625:) is gradually becoming recognised as a valuable therapeutic option in treatment-resistant depression. A number of randomised placebo-controlled trials have compared real versus sham rTMS. These trials have consistently demonstrated the efficacy of this treatment against major depression. There have also been a number of
498:
can be added to anti-depressants as part of augmentation of treatment. Eli Lilly, the company that sells both olanzapine and fluoxetine individually, has also released a combination formulation which contains olanzapine and fluoxetine in a single capsule. Some low to moderate quality evidence points
748:
rates over the short term (up to six months) for patients with treatment-resistant depression. Medium- (7â12 months) and longâterm (longer than 12 months) effects seem similarly beneficial. Psychological therapies, including cognitive behavioral therapy, added to usual care (antidepressants) seem as
604:
is generally only considered as a treatment option in severe cases of treatment-resistant depression. It is used when medication has repeatedly failed to improve symptoms, and usually when the patient's symptoms are so severe that they have been hospitalized. Electroconvulsive therapy has been found
761:
than depression that is responsive to treatment. One study showed that as many as 80% of people with treatment-resistant depression who needed more than one course of treatment relapsed within a year. Treatment-resistant depression has also been associated with lower long-term quality of life.
166:
may also be a predictor of treatment-resistant depression. It may cause depressed patients to be noncompliant in their treatment, and the effects of certain substances can worsen the effects of depression. Other psychiatric disorders that may predict treatment-resistant depression include
355:; 50% of people that were non-responsive after taking one SSRI were responsive after taking a second type. Switching people with treatment-resistant depression to a different class of antidepressants may also be effective. People who are non-responsive after taking an SSRI may respond to
430:
and inattention disorders, due to their virtually nonexistent abuse potential (limited to one or two cases per 10 000), and higher selectivity, safety, and thus slightly broader therapeutic index. When depression is related or co-morbid to an inattention disorder, often
471:. Adding lithium may be effective for people taking some types of antidepressants including SSRIs or SNRIs. Lithium augmentation therapy was associated with a 41.2% remission rate of unipolar depression compared to 14.4% with placebo. Liothyronine (synthetic T
2060:
Carpenter LL, Janicak PG, Aaronson ST, Boyadjis T, Brock DG, Cook IA, et al. (July 2012). "Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for major depression: a multisite, naturalistic, observational study of acute treatment outcomes in clinical practice".
479:
and has been associated with improvement in mood and depression symptoms. Benzodiazepines may improve treatment-resistant depression by decreasing the adverse side effects caused by some antidepressants and therefore increasing patient compliance.
587:
designation for psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression. A systematic review published in 2021 found that the use of psilocybin as a pharmaceutical substance was associated with reduced intensity of depression symptoms.
717:
in cases of treatment-resistant depression. However, a review of the literature suggests that it may be an effective treatment option. Psychotherapy may be effective in people with treatment-resistant depression because it can help relieve
157:
are one of the most common disorder types associated with treatment-resistant depression. The two disorders commonly co-exist, and have some similar symptoms. Some studies have shown that patients with both major depressive disorder and
417:
Primarily dopaminergic or norepinephrine releasing stimulants, in low doses, have been used especially in the past, or in conjunction with a multidisciplinary therapy approach, although more targeted and "mild" agents, including
1853:
1967:
Zhang X, Zhang Z, Sha W, Xie C, Xi G, Zhou H, Zhang Y (December 2009). "Electroconvulsive therapy increases glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) serum levels in patients with drug-resistant depression".
1000:
Nuñez, Nicolas A; Joseph, Boney; Pahwa, Mehak; Kumar, Rakesh; Resendez, Manuel Gardea; Prokop, Larry J; Veldic, Marin; Seshadri, Ashok; Biernacka, Joanna M; Frye, Mark A; Wang, Zhen; Singh, Balwinder (January 2022).
2368:
Fekadu A, Wooderson SC, Markopoulo K, Donaldson C, Papadopoulos A, Cleare AJ (July 2009). "What happens to patients with treatment-resistant depression? A systematic review of medium to long term outcome studies".
1287:
Crossley, Nicolas Andres; Bauer, Michael (15 June 2007). "Acceleration and
Augmentation of Antidepressants With Lithium for Depressive Disorders: Two Meta-Analyses of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials".
919:
Rost, Felicitas; Booker, Thomas; Gonsard, Aneliya; de Felice, Giulio; Asseburg, Lorena; Malda-Castillo, Javier; Koutoufa, Iakovina; Ridsdale, Hannah; Johnson, Rebecca; Taylor, David; Fonagy, Peter (2024).
2212:
Anderson RJ, Frye MA, Abulseoud OA, Lee KH, McGillivray JA, Berk M, Tye SJ (September 2012). "Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action".
99:
following treatment with an antidepressant. Many clinicians and researchers question the construct validity and clinical utility of treatment-resistant depression as currently conceptualized.
1244:
Ruhé HG, Huyser J, Swinkels JA, Schene AH (December 2006). "Switching antidepressants after a first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in major depressive disorder: a systematic review".
1849:
1879:
942:
Our findings reveal a complex and multifaceted condition and call for an urgent reconceptualization of TRD, which encompasses many interdependent variables and experiences.
289:
There are three basic categories of drug treatment that can be used when a medication course is found to be ineffective. One option is to switch the patient to a different
191:
Some people who are diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression may have an underlying undiagnosed health condition that is causing or contributing to their depression.
1693:"Synthesizing the Evidence for Ketamine and Esketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: An International Expert Opinion on the Available Evidence and Implementation"
633:
confirming the efficacy of rTMS in treatment-resistant major depression, as well as naturalistic studies showing its effectiveness in "real world" clinical settings.
335:
that does not respond after adequate treatment duration. Practitioners who use this strategy will usually increase the dose until the person reports intolerable
351:, with anywhere from 25 to 70% of people responding to a different antidepressant. There is support for the effectiveness of switching people to a different
645:) is a continuation of the same idea as rTMS, but with the hope that deeper stimulation of subcortical areas of the brain leads to increased effect. A 2015
511:) to augment antidepressant medications. These have shown promise in treating refractory depression but come with serious side effects. Stimulants such as
744:
and intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy) added to usual care (with antidepressants) can be beneficial for depressive symptoms and for response and
1052:"Neurobiology of hedonic tone: the relationship between treatment-resistant depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and substance abuse"
259:
are more likely to be treatment resistant. Another depressive feature that has been associated with poor response to treatment is longer duration of
1832:"Antidepressant Effects of Ayahuasca: a Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial in Treatment Resistant Depression - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov"
2134:
2013:"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression and schizophrenia: a systematic review of recent meta-analyses"
95:
medications at an adequate dose and for an adequate duration. Inadequate response has most commonly been defined as less than 25% reduction in
610:
1875:
907:
failure to respond is often the result of administering inappropriate treatment, which occurs principally because of paradigm failure
1783:"Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial"
432:
168:
970:
694:
1476:
Parker G, Brotchie H (April 2010). "Do the old psychostimulant drugs have a role in managing treatment-resistant depression?".
642:
352:
749:
acceptable as usual care alone and may be used as a first line treatment for mild to moderate treatment resistant depression.
1460:
2104:
Euba R, Panihhidina I, Zamar A (2015). "Treatment-resistant depression: the experience of the first rTMS Clinic in the UK".
878:
653:
found lacking evidence in order to recommend the method over either ECT or rTMS because so few studies had been published.
1850:"COMPASS Pathways Receives FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-resistant Depression"
1185:
Shelton RC, Osuntokun O, Heinloth AN, Corya SA (February 2010). "Therapeutic options for treatment-resistant depression".
2464:
1742:"Intranasal Esketamine (Spravato) for Use in Treatment-Resistant Depression In Conjunction With an Oral Antidepressant"
121:. Cases of treatment-resistant depression may also be referred to by which medications people are resistant to (e.g.:
1151:
622:
176:
2257:"Examination of the utility of psychotherapy for patients with treatment resistant depression: a systematic review"
1003:"Augmentation strategies for treatment resistant major depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis"
957:
Berman RM, Narasimhan M, Charney DS (1997). "Treatment-refractory depression: definitions and characteristics".
830:"A Delphi-method-based consensus guideline for definition of treatment-resistant depression for clinical trials"
675:
has been used in a small number of clinical trials to treat people with severe treatment-resistant depression.
387:
231:. Another factor is that medications used to treat comorbid medical disorders may lessen the effectiveness of
114:, cognitive impairment, low income and other social determinants, and concurrent medical conditions, including
1136:
Treatment-resistant
Depression - The Role of Psychotherapy in the Management of Treatment-resistant Depression
103:
1903:"Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Psilocybin and Dimethyltryptamine in Depression Treatment: A Systematic Review"
1595:"Ketamine and rapid-acting antidepressants: a window into a new neurobiology for mood disorder therapeutics"
569:
782:
Wijeratne C, Sachdev P (September 2008). "Treatment-resistant depression: critique of current approaches".
737:
733:
650:
580:
550:
741:
630:
565:
368:
765:
Another study saw just 8 of 124 patients in remission after two years of standard depression treatment.
153:. If left untreated, the symptoms of these disorders can interfere with both evaluation and treatment.
698:
451:
Medications that have been shown to be effective in people with treatment-resistant depression include
107:
601:
542:
360:
264:
236:
88:
523:. However, stimulants have been shown to be effective for the unyielding depressed combined lacking
2469:
2437:
1519:
Satel SL, Nelson JC (July 1989). "Stimulants in the treatment of depression: a critical overview".
683:
562:
435:, then both can be carefully managed with the same first line stimulant medication, typically both
284:
1781:
Palhano-Fontes F, Barreto D, Onias H, Andrade KC, Novaes MM, Pessoa JA, et al. (March 2019).
1691:
McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD, Nemeroff CB, Sanacora G, Murrough JW, Berk M, et al. (May 2021).
1002:
921:
726:
661:
216:
110:, failure to consider psychotherapy and other psychosocial interventions, patient noncompliance,
67:
60:
672:
528:
483:
464:
228:
102:
Other factors that may contribute to inadequate treatment are: a history of repeated or severe
828:
Sforzini L, Worrell C, Kose M, Anderson IM, Aouizerate B, Arolt V, et al. (March 2022).
553:
in 2019 for use in treatment-resistant depression when combined with an oral antidepressant.
524:
339:, symptoms are eliminated, or the dose is increased to the limit of what is considered safe.
305:: the addition of a non-antidepressant medication that may increase the effectiveness of the
293:. Another option is to add a medication to the patient's current treatment. This can include
745:
584:
452:
302:
248:
204:
200:
172:
118:
1104:
Kornstein SG, Schneider RK (2001). "Clinical features of treatment-resistant depression".
8:
294:
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1403:
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1210:
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1027:
982:
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807:
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has been tested as a rapid-acting antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression in
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47:
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1985:
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35:
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1997:
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1073:
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1022:
1014:
966:
933:
890:
879:"Treatment-resistant depression: problematic illness or a problem in our approach?"
849:
841:
811:
791:
719:
538:
476:
440:
154:
1831:
91:
in which an affected person does not respond adequately to at least two different
2442:
2143:
Swedish Agency for Health
Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services
2029:
2012:
1590:
1363:"Augmentation strategies for treatment-resistant depression: a literature review"
516:
436:
411:
403:
180:
163:
52:
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1559:
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328:
306:
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159:
92:
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2180:
1798:
1018:
937:
795:
2458:
1644:"The role of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review"
902:
714:
626:
379:
256:
1404:"Pharmacological interventions for treatment-resistant depression in adults"
1402:
Davies P, Ijaz S, Williams CJ, Kessler D, Lewis G, Wiles N (December 2019).
2390:
2354:
2290:
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1989:
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512:
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126:
111:
1567:
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1337:
1143:
978:
922:"The complexity of treatment-resistant depression: A data-driven approach"
1301:
1257:
894:
508:
504:
423:
356:
336:
2429:
1901:
WiÄckiewicz G, StokĆosa I, Piegza M, Gorczyca P, Pudlo R (August 2021).
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Studies have shown a wide variability in the effectiveness of switching
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Ijaz S, Davies P, Williams CJ, Kessler D, Lewis G, Wiles N (May 2018).
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Electroconvulsive therapy: A guide for professionals and their patients
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Serafini G, Howland RH, Rovedi F, Girardi P, Amore M (September 2014).
546:
520:
495:
491:
290:
130:
40:
2321:"Psychological therapies for treatment-resistant depression in adults"
1876:"FDA tags psilocybin drug as clinical depression Breakthrough Therapy"
609:
and relieve depressive symptoms. It is associated with an increase in
402:, or caffeine-resistant amotivation, a dopaminergic stimulant such as
2117:
2074:
573:
500:
468:
419:
399:
364:
72:
56:
971:
10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1997)5:4<154::aid-da2>3.0.co;2-d
757:
Treatment-resistant depression is associated with more instances of
686:
is currently being investigated for treating refractory depression.
534:
519:
have also been tested with positive results but have potential for
427:
375:
252:
212:
115:
2367:
1453:
First aid for the psychiatry clerkship: a student-to-student guide
1900:
1780:
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758:
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psychiatric disorders commonly go undetected in the treatment of
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1641:
1588:
2010:
1703:(5). American Psychiatric Association Publishing: 383â399.
827:
383:
122:
918:
689:
207:
are among the most commonly identified as contributing to
2318:
2011:
Hovington CL, McGirr A, Lepage M, Berlim MT (June 2013).
1401:
576:
in treatment-resistant depression with positive outcome.
224:
2211:
1243:
2254:
956:
664:
has also been used for treatment-resistant depression.
426:
are considered first line for both childhood and adult
162:
are the most likely to be nonresponsive to treatment.
1450:
1129:
1127:
1133:
999:
2419:
2103:
784:
The
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1842:
1124:
876:
2255:Trivedi RB, Nieuwsma JA, Williams JW (June 2011).
1103:
732:has shown that psychological therapies (including
591:
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2303:
1451:Stead LG, Stead SM, Kaufman MS, Melin GJ (2005).
713:There is sparse evidence on the effectiveness of
141:
2456:
1966:
1829:
1322:"Treatment-Resistant Depression in Older Adults"
1315:
1313:
1311:
1227:
781:
499:to success in the short term (8â12 weeks) using
1894:
1873:
1180:
1178:
125:-resistant). Adding further treatments such as
1475:
1099:
1097:
1049:
2162:
1684:
1367:Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
1308:
1286:
1280:
952:
950:
186:
2248:
2053:
1739:
1635:
1354:
1175:
722:that may contribute to depressive symptoms.
623:repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
596:
374:Some off label antidepressants are low dose
342:
297:: the combination of two different types of
2325:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2156:
1867:
1518:
1408:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1094:
678:
611:glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor
1237:
947:
823:
821:
656:
2344:
2280:
2188:
2028:
1928:
1918:
1806:
1757:
1733:
1716:
1667:
1618:
1427:
1378:
1345:
1134:Thase ME, Kasper S, Montgomery S (2013).
1077:
1067:
1026:
853:
667:
242:
2205:
1319:
1230:Managing depression in clinical practice
1171:. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood Press.
169:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1830:Barros de Araujo D (15 February 2017).
1545:
1320:Steffens, David C. (15 February 2024).
1166:
818:
695:Transcranial direct-current stimulation
690:Transcranial direct-current stimulation
271:are more likely to be nonresponsive to
2457:
2214:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1882:from the original on September 7, 2021
1455:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 140.
1056:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
705:delivered via electrodes on the head.
643:deep transcranial magnetic stimulation
2129:
2127:
1856:from the original on December 4, 2018
1740:Bahr R, Lopez A, Rey JA (June 2019).
2304:Greden J, Riba M, McInnis M (2011).
2261:Journal of General Internal Medicine
1951:
1050:Sternat T, Katzman MA (2016-08-25).
446:
1874:Richard Staines (2 December 2019).
13:
2312:
2163:Carreno FR, Frazer A (July 2017).
2124:
1956:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1697:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1521:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1290:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1246:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1106:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
545:. Spravato, a nasal spray form of
382:(including very controlled use of
317:
14:
2481:
2415:
1660:10.2174/1570159X12666140619204251
1611:10.1146/annurev-med-053013-062946
1228:Friedman ES, Anderson IM (2011).
2145:] (in Swedish). October 2015
1490:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01434.x
1380:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00846.x
1199:10.2165/11530280-000000000-00000
708:
322:
247:People with depression who also
133:is weakly supported as of 2022.
2397:
2361:
2297:
2226:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.001
2097:
2004:
1960:
1945:
1823:
1774:
1593:, Duman RS, Krystal JH (2015).
1582:
1539:
1512:
1469:
1444:
1395:
1326:New England Journal of Medicine
1221:
1160:
592:Physical psychiatric treatments
136:
30:Treatment-refractory depression
2371:Journal of Affective Disorders
2337:10.1002/14651858.CD010558.pub2
1982:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.01.011
1709:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20081251
1548:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
1478:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
1420:10.1002/14651858.CD010557.pub2
1043:
1007:Journal of Affective Disorders
993:
926:Journal of Affective Disorders
912:
870:
775:
331:is a common strategy to treat
142:Comorbid psychiatric disorders
85:Treatment-resistant depression
22:Treatment-resistant depression
1:
883:British Journal of Psychiatry
768:
734:cognitive behavioural therapy
312:
177:obsessive compulsive disorder
104:adverse childhood experiences
2030:10.3109/07853890.2013.783993
738:dialectical behavior therapy
651:health technology assessment
581:Food and Drug Administration
507:, olanzapine, quetiapine or
398:). For lethargic syndromes,
327:Increasing the dosage of an
278:
263:. Finally, people with more
108:discontinuation of treatment
7:
752:
579:In 2018, the United States
572:effects of the psychedelic
566:randomized controlled trial
556:
10:
2486:
1560:10.1177/070674379003500102
1169:Encyclopedia of depression
846:10.1038/s41380-021-01381-x
282:
249:display psychotic symptoms
187:Comorbid medical disorders
2465:Major depressive disorder
2423:
2383:10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.014
2273:10.1007/s11606-010-1608-2
2181:10.1007/s13311-017-0537-8
1799:10.1017/S0033291718001356
1648:Current Neuropharmacology
1599:Annual Review of Medicine
1019:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.134
938:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.093
796:10.1080/00048670802277206
602:Electroconvulsive therapy
597:Electroconvulsive therapy
543:major depressive disorder
361:tricyclic antidepressants
343:Switching antidepressants
89:major depressive disorder
66:
46:
34:
26:
21:
701:that uses constant, low
684:Magnetic seizure therapy
679:Magnetic seizure therapy
378:and highly serotonergic
285:Management of depression
662:Vagus nerve stimulation
657:Vagus Nerve Stimulation
636:
616:
484:Atypical antipsychotics
465:atypical antipsychotics
217:coronary artery disease
2063:Depression and Anxiety
1787:Psychological Medicine
959:Depression and Anxiety
673:Deep brain stimulation
668:Deep Brain Stimulation
605:to reduce thoughts of
549:, was approved by the
243:Features of depression
1338:10.1056/NEJMcp2305428
1144:10.1002/9781118556719
742:interpersonal therapy
525:addictive personality
173:personality disorders
119:psychiatric disorders
1852:. Compass Pathways.
1302:10.4088/jcp.v68n0617
1258:10.4088/JCP.v67n1203
1138:. pp. 183â208.
895:10.1192/bjp.2018.246
834:Molecular Psychiatry
585:breakthrough therapy
570:rapid antidepressant
386:in the treatment of
303:augmentation therapy
1970:Psychiatry Research
1232:. London: Springer.
1167:Andrews LW (2010).
1112:(Suppl 16): 18â25.
1069:10.2147/NDT.S111818
503:(or antipsychotics
295:combination therapy
261:depressive episodes
237:depression symptoms
229:Parkinson's disease
193:Endocrine disorders
97:depressive symptoms
2017:Annals of Medicine
1920:10.3390/ph14080793
1836:clinicaltrials.gov
267:and those who are
2452:
2451:
2169:Neurotherapeutics
1462:978-0-07-144872-7
1252:(12): 1836â1855.
730:systematic review
647:systematic review
447:Other medications
408:dextroamphetamine
265:severe depression
211:. Others include
205:Addison's disease
201:Cushing's disease
155:Anxiety disorders
82:
81:
16:Medical condition
2477:
2421:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2220:(8): 1920â1933.
2209:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2118:10.2217/fnl.15.8
2106:Future Neurology
2101:
2095:
2094:
2075:10.1002/da.21969
2057:
2051:
2050:
2032:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1976:(2â3): 273â275.
1964:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1878:. Pharmaphorum.
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1414:(12): CD010557.
1399:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1317:
1306:
1305:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1030:
997:
991:
990:
954:
945:
944:
916:
910:
909:
874:
868:
867:
857:
840:(3): 1286â1299.
825:
816:
815:
779:
539:bipolar disorder
441:lisdexamfetamine
414:can be helpful.
181:eating disorders
19:
18:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2470:Drug resistance
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2432:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2366:
2362:
2331:(5): CD010558.
2317:
2313:
2302:
2298:
2253:
2249:
2210:
2206:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2102:
2098:
2058:
2054:
2009:
2005:
1965:
1961:
1952:Fink M (2009).
1950:
1946:
1907:Pharmaceuticals
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1828:
1824:
1779:
1775:
1738:
1734:
1689:
1685:
1640:
1636:
1587:
1583:
1544:
1540:
1517:
1513:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1449:
1445:
1400:
1396:
1359:
1355:
1318:
1309:
1296:(06): 935â940.
1285:
1281:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1183:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1132:
1125:
1102:
1095:
1048:
1044:
998:
994:
955:
948:
917:
913:
875:
871:
826:
819:
780:
776:
771:
755:
711:
699:neuromodulation
692:
681:
670:
659:
639:
619:
599:
594:
559:
517:methylphenidate
477:thyroid hormone
475:) is a type of
474:
461:benzodiazepines
449:
437:methylphenidate
412:methamphetamine
404:methylphenidate
349:antidepressants
345:
325:
320:
318:Antidepressants
315:
299:antidepressants
287:
281:
245:
233:antidepressants
189:
164:Substance abuse
144:
139:
53:Depressive mood
17:
12:
11:
5:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:Classification
2417:
2416:External links
2414:
2411:
2410:
2396:
2360:
2311:
2296:
2267:(6): 643â650.
2247:
2204:
2175:(3): 716â727.
2155:
2123:
2112:(3): 211â215.
2096:
2069:(7): 587â596.
2052:
2023:(4): 308â321.
2003:
1959:
1944:
1893:
1866:
1841:
1822:
1793:(4): 655â663.
1773:
1752:(6): 340â375.
1732:
1683:
1654:(5): 444â461.
1634:
1581:
1538:
1527:(7): 241â249.
1511:
1484:(4): 308â314.
1468:
1461:
1443:
1394:
1373:(5): 415â428.
1353:
1332:(7): 630â639.
1307:
1279:
1236:
1220:
1193:(2): 131â161.
1174:
1159:
1152:
1123:
1093:
1042:
992:
965:(4): 154â164.
946:
911:
869:
817:
790:(9): 751â762.
773:
772:
770:
767:
754:
751:
710:
707:
703:direct current
691:
688:
680:
677:
669:
666:
658:
655:
638:
635:
618:
615:
598:
595:
593:
590:
583:(FDA) granted
568:evaluated the
558:
555:
529:heart problems
472:
448:
445:
390:and crippling
380:catecholamines
344:
341:
329:antidepressant
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
307:antidepressant
280:
277:
273:antidepressant
257:hallucinations
244:
241:
197:hypothyroidism
188:
185:
160:panic disorder
143:
140:
138:
135:
93:antidepressant
80:
79:
70:
64:
63:
50:
44:
43:
38:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2406:
2405:"APA PsycNet"
2400:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:(1â2): 4â11.
2376:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:Abdallah CG,
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1153:9781118556719
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
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1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1062:: 2149â2164.
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
951:
943:
939:
935:
931:
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923:
915:
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900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
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865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
822:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
774:
766:
763:
760:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:
723:
721:
716:
715:psychotherapy
709:Psychotherapy
706:
704:
700:
697:is a form of
696:
687:
685:
676:
674:
665:
663:
654:
652:
648:
644:
634:
632:
628:
627:meta-analyses
624:
614:
612:
608:
603:
589:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
564:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
425:
421:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
340:
338:
334:
330:
323:Dose increase
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
78:
74:
71:
69:
68:Complications
65:
62:
58:
54:
51:
49:
45:
42:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
2436:
2399:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2147:. Retrieved
2142:
2138:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1869:
1858:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1825:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1602:
1598:
1584:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1329:
1325:
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1289:
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1249:
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724:
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693:
682:
671:
660:
640:
620:
600:
578:
560:
533:
513:amphetamines
488:aripiprazole
482:
457:liothyronine
450:
416:
373:
346:
337:side effects
326:
288:
246:
190:
145:
137:Risk factors
127:aripiprazole
112:misdiagnosis
101:
84:
83:
1886:7 September
1605:: 509â523.
1554:(1): 3â10.
1013:: 385â400.
932:: 292â301.
509:ziprasidone
505:cariprazine
424:atomoxetine
357:moclobemide
275:treatment.
27:Other names
2459:Categories
2149:2017-06-02
1913:(8): 793.
1860:2018-12-03
1591:Sanacora G
889:(1): 1â3.
769:References
547:esketamine
527:traits or
496:olanzapine
492:quetiapine
469:stimulants
406:, or even
392:depression
333:depression
313:Medication
291:medication
283:See also:
209:depression
151:depression
131:quetiapine
61:low energy
41:Psychiatry
2242:207089716
1746:P & T
1187:CNS Drugs
903:0007-1250
746:remission
574:ayahuasca
501:mianserin
420:modafinil
400:dysthymia
365:bupropion
279:Treatment
253:delusions
235:or cause
87:(TRD) is
73:Self-harm
57:anhedonia
36:Specialty
2391:19007996
2355:29761488
2291:21184287
2234:22721950
2199:28585221
2091:22968810
2083:22689344
2047:46443378
2039:23687987
1990:19896212
1939:34451890
1880:Archived
1854:Archived
1817:29903051
1768:31160868
1727:33726522
1678:25426012
1629:25341010
1576:35020426
1506:11417490
1498:19594481
1438:31846068
1389:17875106
1347:10885705
1266:17194261
1215:32936223
1207:20088620
1118:11480880
1088:27601909
1037:34986373
987:33974050
864:34907394
804:18696279
753:Outcomes
727:Cochrane
557:Research
535:Ketamine
486:such as
428:lethargy
376:ketamine
269:suicidal
251:such as
213:diabetes
147:Comorbid
116:comorbid
106:, early
48:Symptoms
2443:D061218
2346:6494651
2282:3101965
2190:5509631
1998:3392108
1930:8399008
1808:6378413
1759:6534172
1718:9635017
1669:4243034
1620:4428310
1568:2180548
1533:2567730
1429:6916711
1274:9758110
1234:page 81
1079:5003599
1028:9328668
979:9338108
855:9095475
812:2848646
759:relapse
607:suicide
563:placebo
561:A 2016
453:lithium
396:anxiety
77:suicide
2389:
2353:
2343:
2289:
2279:
2240:
2232:
2197:
2187:
2089:
2081:
2045:
2037:
1996:
1988:
1937:
1927:
1815:
1805:
1766:
1756:
1725:
1715:
1676:
1666:
1627:
1617:
1574:
1566:
1531:
1504:
1496:
1459:
1436:
1426:
1387:
1344:
1272:
1264:
1213:
1205:
1150:
1116:
1086:
1076:
1035:
1025:
985:
977:
901:
862:
852:
810:
802:
720:stress
641:dTMS (
621:rTMS (
541:, and
467:, and
367:or an
227:, and
221:cancer
203:, and
179:, and
2238:S2CID
2141:[
2087:S2CID
2043:S2CID
1994:S2CID
1572:S2CID
1502:S2CID
1270:S2CID
1211:S2CID
983:S2CID
808:S2CID
521:abuse
301:, or
195:like
2438:MeSH
2387:PMID
2351:PMID
2287:PMID
2230:PMID
2195:PMID
2079:PMID
2035:PMID
1986:PMID
1935:PMID
1888:2021
1813:PMID
1764:PMID
1723:PMID
1674:PMID
1625:PMID
1564:PMID
1529:PMID
1494:PMID
1457:ISBN
1434:PMID
1385:PMID
1262:PMID
1203:PMID
1148:ISBN
1114:PMID
1084:PMID
1033:PMID
975:PMID
899:ISSN
860:PMID
800:PMID
649:and
637:dTMS
631:RCTs
617:rTMS
515:and
439:and
433:ADHD
422:and
388:PTSD
384:MDMA
369:MAOI
353:SSRI
123:SSRI
2379:doi
2375:116
2341:PMC
2333:doi
2277:PMC
2269:doi
2222:doi
2185:PMC
2177:doi
2114:doi
2071:doi
2025:doi
1978:doi
1974:170
1925:PMC
1915:doi
1803:PMC
1795:doi
1754:PMC
1713:PMC
1705:doi
1701:178
1664:PMC
1656:doi
1615:PMC
1607:doi
1556:doi
1486:doi
1482:121
1424:PMC
1416:doi
1375:doi
1342:PMC
1334:doi
1330:390
1298:doi
1254:doi
1195:doi
1140:doi
1074:PMC
1064:doi
1023:PMC
1015:doi
1011:302
967:doi
934:doi
930:358
891:doi
887:214
850:PMC
842:doi
792:doi
629:of
551:FDA
494:or
410:or
359:or
255:or
225:HIV
129:or
2461::
2441::
2385:.
2373:.
2349:.
2339:.
2327:.
2323:.
2285:.
2275:.
2265:26
2263:.
2259:.
2236:.
2228:.
2218:36
2216:.
2193:.
2183:.
2173:14
2171:.
2167:.
2137:.
2126:^
2110:10
2108:.
2085:.
2077:.
2067:29
2065:.
2041:.
2033:.
2021:45
2019:.
2015:.
1992:.
1984:.
1972:.
1933:.
1923:.
1911:14
1909:.
1905:.
1834:.
1811:.
1801:.
1791:49
1789:.
1785:.
1762:.
1750:44
1748:.
1744:.
1721:.
1711:.
1699:.
1695:.
1672:.
1662:.
1652:12
1650:.
1646:.
1623:.
1613:.
1603:66
1601:.
1597:.
1570:.
1562:.
1552:35
1550:.
1525:50
1523:.
1500:.
1492:.
1480:.
1432:.
1422:.
1412:12
1410:.
1406:.
1383:.
1371:32
1369:.
1365:.
1340:.
1328:.
1324:.
1310:^
1294:68
1292:.
1268:.
1260:.
1250:67
1248:.
1209:.
1201:.
1191:24
1189:.
1177:^
1146:.
1126:^
1110:62
1108:.
1096:^
1082:.
1072:.
1060:12
1058:.
1054:.
1031:.
1021:.
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