379:
1194:
876:
1031:' for the volunteers serving with our auxiliary forces in the SS, recruited from the indigenous populations in the areas acquired in Eastern Europe. They were, in principle, Latvians, Lithuanians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. They were trained at the 'SS-Ausbildungslager-Trawniki' near Lublin. They did not make the best of soldiers, although they were nationalists and anti-Semites. Young people, often without the elementary education, culturally savage, with inclination to cheating. But obedient, physically tough and steadfast against the enemy. Many 'askaris' we used during the '
91:
941:
2767:
114:
386:
31:
1185:
have led to many specific names being publicized in postwar literature and by museums of the
Holocaust, based on Jewish and Polish survivor-testimonies, memoirs, and archives. The long list of at least 234 names of camp guards written out phonetically can be attributed to more than a dozen sources in
1120:
who returned home to USSR. The more conservative number of trials given by
Kudryashov is over 140 between 1944 and 1987. Those brought to trial in the Soviet Union were tried before both civilian courts and military tribunals. Almost all of those tried in the Soviet Union were convicted and some were
356:
Due to successful adaptation of Soviet army's strategy and tactics against German forces, as well as Nazi policy of Soviet war prisoners' extermination, the influx of POW was dramatically reduced, so
Streibel's personnel from the summer of 1942 started to conscript civilians of Ukrainian nationality,
1304:
who was tasked with forcing Jews into the gas chambers; the "motorists" cranking up the gas engine when asked to "turn on the water", called by the Jews "Ivan the
Terrible" (Ivan Grozny), Marchenko exhibited special savagery during the killing process; photographed with Ivan Tkachuk at Treblinka. In
1140:
in 1976 including commandant
Streibel. The main difference between them and the Trawnikis apprehended in the Soviet Union was that the former claimed lack of awareness and left no live witnesses who could testify against them, while the latter were charged with treason and therefore were doomed from
838:
operators. They came under the jurisdiction of the relevant camp commandant. Almost all of the
Trawniki guards were involved in shooting, beating, and terrorizing Jews. The Russian historian Sergei Kudryashov, who made a study of the Trawniki men serving at death camps, claimed that there was little
371:
Also very interesting are the remarks of the French publicist Louis Saurel. In an analogous book about the death camps he writes: "Part of the SS soldiers were not
Germans. There were many Romanians, Slovaks, Hungarians, Croats and so on… Interpreters were required to convey explanations between the
805:
forces. In the summer of 1942 they were issued brown
Belgian Army uniforms for warm weather wear. The guardsmen tended to wear a mixture of the two. They were usually issued captured enemy weapons but sometimes received German Mauser Kar-98 carbines. Automatic rifles and pistols were issued when on
912:
from
Hamburg "would not go crazy" from the horror of hands-on killing for hours or days on end. The Trawnikis used to arrive in squads numbering around 50 at the killing site, and start by sitting down to a sandwich and bottles of vodka from their knapsacks behaving like guests, while the Germans
367:
camp, relates in his memoirs that he engaged in conversation with members of an auxiliary guard detachment in the second half of 1943: "To the extent of that I could determine, it was a unit comprised of representatives of various so called "Eastern peoples"-primarily
Russians, Belorussians,
605:> "platoon") of around 90 to 120 men. These were further assigned to companies and battalions, under German officers and higher-level NCOs. After they abandoned Trawniki in 1944 ahead of the Soviet advance, they were reorganized into combat units. This is when they introduced the
1115:
who in turn were executed on site upon the completion of their task by the end of 1943. The Soviets entered the completely empty training facility on July 23, 1944. After the war, the Soviet authorities arrested and prosecuted hundreds, possibly as many as one thousand
1351:. He was one of two Ukrainian guards (along with Ivan Marchenko) in charge of the motor that produced the exhaust fumes which were fed through pipes into the gas chambers during the killing process. Tried by the Soviets after the war for treason and sentenced to death.
1221:, but his conviction was overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court after new evidence cast doubt on the identity of Demjanjuk as "Ivan the Terrible". In 2009, Demjanjuk was deported to Germany where he was convicted in 2011 for having been a guard at Sobibor.
1047:
pod Lublinem. Nie najlepsi żołnierze, choć nacjonaliści i antysemici. Młodzi, bez podstawowego najczęściej wykształcenia, o kulturze dzikusów i skłonnościach do kantów. Ale posłuszni, wytrwali fizycznie i twardzi wobec wroga. Wielu "askarisów" użytych w
1042:
Myśmy nazywali "askarisami" ochotników do służb pomocniczych w SS, którzy rekrutowali się z ludności autochtonicznej na terenach zdobytych w Europie Wschodniej. Byli to w zasadzie Łotysze, Litwini, Białorusini i Ukraińcy. Przeszkalano ich w
2537:
1244:, sent to Warsaw and to Treblinka death camp in September 1942. After the war Federenko settled in the US; he was extradited to the Soviet Union in December 1984. He was found guilty of treason, sentenced to death, and executed in 1987.
579:("riflemen") and given different uniforms and rank insignia. A practical reason for this policy was that there was a dearth of German equipment to be spared, yet piles of captured war materiel that would otherwise be unused.
1035:' (especially in its initial stages) were Latvians. They did not understand Polish and therefore were unable to communicate with the people of Warsaw. This was exactly what we wanted. We also called them "Trawniki men".
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and not deserving to be treated as German soldiers. There was also a real fear of mutiny or desertion by foreigners in German uniform. To reinforce the social levels between them, guards were therefore referred to as
182:
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from Operation Reinhard as the key person for this new secret project. Streibel, with the assistance of his officers, visited all POW camps for the Soviets behind the lines of the advancing
5731:
1190:) based on memory alone, by which the perpetrators could not be legally identified. The following are the most notable of them, confirmed by the courts, and arranged in alphabetical order.
6999:
3575:
2386:
233:
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from Eastern Europe among them, valued because of their ability to speak Russian, Ukrainian and other languages of the occupied territories. All the officers at the Trawniki camp were
976:. Some German police officers felt uneasy about killing non-Jewish Poles. Their unit shot 4,600 Jews by September 1942, but disproportionately only 78 ethnic Poles. In contrast, the
3886:
1052:(szczególnie we wstępnych działaniach) to Łotysze. Nie znali języka polskiego, więc trudno im się było porozumiewać z ludnością Warszawy. A o to nam szło. Nazywaliśmy ich również
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himself, were transported west to continue their deeds at the still functioning death camps. The Jews of the adjacent Trawniki labor camp were massacred in November 1943 during
5451:
4695:
3315:
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2134:
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among them. He claimed that most of the guards volunteered in order to leave the POW camps and/or because of self-interest. On the other hand, the Holocaust historian
2283:
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5042:
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M37 tunic with blue facings. This was to mark them out from the men they commanded, but at the same time denoted them as auxiliaries rather than regular troops.
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6696:
5072:
5047:
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5305:
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Auxiliaries were not allowed to wear German uniforms or insignia, carry German weapons, or use German ranks. This was mostly for political reasons. The
6827:
5703:
3356:
3308:
1640:
in support of extermination policies in 1941 and 1942, and in providing assistance for the deportations to camps in Germany, mainly in 1942 and 1943.
194:
5809:
3872:
3446:
3255:
2365:
1793:
1752:
799:
The guards initially wore their Soviet Army uniforms. In the autumn of 1941 they were given the dyed-black Polish Army uniforms worn by the former
5011:
372:
Germans and the foreign SS troops". In Saurel's account Ukrainians are not mentioned at all, and probably fall under the category of "and so on".
6412:
2048:
1797:
1365:; had his U.S. citizenship revoked in 2005 at the age of 90; at the time he was reported to be 95, but he was born in 1915. Died 2013, aged 97.
5021:
1300:
in the Red Army since 1941, brought to Trawniki from POW camp in Chełm, a guard at the Jewish ghetto in Lublin and in Treblinka together with
7031:
5348:
5026:
2668:
1887:, Forschungen zum Nationalsozialismus und dessen Nachwirkungen in Österreich Festschrift für Brigitte Bailer, p.117 (footnote 108). Vienna,
1862:, Forschungen zum Nationalsozialismus und dessen Nachwirkungen in Österreich Festschrift für Brigitte Bailer, p.117 (footnote 108). Vienna,
554:
shooting everyone unable to move or attempting to flee, while the Trawnikis conducted large-scale civilian massacres in the same locations.
5814:
5726:
5484:
5101:
3301:
3214:
6730:
6554:
5333:
3164:
6691:
5618:
4690:
2879:
2719:
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trained at Trawniki, charged in Bonn, Germany in July 2010 with being a Belzec camp guard. Kunz died in November 2010 before his trial.
5489:
5057:
4798:
5914:
3540:
1136:
tried in the West was very small by comparison. Six defendants were acquitted on all charges and set free by a West German court in
7214:
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6214:
5298:
3692:
965:
956:
The Trawniki men shot so fast and so wildly that the German policemen "frequently had to take cover to avoid being hit." Ukrainian
551:
2017:
859:
expectations in the mistreatment of Jews. Most Trawniki men had executed Jews already as part of their job training. Similarly to
301:
included Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Belarusians, Estonians, Georgians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Russians, Tatars, and Ukrainians. The
7184:
7113:
6634:
6362:
5757:
5708:
5526:
5423:
4720:
3478:
3149:
2791:
1631:
1416:
341:
to start recruiting mainly Ukrainian auxiliaries among the Soviet POWs, due to ongoing close relations with the local Ukrainian
7189:
5938:
4752:
3056:
2456:
1462:
972:
lasting non-stop for several days were conducted by the Trawniki battalion of about 350 to 400 men, same as in Parczew, or the
4645:
297:(people whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship). The conscripted civilians and
5156:
4650:
2233:
7179:
6318:
5736:
5576:
5353:
4836:
4791:
3439:
218:
78:
7123:
6956:
6601:
6064:
5804:
5291:
1293:
1262:
at Trawniki, stripped of his US citizenship in 2005 and deported to Austria in March 2009. Escaped responsibility due to
1214:
368:
Caucasians and others, and least of all Ukrainians, although for some reason the unit was officially called 'Ukrainian'"
3851:
3600:
617:("half-platoons" or "Sections"). This was perhaps adopted to deter desertion, a big problem towards the end of the war.
6152:
5474:
4831:
3530:
2884:
2660:
2583:
1928:
1904:
Black, Peter. Odilo Globocnik, Nazi Eastern Policy, and the Implementation of the Final Solution, p.117 (footnote 109).
1536:
1323:. Deported from United States on 21 August 2018 at the age of 95. He later died on January 10, 2019, at the age of 95.
5933:
5678:
2618:
1661:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947
1636:
Ukraine differs from other parts of the Nazi-occupied Soviet Union, whereas the local administrators have formed the
1186:
which they appear. They often feature arbitrary spellings in English and Polish translation (or transliteration from
1017:
5948:
5884:
4892:
3006:
2848:
236:"), Nazi auxiliary forces recruited from native subjects serving in various jobs such as concentration camp guards.
6719:
6176:
5953:
5894:
5869:
5658:
5586:
4382:
3144:
3139:
2592:
Kudryashov, Sergei, "Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards," in Mark and Ljubica Erickson (eds),
1983:
1652:
1193:
981:
934:
531:
7219:
7199:
5797:
5792:
5436:
3432:
2796:
613:> "File" or "Fire Team") level of organization at a time when the depleted German Army was consolidating into
298:
3630:
2853:
1315:
guard who was deported in the U.S. in 1949 and claimed to have worked on his father's farm, was stripped of his
6614:
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2635:
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890:(on the right), 1943 at the Umschlagplatz, with Stawki 5/7 in the back. Their military overcoats came from the
310:
6589:
4887:
1112:
855:." Despite the generally apathetic views of the Trawniki guards, the vast majority faithfully carried out the
353:, and after individual screening recruited Ukrainian as well as Latvian and Lithuanian volunteers as ordered.
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6089:
5943:
5924:
5904:
5874:
5767:
5431:
5241:
3154:
2324:
1656:
1071:
uprising of October 1942 among similar others. In other locations, the lists compiled by the local Ukrainian
867:, Kudryashov argued that the Trawniki men were examples of how ordinary people could become willing killers.
563:
5996:
3760:
3483:
2164:
1083:
The Trawniki training camp was dismantled in July 1944 because of the approaching frontline. The last 1,000
969:
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6514:
6142:
6011:
5986:
5864:
4897:
3510:
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in 1944. Denaturalized in 2002; died in 2005 before he could be deported from the United States to Germany.
905:
539:
535:
499:
455:
6584:
4882:
1606:
edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004; pages 226–227 & 234-235.
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1334:
419:
394:
250:
51:
6111:
4477:
3979:
3595:
2609:
Witold Mędykowski, "Obóz pracy dla Żydów w Trawnikach," in Wojciech Lenarczyk, Dariusz Libionka (eds.),
2468:
6991:
6870:
6840:
6759:
6676:
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3505:
3386:
3061:
2889:
2873:
2056:
1914:
1258:
1198:
1201:, taken in 1943. Demjanjuk has been "inconclusively identified" as the guard in the middle front left.
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5741:
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5581:
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which permanently traumatized the untrained executioners. The wave of mass killings of Jews from the
447:
446:. It was their primary purpose of training. They took an active role in the extermination of Jews at
2269:
1508:
7108:
7063:
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6389:
5928:
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3411:
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3346:
3051:
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1566:
6534:
4574:
1321:"made material misrepresentations in his application for a visa to immigrate to the United States"
1284:
born 1921; ordered to be deported from the United States in December 1995; repatriated to Ukraine.
426:. The complex (serving dual purpose in 1941–43) was set up in the industrialized village of
7204:
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139:
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980:, saw the Christian Poles as equal opportunity offenders. When they got too drunk to show up in
7209:
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6579:
6058:
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5630:
5512:
4902:
4452:
4367:
3250:
2284:"Sobibor perpetrator collection - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
1401:
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883:
875:
318:
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1305:
1943 he was transferred to Trieste, and in 1944 fled to Yugoslavia. Fate unknown, never tried.
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511:
275:
are known to have run away during field operations. Although the majority of Trawniki men or
7046:
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6624:
6288:
6039:
5441:
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1690:
1560:
1526:
1405:
1316:
3715:
2107:
2078:
1621:"The local administration under German occupation in central and eastern Ukraine, 1941–1944"
1290:
born 1920; came to US in 1955; ordered deported 2005; Not deported because of age; died 2017
656:
463:
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6313:
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4918:
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4075:
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1213:. Demnjanjuk immigrated to the United States, but was deported to Israel to stand trial as
860:
210:
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4594:
3615:
2504:
1997:
by Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert (PDF 1.86 MB, available from Scribd.com). Page 103. Retrieved
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guard units (between 70 and 120 depending on location) and were selected to act as the
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The Trawniki shooters were assigned to the worst of the "on-the-spot dirty work" by
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generally young males, from Western Ukraine (Galicia, Volhynia, Podolia and Lublin).
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5131:
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2211:
2051:[70 лет восстанию в Собиборе, международная научная конференция в Варшаве].
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2366:"Last Known WWII Nazi Living In U.S., Deported To Germany Last Year, Is Dead at 95"
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The German officers and senior NCOs were issued the obsolete black M32 SS tunic or
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222:
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2228:. Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. Kuria Diecezjalna w Drohiczynie. p. 87.
1885:
Odilo Globocnik, Nazi Eastern Policy, and the Implementation of the Final Solution
1860:
Odilo Globocnik, Nazi Eastern Policy, and the Implementation of the Final Solution
1602:
Sergei Kudryashov, "Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards" (in)
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1918:
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338:
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851:"were screened on the basis of their anti-Communist and hence almost invariably
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itself, and the remaining subcamps of KL Lublin/Majdanek camp complex including
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4065:
4060:
3914:
3815:
3780:
3667:
3277:
3245:
3083:
2545:
Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
1556:
1326:
1247:
852:
801:
475:
264:
202:
167:
127:
96:
4105:
2303:"Demjanjuk convicted of helping Nazis to murder Jews during the Holocaust"
2053:Кудряшов С. "Травники. История одного предательства." «Родина». 2007. № 12
7149:
6666:
6283:
6137:
4983:
4519:
4509:
4442:
4422:
4352:
4311:
4248:
4233:
4155:
4115:
4004:
3994:
3177:
3172:
2648:
1308:
1009:
567:
471:
546:
deployed to the occupied territories. The German Order Police performed
221:
until the end of World War II. Trawnikis belonged to a category of
7138:
6973:
6746:
6524:
4569:
4534:
4090:
3939:
2944:
2832:
1063:
Trawniki personnel was also used in the August 1943 suppression of the
918:
515:
398:
113:
2049:"Conference in Warsaw on the 70th anniversary of the Sobibor uprising"
1706:
In the German mills of death, 1941-1945 (U nimetsʹkykh mlynakh smerty)
785:
781:
291:(citizens of the German Reich), and most of the squad commanders were
6978:
6784:
4826:
4263:
3836:
2927:
2756:
2697:
2626:
2413:"Яків Палій." Україна Молода, June 17, 2004. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
2210:
1409:(permission granted to be reused, in whole or in part, on Knowledge;
1174:
1075:
enabled them to quickly and precisely identify their Jewish targets.
735:
660:
491:
364:
350:
268:
40:
6639:
4851:
4813:
961:
507:
6504:
6304:
5266:
1209:, a Ukrainian who joined the Trawniki men and served as a guard at
913:
dealt with unruly crowds of thousands of ghetto inhabitants: as in
583:
487:
427:
213:
launched in June 1941. Thousands of these volunteers served in the
206:
2895:
Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)
2387:"Accused Nazi Guard Speaks Out, Denying He Had Role in Atrocities"
1723:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta.
1718:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1237:
964:, the Germans were "overjoyed" to see them coming after the messy
3272:
2975:
2595:
Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson
1604:
Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy Essays in Honour of John Erickson
1210:
1166:
1137:
926:
904:
Karl Streibel (wrote Browning), so the Germans from the parallel
523:
451:
5504:
2133:
Georg Bönisch, Jan Friedmann and Cordula Meyer (July 10, 2009).
1891:(2012). The new auxiliary ranks were first detailed in circular
988:
ordered the release of prisoners rounded up for mass execution.
58:
s, they were tasked with liquidating Nazi-era Jewish ghettos in
7014:
5338:
3454:
1765:
1583:
1148:
1028:
431:
1562:
Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps
6379:
2572:
Hitler's Willing Executioners, Ordinary Germans and Holocaust
2449:"Judge Revokes Citizenship of Man Linked to Nazi War Crimes".
2085:
1122:
809:
3895:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
1430:
1410:
1361:
shooter deployed to participate in the annihilation of the
385:
2424:"Demjanjuk Trial Resumes With Testimony on KGB Forgeries"
2370:
2114:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC
442:
shooters were deployed to all major killing sites of the
5452:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
1444:
1442:
317:
and played an important role in the annihilation of the
5313:
3323:
2613:(Lublin: Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, 2009), 183–210.
2611:
Erntefest 3–4 listopada 1943. Zapomniany epizod Zagłady
241:
6897:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1889:
Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes
1864:
Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes
1628:
The Holocaust in Ukraine: New Sources and Perspectives
1153:
The notoriety of crimes committed by Trawnikis at the
279:
came from among the prisoners of war, there were also
239:
Between September 1941 and September 1942, the German
2661:
article Project MUSE 90 (abstract and for-pay access)
2479:
1831:
1439:
1217:
in 1986. Demjanjuk was found guilty and sentenced to
1008:
itself – responsible for the massacre of over 50,000
253:; by the end of 1944, 5,082 men were on active duty.
2598:(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), 226–239.
2350:
German Nazi suspect Samuel Kunz dies ahead of trial.
2099:
1721:
Ukrainian-Jewish relations in historical perspective
1978:
1976:
197:, consisting of either volunteers or recruits from
2076:
1651:
1400:
1016:, published in his original Polish edition of the
2578:. Random House, New York. pp. 203, 232–233.
1913:
534:and all other locations, augmented by the SS and
7171:
4814:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
2627:"The Chameleon of Trawniki: Jack Reimer, Soviet
1973:
1531:. Francis & Bernard Publishing. p. 35.
1524:
6672:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
2547:, Penguin Books, pp. 1–298, archived from
2511:. United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit
2046:
948:at Zamenhofa 42 / Kupiecka 18.<. Photo from
245:and police trained 2,500 Trawniki men known as
209:soldiers captured in the border regions during
146:; shooting actions, deportations to death camps
16:Central and Eastern European Nazi military unit
2251:(AGP), t. 104, "Budowa i odbudowa, 1946–1947".
2015:
430:about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of
363:, who himself was a political prisoner in the
7032:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
5520:
5299:
4799:
3880:
3440:
3309:
2713:
2502:
2496:
944:"Trawniki" men during the destruction of the
5485:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
2552:(PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete)
1792:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1751:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1618:
1555:
1460:
1429:Text from USHMM has been released under the
1149:Known Trawnikis having served at death camps
1012:– later remarked in a prison interview with
1000:who was in charge of the suppression of the
6731:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
3455:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
2359:
2357:
2165:"Trawniki Staff Page. Alphabetical Listing"
2011:
2009:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1766:Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002).
1719:Aster, Howard. Potichnyj, Peter J. (1990).
1101:. Their exhumed bodies were incinerated in
251:training camp at Trawniki outside of Lublin
5527:
5513:
5306:
5292:
4806:
4792:
3887:
3873:
3447:
3433:
3316:
3302:
2720:
2706:
2158:
2156:
1920:German Security and Police Soldier 1939-45
1796:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1528:Recruiting and Training Genocidal Soldiers
1520:
1518:
1464:Police Auxiliaries for Operation Reinhard
810:Role of Trawniki men in the Final Solution
2624:
2565:
2404:
2384:
2206:
2204:
1759:
1645:
1630:. Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies,
1551:
1549:
434:with rail lines in all directions in the
2532:
2363:
2354:
2300:
2294:
2006:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1819:
1804:
1448:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1311:, (August 16, 1923- January 10, 2019) a
1192:
939:
894:surplus no longer used by the German SS.
874:
743:Created in 1944. Highest enlisted rank.
552:Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
5410:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
2457:"A Face Seen and Unseen on the Subway".
2153:
2126:
2055:. p. 7/20 in DOC format. Archived from
1632:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1614:
1612:
1515:
1417:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
7172:
5393:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
4753:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
2727:
2364:Schwartz, Matthew (January 11, 2019).
2247:Archiwum Państwowe w Siedlcach (APS),
2201:
2070:
1774:(in Polish). Trawniki official website
1546:
1141:the start. In the U.S. some 16 former
1025:
6896:
6717:
6348:
5839:
5838:
5508:
5287:
4787:
3868:
3428:
3297:
2890:Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI)
2885:Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA)
2701:
2480:Aktion Reinhard Camps (May 6, 2005).
2447:Benjamin Weiser (September 6, 2002).
2385:Kilgannon, Corey (November 1, 2003).
2105:
1703:
1375:
422:built for the Jews deported from the
414:The Trawniki-men were assembled at a
175:
6319:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
2473:
2184:Yitzhak Arad, Thomas (Toivi) Blatt,
2162:
1895:. It was issued on October 19, 1942.
1825:
1609:
1454:
960:were perceived as indispensable. In
870:
7124:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
5314:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
3325:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
2880:Economics and Administration Office
2325:Press release; case of Josias Kumpf
2226:(PDF file, direct download 15.1 MB)
1121:executed. Most were sentenced to a
1078:
39:(some of them still wearing Soviet
13:
6718:
5475:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
2222:Treblinka concentration camp staff
2196:; museums and private collections.
2024:. Ossietzky 9/2010. Archived from
1474:. Enigma Books. pp. 331–348.
1004:and the methodical destruction of
668:Created in 1944 Highest NCO rank.
597:> "squad") of about 50 men and
589:Units were initially organized in
14:
7231:
5534:
5157:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
2455:Barry, Dan (September 17, 2005).
1923:. Osprey Publishing. p. 44.
1708:. New York-London: Vantage Press.
1018:Conversations with an Executioner
6687:Polish leaders and intellectuals
6177:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
5334:Population transfers (1944–1946)
4383:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
2765:
2338:German Nazi suspect Samuel Kunz.
2214:, Paweł Rytel-Andrianik (2011).
1232:, the Soviet POW recruited from
384:
377:
112:
89:
29:
7215:Collaborators with Nazi Germany
5437:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
5349:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
2797:Allgemeine-SS regional commands
2503:Circuit Judge (July 13, 2010).
2462:
2441:
2416:
2378:
2342:
2330:
2317:
2301:Matussek, Karin (12 May 2011).
2276:
2040:
1907:
1898:
1877:
1852:
1768:"Hitlerowski obóz w Trawnikach"
1712:
1697:
1256:who took part in the murderous
564:racial policies of Nazi Germany
557:
506:, and also during massacres in
309:, the Nazi plan to exterminate
7185:1941 establishments in Germany
6615:Attack on the twentieth convoy
6428:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
4765:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
4741:36th Estonian Police Battalion
3007:SS-Begleitkommando des Führers
2849:Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS
2636:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
2484:. ARC. (see: Nikolay Shalayev)
2411:Report on Palij (in Ukrainian)
2188:, Rudolf Reder, Tom Teicholz,
1832:Aktion Reinhard Camps (2004).
1822:, pp. 52, 77, 79, 80, 135
1683:
1197:Picture of Trawniki guards at
1067:, as well as the lesser-known
1:
7190:1941 establishments in Poland
5432:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
5262:Human medical experimentation
2976:Secret State Police (Gestapo)
2854:Command Staff Reichsführer-SS
2526:
1982:Andrzej Szczypiorski (1977),
1045:SS-Ausbildungs-lager-Trawniki
882:Trawniki shooters during the
824:extermination camps Trawniki
740:File Leader or Lance Corporal
395:SS Trawniki training compound
52:SS Trawniki training division
6952:Jewish war conspiracy theory
6143:Extermination through labour
3240:German Earth and Stone Works
3235:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
3188:Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen
3111:Security Battalions (Greece)
2981:State Security Police (SiPo)
2954:Police and security services
2658:– via Project MUSE 90.
1413:ticket no. 2007071910012533)
1349:Treblinka extermination camp
906:Reserve Police Battalion 101
540:Reserve Police Battalion 101
7:
7180:Trawniki concentration camp
7134:Righteous Among the Nations
6349:
5820:Righteous Among the Nations
5467:Righteous Among the Nations
5354:Ministry of Public Security
4733:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
3343:Related articles by country
3215:Finnish Volunteer Battalion
3183:Germaansche SS in Nederland
2991:Customs Border Guards (ZGS)
2625:Steinhart, Eric C. (2009).
1145:guards were denaturalized.
502:, Budzyn, Kraśnik, Puławy,
420:Trawniki concentration camp
328:
10:
7236:
6871:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
6841:Lithuanian Security Police
6760:Reich Security Main Office
5727:Evidence and documentation
5379:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
4761:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2874:Reich Security Main Office
2323:US Department of Justice.
2139:Germany > The Holocaust
2135:"A Very Ordinary Henchman"
1663:. McFarland. p. 217.
1461:David Bankir, ed. (2006).
1040:
970:Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto
839:sign of any attraction to
813:
793:Created October 19, 1942.
768:Created October 19, 1942.
718:Created October 19, 1942.
494:, not to mention Trawniki
7087:Books and other resources
7074:
6990:
6919:
6915:
6892:
6826:
6798:
6739:
6726:
6713:
6652:
6600:
6553:
6490:
6460:
6398:
6370:
6361:
6357:
6344:
6302:
6261:
6213:
6199:
6161:
6120:
6020:
5977:
5855:
5851:
5834:
5750:
5719:
5619:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
5546:
5542:
5465:
5422:
5392:
5371:
5362:
5319:
5283:
5234:
5214:
5175:
5152:Sobibor perpetrator album
5109:
5100:
5035:
5004:
4997:
4911:
4870:
4819:
4783:
4737:Estonian Auxiliary Police
4719:
4663:
4638:
4502:
4495:
4396:
4340:
4282:
4224:
4053:
3907:
3900:
3864:
3847:Human medical experiments
3829:
3691:
3649:
3588:
3521:
3469:
3460:
3424:
3420:
3331:
3228:SS-controlled enterprises
3227:
3163:
3119:
3029:
3020:
2999:
2953:
2918:
2841:
2805:
2774:
2763:
2738:
1657:"Ukrainian Collaboration"
1525:Gregory Procknow (2011).
1317:United States citizenship
1125:, and released under the
1065:Białystok Ghetto Uprising
937:and all other locations.
693:Created October 19, 1942
637:Equivalent SS / Heer Rank
622:
575:("watchmen") rather than
542:, part of over two dozen
345:. Globocnik had selected
228:(German abbreviation for
150:
134:
123:
108:
84:
74:
66:
28:
21:
6677:People with disabilities
6610:Aid and Rescue Committee
5400:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
4745:Latvian Auxiliary Police
4478:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
3980:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
2986:SS Security Service (SD)
2920:Ideological institutions
2534:Browning, Christopher R.
2348:BBC (November 22, 2010)
2077:Holocaust Encyclopedia.
2047:Леонид Терушкин (2013).
2022:Den Aufsatz kommentieren
1567:Indiana University Press
1369:
1294:Ivan Ivanovych Marchenko
1038:
715:Squad Leader or Corporal
249:(guards) at the special
193:) were Eastern European
6818:Order Police battalions
5490:Garden of the Righteous
5242:Identification in camps
5235:Technical and logistics
4681:Order Police battalions
3101:Order Police battalions
3012:Reichssicherheitsdienst
2971:Criminal police (Kripo)
2961:Uniformed police (Orpo)
2869:Head Operational Office
2684:51.139267°N 22.993140°E
2567:Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah
2482:"Volunteer Auxiliaries"
2217:Treblinka. Załoga obozu
2141:. Spiegel International
2016:Ralph Hartmann (2010).
1704:Petro, Mirchuk (1976).
853:anti-Semitic sentiments
845:Christopher R. Browning
816:The Holocaust in Poland
665:Senior Platoon Sergeant
544:Order Police battalions
140:Order Police battalions
138:Logistical support for
7220:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
7200:1943 disestablishments
6667:Soviet urban residents
5758:International response
5732:Contemporary knowledge
4903:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4368:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
3251:German Equipment Works
2966:Schutzpolizei (Schupo)
2576:(Google Books preview)
2505:"Vladas Zajanckauskas"
2112:Holocaust Encyclopedia
2108:"Trawniki: Chronology"
2106:USHMM (May 11, 2012).
1838:Occupation of the East
1402:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1329:a.k.a. Jack Reimer, a
1264:statute of limitations
1240:, guard at the Jewish
1202:
1002:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
953:
895:
884:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
653:"Senior Platoon Guard"
337:instructed SS officer
319:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
313:. They also served at
219:German-occupied Poland
190:
79:German-occupied Poland
7114:Memorials and museums
7052:Reparations Agreement
7047:Holocaust restitution
6625:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
6148:Human experimentation
5987:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
5442:Majdanek State Museum
4575:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
3479:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
3145:SS Division Totenkopf
3140:SS Division Das Reich
3135:Leibstandarte (LSSAH)
2288:collections.ushmm.org
1984:Moczarski Kazimierz,
1874:were created in 1944.
1866:(2012). The ranks of
1619:Markus Eikel (2013).
1196:
1089:SS Battalion Streibel
943:
878:
814:Further information:
778:"Watchman" or "Guard"
305:took a major part in
234:those willing to help
6314:Jewish Ghetto Police
6183:Politische Abteilung
6078:Risiera di San Sabba
5939:Natzweiler-Struthof
4919:Mordechai Anielewicz
4630:Elisabeth Volkenrath
4515:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
4151:Arthur Liebehenschel
4076:Hermine Braunsteiner
4020:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
2787:SS and police leader
2751:SS-Totenkopfverbände
2689:51.139267; 22.993140
2631:, and the Holocaust"
2451:The New York Times.
2336:BBC (July 29, 2010)
2327:(PDF), 16 June 2008.
1355:Vladas Zajančkauskas
861:Christopher Browning
806:special assignment.
211:Operation Barbarossa
45:SS-Hauptsturmführer
7092:Days of remembrance
7005:Holocaust survivors
7000:Depopulated shtetls
6851:Rollkommando Hamann
6697:Jehovah's Witnesses
6515:Kamianets-Podilskyi
5577:Bohemia and Moravia
5457:March of the Living
5329:Holocaust survivors
5193:Vrba–Wetzler report
4969:Alexander Pechersky
4929:Mordechai Tenenbaum
4378:Alexander Palfinger
4201:Johann Schwarzhuber
3761:Międzyrzec Podlaski
3740:Lviv pogroms (1941)
3641:Sonderaktion Krakau
3150:SS Polizei Division
3129:SS-Verfügungstruppe
3121:Waffen-SS divisions
3074:Rollkommando Hamann
2680: /
2538:"Arrival in Poland"
2459:The New York Times.
2028:on December 2, 2013
1215:"Ivan the Terrible"
1155:extermination camps
1014:Kazimierz Moczarski
707:SS-Unterscharführer
315:extermination camps
177:[travˈniki]
7075:History and memory
6979:Forced euthanasia
6927:Nazi racial policy
6630:Danish underground
6477:Operation Reinhard
6472:Wannsee Conference
5372:West German trials
5167:Wannsee Conference
4954:Itzhak Katzenelson
4706:General Government
4191:Franz Reichleitner
4121:Fritz Hartjenstein
4111:Maximilian Grabner
4030:Bruno Streckenbach
3842:Grossaktion Warsaw
3495:Operation Reinhard
3205:British Free Corps
3193:Germanske SS Norge
3155:SS Division Wiking
2934:Das Schwarze Korps
2649:10.1093/hgs/dcp032
2554:on 19 October 2013
2469:Axis history Forum
2249:Akta Gminy Prostyń
1653:Tadeusz Piotrowski
1634:. 110–122 in PDF.
1203:
1183:Operation Reinhard
1127:Khrushchev amnesty
1027:We used the word '
954:
896:
841:National Socialism
828:men served as the
822:Operation Reinhard
657:SS-Oberscharführer
626:Ranks (1942–1945)
566:regarded Slavs as
496:concentration camp
438:. From there, the
436:occupied territory
407:General Government
403:Lublin Reservation
307:Operation Reinhard
299:former Soviet POWs
257:were organized by
215:General Government
195:Nazi collaborators
144:Operation Reinhard
142:and the SS during
7167:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7010:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
6957:Jewish emigration
6947:Hitler's prophecy
6942:Haavara Agreement
6888:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6876:Ypatingasis būrys
6773:Sicherheitsdienst
6709:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6648:
6647:
6568:Bielski partisans
6340:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6171:Totenkopfverbände
5830:
5829:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5418:
5417:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5230:
5229:
5222:Sonderaktion 1005
5096:
5095:
4779:
4778:
4757:Ypatingasis būrys
4659:
4658:
4600:Johanna Langefeld
4595:Hildegard Lächert
4491:
4490:
4327:Alfred Trzebinski
4292:Franz von Bodmann
4244:Lorenz Hackenholt
4086:Theodor van Eupen
4025:Jakob Sporrenberg
3860:
3859:
3584:
3583:
3291:
3290:
3223:
3222:
3000:Führer protection
2940:SS-Junker Schools
2428:Los Angeles Times
2235:978-83-7257-496-1
2190:Samuel Willenberg
2018:"Der Alibiprozeß"
1915:Gordon Williamson
1893:CA 156/KdG Lublin
1347:guard serving at
1298:
1272:
1230:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1104:Sonderaktion 1005
1061:
1060:
871:Murder operations
797:
796:
538:, as well as the
416:training facility
325:), among others.
161:
160:
118:Totenkopfverbände
7227:
7059:Holocaust denial
7037:Nuremberg trials
7027:Postwar violence
6982:
6917:
6916:
6894:
6893:
6856:Special Brigades
6846:Nederlandsche SS
6813:Police Regiments
6737:
6736:
6715:
6714:
6575:Ghetto uprisings
6563:Jewish partisans
6510:Harvest Festival
6482:Holocaust trains
6368:
6367:
6359:
6358:
6346:
6345:
6211:
6210:
6107:
6085:
6067:
6048:
6030:
5853:
5852:
5836:
5835:
5544:
5543:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5506:
5505:
5384:Treblinka trials
5369:
5368:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5285:
5284:
5183:Graebe affidavit
5176:Witness accounts
5122:Frank memorandum
5107:
5106:
5002:
5001:
4989:Szmul Zygielbojm
4979:Frumka Płotnicka
4939:Leon Feldhendler
4924:Icchak Cukierman
4878:Ghetto uprisings
4808:
4801:
4794:
4785:
4784:
4729:Schutzmannschaft
4550:Feodor Fedorenko
4500:
4499:
4408:Wolfgang Birkner
4196:Heinrich Schwarz
4186:Josef Oberhauser
4161:Heinrich Matthes
4045:Dieter Wisliceny
4035:Richard Thomalla
4010:Heinz Reinefarth
3960:Heinrich Himmler
3905:
3904:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3866:
3865:
3830:Other atrocities
3467:
3466:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3263:Allach porcelain
3210:Kaminski Brigade
3165:Foreign SS units
3042:Schutzmannschaft
3027:
3026:
2910:Education Office
2905:Personnel Office
2864:SS Medical Corps
2842:Main departments
2828:Heinrich Himmler
2818:Joseph Berchtold
2769:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2589:
2577:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2178:
2176:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2013:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:August 28, 2014.
1980:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1881:
1875:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1772:The camp history
1763:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1742:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1600:
1581:
1580:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1398:
1341:Nikolay Shalayev
1302:Nikolay Shalayev
1297:
1274:, former Soviet
1271:
1266:in that country.
1259:Aktion Erntefest
1242:ghetto in Lublin
1229:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1098:Aktion Erntefest
1079:End and post-war
1023:
1022:
994:SS-Gruppenführer
966:Józefów massacre
952:Report, May 1943
901:Hauptsturmführer
690:Platoon Sergeant
620:
619:
418:adjacent to the
393:Location of the
388:
381:
201:camps set up by
185:
179:
116:
95:
93:
92:
50:(center) at the
33:
19:
18:
7235:
7234:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7155:
7070:
6986:
6980:
6969:Madagascar Plan
6962:Kindertransport
6911:
6910:
6880:
6822:
6794:
6779:Ordnungspolizei
6735:
6722:
6701:
6644:
6596:
6549:
6520:Maly Trostenets
6491:Mass executions
6486:
6456:
6394:
6353:
6328:
6298:
6257:
6195:
6157:
6116:
6105:
6083:
6065:
6046:
6028:
6016:
5973:
5847:
5826:
5746:
5737:Hidden children
5715:
5573:Czechoslovakia
5538:
5533:
5503:
5494:
5461:
5414:
5405:Stutthof trials
5388:
5358:
5315:
5312:
5271:
5257:Holocaust train
5226:
5210:
5198:Witold's Report
5188:Gerstein Report
5171:
5137:Katzmann Report
5117:Auschwitz Album
5092:
5031:
4993:
4959:Michał Klepfisz
4907:
4866:
4815:
4812:
4775:
4715:
4685:Ordnungspolizei
4655:
4634:
4615:Erich Muhsfeldt
4545:Margot Dreschel
4530:Alexander Bülow
4487:
4483:Udo von Woyrsch
4473:Hermann Schaper
4468:Emanuel Schäfer
4453:Josef Meisinger
4413:Helmut Bischoff
4392:
4348:Heinz Auerswald
4336:
4278:
4226:
4220:
4216:Christian Wirth
4126:Gottlieb Hering
4049:
4015:Julian Scherner
4000:Georg Michalsen
3985:Franz Kutschera
3945:Odilo Globocnik
3896:
3893:
3856:
3825:
3687:
3645:
3626:Kielce cemetery
3580:
3517:
3456:
3453:
3416:
3327:
3322:
3292:
3287:
3219:
3198:Schalburg Corps
3159:
3115:
3022:Waffen-SS units
3016:
2995:
2949:
2914:
2837:
2801:
2782:Reichsführer-SS
2770:
2761:
2734:
2726:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2653:
2651:
2586:
2575:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2540:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2463:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2383:
2379:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2209:
2202:
2186:Alexander Donat
2174:
2172:
2169:Aktion Reinhard
2161:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2014:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1986:Rozmowy z katem
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1882:
1878:
1872:Oberzugwachmann
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1805:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1764:
1760:
1744:
1743:
1731:
1717:
1713:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1650:
1646:
1638:Hilfsverwaltung
1623:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1584:
1577:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1523:
1516:
1504:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1471:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1440:
1421:
1419:
1408:
1399:
1376:
1372:
1225:Fedor Federenko
1151:
1109:Sonderkommandos
1081:
1073:Hilfsverwaltung
1057:
1054:Trawniki-Männer
1036:
873:
820:At each of the
818:
812:
732:SS-Rottenfuhrer
699:Gruppenwachmann
678:"Platoon Guard"
649:Oberzugwachmann
560:
462:(three times),
412:
411:
410:
391:
390:
389:
343:Hilfsverwaltung
339:Odilo Globocnik
331:
247:Hiwi Wachmänner
207:Soviet Red Army
199:prisoner-of-war
181:
164:
90:
88:
70:Founded in 1941
62:
60:occupied Poland
17:
12:
11:
5:
7233:
7223:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7205:1943 in Poland
7202:
7197:
7195:1942 in Poland
7192:
7187:
7182:
7165:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7078:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7064:trivialization
7056:
7055:
7054:
7044:
7042:Eichmann trial
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7002:
6996:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6937:Nuremberg Laws
6934:
6929:
6923:
6921:
6920:Early elements
6913:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6901:Early elements
6898:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6836:Arajs Kommando
6832:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6807:Einsatzgruppen
6802:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6757:
6749:
6743:
6741:
6734:
6733:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6720:Responsibility
6711:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6559:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6499:Einsatzgruppen
6494:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6463:Final Solution
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6365:
6355:
6354:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6324:Ústredňa Židov
6321:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6289:Theresienstadt
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6219:
6217:
6208:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6174:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6128:Einsatzgruppen
6124:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5934:Mittelbau-Dora
5931:
5922:
5917:
5915:Kraków-Płaszów
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5861:
5859:
5849:
5848:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5805:Rescue of Jews
5802:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5540:
5539:
5532:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5509:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5471:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5447:Sobibór Museum
5444:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5288:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5204:Sonderkommando
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5147:Posen speeches
5144:
5142:Korherr Report
5139:
5134:
5132:Höfle telegram
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4974:Witold Pilecki
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4949:Henryk Iwański
4946:
4944:Paweł Frenkiel
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4749:Arajs Kommando
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4678:
4671:Einsatzgruppen
4667:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4625:Alice Orlowski
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:John Demjanjuk
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4438:Gerhard Flesch
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4399:Einsatzgruppen
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4341:Ghetto command
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4322:Horst Schumann
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:Johann Niemann
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:Hermann Michel
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4141:Karl-Otto Koch
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4081:Irmfried Eberl
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3970:Fritz Katzmann
3967:
3962:
3957:
3955:Arthur Greiser
3952:
3950:Richard Glücks
3947:
3942:
3937:
3935:Ludwig Fischer
3932:
3927:
3925:Adolf Eichmann
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3589:Mass shootings
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3576:Danzig-Matzkau
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3541:Kraków-Płaszów
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3256:Klinker-Zement
3253:
3248:
3243:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3089:Volksdeutscher
3081:
3079:Arajs Kommando
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3039:
3037:Einsatzgruppen
3033:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:SS Main Office
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:Julius Schreck
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2664:
2663:
2643:(2): 239–262.
2622:
2607:
2590:
2585:978-0307426239
2584:
2563:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2495:
2472:
2461:
2440:
2415:
2403:
2391:New York Times
2377:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2316:
2293:
2275:
2234:
2212:Edward Kopówka
2200:
2194:Richard Glazar
2152:
2125:
2098:
2069:
2039:
2005:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1930:978-1782000075
1929:
1906:
1897:
1883:Black, Peter.
1876:
1858:Black, Peter.
1851:
1824:
1803:
1758:
1729:
1711:
1696:
1682:
1669:
1644:
1608:
1582:
1575:
1569:. p. 21.
1545:
1538:978-0986837401
1537:
1514:
1480:
1472:(Google Books)
1468:Peter R. Black
1453:
1438:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1352:
1338:
1324:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1267:
1253:Volksdeutscher
1245:
1222:
1207:John Demjanjuk
1150:
1147:
1132:The number of
1080:
1077:
1059:
1058:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1026:
872:
869:
831:Sonderkommando
811:
808:
795:
794:
791:
788:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
765:Senior Private
763:
757:SS-Oberschütze
754:
753:"Senior Guard"
751:
745:
744:
741:
738:
729:
726:
720:
719:
716:
713:
704:
701:
695:
694:
691:
688:
686:Unterfeldwebel
682:SS-Scharführer
679:
676:
670:
669:
666:
663:
654:
651:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
628:
627:
559:
556:
444:Final Solution
392:
383:
382:
376:
375:
374:
330:
327:
288:Reichsdeutsche
255:Trawnikimänner
191:Trawnikimänner
162:
159:
158:
152:
148:
147:
136:
132:
131:
130:police reserve
125:
121:
120:
110:
106:
105:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
37:Trawnikimänner
35:Inspection of
34:
26:
25:
23:Trawnikimänner
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7232:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7210:The Holocaust
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7151:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6932:Nazi eugenics
6930:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6861:Topf and Sons
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6828:Collaborators
6825:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6766:Referat IV B4
6764:
6763:
6762: (RSHA)
6761:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6753:Schutzstaffel
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6740:Organizations
6738:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6716:
6712:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6682:Romani people
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6635:Working Group
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6620:Kastner train
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6459:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6407:Kristallnacht
6404:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6190:Sanitätswesen
6187:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6153:Death marches
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5979:Extermination
5976:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5954:Sachsenhausen
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5895:Herzogenbusch
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5870:Bergen-Belsen
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5857:Concentration
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5793:United States
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5633:and colonies
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5536:The Holocaust
5530:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5344:Kielce pogrom
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5309:
5304:
5302:
5297:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:Stroop Report
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Documentation
5099:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4934:Marek Edelman
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:Organizations
4818:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4721:Collaboration
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:Organizations
4662:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:Eduard Lorenz
4608:
4606:
4605:Anton Lechner
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Josef Kollmer
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Kurt Gerstein
4558:
4556:
4555:Hans Hoffmann
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:Juana Bormann
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Erich Naumann
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Lothar Beutel
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4388:Jürgen Stroop
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Josef Blösche
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4332:Eduard Wirths
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:Josef Mengele
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:Horst Fischer
4305:
4303:
4302:Karl Gebhardt
4300:
4298:
4297:Carl Clauberg
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4269:Ludwig Plagge
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:Herbert Lange
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Kurt Bolender
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:Gustav Wagner
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:Franz Hössler
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Karl Fritzsch
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:Wilhelm Boger
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:Erwin Lambert
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:Wilhelm Koppe
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:Hermann Höfle
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Theodor Eicke
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Aktion Krakau
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Bloody Sunday
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3523:Concentration
3520:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3471:Extermination
3468:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:The Holocaust
3337:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Courts Office
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Erhard Heiden
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Allgemeine SS
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:Schutzstaffel
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2662:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2629:Volksdeutsche
2623:
2620:
2619:9788392518754
2616:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2483:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2271:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2237:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2170:
2166:
2163:S.J. (2007).
2159:
2157:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2059:on 2016-09-09
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1970:, p. 77.
1969:
1968:Browning 1998
1964:
1958:, p. 93.
1957:
1956:Browning 1998
1952:
1946:, p. 95.
1945:
1944:Browning 1998
1940:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1820:Browning 1998
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1686:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1498:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1451:, p. 52.
1450:
1449:Browning 1998
1445:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1364:
1363:Warsaw Ghetto
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:Hilfswilliger
1342:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1250:, a Yugoslav
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:Karl Streibel
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:Mizocz Ghetto
1066:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Jürgen Stroop
996:
995:
989:
987:
986:Wilhelm Trapp
983:
979:
975:
974:Izbica Ghetto
971:
967:
963:
959:
951:
950:Jürgen Stroop
947:
946:Warsaw Ghetto
942:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
902:
893:
892:Allgemeine-SS
889:
888:Jürgen Stroop
885:
881:
880:Stroop Report
877:
868:
866:
863:'s 1992 book
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
833:
832:
827:
823:
817:
807:
804:
803:
792:
789:
787:
783:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
767:
764:
762:
758:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
737:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
714:
712:
711:Unteroffizier
708:
705:
703:"Squad Guard"
702:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
687:
683:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
664:
662:
658:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
629:
625:
621:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
580:
578:
574:
569:
565:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:Warsaw Ghetto
421:
417:
408:
404:
400:
396:
387:
380:
373:
369:
366:
362:
361:Petro Mirchuk
358:
354:
352:
348:
347:Karl Streibel
344:
340:
336:
326:
324:
323:Stroop Report
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:
294:Volksdeutsche
290:
289:
284:
283:
282:Volksdeutsche
278:
274:
271:. Some 1,000
270:
267:
266:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:
237:
235:
232:, literally "
231:
230:Hilfswilliger
227:
225:
220:
217:territory of
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
178:
173:
169:
163:Military unit
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
103:
98:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Karl Streibel
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
24:
20:
7144:Yizkor books
6805:
6752:
6497:
6445:in Lithuania
6405:
6303:
6188:
6181:
6170:
6104:
6082:
6063:
6044:
6027:
5810:by Catholics
5679:Soviet Union
5547:By territory
5203:
5127:Höcker Album
5110:Nazi sources
4998:Victim lists
4964:Miles Lerman
4771:Trawniki men
4770:
4711:Hotel Polski
4620:Detlef Nebbe
4585:Oswald Kaduk
4580:Karl Jeschke
4458:Bruno Müller
4448:Felix Landau
4433:Ernst Damzog
4428:Karl Brunner
4397:
4373:Franz Konrad
4274:Adolf Theuer
4227:executioners
4206:Franz Stangl
4176:Robert Mulka
4146:Josef Kramer
4096:Karl Frenzel
4066:Richard Baer
4061:Hans Aumeier
4054:Camp command
4040:Otto Wächter
3920:Josef Bühler
3915:Viktor Brack
3901:Perpetrators
3493:
3335:Main article
3278:Sudetenquell
3246:Ostindustrie
3095:
3084:Selbstschutz
3047:Byelorussian
3030:Paramilitary
2932:
2876: (RSHA)
2728:
2665:
2652:. Retrieved
2640:
2634:
2628:
2610:
2593:
2571:
2556:, retrieved
2549:the original
2544:
2513:. Retrieved
2508:
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2475:
2464:
2452:
2443:
2432:. Retrieved
2430:. 1987-10-26
2427:
2418:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:
2380:
2369:
2344:
2332:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2296:
2287:
2278:
2248:
2246:
2239:. Retrieved
2221:
2216:
2181:
2180:
2173:. Retrieved
2168:
2143:. Retrieved
2138:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2111:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2072:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:the original
2052:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2026:the original
2021:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1919:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1868:Rottwachmann
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1837:
1827:
1776:. Retrieved
1771:
1761:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1685:
1674:. Retrieved
1660:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1603:
1561:
1557:Yitzhak Arad
1527:
1485:. Retrieved
1467:
1463:
1456:
1428:
1427:
1420:. Retrieved
1358:
1344:
1330:
1327:Jakob Reimer
1320:
1312:
1296:
1288:Ivan Mandycz
1282:Wasyl Lytwyn
1270:
1269:Samuel Kunz
1257:
1251:
1248:Josias Kumpf
1233:
1228:
1227:(Fedorenko)
1177:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1087:forming the
1084:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1044:
992:
990:
977:
957:
955:
910:Order Police
899:
897:
891:
865:Ordinary Men
864:
856:
848:
836:gas chambers
829:
825:
819:
802:Selbstschutz
800:
798:
773:
749:Oberwachmann
748:
728:"File Guard"
724:Rottwachmann
723:
698:
673:
648:
623:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
588:
581:
576:
572:
561:
558:Organization
456:Treblinka II
439:
413:
399:target camps
370:
359:
355:
342:
332:
302:
292:
286:
280:
276:
272:
265:Sonderdienst
262:
254:
246:
240:
238:
229:
223:
203:Nazi Germany
172:Trawniki men
171:
168:World War II
165:
128:Paramilitary
100:
97:Nazi Germany
55:
44:
36:
22:
7150:Never again
6981:(Action T4)
6907:Remembrance
6692:Homosexuals
6662:Soviet POWs
6590:Częstochowa
6138:Gas chamber
5949:Ravensbrück
5890:Gross-Rosen
5885:Flossenbürg
5768:Philippines
5700:Yugoslavia
5659:Netherlands
5587:Sudetenland
5247:Gas chamber
5215:Concealment
5206:photographs
5053:Gross-Rosen
5022:Lviv (Lwów)
4984:Roza Robota
4888:Częstochowa
4520:Herta Bothe
4510:Hans Anhalt
4503:Camp guards
4443:Ludwig Hahn
4423:Paul Blobel
4363:Franz Bürkl
4353:Hans Biebow
4312:Fritz Klein
4249:Josef Klehr
4234:Erich Bauer
4225:Gas chamber
4171:Karl Möckel
4156:Maria Mandl
4131:Rudolf Höss
4116:Otto Hantke
4005:Oswald Pohl
3995:Ernst Lerch
3806:Stanisławów
3716:Częstochowa
3606:Bronna Góra
3536:Gross-Rosen
3531:Auschwitz I
3283:Anton Loibl
3268:Apollinaris
3178:Germanic-SS
3173:Austrian SS
2792:SS commands
2687: /
2305:. Bloomberg
2266:|work=
2171:. H.E.A.R.T
2002:(in Polish)
1834:"Erntefest"
1505:|work=
1319:for having
1309:Jakiw Palij
1050:Grossaktion
1033:Grossaktion
1010:Polish Jews
982:Aleksandrów
847:wrote that
761:Oberschütze
674:Zugwachmann
634:Translation
550:inside the
490:as well as
464:Częstochowa
397:in between
154:Over 5,000
7174:Categories
7139:Yad Vashem
7119:Uniqueness
6974:Nisko Plan
6747:Nazi Party
6555:Resistance
6525:Ninth Fort
6390:Vel' d'Hiv
6162:Nazi units
6100:Westerbork
6090:Amersfoort
5944:Neuengamme
5925:Mauthausen
5905:Kaiserwald
5875:Buchenwald
5654:Luxembourg
4570:Irma Grese
4565:Paul Götze
4535:Luise Danz
4284:Physicians
4091:Kurt Franz
3940:Hans Frank
3908:Organizers
3852:Heidelager
3057:Lithuanian
2945:Lebensborn
2833:Karl Hanke
2775:Leadership
2675:22°59′35″E
2672:51°08′21″N
2654:31 January
2604:0297849131
2527:References
2509:Petitioner
2434:2019-11-12
2079:"Trawniki"
2063:2018-01-19
1989:text with
1730:0920862535
1691:"Trawniki"
1676:2014-07-12
1670:0786429135
1576:0253342937
1481:192963160X
1406:"Trawniki"
1234:Stalag 319
1006:the Ghetto
931:Końskowola
915:Międzyrzec
782:SS-Schütze
631:Dienstgrad
624:Wachmänner
584:field-grey
573:Wachmänner
528:Końskowola
512:Międzyrzec
269:battalions
85:Allegiance
41:Budenovkas
7097:Education
6992:Aftermath
6904:Aftermath
6866:Trawnikis
6790:Wehrmacht
6785:Waffen-SS
6585:Białystok
6413:Bucharest
6385:Marseille
6262:Elsewhere
6223:Białystok
6035:Breendonk
6012:Treblinka
5865:Auschwitz
5649:Lithuania
5424:Memorials
5321:Aftermath
5088:Treblinka
5043:Auschwitz
4898:Treblinka
4883:Białystok
4871:Uprisings
4651:Treblinka
4496:Personnel
4264:Otto Moll
4254:Hans Koch
4106:Amon Göth
3837:Action T4
3801:Sosnowiec
3771:Nowy Sącz
3706:Białystok
3673:Szczuczyn
3621:Erntefest
3611:Bydgoszcz
3596:Białystok
3511:Treblinka
3387:Lithuania
3096:Trawnikis
3062:Ukrainian
2928:Ahnenerbe
2757:Waffen-SS
2569:(2007) .
2536:(1998) ,
2488:March 12,
2268:ignored (
2258:cite book
1995:Biography
1844:March 12,
1747:cite book
1507:ignored (
1497:cite book
1422:March 12,
1333:guard at
1175:Treblinka
1129:of 1955.
935:Komarówka
736:Gefreiter
661:Feldwebel
532:Komarówka
500:Poniatowa
492:Auschwitz
486:(twice),
484:Białystok
365:Auschwitz
351:Wehrmacht
321:(see the
303:Trawnikis
261:into two
183:‹See Tfd›
7082:Academia
6535:Piaśnica
6505:Babi Yar
6433:Jedwabne
6372:Roundups
6305:Judenrat
6269:Budapest
6040:Mechelen
6002:Majdanek
5959:Stutthof
5920:Majdanek
5815:by Poles
5773:Portugal
5751:Response
5742:Timeline
5720:Overview
5582:Slovakia
5569:Bulgaria
5267:Zyklon B
5083:Trawniki
5078:Stutthof
5063:Majdanek
3811:Tarnopol
3751:Lubartów
3663:Jedwabne
3566:Trawniki
3556:Stutthof
3546:Potulice
3489:Majdanek
3407:Slovakia
3067:Estonian
2739:Branches
2515:July 12,
2453:Also in:
2396:July 12,
2241:July 12,
2175:8 August
2145:July 12,
2118:July 12,
2091:July 12,
2082:(ibidem)
2032:July 12,
1917:(2012).
1788:cite web
1778:July 12,
1739:23249506
1655:(2006).
1559:(1987).
1487:July 12,
1335:Trawniki
1188:Cyrillic
984:, Major
774:Wachmann
615:Halbzüge
577:Schützen
568:subhuman
548:roundups
488:Majdanek
428:Trawniki
333:In 1941
329:Creation
259:Streibel
7109:Lessons
6545:Rumbula
6418:Dorohoi
6399:Pogroms
6351:Victims
6201:Ghettos
6133:Gas van
6121:Methods
6095:Schoorl
6073:Bolzano
6021:Transit
6007:Sobibor
5997:Chełmno
5964:Vaivara
5900:Hinzert
5845:ghettos
5798:Vatican
5704:Croatia
5694:Ukraine
5684:Belarus
5674:Romania
5626:Hungary
5609:Germany
5599:Estonia
5594:Denmark
5564:Belgium
5559:Austria
5554:Albania
5252:Gas van
5068:Sobibór
5005:Ghettos
4912:Leaders
4893:Sobibor
4646:Sobibor
4639:By camp
3786:Siedlce
3693:Ghettos
3678:Tykocin
3650:Pogroms
3636:Palmiry
3561:Szebnie
3506:Sobibor
3484:Chełmno
3412:Ukraine
3397:Romania
3377:Germany
3367:Estonia
3362:Denmark
3357:Croatia
3352:Belgium
3347:Belarus
3273:Mattoni
3131:(SS-VT)
3052:Latvian
2806:Leaders
2753:(SS-TV)
2182:Source:
1211:Sobibor
1199:Sobibor
1181:during
1167:Sobibor
1138:Hamburg
1113:Milejów
1091:led by
1029:askaris
927:Parczew
908:of the
886:, with
790:Private
786:Schütze
591:Gruppen
524:Parczew
452:Sobibor
335:Himmler
166:During
75:Country
7015:Bricha
6781:(Orpo)
6654:Others
6640:Żegota
6602:Rescue
6580:Warsaw
6540:Ponary
6450:Kaunas
6253:Warsaw
6238:Lublin
6228:Kraków
6215:Poland
6059:Drancy
5992:Belzec
5969:Warsaw
5880:Dachau
5788:Turkey
5783:Sweden
5709:Serbia
5689:Russia
5669:Poland
5664:Norway
5644:Latvia
5614:Greece
5604:France
5364:Trials
5339:Bricha
5073:Soldau
5058:Izbica
5048:Bełżec
5027:Warsaw
5012:Kraków
4852:Żegota
3821:Warsaw
3796:Słonim
3791:Sambor
3766:Mizocz
3756:Lublin
3731:Kraków
3726:Kielce
3721:Grodno
3701:Będzin
3683:Wąsosz
3659:(1946)
3657:Kielce
3571:Warsaw
3551:Soldau
3501:Belzec
3402:Russia
3392:Norway
3382:Latvia
3372:France
3242:(DEST)
2617:
2602:
2582:
2558:May 1,
2309:12 May
2232:
2224:]
1927:
1737:
1727:
1667:
1573:
1535:
1478:
1173:, and
1159:Belzec
962:Łomazy
923:Radzyń
643:Notes
640:Duties
607:Rotten
595:Gruppe
536:Schupo
520:Radzyń
508:Łomazy
504:Lipowa
480:Kraków
468:Lublin
460:Warsaw
448:Belzec
432:Lublin
187:German
109:Branch
99:, the
94:
67:Active
7129:Humor
7102:Films
6799:Units
6530:Odesa
6380:Izieu
6294:Vilna
6279:Minsk
6274:Kovno
6248:Radom
6112:Sereď
5929:Gusen
5910:Kauen
5841:Camps
5778:Spain
5763:Japan
5637:Libya
5631:Italy
5036:Camps
4696:RKFDV
3816:Wilno
3781:Radom
3776:Pińsk
3711:Brest
3616:Dynów
3462:Camps
2541:(PDF)
2220:[
2086:USHMM
1991:Notes
1840:. ARC
1624:(PDF)
1370:Notes
1238:Chełm
1219:death
1134:Hiwis
1123:Gulag
1118:Hiwis
1111:from
1085:Hiwis
978:Hiwis
958:Hiwis
919:Łuków
849:Hiwis
611:Rotte
516:Łuków
476:Radom
277:Hiwis
273:Hiwis
156:Hiwis
54:. As
43:) by
7020:List
6775:(SD)
6755:(SS)
6438:Lviv
6423:Iași
6363:Jews
6284:Riga
6243:Lwów
6233:Łódź
6205:list
6054:Gurs
5927:and
5843:and
5479:List
5017:Łódź
4837:Bund
4701:VoMi
4691:WVHA
3746:Łódź
3736:Lwów
3668:Lviv
3106:Hiwi
2733:(SS)
2656:2021
2615:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2560:2013
2517:2014
2490:2021
2398:2014
2311:2011
2270:help
2243:2014
2230:ISBN
2177:2013
2147:2014
2120:2014
2093:2014
2034:2014
1993:and
1925:ISBN
1870:and
1846:2021
1798:link
1794:link
1780:2014
1753:link
1735:OCLC
1725:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1509:help
1489:2014
1476:ISBN
1431:GFDL
1424:2021
1411:OTRS
1359:Hiwi
1357:, a
1343:, a
1331:Hiwi
1313:Hiwi
1143:Hiwi
991:The
826:Hiwi
599:Züge
472:Lvov
440:Hiwi
311:Jews
224:Hiwi
205:for
151:Size
135:Role
124:Type
56:Hiwi
6169:SS-
4862:ŻZW
4857:ŻOB
4847:PKB
4832:AOB
2645:doi
2371:NPR
1276:POW
1236:at
1157:of
1107:by
603:Zug
401:of
263:SS
7176::
6106:sk
6084:nl
6066:it
6047:fr
6029:be
4842:GL
4827:AK
4763:/
4759:,
4755:,
4751:,
4747:,
4743:,
4739:/
4735:,
4675:SS
2641:23
2639:.
2633:.
2543:,
2507:.
2426:.
2389:.
2368:.
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2286:.
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1377:^
1165:,
1020::
933:,
929:,
925:,
921:,
917:,
857:SS
784:/
759:/
734:/
709:/
684:/
659:/
530:,
526:,
522:,
518:,
514:,
510:,
482:,
478:,
474:,
470:,
466:,
458:,
454:,
450:,
242:SS
189::
180:;
170:,
102:SS
7152:"
7148:"
6465:"
6461:"
6207:)
6203:(
5528:e
5521:t
5514:v
5481:)
5477:(
5307:e
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5293:v
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4731:(
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4683:(
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4673:(
3888:e
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2492:.
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2400:.
2374:.
2313:.
2290:.
2272:)
2149:.
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2095:.
2066:.
2036:.
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1848:.
1800:)
1782:.
1755:)
1741:.
1693:.
1679:.
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1511:)
1491:.
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1056:.
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601:(
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409:)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
