that harbor TEs. It is known that older TEs are not found in TSS locations because TEs
1267:
is a sequence that is created based on the repeats that comprise a TE family. A base pair in a consensus is the one that occurred most often in the sequences being compared to make the consensus. For example, in a family of 50 repeats where 42 have a T base pair in the same position, the consensus
411:
Transposition can be classified as either "autonomous" or "non-autonomous" in both Class I and Class II TEs. Autonomous TEs can move by themselves, whereas non-autonomous TEs require the presence of another TE to move. This is often because dependent TEs lack transposase (for Class II) or reverse
1306:
These three experiments all demonstrated different ways in which TE insertions can be advantageous or disadvantageous, through means of regulating the expression level of adjacent genes. The field of adaptive TE research is still under development and more findings can be expected in the future.
1289:
from temperate climates, leading the researchers to conclude that the selective pressures of the climate prompted genetic adaptation. From this experiment, it has been confirmed that adaptive TEs are prevalent in nature, by enabling organisms to adapt gene expression as a result of new selective
1284:
that had recently migrated from Africa to other parts of the world, as a basis for studying adaptations caused by transposable elements. Although most of the TEs were located on introns, the experiment showed a significant difference in gene expressions between the population in Africa and other
1242:
approach, where a k-mer is a sequence of length k. In this approach, the genome is scanned for overrepresented k-mers; that is, k-mers that occur more often than is likely based on probability alone. The length k is determined by the type of transposon being searched for. The k-mer approach also
1251:. As these programs find groups of elements that partially overlap, they are useful for finding highly diverged transposons, or transposons with only a small region copied into other parts of the genome. Another group of algorithms follows the periodicity approach. These algorithms perform a
1508:
Altemose, Nicolas; Logsdon, Glennis A.; Bzikadze, Andrey V.; Sidhwani, Pragya; Langley, Sasha A.; Caldas, Gina V.; Hoyt, Savannah J.; Uralsky, Lev; Ryabov, Fedor D.; Shew, Colin J.; Sauria, Michael E. G.; Borchers, Matthew; Gershman, Ariel; Mikheenko, Alla; Shepelev, Valery A. (April 2022).
1302:
At the same time, there have been several reports showing the advantageous adaptation caused by TEs. In the research done with silkworms, "An
Adaptive Transposable Element insertion in the Regulatory Region of the EO Gene in the Domesticated Silkworm", a TE insertion was observed in the
970:(RNAi) mechanism. Surprisingly, the RNAi sequences are derived from the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the LINE1, a long terminal which repeats itself. Supposedly, the 5′ LINE1 UTR that codes for the sense promoter for LINE1 transcription also encodes the antisense promoter for the
1040:
The frequency and location of TE integrations influence genomic structure and evolution and affect gene and protein regulatory networks during development and in differentiated cell types. Large quantities of TEs within genomes may still present evolutionary advantages, however.
1316:
TEs contributed to 16% of transcription factor binding sites. A larger number of motifs are also found in non-TE-derived DNA, and the number is larger than TE-derived DNA. All these factors correlate to the direct participation of TEs in many ways of gene control networks.
661:. This Class II transposable element is known for its uncanny ability to be transmitted horizontally in many species. There are an estimated 14,000 copies of Mariner in the human genome comprising 2.6 million base pairs. The first mariner-element transposons outside of
337:. Mechanism of transposition: Two transposases recognize and bind to TIR sequences, join and promote DNA double-strand cleavage. The DNA-transposase complex then inserts its DNA cargo at specific DNA motifs elsewhere in the genome, creating short TSDs upon integration.
752:
Transposons have coexisted with eukaryotes for thousands of years and through their coexistence have become integrated in many organisms' genomes. Colloquially known as 'jumping genes', transposons can move within and between genomes allowing for this integration.
1090:
Some non-autonomous DNA TEs found in plants can capture coding DNA from genes and shuffle them across the genome. This process can duplicate genes in the genome (a phenomenon called transduplication), and can contribute to generate novel genes by exon shuffling.
184:
At the 1951 Cold Spring Harbor
Symposium where she first publicized her findings, her talk was met with silence. Her work was largely dismissed and ignored until the late 1960s–1970s when, after TEs were found in bacteria, it was rediscovered. She was awarded a
1114:
Transposable elements can be harnessed in laboratory and research settings to study genomes of organisms and even engineer genetic sequences. The use of transposable elements can be split into two categories: for genetic engineering and as a genetic tool.
1028:(inactive gene sequences). In vertebrate animal cells, nearly all 100,000+ DNA transposons per genome have genes that encode inactive transposase polypeptides. The first synthetic transposon designed for use in vertebrate (including human) cells, the
438:
Some researchers also identify a third class of transposable elements, which has been described as "a grab-bag consisting of transposons that don't clearly fit into the other two categories". Examples of such TEs are the
Foldback (FB) elements of
357:
closes the sugar-phosphate backbone. This results in target site duplication and the insertion sites of DNA transposons may be identified by short direct repeats (a staggered cut in the target DNA filled by DNA polymerase) followed by
1137:
This feature allows researchers to distinguish between genes that must be present inside of a cell in order to function (cell-autonomous) and genes that produce observable effects in cells other than those where the gene is
1036:
gene is under selection as it provides DNA-binding for the histone-modifying protein. Many other human genes are similarly derived from transposons. Hsmar2 has been reconstructed multiple times from the fossil sequences.
254:
Despite the potential negative effects of retrotransposons, like inserting itself into the middle of a necessary DNA sequence, which can render important genes unusable, they are still essential to keep a species'
756:
While there are many positive effects of transposons in their host eukaryotic genomes, there are some instances of mutagenic effects that TEs have on genomes leading to disease and malignant genetic alterations.
965:
One hypothesis suggests that only approximately 100 LINE1 related sequences are active, despite their sequences making up 17% of the human genome. In human cells, silencing of LINE1 sequences is triggered by an
1176:
TEs are also a widely used tool for mutagenesis of most experimentally tractable organisms. The
Sleeping Beauty transposon system has been used extensively as an insertional tag for identifying cancer genes.
735:, a transposon in a gene called cortex caused the moths' wings to turn completely black. This change in coloration helped moths to blend in with ash and soot-covered areas during the Industrial Revolution.
6181:
3239:
Kazazian HH, Wong C, Youssoufian H, Scott AF, Phillips DG, Antonarakis SE (March 1988). "Haemophilia A resulting from de novo insertion of L1 sequences represents a novel mechanism for mutation in man".
3269:
Miki Y, Nishisho I, Horii A, Miyoshi Y, Utsunomiya J, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Nakamura Y (February 1992). "Disruption of the APC gene by a retrotransposal insertion of L1 sequence in a colon cancer".
3388:
Sun W, Samimi H, Gamez M, Zare H, Frost B (August 2018). "Pathogenic tau-induced piRNA depletion promotes neuronal death through transposable element dysregulation in neurodegenerative tauopathies".
345:
enzymes. Some transposases non-specifically bind to any target site in DNA, whereas others bind to specific target sequences. The transposase makes a staggered cut at the target site producing
332:. Structure of DNA transposons (Mariner type). Two inverted tandem repeats (TIR) flank the transposase gene. Two short tandem site duplications (TSD) are present on both sides of the insert.
1179:
The Tc1/mariner-class of TEs
Sleeping Beauty transposon system, awarded Molecule of the Year in 2009, is active in mammalian cells and is being investigated for use in human gene therapy.
1223:
repeat identification is an initial scan of sequence data that seeks to find the repetitive regions of the genome, and to classify these repeats. Many computer programs exist to perform
982:
TEs are found in almost all life forms, and the scientific community is still exploring their evolution and their effect on genome evolution. It is unclear whether TEs originated in the
2832:"Recent horizontal transfer of mellifera subfamily mariner transposons into insect lineages representing four different orders shows that selection acts only during horizontal transfer"
1331:
1127:
In some cases the insertion of a TE into a gene can disrupt that gene's function in a reversible manner where transposase-mediated excision of the DNA transposon restores gene function.
936:
promoters and their rate of transposition increases if the cell is subjected to stress, thus increasing the mutation rate under these conditions, which might be beneficial to the cell.
2269:
SanMiguel P, Tikhonov A, Jin YK, Motchoulskaia N, Zakharov D, Melake-Berhan A, et al. (November 1996). "Nested retrotransposons in the intergenic regions of the maize genome".
632:
bacterial strains can be generated in this way). Bacterial transposons of this type belong to the Tn family. When the transposable elements lack additional genes, they are known as
932:. Using several assumptions, the rate of successful transposition event per single Ty1 element came out to be about once every few months to once every few years. Some TEs contain
6174:
293:
Retroviruses can also be considered TEs. For example, after the conversion of retroviral RNA into DNA inside a host cell, the newly produced retroviral DNA is integrated into the
1049:, they protect novel gene sequences from being overwritten by similar gene sequences and thereby facilitate the development of new genes. TEs may also have been co-opted by the
1164:
expression of gene sequences. Also, this analytic technique mutates the desired locus of interest so that the phenotypes of the original and the mutated gene can be compared.
593:. They seem to have first appeared in the species only in the middle of the twentieth century; within the last 50 years, they spread through every population of the species.
307:
retrotransposon, which can produce RNA intermediates that may leave the host cell and infect other cells. The transposition cycle of retroviruses has similarities to that of
5351:
4928:
1381:
3570:
Miura A, Yonebayashi S, Watanabe K, Toyama T, Shimada H, Kakutani T (May 2001). "Mobilization of transposons by a mutation abolishing full DNA methylation in
Arabidopsis".
565:
caused by these elements. These changes in the genome could, for example, lead to a change in the color of corn kernels. About 64% of the maize genome consists of TEs. The
1228:
fact that they are longer and have often acquired mutations. However, it is important to identify these repeats as they are often found to be transposable elements (TEs).
6167:
3865:"The ancient mariner sails again: transposition of the human Hsmar1 element by a reconstructed transposase and activities of the SETMAR protein on transposon ends"
1068:
TEs can contain many types of genes, including those conferring antibiotic resistance and the ability to transpose to conjugative plasmids. Some TEs also contain
3018:
Van't Hof, Arjen E.; Campagne, Pascal; Rigden, Daniel J. (1 June 2016). "The industrial melanism mutation in
British peppered moths is a transposable element".
4985:
177:
McClintock also showed that gene mutations could be reversed. She presented her report on her findings in 1951, and published an article on her discoveries in
1001:. Various viruses and TEs also share features in their genome structures and biochemical abilities, leading to speculation that they share a common ancestor.
2979:"Transposable elements and genome organization: a comprehensive survey of retrotransposons revealed by the complete Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome sequence"
1124:
Insertional mutagenesis uses the features of a TE to insert a sequence. In most cases, this is used to remove a DNA sequence or cause a frameshift mutation.
703:
699:
695:
691:
657:
are another prominent class of transposons found in multiple species, including humans. The
Mariner transposon was first discovered by Jacobson and Hartl in
2415:
Bruno M, Mahgoub M, Macfarlan TS (December 2019). "The Arms Race
Between KRAB-Zinc Finger Proteins and Endogenous Retroelements and Its Impact on Mammals".
5010:
4960:
954:
If organisms are mostly composed of TEs, one might assume that disease caused by misplaced TEs is very common, but in most cases TEs are silenced through
5020:
121:, many are important in genome function and evolution. Transposons are also very useful to researchers as a means to alter DNA inside a living organism.
5142:
5060:
4237:
Saha S, Bridges S, Magbanua ZV, Peterson DG (2008). "Computational Approaches and Tools Used in Identification of Dispersed Repetitive DNA Sequences".
1238:
of each family of sequences, and 3) classify these repeats. There are three groups of algorithms for the first step. One group is referred to as the
974:
that becomes the substrate for siRNA production. Inhibition of the RNAi silencing mechanism in this region showed an increase in LINE1 transcription.
5344:
5050:
4965:
566:
186:
3621:
Yang N, Kazazian HH (September 2006). "L1 retrotransposition is suppressed by endogenously encoded small interfering RNAs in human cultured cells".
1182:
TEs are used for the reconstruction of phylogenies by the means of presence/absence analyses. Transposons can act as biological mutagen in bacteria.
1100:
are evolving from TE sequences. Most of the time, these particular modes do not follow the simple model of TEs and regulating host gene expression.
381:, when a donor site has already been replicated but a target site has not yet been replicated. Such duplications at the target site can result in
5197:
2218:
Kaminker JS, Bergman CM, Kronmiller B, Carlson J, Svirskas R, Patel S, Frise E, Wheeler DA, Lewis SE, Rubin GM, Ashburner M, Celniker SE (2002).
450:
4970:
341:
The cut-and-paste transposition mechanism of class II TEs does not involve an RNA intermediate. The transpositions are catalyzed by several
6797:
5337:
6737:
4696:
3152:
Belancio VP, Hedges DJ, Deininger P (March 2008). "Mammalian non-LTR retrotransposons: for better or worse, in sickness and in health".
5065:
5030:
4980:
4975:
3292:
Mustajoki S, Ahola H, Mustajoki P, Kauppinen R (June 1999). "Insertion of Alu element responsible for acute intermittent porphyria".
3305:
5005:
4955:
4134:
Jiang N, Bao Z, Zhang X, Eddy SR, Wessler SR (September 2004). "Pack-MULE transposable elements mediate gene evolution in plants".
2161:"Multigenome analysis implicates miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) in metabolic diversification in eudicots"
5000:
4905:
1083:
Transposons do not always excise their elements precisely, sometimes removing the adjacent base pairs; this phenomenon is called
743:
carries a large and diverse number of TEs. This analysis by Matthews et al. 2018 also suggests this is common to all mosquitoes.
5025:
1676:
Bucher E, Reinders J, Mirouze M (November 2012). "Epigenetic control of transposon transcription and mobility in Arabidopsis".
6304:
4587:"An adaptive transposable element insertion in the regulatory region of the EO gene in the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori"
4300:
2125:
2054:
1942:
1915:
1759:
1433:
1410:
1391:
923:
1280:
The study conducted in 2008, "High Rate of Recent Transposable Element–Induced Adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster", used
1326:
1045:
within genomes are created by transposition events accumulating over evolutionary time. Because interspersed repeats block
6670:
5190:
3098:
1057:
system operates by a mechanism similar to that of some TEs. TEs also serve to generate repeating sequences that can form
867:
Insertion of L1 into the APC gene causes colon cancer, confirming that TEs play an important role in disease development.
201:. TEs are assigned to one of two classes according to their mechanism of transposition, which can be described as either
4669:
2023:
4882:
4869:
3779:
Plasterk RH, Izsvák Z, Ivics Z (August 1999). "Resident aliens: the Tc1/mariner superfamily of transposable elements".
3376:
2380:
Mills RE, Bennett EA, Iskow RC, Devine SE (April 2007). "Which transposable elements are active in the human genome?".
283:
4487:"A recent adaptive transposable element insertion near highly conserved developmental loci in Drosophila melanogaster"
628:
DNA and back, allowing for the transfer and permanent addition of genes such as those encoding antibiotic resistance (
6727:
4892:
1029:
514:
3816:"Molecular reconstruction of Sleeping Beauty, a Tc1-like transposon from fish, and its transposition in human cells"
6802:
6732:
2611:
Spradling AC, Rubin GM (October 1982). "Transposition of cloned P elements into Drosophila germ line chromosomes".
2006:
1336:
862:
569:
system described by McClintock are Class II TEs. Transposition of Ac in tobacco has been demonstrated by B. Baker.
4689:
2654:
Rubin GM, Spradling AC (October 1982). "Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors".
3180:"Genome-wide analysis in the mouse embryo reveals the importance of DNA methylation for transcription integrity"
881:
into the PBGD gene leads to interference with the coding region and leads to acute intermittent porphyria (AIP).
6655:
6005:
5600:
5183:
5175:
983:
1855:"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Dec 2012, 109 (50) 20198-20199; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219372109"
166:
In the winter of 1944–1945, McClintock planted corn kernels that were self-pollinated, meaning that the silk (
6643:
6141:
4923:
4769:
4756:
1717:
1109:
445:
160:
4674:
892:
LINE1(L1) TE's and other retrotransposons have been linked to cancer because they cause genomic instability.
5789:
5470:
2791:"Horizontal transmission, vertical inactivation, and stochastic loss of mariner-like transposable elements"
1154:
461:
Approximately 64% of the maize genome is made up of TEs, as is 44% of the human genome, and almost half of
5475:
239:
is then inserted back into the genome at a new position. The reverse transcription step is catalyzed by a
5709:
5465:
897:
807:
TEs use a number of different mechanisms to cause genetic instability and disease in their host genomes.
3722:
Ricci, Marco; Peona, Valentina; Guichard, Etienne; Taccioli, Cristian; Boattini, Alessio (31 May 2018).
1008:, many organisms have acquired mechanisms to inhibit their activity. Bacteria may undergo high rates of
903:
Caused by SVA transposable element insertion in the fukutin (FKTN) gene which renders the gene inactive.
6807:
5040:
4682:
4283:
Makałowski W, Pande A, Gotea V, Makałowska I (2012). "Transposable elements and their identification".
3995:"A retrotransposon gag-like-3 gene RTL3 and SOX-9 co-regulate the expression of COL2A1 in chondrocytes"
2424:
718:
17:
3993:
Ball, Hope C.; Ansari, Mohammad Y.; Ahmad, Nashrah; Novak, Kimberly; Haqqi, Tariq M. (November 2021).
1234:
identification of transposons involves three steps: 1) find all repeats within the genome, 2) build a
6159:
6010:
5285:
5241:
4665:
Use of the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System for Stable Gene Expression in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
4664:
3397:
3368:
3343:
3253:
3161:
1805:
1080:. There are over 40 antibiotic resistance genes identified on cassettes, as well as virulence genes.
678:
562:
496:
393:
3664:
Kidwell MG (1992). "Horizontal transfer of P elements and other short inverted repeat transposons".
6714:
6660:
5857:
5758:
5675:
5280:
5210:
987:
928:
911:
Transposable element dysregulation can cause neuronal death, leading to neurodegenerative disorders
819:
777:
A transposon or a retrotransposon that inserts itself into a functional gene can disable that gene.
686:
647:. It is approximately 300 bases long and can be found between 300,000 and one million times in the
492:
277:(LINEs, LINE-1s, or L1s), which encode reverse transcriptase but lack LTRs, and are transcribed by
224:
140:, which they require for insertion and excision, and some of these TEs also encode other proteins.
243:, which is often encoded by the TE itself. The characteristics of retrotransposons are similar to
6812:
6749:
5884:
5660:
5236:
5214:
4734:
4709:
2591:
1457:
Bourque G, Burns KH, Gehring M, Gorbunova V, Seluanov A, Hammell M, et al. (November 2018).
583:
198:
118:
109:
Transposable elements make up a large fraction of the genome and are responsible for much of the
4651:- a database of transposable element families, multiple sequence alignments, and sequence models
4187:"Mobilization of Pack-CACTA transposons in Arabidopsis suggests the mechanism of gene shuffling"
4091:
Moran JV, DeBerardinis RJ, Kazazian HH (March 1999). "Exon shuffling by L1 retrotransposition".
3418:
Paquin CE, Williamson VM (October 1984). "Temperature effects on the rate of ty transposition".
3334:
Kazazian HH, Goodier JL (August 2002). "LINE drive. retrotransposition and genome instability".
3178:
Dahlet T, Argüeso Lleida A, Al Adhami H, Dumas M, Bender A, Ngondo RP, et al. (June 2020).
82:. Transposition often results in duplication of the same genetic material. In the human genome,
6112:
5428:
5164:
5092:
3089:
1252:
1050:
2220:"The transposable elements of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatin: a genomics perspective"
1905:
5872:
5845:
5460:
5265:
5231:
4658:
1341:
1244:
1020:
to inhibit TE activity. Nevertheless, some TEs generate large families often associated with
800:
667:
654:
617:
240:
232:
129:
99:
63:
5448:
1932:
1087:. Shuffling two unrelated exons can create a novel gene product or, more likely, an intron.
5816:
5811:
5137:
4143:
4100:
3947:
3735:
3579:
3427:
3191:
3102:
3033:
2933:
2743:
2663:
2620:
2553:
2482:
2336:
2278:
2172:
2073:
Kazazian HH, Moran JV (May 1998). "The impact of L1 retrotransposons on the human genome".
1579:
1196:
940:
629:
267:
31:
2807:
2790:
8:
6334:
6052:
5894:
5850:
5806:
5544:
4915:
4786:
3934:
Gil E, Bosch A, Lampe D, Lizcano JM, Perales JC, Danos O, Chillon M (11 September 2013).
3912:
3029:
2920:
Carlton JM, Hirt RP, Silva JC, Delcher AL, Schatz M, Zhao Q, et al. (January 2007).
1054:
1042:
986:, arose independently multiple times, or arose once and then spread to other kingdoms by
815:
707:
616:, TEs usually carry an additional gene for functions other than transposition, often for
484:
163:
in New York. McClintock was experimenting with maize plants that had broken chromosomes.
4433:"High rate of recent transposable element-induced adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster"
4147:
4104:
3951:
3739:
3583:
3431:
3195:
3037:
2937:
2747:
2667:
2624:
2557:
2486:
2432:
2340:
2282:
2176:
1583:
1285:
parts of the world. The four TEs that caused the selective sweep were more prevalent in
1072:, genetic elements that can capture and express genes from other sources. These contain
811:
Expression of disease-causing, damaging proteins that inhibit normal cellular function.
392:
Not all DNA transposons transpose through the cut-and-paste mechanism. In some cases, a
6628:
6550:
6102:
5087:
4995:
4814:
4562:
4535:
4511:
4486:
4459:
4432:
4405:
4380:
4353:
4328:
4254:
4211:
4186:
4167:
4027:
3994:
3970:
3935:
3889:
3864:
3845:
3756:
3724:"Transposable Elements Activity is Positively Related to Rate of Speciation in Mammals"
3723:
3689:
3646:
3603:
3544:
3520:"Endogenous RNA interference provides a somatic defense against Drosophila transposons"
3519:
3451:
3317:
3212:
3179:
3127:
3084:
3065:
2954:
2921:
2902:
2574:
2541:
2505:
2470:
2444:
2357:
2324:
2302:
2195:
2160:
2098:
1989:
1960:"A universal classification of eukaryotic transposable elements implemented in Repbase"
1881:
1854:
1830:
1653:
1626:
1602:
1567:
1543:
1510:
1485:
1458:
1366:
1264:
1248:
1235:
933:
714:
633:
598:
546:
397:
287:
148:
91:
5329:
4630:
3832:
3815:
3792:
3495:
3470:
2766:
2731:
2246:
2236:
2219:
1149:
In addition to the qualities mentioned for Genetic engineering, a Genetic tool also:-
780:
After a DNA transposon leaves a gene, the resulting gap may not be repaired correctly.
6606:
6522:
6424:
6194:
6097:
5801:
4608:
4567:
4516:
4464:
4410:
4358:
4306:
4296:
4216:
4159:
4116:
4073:
4032:
4014:
3975:
3894:
3837:
3796:
3761:
3681:
3638:
3595:
3549:
3500:
3443:
3405:
3372:
3347:
3309:
3279:
3257:
3217:
3165:
3132:
3114:
3057:
3049:
3000:
2959:
2894:
2853:
2812:
2771:
2679:
2636:
2579:
2510:
2448:
2436:
2397:
2362:
2294:
2251:
2200:
2121:
2090:
2050:
1981:
1938:
1911:
1886:
1835:
1755:
1693:
1658:
1607:
1548:
1530:
1490:
1429:
1406:
1387:
554:
278:
189:
in 1983 for her discovery of TEs, more than thirty years after her initial research.
4381:"Transposable elements donate lineage-specific regulatory sequences to host genomes"
4258:
3849:
3693:
3650:
3455:
2306:
2102:
826:. These promoters can cause aberrant expression of linked genes, causing disease or
5833:
5727:
5360:
5149:
5079:
4717:
4598:
4557:
4547:
4506:
4498:
4454:
4444:
4400:
4392:
4348:
4340:
4288:
4246:
4206:
4198:
4171:
4151:
4108:
4063:
4022:
4006:
3965:
3955:
3884:
3876:
3827:
3788:
3751:
3743:
3673:
3630:
3607:
3587:
3539:
3531:
3490:
3482:
3435:
3321:
3301:
3207:
3199:
3122:
3106:
3069:
3041:
3020:
2990:
2949:
2941:
2884:
2843:
2802:
2761:
2751:
2710:
2671:
2628:
2569:
2561:
2500:
2490:
2428:
2389:
2352:
2344:
2286:
2241:
2231:
2190:
2180:
2082:
2027:
1993:
1971:
1876:
1866:
1825:
1817:
1685:
1648:
1638:
1597:
1587:
1538:
1522:
1480:
1470:
1263:
repeat identification involves building a consensus of each family of sequences. A
1203:
1017:
967:
922:
One study estimated the rate of transposition of a particular retrotransposon, the
558:
382:
4112:
4010:
2922:"Draft genome sequence of the sexually transmitted pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis"
2732:"Molecular structure of a somatically unstable transposable element in Drosophila"
6466:
6090:
5784:
5763:
5692:
5495:
5308:
5270:
4860:
4832:
4801:
4796:
4449:
4292:
3960:
2906:
2290:
2142:
1749:
1046:
959:
939:
Cells defend against the proliferation of TEs in a number of ways. These include
594:
578:, TEs play such a critical role that when removed, the organism fails to develop.
403:
Class II TEs comprise less than 2% of the human genome, making the rest Class I.
359:
218:
125:
114:
5205:
3863:
Miskey C, Papp B, Mátés L, Sinzelle L, Keller H, Izsvák Z, Ivics Z (June 2007).
3439:
2540:
Nowacki M, Higgins BP, Maquilan GM, Swart EC, Doak TG, Landweber LF (May 2009).
2031:
1821:
857:(L1) TEs that land on the human Factor VIII have been shown to cause haemophilia
181:
in November 1953 entitled "Induction of Instability at Selected Loci in Maize".
6515:
6480:
6473:
6452:
6431:
6408:
6288:
6080:
5967:
5838:
5697:
5680:
5485:
5415:
5132:
4990:
4947:
4775:
4765:
3401:
3203:
2889:
2872:
2736:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2475:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2323:
Jiao Y, Peluso P, Shi J, Liang T, Stitzer MC, Wang B, et al. (June 2017).
2165:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1859:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1751:
Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their Lives, Struggles, and Momentous Discoveries
1643:
1572:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1351:
1294:
expression level of both of the genes. Downregulation of such genes has caused
1084:
948:
396:
is observed in which a transposon replicates itself to a new target site (e.g.
350:
320:
167:
133:
103:
4250:
3747:
3535:
2393:
1689:
1475:
373:
Cut-and-paste TEs may be duplicated if their transposition takes place during
6791:
6754:
6682:
6575:
6543:
6529:
6508:
6494:
6445:
6438:
6357:
6230:
6120:
6085:
5928:
5918:
5889:
5522:
5515:
5097:
4837:
4760:
4751:
4743:
4704:
4552:
4018:
3486:
3118:
3053:
1534:
1422:
1077:
1009:
739:
732:
256:
4603:
4586:
4502:
2945:
2848:
2831:
2756:
2675:
2632:
2565:
2495:
2185:
1871:
1526:
6771:
6704:
6568:
6536:
6501:
6487:
6459:
6385:
6364:
6107:
5950:
5910:
5877:
5649:
5635:
5533:
5313:
5260:
5109:
4612:
4571:
4520:
4468:
4414:
4362:
4310:
4220:
4163:
4120:
4077:
4036:
3979:
3898:
3800:
3765:
3642:
3599:
3553:
3447:
3313:
3221:
3136:
3110:
3061:
2963:
2898:
2857:
2583:
2514:
2440:
2401:
2366:
2255:
2204:
1985:
1890:
1839:
1697:
1662:
1611:
1552:
1494:
1299:
therefore trying to purge the trait caused by this specific TE adaptation.
1185:
Common organisms which the use of Transposons has been well developed are:
1012:
as part of a mechanism to remove TEs and viruses from their genomes, while
784:
648:
644:
4431:
González J, Lenkov K, Lipatov M, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA (October 2008).
4202:
3841:
3685:
3504:
3004:
2816:
2775:
2683:
2640:
2298:
2094:
1592:
6633:
6378:
6131:
5997:
5945:
5940:
5453:
5318:
5275:
5104:
5015:
4877:
4536:"ModuleOrganizer: detecting modules in families of transposable elements"
4344:
3880:
1934:
The Dynamic Genome: Barbara McClintock's Ideas in the Century of Genetics
1361:
991:
955:
878:
823:
550:
367:
346:
342:
308:
137:
95:
87:
79:
4155:
3083:
Cosby, Rachel L.; Chang, Ni-Chen; Feschotte, Cédric (1 September 2019).
3045:
2348:
102:
is becoming increasingly relevant, as well as gaining more attention in
6764:
6711:
6298:
6211:
6039:
6034:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5960:
5955:
5796:
5731:
5480:
5422:
5223:
5116:
4933:
3677:
3306:
10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1999)13:6<431::aid-humu2>3.0.co;2-y
2995:
2978:
2699:"Milestones in Nature: Milestone 9: Transformers, Elements in Disguise"
1976:
1959:
1189:
1021:
848:
830:
788:
621:
601:
pioneered technology to use artificial P elements to insert genes into
378:
363:
354:
304:
244:
39:
6189:
4396:
3565:
3563:
2471:"DNA methylation enables transposable element-driven genome expansion"
2086:
2068:
2066:
990:. While some TEs confer benefits on their hosts, most are regarded as
6371:
6350:
6252:
6044:
6029:
6016:
5768:
5556:
5387:
5252:
5035:
4726:
3634:
3591:
2830:
Lampe DJ, Witherspoon DJ, Soto-Adames FN, Robertson HM (April 2003).
1161:
1073:
1024:
events. Evolution often deactivates DNA transposons, leaving them as
1013:
872:
589:
574:
386:
349:, cuts out the DNA transposon and ligates it into the target site. A
4068:
4051:
3936:"Functional characterization of the human mariner transposon Hsmar2"
2829:
2715:
2698:
1094:
6744:
6689:
6276:
6260:
6225:
6075:
6021:
5923:
5867:
5862:
5753:
5714:
5670:
5572:
5377:
5206:
5159:
5045:
4809:
4705:
4639:– A possible connection between aberrant reinsertions and lymphoma.
3560:
3085:"Host–transposon interactions: conflict, cooperation, and cooption"
2325:"Improved maize reference genome with single-molecule technologies"
2063:
1380:
Kidwell MG (2005). "Transposable elements". In T.R. Gregory (ed.).
1346:
1332:
Epigenetic regulation of transposable elements in the plant kingdom
1131:
1069:
994:
674:
613:
299:
286:(SINEs) do not encode reverse transcriptase and are transcribed by
270:(LTRs), which encode reverse transcriptase, similar to retroviruses
75:
3177:
106:
given the difficulty of analysis in very high dimensional spaces.
6776:
6694:
6675:
6235:
6220:
6057:
5935:
5719:
5704:
5407:
5382:
5055:
4378:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
3249:
2542:"A functional role for transposases in a large eukaryotic genome"
2268:
1160:
This analytical tool allows researchers the ability to determine
796:
792:
766:
662:
625:
374:
325:
110:
4287:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 855. pp. 337–59.
3291:
2217:
1907:
The Madame Curie Complex: The Hidden History of Women in Science
1400:
1153:
Used for analysis of gene expression and protein functioning in
773:
TEs can damage the genome of their host cell in different ways:
419:) is an example of an autonomous TE, and dissociation elements (
6722:
6665:
6650:
6600:
6330:
6148:
6126:
5823:
5746:
5741:
5506:
5397:
5392:
5154:
4654:
4430:
4185:
Catoni M, Jonesman T, Cerruti E, Paszkowski J (February 2019).
4184:
3471:"Copia is transcriptionally responsive to environmental stress"
2007:
A not-so-selfish “genetic parasite” helps to preserve fertility
1507:
1401:
Craig NL, Craigie R, Gellert M, and Lambowitz AM, eds. (2002).
1130:
This produces plants in which neighboring cells have different
1033:
1025:
917:
887:
827:
725:
651:. Alu alone is estimated to make up 15–17% of the human genome.
606:
294:
171:
71:
4282:
4265:
3569:
2977:
Kim JM, Vanguri S, Boeke JD, Gabriel A, Voytas DF (May 1998).
717:
is a TE found in eukaryotes that is thought to replicate by a
262:
Retrotransposons are commonly grouped into three main orders:
6699:
6326:
6270:
6265:
5630:
5622:
5440:
5402:
5300:
4900:
3365:
Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine
1239:
1058:
998:
971:
944:
854:
640:
538:
462:
274:
152:
83:
3814:
Ivics Z, Hackett PB, Plasterk RH, Izsvák Z (November 1997).
1456:
1310:
6638:
6242:
6190:
6136:
5828:
5369:
4329:"Empirical comparison of ab initio repeat finding programs"
4326:
4236:
3017:
2789:
Lohe AR, Moriyama EN, Lidholm DA, Hartl DL (January 1995).
2539:
1511:"Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres"
1356:
1062:
1005:
236:
30:"Mobile DNA" redirects here. For the academic journal, see
4642:
4534:
Tempel S, Rousseau C, Tahi F, Nicolas J (September 2010).
4379:
Mariño-Ramírez L, Lewis KC, Landsman D, Jordan IK (2005).
4327:
Saha S, Bridges S, Magbanua ZV, Peterson DG (April 2008).
3813:
3721:
2020:
Transposon regulation upon dynamic loss of DNA methylation
4657:– a computer program used by computational biologists to
4585:
Sun W, Shen YH, Han MJ, Cao YF, Zhang Z (December 2014).
4533:
4090:
1624:
248:
228:
67:
4484:
2788:
1459:"Ten things you should know about transposable elements"
1256:
making it an unlikely choice for genome-scale analysis.
311:
TEs, suggesting a distant relationship between the two.
197:
Transposable elements represent one of several types of
5359:
4648:
4485:
González J, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA (September 2009).
3862:
2919:
2379:
2976:
1277:
levels of the gene, dependent upon the circumstances.
223:
Class I TEs are copied in two stages: first, they are
124:
There are at least two classes of TEs: Class I TEs or
3517:
2414:
1675:
803:, one of the main reasons for chromosome duplication.
353:
fills in the resulting gaps from the sticky ends and
259:
intact over the generations, preventing infertility.
4052:"Origins and evolution of ADAR-mediated RNA editing"
3992:
3933:
2729:
2530:, ed. Nelson (Plenum Publishing, 1988), pp. 161–174.
2469:
Zhou W, Liang G, Molloy PL, Jones PA (August 2020).
2468:
1806:"Induction of Instability at Selected Loci in Maize"
690:) there are five distinct retrotransposon families:
3778:
3518:Chung WJ, Okamura K, Martin R, Lai EC (June 2008).
3082:
2730:Jacobson JW, Medhora MM, Hartl DL (November 1986).
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
297:of the host cell. These integrated DNAs are termed
2322:
1937:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 2.
1568:"The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize"
1421:
143:
4631:"An immune system so versatile it might kill you"
4133:
2592:"'Junk' DNA Has Important Role, Researchers Find"
1627:"A new challenge for data analytics: transposons"
1095:Evolutionary drive for TEs on the genomic context
6789:
3913:"Gene group: Transposable element derived genes"
3417:
3076:
2455:
2408:
2158:
1930:
1212:
1053:as a means of producing antibody diversity. The
423:) is an example of a non-autonomous TE. Without
406:
4670:Introduction to Transposons, 2018 YouTube video
2118:Dynamics and evolution of transposable elements
2044:
1931:Fedoroff N, Botstein D, eds. (1 January 1992).
1754:(2nd ed.). Carol Publishing. p. 165.
451:Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Elements
4645:– a database of transposable element sequences
3468:
2870:
2653:
2610:
1957:
783:Multiple copies of the same sequence, such as
6175:
5345:
5191:
4690:
4584:
2072:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
170:) of the flower received pollen from its own
78:and altering the cell's genetic identity and
3620:
2533:
918:Rate of transposition, induction and defense
760:
495:. There might be a discussion about this on
6738:Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene
2318:
2316:
1903:
677:transposition is the best-known example of
549:in 1948, for which she was later awarded a
385:, which plays an important role in genomic
6182:
6168:
5352:
5338:
5198:
5184:
4697:
4683:
4049:
3706:
3359:Kapitonov VV, Pavlicek A, Jurka J (2006).
1803:
1785:
1768:
1732:
1565:
908:Alzheimer's Disease and other Tauopathies
4602:
4561:
4551:
4510:
4458:
4448:
4404:
4352:
4210:
4067:
4026:
3969:
3959:
3888:
3831:
3755:
3623:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
3543:
3494:
3211:
3126:
2994:
2953:
2888:
2847:
2806:
2765:
2755:
2714:
2573:
2504:
2494:
2356:
2245:
2235:
2194:
2184:
1975:
1880:
1870:
1852:
1829:
1652:
1642:
1601:
1591:
1542:
1484:
1474:
1386:. San Diego: Elsevier. pp. 165–221.
1311:TEs participates in gene control networks
1004:Because excessive TE activity can damage
620:. In bacteria, transposons can jump from
515:Learn how and when to remove this message
2313:
1791:
1779:
1747:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1170:
1061:to act as a substrate for the action of
324:
303:. The provirus is a specialized form of
38:
6719:Retroelements not elsewhere classified
3663:
2871:Mandal PK, Kazazian HH (October 2008).
1910:. Feminist Press at CUNY. p. 246.
1379:
14:
6790:
2696:
2159:Boutanaev AM, Osbourn AE (July 2018).
2115:
2017:
1118:
951:TEs after they have been transcribed.
70:that can change its position within a
6163:
5333:
5179:
4678:
4480:
4478:
4426:
4424:
4374:
4372:
4322:
4320:
4232:
4230:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3148:
3146:
2808:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040191
2038:
1704:
1419:
844:Diseases often caused by TEs include
187:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3469:Strand DJ, McDonald JF (June 1985).
2140:
2045:Madigan M, Martinko J, eds. (2006).
1715:
1327:Decrease in DNA Methylation I (DDM1)
467:
6798:Modification of genetic information
6671:Integrative and conjugative element
3371::10.1002/3527600906.mcb.200300166.
3099:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
2433:10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043717
1625:Wellinger, RE, et al. (2022).
997:. In this way, they are similar to
747:
581:One family of TEs in the fruit fly
284:Short interspersed nuclear elements
24:
4766:Short tandem repeat/Microsatellite
4475:
4421:
4369:
4317:
4227:
4050:Jin Y, Zhang W, Li Q (June 2009).
3915:. HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee
3228:
3143:
2873:"SnapShot: Vertebrate transposons"
1958:Kapitonov VV, Jurka J (May 2008).
314:
275:long interspersed nuclear elements
212:
94:'s discovery of them earned her a
74:, sometimes creating or reversing
25:
6824:
6728:Diversity-generating retroelement
4623:
3709:Viruses and the Evolution of Life
3361:Anthology of Human Repetitive DNA
2237:10.1186/gb-2002-3-12-research0084
1030:Sleeping Beauty transposon system
537:The first TEs were discovered in
192:
6733:Telomerase reverse transcriptase
6305:Microbes with highly unusual DNA
3346::10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00868-1.
2120:. New York: Chapman & Hall.
2049:(11th ed.). Prentice Hall.
2024:Université Pierre et Marie Curie
1718:"Transposons: The jumping genes"
1678:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
1337:Evolution of sexual reproduction
863:Severe combined immunodeficiency
472:
362:(which are important for the TE
4591:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4578:
4527:
4491:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4385:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
4178:
4127:
4084:
4043:
3986:
3927:
3905:
3856:
3807:
3772:
3715:
3700:
3657:
3614:
3511:
3462:
3411:
3382:
3353:
3328:
3285:
3263:
3171:
3011:
2970:
2913:
2864:
2836:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2823:
2795:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2782:
2723:
2690:
2647:
2604:
2521:
2373:
2262:
2211:
2152:
2134:
2109:
2011:
2000:
1951:
1924:
1897:
1846:
1797:
1271:
1144:
1103:
770:effects of ectopic expression.
456:
231:, and the RNA produced is then
144:Discovery by Barbara McClintock
6656:Defective interfering particle
6006:Last universal common ancestor
5601:Defective interfering particle
4770:Trinucleotide repeat disorders
3869:Molecular and Cellular Biology
3728:Journal of Molecular Evolution
2047:Brock Biolog of Microorganisms
1970:(5): 411–2, author reply 414.
1804:McClintock B (November 1953).
1669:
1618:
1559:
1501:
1450:
984:last universal common ancestor
13:
1:
6644:Clonally transmissible cancer
6142:Clonally transmissible cancer
5578:Satellite-like nucleic acids
4757:Variable number tandem repeat
4113:10.1126/science.283.5407.1530
4011:10.1080/03008207.2020.1828380
3833:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80436-5
3793:10.1016/S0168-9525(99)01777-1
2598:(Press release). 21 May 2009.
1443:
1405:. Washington, DC: ASM Press.
1155:signature-tagging mutagenesis
1110:Transposons as a genetic tool
446:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
412:transcriptase (for Class I).
407:Autonomous and non-autonomous
161:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
4661:transposons in DNA sequences
4450:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060251
4293:10.1007/978-1-61779-582-4_12
3961:10.1371/journal.pone.0073227
3400::10.1038/s41593-018-0194-1.
2697:Cesari F (15 October 2007).
2291:10.1126/science.274.5288.765
977:
643:, the most common TE is the
433:
151:discovered the first TEs in
7:
6197:, and comparable structures
3440:10.1126/science.226.4670.53
2528:Plant Transposable Elements
2032:10.13140/rg.2.2.18747.21286
1428:. Oxford University Press.
1383:The Evolution of the Genome
1319:
898:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
839:
572:In the pond microorganism,
531:
98:in 1983. Its importance in
10:
6829:
5698:Class II or DNA transposon
5693:Class I or retrotransposon
3999:Connective Tissue Research
3204:10.1038/s41467-020-16919-w
2890:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.028
1644:10.1186/s13040-022-00294-x
1566:McClintock B (June 1950).
1107:
630:multi-antibiotic resistant
553:. She noticed chromosomal
430:is not able to transpose.
318:
216:
43:A bacterial DNA transposon
29:
27:Semiparasitic DNA sequence
6619:
6593:
6560:
6416:
6402:
6395:
6342:
6325:
6318:
6286:
6251:
6209:
6202:
6068:
6011:Earliest known life forms
5996:
5909:
5885:Repeated sequences in DNA
5777:
5659:
5648:
5621:
5593:
5543:
5532:
5505:
5494:
5439:
5368:
5299:
5286:Sister chromatid exchange
5250:
5221:
5125:
5078:
4946:
4914:
4891:
4868:
4859:
4850:
4825:
4785:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4251:10.1007/s12042-007-9007-5
3748:10.1007/s00239-018-9847-7
3536:10.1016/j.cub.2008.05.006
2417:Annual Review of Genetics
2394:10.1016/j.tig.2007.02.006
1822:10.1093/genetics/38.6.579
1690:10.1016/j.pbi.2012.08.006
1476:10.1186/s13059-018-1577-z
761:Mechanisms of mutagenesis
679:replicative transposition
394:replicative transposition
6661:Endogenous viral element
5858:Endogenous viral element
5676:Horizontal gene transfer
5281:Horizontal gene transfer
5211:homologous recombination
4553:10.1186/1471-2105-11-474
3711:. Washington: ASM Press.
2143:"Subcellular Life Forms"
1964:Nature Reviews. Genetics
1373:
1051:vertebrate immune system
1016:organisms typically use
988:horizontal gene transfer
929:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
687:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
132:, while Class II TEs or
119:selfish genetic elements
6803:Mobile genetic elements
5555:dsDNA satellite virus (
5215:mobile genetic elements
3090:Genes & Development
2946:10.1126/science.1132894
2757:10.1073/pnas.83.22.8684
2676:10.1126/science.6289436
2633:10.1126/science.6289435
2566:10.1126/science.1170023
2496:10.1073/pnas.1921719117
2186:10.1073/pnas.1721318115
1872:10.1073/pnas.1219372109
1527:10.1126/science.abl4178
799:, resulting in unequal
584:Drosophila melanogaster
441:Drosophila melanogaster
266:Retrotransposons, with
199:mobile genetic elements
128:generally function via
6113:Helper dependent virus
5429:Biological dark matter
5165:Protein tandem repeats
5093:Tandemly arrayed genes
4333:Nucleic Acids Research
4191:Nucleic Acids Research
3487:10.1093/nar/13.12.4401
3475:Nucleic Acids Research
3252::1988Natur.332..164K.
3111:10.1101/gad.327312.119
1904:Des Jardins J (2010).
1853:Ravindran, S. (2012).
1253:Fourier transformation
1247:to conduct an initial
1076:, which can integrate
338:
44:
5873:Endogenous retrovirus
5846:Origin of replication
5562:ssDNA satellite virus
5552:ssRNA satellite virus
5266:Chromosomal crossover
4637:(2556). 21 June 2006.
4604:10.1093/molbev/msu261
4503:10.1093/molbev/msp107
4285:Evolutionary Genomics
3707:Villarreal L (2005).
3184:Nature Communications
3164::10.1101/gr.5558208.
2849:10.1093/molbev/msg069
1593:10.1073/pnas.36.6.344
1342:Intragenomic conflict
1216:repeat identification
1171:Specific applications
787:, can hinder precise
668:Trichomonas vaginalis
655:Mariner-like elements
618:antibiotic resistance
443:, the TU elements of
328:
268:long terminal repeats
241:reverse transcriptase
130:reverse transcription
100:personalized medicine
64:nucleic acid sequence
42:
6760:Transposable element
6750:Spiegelman's Monster
5817:Secondary chromosome
5812:Extrachromosomal DNA
5688:Transposable element
5138:Pathogenicity island
3881:10.1128/MCB.02027-06
3103:The Genetics Society
2230:(12): RESEARCH0084.
1748:McGrayne SB (1998).
1197:Arabidopsis thaliana
1043:Interspersed repeats
485:confusing or unclear
49:transposable element
32:Mobile DNA (journal)
6053:Model lipid bilayer
5895:Interspersed repeat
4239:Tropical Plant Biol
4203:10.1093/nar/gky1196
4156:10.1038/nature02953
4148:2004Natur.431..569J
4105:1999Sci...283.1530M
3952:2013PLoSO...873227G
3740:2018JMolE..86..303R
3584:2001Natur.411..212M
3432:1984Sci...226...53P
3390:Nature Neuroscience
3256::10.1038/332164a0.
3196:2020NatCo..11.3153D
3046:10.1038/nature17951
3038:2016Natur.534..102H
2938:2007Sci...315..207C
2748:1986PNAS...83.8684J
2668:1982Sci...218..348R
2625:1982Sci...218..341S
2558:2009Sci...324..935N
2487:2020PNAS..11719359Z
2481:(32): 19359–19366.
2349:10.1038/nature22971
2341:2017Natur.546..524J
2283:1996Sci...274..765S
2177:2018PNAS..115E6650B
2171:(28): E6650–E6658.
1865:(50): 20198–20199.
1584:1950PNAS...36..344M
1259:The second step of
1119:Genetic engineering
1055:V(D)J recombination
634:insertion sequences
493:clarify the section
415:Activator element (
233:reverse transcribed
136:encode the protein
117:. Although TEs are
6629:Bio-like structure
6551:Tolecusatellitidae
5363:organic structures
5088:Gene amplification
4540:BMC Bioinformatics
4345:10.1093/nar/gkn064
3781:Trends in Genetics
3678:10.1007/BF00133726
2996:10.1101/gr.8.5.464
2382:Trends in Genetics
1977:10.1038/nrg2165-c1
1521:(6588): eabl4178.
1367:Transposon tagging
1265:consensus sequence
1249:sequence alignment
886:Predisposition to
684:In Yeast genomes (
599:Allan C. Spradling
547:Barbara McClintock
339:
288:RNA polymerase III
149:Barbara McClintock
92:Barbara McClintock
90:are two examples.
45:
6808:Molecular biology
6785:
6784:
6615:
6614:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6523:Portogloboviridae
6425:Alphasatellitidae
6319:Non-cellular life
6314:
6313:
6195:non-cellular life
6157:
6156:
6098:Non-cellular life
5905:
5904:
5644:
5643:
5617:
5616:
5571:ssRNA satellite (
5327:
5326:
5173:
5172:
5074:
5073:
4942:
4941:
4846:
4845:
4735:Repeated sequence
4710:repeated sequence
4397:10.1159/000084965
4302:978-1-61779-581-7
4142:(7008): 569–573.
2883:(1): 192–192.e1.
2335:(7659): 524–527.
2127:978-3-540-61190-5
2087:10.1038/ng0598-19
2056:978-0-13-144329-7
2018:Walter M (2016).
1944:978-0-87969-422-7
1917:978-1-55861-655-4
1761:978-0-9702256-0-3
1435:978-0-198-79276-5
1412:978-1-555-81209-6
1393:978-0-123-01463-4
814:Many TEs contain
605:by injecting the
525:
524:
517:
279:RNA polymerase II
205:(Class I TEs) or
16:(Redirected from
6820:
6400:
6399:
6340:
6339:
6323:
6322:
6207:
6206:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6161:
6160:
5834:Gene duplication
5657:
5656:
5653:self-replication
5541:
5540:
5503:
5502:
5361:Self-replicating
5354:
5347:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5177:
5176:
5150:Low copy repeats
5143:Symbiosis island
5080:Gene duplication
4866:
4865:
4857:
4856:
4740:
4739:
4718:gene duplication
4699:
4692:
4685:
4676:
4675:
4638:
4617:
4616:
4606:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4555:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4462:
4452:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4280:
4263:
4262:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4197:(3): 1311–1320.
4182:
4176:
4175:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4099:(5407): 1530–4.
4088:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4030:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3973:
3963:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3892:
3875:(12): 4589–600.
3860:
3854:
3853:
3835:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3635:10.1038/nsmb1141
3618:
3612:
3611:
3592:10.1038/35075612
3567:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3415:
3409:
3396:(8): 1038–1048.
3386:
3380:
3357:
3351:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3289:
3283:
3267:
3261:
3237:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3175:
3169:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2932:(5809): 207–12.
2917:
2911:
2910:
2892:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2759:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2662:(4570): 348–53.
2651:
2645:
2644:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2587:
2577:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2466:
2453:
2452:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2239:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1979:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1745:
1730:
1729:
1722:Nature Education
1716:Pray LA (2008).
1713:
1702:
1701:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1646:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1595:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1454:
1439:
1427:
1420:Lewin B (2000).
1416:
1397:
1204:Escherichia coli
1065:in RNA editing.
1018:RNA interference
968:RNA interference
958:mechanisms like
748:Negative effects
520:
513:
509:
506:
500:
476:
475:
468:
383:gene duplication
360:inverted repeats
209:(Class II TEs).
126:retrotransposons
21:
6828:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6621:
6611:
6581:
6556:
6467:Finnlakeviridae
6412:
6391:
6333:
6329:
6310:
6282:
6247:
6198:
6188:
6158:
6153:
6103:Synthetic virus
6091:Artificial cell
6064:
5992:
5901:
5790:RNA replication
5785:DNA replication
5773:
5764:Group II intron
5662:
5652:
5640:
5631:Mammalian prion
5613:
5589:
5568:dsRNA satellite
5565:ssDNA satellite
5535:
5528:
5497:
5490:
5435:
5364:
5358:
5328:
5323:
5309:Antigenic shift
5295:
5271:Gene conversion
5246:
5217:
5204:
5174:
5169:
5121:
5070:
4938:
4910:
4887:
4861:Retrotransposon
4842:
4833:Inverted repeat
4821:
4806:DNA transposon
4802:Retrotransposon
4797:Gene conversion
4788:
4781:
4778:
4729:
4720:
4703:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4597:(12): 3302–13.
4583:
4579:
4532:
4528:
4483:
4476:
4429:
4422:
4391:(1–4): 333–41.
4377:
4370:
4325:
4318:
4303:
4281:
4266:
4235:
4228:
4183:
4179:
4132:
4128:
4089:
4085:
4069:10.1002/iub.207
4048:
4044:
3991:
3987:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3861:
3857:
3812:
3808:
3777:
3773:
3720:
3716:
3705:
3701:
3672:(1–3): 275–86.
3662:
3658:
3619:
3615:
3578:(6834): 212–4.
3568:
3561:
3530:(11): 795–802.
3524:Current Biology
3516:
3512:
3481:(12): 4401–10.
3467:
3463:
3416:
3412:
3387:
3383:
3358:
3354:
3333:
3329:
3290:
3286:
3272:Cancer Research
3268:
3264:
3248:(6160): 164–6.
3238:
3229:
3176:
3172:
3154:Genome Research
3151:
3144:
3081:
3077:
3016:
3012:
2983:Genome Research
2975:
2971:
2918:
2914:
2869:
2865:
2828:
2824:
2787:
2783:
2728:
2724:
2716:10.1038/nrg2254
2695:
2691:
2652:
2648:
2619:(4570): 341–7.
2609:
2605:
2590:
2552:(5929): 935–8.
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2467:
2456:
2413:
2409:
2378:
2374:
2321:
2314:
2277:(5288): 765–8.
2267:
2263:
2216:
2212:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:Baez J (2005).
2139:
2135:
2128:
2116:Capy P (1998).
2114:
2110:
2075:Nature Genetics
2071:
2064:
2057:
2043:
2039:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1851:
1847:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1769:
1762:
1746:
1733:
1714:
1705:
1674:
1670:
1623:
1619:
1564:
1560:
1506:
1502:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1413:
1394:
1376:
1371:
1322:
1313:
1287:D. melanogaster
1282:D. melanogaster
1274:
1218:
1173:
1147:
1121:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1047:gene conversion
980:
960:DNA methylation
934:heat-shock like
920:
842:
791:pairing during
763:
750:
595:Gerald M. Rubin
534:
521:
510:
504:
501:
490:
477:
473:
459:
436:
409:
333:
323:
317:
315:DNA transposons
221:
219:Retrotransposon
215:
213:Retrotransposon
195:
146:
134:DNA transposons
115:eukaryotic cell
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6826:
6816:
6815:
6813:Non-coding DNA
6810:
6805:
6800:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6717:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6631:
6625:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6572:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6516:Polydnaviridae
6512:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6481:Globuloviridae
6477:
6474:Fuselloviridae
6470:
6463:
6456:
6453:Bicaudaviridae
6449:
6442:
6435:
6432:Ampullaviridae
6428:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6409:Naldaviricetes
6406:
6404:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6346:
6344:
6337:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6302:
6294:
6292:
6289:Incertae sedis
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6187:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6164:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6100:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6013:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5970:
5968:Kappa organism
5965:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5915:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5839:Non-coding DNA
5836:
5831:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5759:Group I intron
5756:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5725:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5681:Genomic island
5678:
5667:
5665:
5661:Mobile genetic
5654:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5576:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5538:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5511:
5509:
5500:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5486:dsDNA-RT virus
5483:
5481:ssRNA-RT virus
5478:
5476:(−)ssRNA virus
5473:
5471:(+)ssRNA virus
5468:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5445:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5416:Incertae sedis
5412:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5357:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5334:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5242:Transformation
5239:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5219:
5218:
5203:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5180:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5133:Genomic island
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4948:DNA transposon
4944:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4863:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4776:Macrosatellite
4773:
4763:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4744:Tandem repeats
4737:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4625:
4624:External links
4622:
4619:
4618:
4577:
4526:
4497:(9): 1949–61.
4474:
4420:
4368:
4339:(7): 2284–94.
4316:
4301:
4264:
4226:
4177:
4126:
4083:
4062:(6): 572–578.
4042:
4005:(6): 615–628.
3985:
3926:
3904:
3855:
3806:
3771:
3734:(5): 303–310.
3714:
3699:
3656:
3613:
3559:
3510:
3461:
3426:(4670): 53–5.
3410:
3381:
3377:978-3527600908
3352:
3327:
3294:Human Mutation
3284:
3262:
3227:
3170:
3142:
3075:
3010:
2969:
2912:
2863:
2822:
2781:
2742:(22): 8684–8.
2722:
2689:
2646:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2532:
2520:
2454:
2425:Annual Reviews
2407:
2372:
2312:
2261:
2224:Genome Biology
2210:
2151:
2133:
2126:
2108:
2062:
2055:
2037:
2010:
1999:
1950:
1943:
1923:
1916:
1896:
1845:
1796:
1784:
1767:
1760:
1731:
1703:
1668:
1631:BioData Mining
1617:
1558:
1500:
1463:Genome Biology
1448:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1417:
1411:
1398:
1392:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1352:Tn3 transposon
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1273:
1270:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1117:
1108:Main article:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1085:exon shuffling
1078:gene cassettes
979:
976:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
912:
906:
905:
904:
895:
894:
893:
884:
883:
882:
870:
869:
868:
860:
859:
858:
841:
838:
837:
836:
835:
834:
805:
804:
781:
778:
762:
759:
749:
746:
745:
744:
736:
733:peppered moths
729:
722:
719:rolling-circle
711:
682:
672:
665:were found in
652:
637:
610:
579:
570:
563:translocations
533:
530:
523:
522:
480:
478:
471:
458:
455:
435:
432:
408:
405:
351:DNA polymerase
321:DNA transposon
319:Main article:
316:
313:
291:
290:
281:
271:
217:Main article:
214:
211:
203:copy and paste
194:
193:Classification
191:
145:
142:
104:data analytics
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6825:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6755:Tandem repeat
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6683:Nanobacterium
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6618:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6578:
6577:
6576:Rhizidiovirus
6573:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6544:Thaspiviridae
6541:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6530:Pospiviroidae
6527:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6509:Plasmaviridae
6506:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6495:Halspiviridae
6492:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6446:Avsunviroidae
6443:
6441:
6440:
6439:Anelloviridae
6436:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6358:Duplodnaviria
6355:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6278:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:Mitochondrion
6229:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6208:
6205:
6203:Cellular life
6201:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6180:
6178:
6173:
6171:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6122:
6121:Nanobacterium
6118:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:Cell division
6084:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5929:Hydrogenosome
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5919:Mitochondrion
5917:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5911:Endosymbiosis
5908:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:Tandem repeat
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:Other aspects
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5523:Avsunviroidae
5520:
5518:
5517:
5516:Pospiviroidae
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5370:Cellular life
5367:
5362:
5355:
5350:
5348:
5343:
5341:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5196:
5194:
5189:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5098:Ribosomal DNA
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4838:Direct repeat
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:Minisatellite
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:Satellite DNA
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4635:New Scientist
4632:
4628:
4627:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4479:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3946:(9): e73227.
3945:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3914:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3826:(4): 501–10.
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3787:(8): 326–32.
3786:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3629:(9): 763–71.
3628:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3342:(3): 277–80.
3341:
3337:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3163:
3160:(3): 343–58.
3159:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3105:: 1098–1116.
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2989:(5): 464–78.
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2842:(4): 554–62.
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:(4): 183–91.
2387:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:(6): 579–99.
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1794:, p. 167
1793:
1792:McGrayne 1998
1788:
1782:, p. 166
1781:
1780:McGrayne 1998
1776:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:(5): 503–10.
1683:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:(6): 344–55.
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1403:Mobile DNA II
1399:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:gene deletion
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
985:
975:
973:
969:
963:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
930:
925:
910:
909:
907:
902:
901:
899:
896:
891:
890:
889:
885:
880:
877:Insertion of
876:
875:
874:
871:
866:
865:
864:
861:
856:
853:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
832:
829:
825:
822:of their own
821:
820:transcription
817:
813:
812:
810:
809:
808:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Alu sequences
782:
779:
776:
775:
774:
771:
768:
758:
754:
742:
741:
740:Aedes aegypti
737:
734:
730:
727:
726:human embryos
723:
720:
716:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:
683:
680:
676:
673:
670:
669:
664:
660:
656:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
585:
580:
577:
576:
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:
529:
519:
516:
508:
498:
497:the talk page
494:
488:
486:
481:This section
479:
470:
469:
466:
464:
454:
452:
448:
447:
442:
431:
429:
426:
422:
418:
413:
404:
401:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
336:
331:
327:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:
296:
289:
285:
282:
280:
276:
273:Retroposons,
272:
269:
265:
264:
263:
260:
258:
257:ribosomal DNA
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:to DNA. This
234:
230:
226:
220:
210:
208:
207:cut and paste
204:
200:
190:
188:
182:
180:
175:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6772:Transpoviron
6759:
6705:Fungal prion
6681:
6574:
6569:Dinodnavirus
6567:
6549:
6542:
6537:Spiraviridae
6535:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6502:Ovaliviridae
6500:
6493:
6488:Guttaviridae
6486:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6460:Clavaviridae
6458:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6407:
6386:Varidnaviria
6384:
6377:
6370:
6365:Monodnaviria
6363:
6356:
6349:
6297:
6287:
6108:Viral vector
5951:Gerontoplast
5878:Transpoviron
5687:
5650:Nucleic acid
5636:Fungal prion
5534:Helper-virus
5521:
5514:
5421:
5414:
5314:Reassortment
5290:
5261:Transfection
5237:Transduction
5110:Gene cluster
4878:Alu sequence
4851:
4787:Interspersed
4713:
4655:RepeatMasker
4634:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4494:
4490:
4443:(10): e251.
4440:
4437:PLOS Biology
4436:
4388:
4384:
4336:
4332:
4284:
4242:
4238:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3917:. Retrieved
3907:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3708:
3702:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3575:
3571:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3300:(6): 431–8.
3297:
3293:
3287:
3278:(3): 643–5.
3275:
3271:
3265:
3245:
3241:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3157:
3153:
3094:
3088:
3078:
3025:
3019:
3013:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2801:(1): 62–72.
2798:
2794:
2784:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2596:ScienceDaily
2595:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2478:
2474:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2332:
2328:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2136:
2117:
2111:
2081:(1): 19–24.
2078:
2074:
2046:
2040:
2019:
2013:
2002:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1933:
1926:
1906:
1899:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1787:
1750:
1725:
1721:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1518:
1514:
1503:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1423:
1402:
1382:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:Adaptive TEs
1260:
1258:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1148:
1145:Genetic tool
1113:
1104:Applications
1098:
1089:
1082:
1067:
1039:
1003:
981:
964:
953:
938:
927:
921:
843:
818:which drive
806:
772:
764:
755:
751:
738:
685:
666:
658:
649:human genome
645:Alu sequence
602:
588:
582:
573:
542:
526:
511:
502:
491:Please help
482:
460:
457:Distribution
444:
440:
437:
427:
424:
420:
416:
414:
410:
402:
391:
372:
340:
334:
329:
298:
292:
261:
253:
245:retroviruses
227:from DNA to
222:
206:
202:
196:
183:
178:
176:
165:
156:
147:
123:
108:
88:Alu elements
60:jumping gene
59:
55:
52:
48:
46:
36:
6715:microsphere
6634:Cancer cell
6379:Ribozyviria
6132:Cancer cell
5998:Abiogenesis
5946:Chromoplast
5941:Chloroplast
5724:Degradative
5466:dsRNA virus
5461:ssDNA virus
5454:Giant virus
5449:dsDNA virus
5319:Viral shift
5276:Fusion gene
5232:Conjugation
5224:prokaryotic
5105:Gene family
5016:Tc1/mariner
4971:EnSpm/CACTA
3190:(1): 3153.
3032:: 102–105.
2427:: 393–416.
1362:Transpogene
1290:pressures.
992:selfish DNA
926:element in
879:Alu element
824:transposase
789:chromosomal
622:chromosomal
587:are called
551:Nobel Prize
505:August 2021
368:transposase
347:sticky ends
343:transposase
309:prokaryotic
225:transcribed
138:transposase
111:mass of DNA
96:Nobel Prize
80:genome size
6792:Categories
6765:Retroposon
6712:Proteinoid
6622:structures
6620:Comparable
6396:Unassigned
6299:Parakaryon
6212:Prokaryota
6040:Proteinoid
6035:Coacervate
5988:Nitroplast
5981:Trophosome
5976:Bacteriome
5961:Apicoplast
5956:Leucoplast
5797:Chromosome
5715:Resistance
5423:Parakaryon
5291:Transposon
5253:eukaryotes
5251:Occurs in
5222:Primarily
5117:Pseudogene
4934:retroposon
4852:Transposon
4714:transposon
4056:IUBMB Life
2022:(Thesis).
1469:(1): 199.
1444:References
1296:Drosophila
1190:Drosophila
1162:phenotypic
1138:expressed.
1022:speciation
1014:eukaryotic
956:epigenetic
849:Hemophilia
831:phenotypes
801:crossovers
721:mechanism.
659:Drosophila
603:Drosophila
590:P elements
555:insertions
487:to readers
379:cell cycle
355:DNA ligase
305:eukaryotic
300:proviruses
247:, such as
237:copied DNA
56:transposon
18:Transposon
6372:Riboviria
6351:Adnaviria
6335:Satellite
6253:Eukaryota
6049:Research
6030:Protocell
5769:Retrozyme
5728:Virulence
5710:Fertility
5557:Virophage
5545:Satellite
5536:dependent
5388:Eukaryota
5036:P element
4986:Harbinger
4727:Repeatome
4245:: 85–96.
4019:1607-8438
3408:30038280.
3404:6095477.
3350:12176313.
3168:18256243.
3119:0890-9369
3097:(17–18).
3054:1476-4687
2449:202572327
1728:(1): 204.
1535:0036-8075
1424:Genes VII
1236:consensus
1132:genotypes
1074:integrase
1070:integrons
995:parasites
978:Evolution
873:Porphyria
816:promoters
575:Oxytricha
559:deletions
465:genomes.
434:Class III
387:evolution
159:) at the
76:mutations
6745:Ribozyme
6690:Phagemid
6417:Families
6277:Protista
6261:Animalia
6226:Bacteria
6076:Organism
6069:See also
6045:Sulphobe
6022:Ribozyme
6017:RNA life
5924:Mitosome
5868:Prophage
5863:Provirus
5851:Replicon
5807:Circular
5754:Phagemid
5671:Mobilome
5663:elements
5573:Virusoid
5496:Subviral
5408:Protista
5393:Animalia
5378:Bacteria
5207:Genetics
5160:Telomere
5126:See also
5066:Zisupton
5046:Polinton
5041:PiggyBac
4996:Helitron
4815:Helitron
4810:Polinton
4706:Genetics
4659:annotate
4613:25213334
4572:20860790
4521:19458110
4469:18942889
4415:16093685
4363:18287116
4311:22407715
4259:26272439
4221:30476196
4164:15457261
4121:10066175
4078:19472181
4037:33043724
3980:24039890
3940:PLOS ONE
3899:17403897
3850:17908472
3801:10431195
3766:29855654
3694:33227644
3666:Genetica
3651:32601334
3643:16936727
3600:11346800
3554:18501606
3456:39145808
3448:17815421
3314:10408772
3282:1310068.
3260:2831458.
3222:32561758
3137:31481535
3062:27251284
3030:Springer
3028:(7605).
2964:17218520
2899:18854165
2858:12654937
2584:19372392
2515:32719115
2441:31518518
2402:17331616
2367:28605751
2307:33433647
2256:12537573
2205:29941591
2103:33460203
1986:18421312
1891:23236127
1840:17247459
1810:Genetics
1698:22940592
1663:35337342
1637:(9): 9.
1612:15430309
1553:35357911
1495:30454069
1347:Polinton
1320:See also
1245:AB-BLAST
947:, which
851:A and B
840:Diseases
767:mutagens
765:TEs are
715:helitron
675:Mu phage
614:bacteria
543:Zea mays
532:Examples
398:helitron
364:excision
179:Genetics
157:Zea mays
6777:Xenobot
6695:Plasmid
6676:Jeewanu
6607:Obelisk
6403:Classes
6271:Plantae
6236:Plastid
6221:Archaea
6058:Jeewanu
5972:Organs
5936:Plastid
5736:Cryptic
5705:Plasmid
5403:Plantae
5383:Archaea
5056:Transib
5031:Novosib
5011:Kolobok
4981:Ginger2
4976:Ginger1
4961:Crypton
4643:Repbase
4563:2955051
4546:: 474.
4512:2734154
4460:2570423
4406:1803082
4354:2367713
4212:6379663
4172:4363679
4144:Bibcode
4101:Bibcode
4093:Science
4028:8404968
3971:3770610
3948:Bibcode
3919:4 March
3890:1900042
3842:9390559
3757:6028844
3736:Bibcode
3686:1334912
3608:4429219
3580:Bibcode
3545:2812477
3505:2409535
3428:Bibcode
3420:Science
3322:6218429
3250:Bibcode
3213:7305168
3192:Bibcode
3128:6719617
3070:3989607
3034:Bibcode
3005:9582191
2955:2080659
2934:Bibcode
2926:Science
2817:7877497
2776:3022302
2744:Bibcode
2709:: S10.
2684:6289436
2664:Bibcode
2656:Science
2641:6289435
2621:Bibcode
2613:Science
2575:3491810
2554:Bibcode
2546:Science
2506:7431005
2483:Bibcode
2358:7052699
2337:Bibcode
2299:8864112
2279:Bibcode
2271:Science
2196:6048515
2173:Bibcode
2095:9590283
1994:1275744
1882:3528533
1831:1209627
1654:8957154
1603:1063197
1580:Bibcode
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