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1071:. In his July 1739 report, van Imhoff noted that Marthanda Varma favoured the Company's competitors, and that his increasing power threatened the Dutch trade interests in the region. In another report, van Imhoff rejected a plan to pay market price for procurement of pepper, calling it unprofitable, and instead favoured military action to force the coastal rulers to fulfill their contract obligations. In a December 1739 report, van Imhoff wrote that the Dutch business in the region was in "complete ruin", and would have to be saved through "violent redress".
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Meanwhile, the
Company's Supreme Government ordered the Dutch Command at Malabar to negotiate peace with the Travancore instead of military action. Therefore, the Dutch also requested the kings of Cochin and Tekkumkur to initiate negotiations with Travancore. However, these rulers believed that the peace between the Dutch and Travancore would be detrimental to their interests, and were unwilling to work towards such a peace negotiation. Therefore, the Dutch opened direct negotiations with Travancore, and
1051:(Cochin) requested Marthanda Varma to honour the Dutch monopoly contract with Peritally that had been signed in 1688. He pointed out that the Dutch had declined to join the expelled ruler of Peritally against Travancore, even though the ruler had offered his whole land to the Dutch for such support. In August 1736, Marthanda Varma agreed to send his envoys to meet the Dutch representatives, but refused to do so after these representatives reached the meeting place. Travancore continued to supply the
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van
Gollenesse refused to oblige, citing scarcity of soldiers and weapons. In June 1742, the Travancore army attacked Kollam, which was defended by Nair soldiers led by Achyuta Wariar. During the siege, the Dutch provided counsel, rice and ammunition to the ruler of Kollam. Marthanda Varma made several unsuccessful attempts to capture Kollam, Marthanda and ultimately withdrew after losing 6,000 soldiers in the conflict.
1165:(30 December 1739) and Attingal (25 January 1740). On 20 February 1740, the Dutch and their allies defeated the Travancore army at the Attingal ferry, but paid for it with heavy losses; Kollam suffered the loss of half of their army, which, along with the forces of Kayamkulam, fled from the battlefield. Travancore had received the temporary aid of 150 soldiers, as well as guns and ammunition from the English
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1086:. Meanwhile, the princess of Eledattu Svarupam escaped from imprisonment at Travancore, and reached Thekkumkur. Van Imhoff personally met Marthanda Varma, urging him to reinstate the princess, but Marthanda Varma refused the demand. Van Imhoff threatened to invade Travancore, but Marthanda Varma dismissed the threat, and replied that he had been thinking about invading Europe some day.
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and requested renewal of negotiations at
Pulikkara. Accordingly, van Gollenesse sent his envoys Silvester Mendes and Isaac Isackzs (the captain of the Lascorins) for the discussions, but these envoys found Marthanda Varma's proposals vague and ambiguous. On 6 April 1743, van Gollenesse received a message from Marthanda Varma confirming the failure of negotiations at Pulikkara.
1554:, the allies were decisively defeated and a large number of Cochin nobility were killed or captured. The allied commander Idikkela Menon was captured and executed. The Travancore forces captured all of the Cochin territories up to Arukutti, Udayamperur in the south and Mamala in the east. The Cochin Raja sued for peace and in 1757, under the auspices of the Dutch and the
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1444:. His replacement Reinicus Siersma realized that the local chiefs of Kerala no longer feared the Dutch, and a failure to reach an agreement with Travancore would severely affect the Company's pepper trade in Malabar. On 22 May 1743, Siersma concluded a peace treaty with Travancore, accepting most of the terms proposed by Marthanda Varma.
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negotiations until he became certain that van Imhoff's arrival in Kerala had been postponed. He then assumed a tough bargaining position, and refused to approve that his representatives had agreed to at
Mavelikkara. When the Dutch protested, he expressed regret, and requested renewal of negotiations at
1173:, until the allied forces retreated. In the crisis after the battle, the Dutch pressured the distraught ruler of Kollam into assembling a new army of 10,000 Nair soldiers so that Travancore could not take advantage of the situation. Meanwhile, Marthanda Varma suffered reverses against Chanda Sahib at
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Meanwhile, Marthanda Varma had received news about the alleged impending arrival of van Imhoff's forces, and therefore, he retreated to his core territory, and started peace negotiations with the Dutch. He contacted the rulers of Cochin and
Tekkumkur, asking them to mediate the Dutch and Travancore.
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After the failure of negotiations with
Marthanda Varma, the Dutch command at Malabar decided to declare war on Travancore, without obtaining permission or waiting for reinforcements from Batavia. The Dutch deployed a detachment of soldiers from Ceylon against Travancore, under the command of Captain
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before besieging Kochi. While
Duyvenshot had told Marthanda Varma that the Travancore forces would be able to capture Kollam, van Gollenesse believed that the fortifications at Kollam would be able to withstand a siege. The ruler of Kollam and Kayamkulam sought the Dutch support against Travancore:
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In a 17 April 1742 letter to
Batavia, the Dutch commander van Gollenesse requested 2,000 soldiers from the Company's Supreme Government, stating that the Dutch were in a dire situation in Malabar. Van Gollenesse mentioned that the Europeans were deserting the Dutch forces, and the local allies were
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fort held by the Dutch. While the siege was going on, the rulers of Kollam and
Kayamkulam left the Dutch alliance, and concluded a secret agreement with Travancore. On 10 April 1742, the dejected Dutch then left the fort in haste, leaving behind their ammunition and provisions. The Dutch force, led
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and the Dutch, and their army was commanded by
Palliyil Idikkela Menon, a courtier of the Maharaja of Cochin. Towards the end of 1753, the Cochin army occupied Purakkad. On 3 January 1754, the rebels, backed by the armies of Cochin and the Dutch, met the Travancore forces led by prince Rama Varma,
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These terms were unacceptable to van Gollenesse, who broke off the negotiations. The Travancore representatives then asked him to specify his objections, and in response, van Gollenesse presented his proposed draft of the treaty. Marthanda Varma replied that he was ready to settle the differences,
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The negotiations at Mavelikkara progressed well, and on 6 January 1743, the English factors at Anchuthengu expressed hope that peace would be established between the Dutch and Travancore. However, by this time, Marthanda Varma learned that van Imhoff had not yet departed from Europe. He dragged on
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would be arriving in India with a large force. However, van Imhoff's forces did not actually arrive in India. In August 1742, he sought arms and soldiers from the Dutch East India Company's Supreme Government at Batavia, stating that if this support was not provided, he would have to sign a peace
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and the Pillais were dissatisfied with her rule. The Dutch commissioners had proposed appointing a Kariyakkar (administrator) to govern the kingdom alongside the queen, but did not have resources to spare for the kingdom's defence. Taking advantage of this situation, Marthanda Varma invaded the
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oars in vertical position on the beach sand, with an inverted pot on top of it along the beach side, so that it looked like a long line of infantry with helmets stood along the beach in multiple rows. The fishermen also kept their oars on their shoulders so that they would appear like soldiers
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Johannes Hackert. They asked Marthanda Varma to vacate the lands annexed by Travancore, which the king refused to do. On 12 November 1739, a joint force of the Dutch and their allies attacked the Travancore army stationed near Kollam. The Dutch allies included Deshinganad, Kayamkulam, and
1526:. However, to extricate himself from the situation, the king of Odanad allied himself with Vadakkumkur, Thekkumkkur and Purakkad and violated the treaty obligations. The Travancore army occupied Kayamkulam in 1746 and the alliance of the Kayamkulam Raja gave Marthanda Varma a
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Meanwhile, because van Imhoff's forces did not arrive, the Dutch were unable to provide Kollam with reinforcements. Therefore, the ruler of Kollam and Kayamkulam agreed to become a tributary of Marthanda Varma, and signed a treaty to this effect in September 1742, at
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Meanwhile, the queen of the Eledattu Svarupam kingdom, who had been restored to the throne by the Dutch after being dethroned by Marthanda Varma, had become unpopular as a ruler. Her indifference to the administrative affairs had led to decay of the kingdom, and the
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Marthanda Varma won a decisive victory over the Dutch and captured 24 officers including the commander De Lennoy. A pillar that celebrates the victory and gives details about the war still stands near the coast of Colachel. There are folk tales among the local
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from Peritally to other foreign traders. In September 1736, van Gollenesse requested the queen of Maruthurkulangara to honour her monopoly contract with the Dutch, but the queen refused to do so now that her state was under Travancore's suzerainty.
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The Dutch rejected these terms, and presented their own terms, which were rejected by Marthanda Varma. The Dutch commander van Gollenesse believed that Marthanda Varma would soften his bargaining position if defeated in a battle.
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standing with their rifles. They were also instructed to make mock cannons using coconut trees as a diversion. The local fishermen co-operated extensively with the Travancori royal guards and captured the ship during this war.
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against the allies. The Ambalapuzha army led by Mathur Panikkar and Tekkedathu Bhattatiri defected to the Travancore army, and Marthanda Varma captured the state. In 1749 and 1750, Thekkumkur and Vadakkumkur were annexed.
1396:.At Paravur, both the parties assumed tough bargaining positions, and on 18 February 1743, Silvester Mendes informed van Gollenesse that Marthanda Varma's representatives kept backing away from terms previously agreed to.
1403:, seeking Dutch support against Travancore. However, van Gollenesse wanted to continue the negotiations with Travancore, and refused to provide such support, advising the ruler against going to war with Travancore.
1302:
By 1742, the Dutch command in Malabar had spent enormous amount of money for defending their allies against Travancore's aggression, but had not gained much from this investment. The lack of funds and support from
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In November 1740, the Dutch command in Malabar received two small reinforcements of 105 and 70 soldiers from Ceylon, and launched a second campaign against Travancore, resulting in the battle of Colachel.
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prompted the Dutch to resume negotiations with Travancore. Marthanda Varma, who had not responded positively to the Dutch attempts at negotiations in the past, agreed to a peace treaty this time.
1043:), and Maruthurkulangara. After Travancore captured these states during 1733-1734, their procurement from these areas stopped completely, and the Dutch trade in Malabar suffered greatly. In 1736,
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Travancore would not hand over any deserters from Colachel, nor return any materials (including ammunition and cash) captured from the Company, since Travancore had suffered damage worth 400,000
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Subsequently, the Dutch and Travancore agreed to a ceasefire, but the hostilities resumed after the two sides failed to reach an agreement. After being reinforced with a cavalry contingent from
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In 1753, the northern parts of the newly created state of Travancore rebelled under the influences of the exiled rajas of Ambalapuzha, Thekkumkur and Vadakkumkur. The rebels were aided by the
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in 1741. Travancore won the war with the notable military service of fishermen community at the sea and seashore while Ananthapadmanabhan nadar as commander in chief of the army at the land.
1150:, but the Travancore army forced them to retreat. The Dutch decided to wait for reinforcements from Ceylon before waging further war against Travancore. As a result, the allies withdrew to
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After Travancore's failure to capture Kollam, van Gollenesse again sought 2,000 soldiers from Batavia, mentioning that the number of soldiers required would rise to 5,000 if the ruler of
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Any previous contracts signed by the Dutch for pepper trade would be canceled, and the Dutch would be now required to pay Travancore 54 rupees for each candy of pepper
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Meanwhile, Marthanda Varma planned an attack on Kochi (Cochin). However, Duyvenshot, the former Dutch officer who had accepted his employment, advised him to conquer
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Marthanda Varma sent his envoy Krishna Annavy to Mavelikkara, while the Dutch were represented by Ezckiel Rahabi and Silvester Mendes, the captain of the Topasses.
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1550:. Even though the battle was tactically a stalemate, it was a strategic victory for Travancore, since the allies were forced to withdraw to Ambalapuzha. In the
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to guard Varkala. Meanwhile, the armies of Kollam and Kayamkulam also marched against the defenders. When the Travancore army withdrew to check an invasion by
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On 27 February 1743, the ruler of Kollam and Kayamkulam, who was unhappy with the terms of his treaty with Travancore, met van Gollenesse on board the ship
1099:. In the ensuing battle, a hand grenade exploded the gun powder depot of the Travancore army, which fled from the site, pursued by the attackers until
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had announced intentions to break his alliance with the Dutch, and the king of Tekkumkur as well as two princes of Cochin had disobeyed their orders.
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Travancore would comply with the contracts signed by the Dutch with the vassal states of Travancore, if the Dutch could produce the signed documents
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in 1753 with Marthanda Varma, whereby they undertook a strict policy of non-intervention and repudiated their alliances with other Kerala powers.
1211:
by the Dutch. When the Dutch retreated to their base in Colachel, Marthanda Varma pursued them and caught up with them on 10 August 1741. In the
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1177:. The Dutch hoped to press their advantage by attacking Attingal, but they were unable to receive reinforcements from Batavia because of the
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Travancore would retain the parts of Kollam conquered in July 1739, Kottarakkara, Kunnattur, Majnore, Maruthurkulangara, and Karthikapally.
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1246:, but was surrounded and attacked by the Travancore forces. The Dutch contingent was rescued by the ships sent by the Malabar command.
1067:, visited Kochi to study the affairs of the Dutch command in Malabar on behalf of the Dutch East India Company's supreme government at
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1388:. The ruler ceded much of his territory to Marthanda Varma, and agreed to pay him an annual tribute of an elephant and 1,000 rupees.
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392:, adopted an expansionist policy, and conquered several territories from these small states. This threatened the interests of the
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The Dutch would return all of Travancore's arms and ammunition captured at Kollam, Karthikapally, Colachel, and Thengapatanam
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On 3 March 1743, Mendes informed van Gollenesse that Marthanda Varma had presented the following terms for a peace treaty:
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408:) requested the Dutch support against an impending attack from Travancore, stating that he would surrender to Marthanda
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had broken out, and many Europeans were captured during this period in history. At that time it was the policy of the
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Marthanda Varma then captured the Dutch forts in the vicinity. A Dutch force under the command of De Lennoy landed at
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Travancore would return all prisoners of war from Colachel, except those who had taken service with Marthanda Varma
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people about this war. The tale says among other things that the local Mukkuvar fishermen were asked to keep their
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Travancore would recognize the Dutch claim on Attingal when the Dutch would present their agreement with its ruler
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In May 1743, van Gollenesse stepped down from the Dutch command in Malabar, in order to take up charge as the
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in the south, the allies occupied Eledattu Svarupam, and reinstated the princess. Next, the allies attacked
1103:(Quilon de Sima). At Tangasseri, which had been deserted, the Dutch captured 16 cannons, before marching to
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1611:
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The Dutch would be allowed to build a fort at Colachel, and in return, would help Travancore against the
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Travancore would return all the Dutch arms and ammunition that escaped the destructive fire at Colachel
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congratulated the Dutch on their victory, and requested them to leave the English establishment at
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The disputes between the rulers of Travancore and Kollam would be settled by two impartial princes
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depended on procurement of spices from these states. The ruler of Deshinganad (present-day
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On 17 February 1742, Marthanda Varma offered peace to the Dutch on the following terms:
1263:, and started living with her relatives at Karapuram, receiving a daily allowance of 45
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forts to Travancore, which were incorporated into the Travancore lines (Nedumkotta).
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The Dutch would support Travancore in driving the Nawab of Carnatic from Travancore
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The Dutch would be allowed to continue their pepper trade in these areas as usual.
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Both parties would give up claims on any other losses suffered during the war
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2122:"The Battle of Kuḷaccal (1741) and the defeat of Dutch on the Malabar Coast"
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The Dutch would pay duties on their merchandise in the kingdom of Travancore
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The Dutch would maintain neutrality in Travancore's wars with other states
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The Dutch would aid Travancore with arms and ammunitions in times of war
1655:"Could Marthanda Varma have won the Colachel War without the fishermen"
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of pepper to the Dutch, and would be free to sell 200 candies to anyone
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By early December 1739, the Dutch and their allies marched towards
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The Travancore-Dutch relations improved after the Dutch sold the
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In 1739, the Dutch organised an alliance of the rulers of Kochi,
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In July 1742, the Dutch factors in India received the news that
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breaking away from the Dutch command in Malabar: the ruler of
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If the French attacked Travancore, the Dutch would fight them
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treaty with Travancore on terms unfavourable to the Company.
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by Captain Daniel Bergen and Jacob Hinderman retreated to
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was divided among several small chiefdoms. In the 1730s,
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Artistic Depiction of the Surrender of Dutch Forces at
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however continued to support European presence in the
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2120:A. P. Ibrahim Kunju (1975). T. K. Ravindran (ed.).
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1594:to fight the Europeans; while many subjects of the
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48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1558:, Paliath Komi Achan a peace treaty was signed.
1522:sued for peace with Travancore and signed the
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1640:CONCISE HISTORY OF DANISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
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1203:from Cochin and captured the country up to
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1506:Learn how and when to remove this message
1377:was chosen as the venue for the meeting.
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
1032:Varma if the Dutch refused to help him.
1636:
2161:
1637:sridhar, srikaanth (19 January 2020).
1546:Ramayyan Dalawa and De Lennoy in the
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2140:The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758
1484:adding citations to reliable sources
1451:
1286:
1045:Julius Valentyn Stein van Gollenesse
318:Julius Valentyn Stein van Gollenesse
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
2174:Battles of the Travancore–Dutch War
2132:(3). University of Kerala: 375–386.
13:
1039:), Eledattu Svarupam (present-day
14:
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2169:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
1130:. The Travancore forces set up a
157:12 November 1739 - 15 August 1753
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1185:Travancore's victory at Colachel
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1237:, Marthanda Varma besieged the
376:In the early 18th century, the
33:needs additional citations for
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1630:
1:
1623:
974:Lombok and Karangasem (1894)
7:
1612:Mysorean invasion of Kerala
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1339:Travancore would sell 1000
10:
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1109:British East India Company
273:British East India Company
2126:Journal of Kerala Studies
1572:
1061:Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff
1047:, the Dutch commander at
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371:
305:
189:
149:
135:
127:
122:
1758:A. P. Ibrahim Kunju 1975
1673:A. P. Ibrahim Kunju 1975
1556:Prime Minister of Cochin
1442:Governor of Dutch Ceylon
1063:, the Dutch Governor of
725:South Africa (1659-1677)
720:New Netherland (1659–63)
655:New Netherland (1643–45)
394:Dutch East India Company
354:Dutch East India Company
218:Kingdom of Deshinganad (
202:Dutch East India Company
2143:. Mittal Publications.
1578:Incidents in Travancore
1229:Post-Colachel conflicts
1090:Initial Dutch successes
495:Banda Islands (1609–21)
700:2nd Recife (1652-1654)
380:region of present-day
306:Commanders and leaders
57:"Travancore–Dutch War"
1552:battle of Ambalapuzha
1548:battle of Anadeswaram
1536:Treaty of Mavelikkara
1518:In 1742, the Raja of
787:Sri Lanka (1764-1766)
735:Sri Lanka (1670-1670)
364:, culminating in the
130:Colonization of India
2137:M. O. Koshy (1989).
1643:. srikaanth sridhar.
1584:Travancore-Dutch War
1480:improve this section
949:Gold Coast (1869–70)
580:Liuqiu Island (1636)
510:Pescadores (1622–24)
346:Travancore–Dutch War
123:Travancore-Dutch War
42:improve this article
1600:Indian subcontinent
1299:) joined the war.
1021:Indonesia (1946–49)
1016:Indonesia (1941–45)
909:Palembang (1851–59)
715:Malabar (1658-1663)
525:Persian Gulf (1625)
480:Cape Rachado (1606)
1543:Maharaja of Cochin
1448:Later developments
1297:Zamorin of Calicut
1255:kingdom's capital
1213:battle of Colachel
1191:Battle of Colachel
1157:Subsequently, the
944:Pasoemah (1864–68)
914:Montrado (1854–55)
824:Cape Colony (1806)
807:Cape Colony (1795)
705:2nd Colombo (1654)
675:Philippines (1646)
650:Cambodia (1643–44)
585:Porto Calvo (1637)
565:Liaoluo Bay (1633)
448:colonial campaigns
398:command at Malabar
366:Battle of Colachel
181:Travancore Victory
2150:978-81-7099-136-6
1944:, pp. 79–80.
1920:, pp. 75–76.
1784:, pp. 61–62.
1699:, pp. 57–58.
1516:
1515:
1508:
1287:Attempts at peace
1261:Kingdom of Cochin
1134:guarded by 5,000
1059:In January 1739,
1029:
1028:
864:Sumatra (1821–37)
802:Gold Coast (1782)
690:Guararapes (1649)
685:Guararapes (1648)
595:Vietnam (1637–43)
545:Batavia (1628–29)
490:Mozambique (1608)
485:Mozambique (1607)
342:
341:
214:Kingdom of Cochin
185:
184:
169:, in present day
118:
117:
110:
92:
2191:
2154:
2133:
2106:
2103:M. O. Koshy 1989
2100:
2094:
2091:M. O. Koshy 1989
2088:
2082:
2079:M. O. Koshy 1989
2076:
2070:
2067:M. O. Koshy 1989
2064:
2058:
2055:M. O. Koshy 1989
2052:
2046:
2045:, p. 83-84.
2043:M. O. Koshy 1989
2040:
2034:
2031:M. O. Koshy 1989
2028:
2022:
2021:, p. 81-82.
2019:M. O. Koshy 1989
2016:
2010:
2007:M. O. Koshy 1989
2004:
1993:
1990:M. O. Koshy 1989
1987:
1974:
1971:M. O. Koshy 1989
1968:
1957:
1954:M. O. Koshy 1989
1951:
1945:
1942:M. O. Koshy 1989
1939:
1933:
1930:M. O. Koshy 1989
1927:
1921:
1918:M. O. Koshy 1989
1915:
1909:
1906:M. O. Koshy 1989
1903:
1897:
1894:M. O. Koshy 1989
1891:
1880:
1877:M. O. Koshy 1989
1874:
1868:
1865:M. O. Koshy 1989
1862:
1853:
1850:M. O. Koshy 1989
1847:
1836:
1833:M. O. Koshy 1989
1830:
1824:
1821:M. O. Koshy 1989
1818:
1809:
1808:, p. 62-63.
1806:M. O. Koshy 1989
1803:
1797:
1794:M. O. Koshy 1989
1791:
1785:
1782:M. O. Koshy 1989
1779:
1773:
1770:M. O. Koshy 1989
1767:
1761:
1755:
1742:
1739:M. O. Koshy 1989
1736:
1727:
1724:M. O. Koshy 1989
1721:
1712:
1709:M. O. Koshy 1989
1706:
1700:
1697:M. O. Koshy 1989
1694:
1688:
1685:M. O. Koshy 1989
1682:
1676:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1524:Treaty of Mannar
1511:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1460:
1452:
1267:from the Dutch.
1011:Venezuela (1908)
959:Mandor (1884–85)
954:Aceh (1873–1913)
934:Borneo (1859–63)
889:Ahanta (1837–39)
859:Palembang (1821)
854:Palembang (1819)
730:Taiwan (1661–62)
615:Itamaracá (1640)
570:Taiwan (1635–36)
452:
451:
449:
435:
428:
421:
412:
411:
335:
327:Reinicus Siersma
325:
316:
298:
296:
295:
282:
271:
240:
212:
200:
151:
150:
140:
120:
119:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2184:Colonial Kerala
2159:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1996:
1988:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1745:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1608:
1580:
1575:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1477:
1461:
1450:
1394:Paravur, Kollam
1289:
1231:
1193:
1187:
1092:
1078:, Vadakkumkur,
1030:
1025:
979:Pedir (1897–98)
939:Japan (1863–64)
834:Moluccas (1810)
767:India (1739–41)
660:India (1644-45)
610:Mormugão (1639)
605:Salvador (1638)
560:Abrolhos (1631)
530:Salvador (1625)
515:Salvador (1624)
453:
447:
442:
441:
439:
388:, the ruler of
386:Marthanda Varma
374:
337:Marthanda Varma
293:
291:
290:
286:
275:
259:
173:
141:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2134:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1994:
1975:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1881:
1869:
1854:
1837:
1825:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1760:, p. 376.
1743:
1728:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1675:, p. 375.
1660:
1646:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:Travancore War
1614:
1607:
1604:
1590:and the local
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1514:
1513:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1288:
1285:
1230:
1227:
1189:Main article:
1186:
1183:
1091:
1088:
1082:, Kollam, and
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
996:Bone (1905–06)
993:
991:Kerinci (1903)
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
929:Bone (1858–59)
926:
921:
919:Nias (1855–64)
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
879:Java (1825–30)
876:
874:Bone (1824–25)
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
844:Algiers (1816)
841:
836:
831:
829:Java (1806–07)
826:
821:
819:Surinam (1804)
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
782:Java (1749–57)
779:
774:
772:Java (1741–43)
769:
764:
762:Java (1719–23)
759:
757:Java (1704–07)
748:
747:
745:Java (1674–80)
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
665:Tabocas (1645)
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
625:Malacca (1641)
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
475:Malacca (1606)
472:
470:Amboina (1605)
467:
458:
455:
454:
438:
437:
430:
423:
415:
373:
370:
356:(VOC) and the
340:
339:
329:
308:
307:
303:
302:
276:
266:
258:
257:
251:
245:
234:
223:
216:
205:
192:
191:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
165:
163:
159:
158:
155:
147:
146:
133:
132:
125:
124:
116:
115:
98:September 2014
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2196:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:1741 in India
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2105:, p. 88.
2104:
2099:
2093:, p. 87.
2092:
2087:
2081:, p. 86.
2080:
2075:
2069:, p. 85.
2068:
2063:
2057:, p. 84.
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2033:, p. 83.
2032:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2009:, p. 82.
2008:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1992:, p. 76.
1991:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1973:, p. 81.
1972:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1956:, p. 80.
1955:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1932:, p. 79.
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1908:, p. 75.
1907:
1902:
1896:, p. 74.
1895:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1879:, p. 73.
1878:
1873:
1867:, p. 66.
1866:
1861:
1859:
1852:, p. 65.
1851:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1835:, p. 64.
1834:
1829:
1823:, p. 63.
1822:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1796:, p. 62.
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1772:, p. 61.
1771:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1741:, p. 60.
1740:
1735:
1733:
1726:, p. 59.
1725:
1720:
1718:
1711:, p. 58.
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1687:, p. 57.
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:In 1741, the
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1510:
1507:
1499:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1465:This section
1463:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Nair soldiers
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
986:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
869:Borneo (1823)
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
797:Ceylon (1782)
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
777:Penfui (1749)
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:Mannar (1658)
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
695:Taiwan (1652)
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
670:Brazil (1645)
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
640:Taiwan (1642)
638:
636:
635:Taiwan (1641)
633:
631:
630:Luanda (1641)
628:
626:
623:
621:
620:Ceylon (1640)
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Elmina (1637)
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
575:Brazil (1636)
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Recife (1630)
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
535:Elmina (1625)
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:Luanda (1624)
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
465:Bantam (1601)
463:
462:
461:
456:
450:
445:
436:
431:
429:
424:
422:
417:
416:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:Malabar Coast
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
338:
334:
330:
328:
324:
320:
319:
315:
310:
309:
304:
301:
289:
288:Supported by:
285:
281:
277:
274:
270:
265:
263:
256:
252:
250:
246:
244:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
217:
215:
211:
207:
206:
204:
203:
199:
194:
193:
188:
180:
177:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
139:
134:
131:
126:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2139:
2129:
2125:
2113:Bibliography
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1872:
1828:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1649:
1639:
1632:
1581:
1560:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1517:
1502:
1496:January 2019
1493:
1478:Please help
1466:
1439:
1435:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1313:
1301:
1290:
1277:
1269:
1257:Kottarakkara
1248:
1232:
1198:
1194:
1156:
1140:Chanda Sahib
1121:
1093:
1073:
1058:
1053:black pepper
1041:Kottarakkara
1034:
1031:
985:20th century
984:
983:
964:Jambi (1885)
849:Ambon (1817)
813:19th century
812:
811:
792:India (1781)
766:
751:18th century
750:
749:
740:India (1673)
680:Kombi (1647)
645:Chile (1643)
555:Jambi (1630)
505:Macau (1622)
500:Johor (1613)
460:17th century
459:
375:
352:between the
345:
343:
311:
300:Danish India
287:
262:Supported by
261:
260:
195:
190:Belligerents
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
1528:casus belli
1414:in the war.
1401:Popkensburg
1375:Mavelikkara
1235:Tirunelveli
1179:riots there
1171:Anchuthengu
1113:Anchuthengu
1006:Bali (1908)
1001:Bali (1906)
924:Bali (1858)
904:Bali (1849)
899:Bali (1848)
894:Bali (1846)
884:Aceh (1831)
839:Java (1811)
540:Cuba (1628)
402:spice trade
360:kingdom of
253:Kingdom of
249:Vadakkumkur
247:Kingdom of
241:Kingdom of
225:Kingdom of
2163:Categories
1624:References
1567:Pallipuram
1563:Cranganore
1412:rixdollars
1366:van Imhoff
1239:Kilimanoor
1163:Navaikulam
1119:in peace.
1101:Tangasseri
1084:Kayamkulam
1076:Thekkumkur
1037:Nedumangad
969:Edi (1890)
600:Goa (1638)
390:Travancore
362:Travancore
284:Travancore
243:Thekkumkur
231:Kayamkulam
68:newspapers
1592:Maharajas
1467:does not
1350:if needed
1293:Kozhikode
1222:cataraman
1111:chief at
1606:See also
1273:Purakkad
1252:Madampis
1218:Mukkuvar
1209:Kalkulam
1201:Colachel
1175:Thovalai
1148:Attingal
1132:stockade
1124:Attingal
1080:Purakkad
400:, whose
255:Purakkad
162:Location
144:Colachel
128:Part of
1596:Mughals
1488:removed
1473:sources
1341:candies
1309:Batavia
1244:Ayiroor
1167:factory
1152:Ayiroor
1128:Varkala
1105:Paravur
1069:Batavia
82:scholar
2147:
1588:Peshwa
1573:Legacy
1520:Odanad
1386:Mannar
1348:French
1305:Ceylon
1280:Kollam
1265:fanams
1205:Kottar
1107:. The
1097:Cochin
1065:Ceylon
406:Kollam
382:Kerala
372:Causes
358:Indian
348:was a
297:
227:Odanad
220:Kollam
178:Result
167:Kerala
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
1295:(the
1144:Arcot
1117:Edava
1049:Kochi
444:Dutch
171:India
89:JSTOR
75:books
2145:ISBN
1565:and
1471:any
1469:cite
1307:and
1159:Nair
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