189:
27:
685:
36:
573:
301:
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650:, or near that Gulph" of which France could gain possession. Additional clauses insured that neither France nor the United States would seek to make any additional claims of compensation for their services during the conflict and that neither side would cease fighting or sign a peace treaty with Britain without the consent of the other nation and insurances that the independence of the United States would be recognized by Britain.
628:
United States, which would combine each respective military force and efforts for the direct purpose of maintaining the "liberty, Sovereignty, and independence absolute and unlimited of the said united States, as well in
Matters of Gouvernment as of commerce." Article 4 further stipulates that the alliance would continue for "any particular enterprise" indefinitely into the future.
121:, which restricted American access to foreign markets. In contemplation that these commercial and diplomatic ties would result in hostilities between France and Britain, the Treaty of Alliance guaranteed French military support in just such an event. It also forbade either nation from making a separate peace with Britain, and was contemplated as a permanent defensive pact.
869:, in which he declared that the United States was not obligated to honor the military provisions of the treaty, and furthermore warned Americans of the dangers of the same kind of permanent alliances that the United States was currently engaged in with France, as a result of the Treaty of Alliance. The growing public sentiment against the treaty peaked during the
942:. "particularly in case Great Britain in Resentment of that connection and of the good correspondence which is the object of the , should break the Peace with France, either by direct hostilities, or by hindering her commerce and navigation, in a manner contrary to the Rights of Nations, and the Peace subsisting between the two Crowns."
781:'s Southern army, and effectively bringing an end to the fighting on the North American mainland for the remainder of the war. Despite British efforts to negotiate separate treaties with their opponents, Spain, France, and the United States held together during their negotiations with Britain, and concluded hostilities by signing the
675:
Article 12 establishes the agreement as a conditional treaty that would take effect only upon a declaration of war between France and
Britain, and it made the land, and diplomatic guarantees laid out in the treaty dependent upon the completion of the American Revolutionary War and a peace treaty that
627:
The first articles of the treaty establish a general alliance between the two nations. Articles 1-3 stipulate that in the case that war broke out between France and
Britain during the continuing hostilities of the American Revolutionary War, a military alliance would be formed between France and the
666:
Article 11 pledged to honor the lands claims of both nations forever into the future, with the United States guaranteeing full support of France's current land claims and any lands it acquired during the war against all other nations and France, in turn, pledged support for the
American land claims
748:
to France. Although the Dutch did not formally ally with the United States, their role as co-belligerents with France further occupied
British forces, particularly in the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean. The Dutch Republic also became the second nation to officially recognize U.S. independence, in
636:
This portion of the treaty pre-emptively divides any lands obtained from Great
Britain by successful military campaigns or concessions made by Britain in peace treaties to end hostilities with the signing nations. The United States was effectively guaranteed control of any land that it could gain
645:
since King Louis XVI of France renounced "for ever the possession of the
Islands of Bermudas as well as of any part of the continent of North America which before the treaty of Paris in 1763, or in virtue of that Treaty, were acknowledged to belong to the Crown of Great Britain, or to the United
124:
The successful negotiation of the Treaty of
Alliance and its sister agreements is considered the "single most important diplomatic success of the colonists", since it helped secure vital aid in the war with Britain; the treaties were immediately followed by substantial material, military, and
614:
The Treaty of
Alliance was in effect an insurance policy for France, which guaranteed the support of the United States if Britain broke the peace that it had with the French "either by direct hostilities, or by (hindering) her commerce and navigation," as a result of the signing of the
216:
which sought the establishment of reciprocal trade relations with France but declined to mention any possible military assistance from the French government. Despite orders to seek no direct military assistance from France, the
American commissioners were instructed to work to acquire
221:
trading relations with France, along with additional military aid, and were encouraged to reassure any Spanish delegates that the United States had no desire to acquire Spanish lands in the Americas, in hopes that Spain would in turn enter a possible Franco-American alliance.
203:
As a result, Jefferson began drafting conditions for a possible commercial treaty between France and the future independent colonies of the United States, which declined the presence of French troops and any aspect of French authority in colonial affairs. On September 25 the
862:, convinced many in France that the Americans were treacherous, having surrendered to British demands and abandoned their French allies, despite the assistance they had provided the United States in their own fight for independence during the American Revolutionary War.
857:
and despite Washington's pledge of neutrality, turned public opinion against the French and led to the resignation of Thomas Jefferson, a longtime supporter of the French cause, as Secretary of State. In turn, the signing of Treaty of London of 1794, or
619:. The treaty noted the terms and conditions of the military alliance, established requirements for the signing of future peace treaties to end hostilities with the British, and provided for other nations, namely Spain, to join as allies.
720:
On March 13, 1778, France informed Britain of its signing of the treaties and subsequent recognition of the United States as an independent nation; four days later, Britain declared war on France, thereby bringing the French into the
152:
in America declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776, their most obvious potential ally was France, a long-time enemy of Britain and a colonial rival who had lost much of their lands in the Americas after the
131:
recognition as an independent nation. Notwithstanding its significance, subsequent complications with the Treaty of Alliance led to its annulment by the turn of the 19th century, with the United States eschewing formal
725:. Their entry led to a significant escalation, as what would otherwise have been a "lopsided colonial rebellion" became a much larger and more complex geopolitical conflict with one of the world's premier superpowers.
646:
States heretofore called British Colonies, or which are at this Time or have lately been under the Power of The King and Crown of Great Britain." In return, the King was guaranteed "any of the Islands situated in the
756:
and elsewhere forced Britain to redeploy troops and naval units away from the North American colonies to secure their holdings. French involvement in the war would prove to be exceedingly important during the
801:
had essentially created a perpetual alliance between the United States and France. Those Americans who disliked the proposition of being eternally tied to France—most notably the Secretary of the Treasury
4957:
3880:
268:, the colonies turned down a British proposal for reconciliation in January 1778 and began negotiations that would result in the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and The Treaty of Alliance.
658:
Article 10 of the treaty, although largely directed to Spain, invited any other nations "who may have received injuries from England" to negotiate terms and conditions for joining the alliance.
849:, effectively invalidated the military provisions of the treaty and touched off a period of increasingly deteriorated relations between the two nations. The efforts of the new French Minister
3368:
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253:
military assistance from the Foreign Minister but was forced to put off negotiations on a formal alliance while the French government negotiated a possible alliance with Spain.
4569:
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and growing rumors of secret British peace offers to Franklin, France sought to seize an opportunity to take advantage of the rebellion and abandoned negotiations with the
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89:
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The Treaty of Alliance was signed immediately after the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, in which France was the first nation to formally recognize the U.S. as a
667:
and guaranteed to help preserve the country's "liberty, Sovereignty, and Independence absolute, and unlimited, as well in Matters of Government as commerce."
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to begin discussions with the United States on a formal alliance. With official approval to begin negotiations on a formal alliance given by King
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After the signing of the treaty, an influx of French arms, ammunition, and uniforms proved vital for the Continental Army, while their
485:
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financial support to the American cause. Some historians consider the signing of the Treaty of Alliance as marking America's
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and a secret clause providing for the entry of other European allies; together these instruments are sometimes known as the
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245:, established by the U.S. Continental Congress to promote the American cause in France, and his standing as a model of
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3204:
2355:
1303:
1090:
A Civilized Nation: The Early American Constitution, The Law Of Nations, And The Pursuit Of International Recognition
188:
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3648:
3428:
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3187:
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233:, put off signing a formal alliance with the United States after receiving news of British victories over General
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1429:
Louis XVI, Forgotten Founding Father, with a survey of the Franco–American Alliance of the Revolutionary period
920:
to provide safe harbor to U.S. commercial vessels. However, relations were not formalized by treaty until 1786.
753:
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736:, though ultimately unsuccessful, served to sap British manpower and war material from North America. The
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1147:
French Alliance, French Assistance, and European diplomacy during the American Revolution, 1778–1782
873:, when revolutionary France refused to receive American envoys, and normalize relations, during the
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212:, to seek a treaty with France based upon Adams draft treaty that had later been formalized into a
185:
had been alarmed by the British naval mobilization and instead dismissed Choiseul and backed down.
102:. The agreements marked the official entry of the United States on the world stage, and formalized
94:
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352:
178:
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2084:
1244:"Treaties and other international acts of the United States of America /edited by Hunter Miller"
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818:
the treaty. Despite a consensus of European monarchs who considered the treaty nullified by the
728:
As contemplated by the Treaty of Alliance, Spain allied with France against Britain through the
26:
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5242:
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1970:
1940:
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of 1800, which brought an end to the conflict, also formally abrogated the Treaty of Alliance.
881:
846:
819:
454:
450:
280:
166:
1389:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875"
1329:"French-American Relations in the Age of Revolutions: From Hope to Disappointment (1776–1800)"
195:'s celebrity-like status in France helped win French support for the United States during the
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5005:
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4236:
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3198:
2908:
2720:
2415:
2370:
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2250:
2186:
1935:
1875:
1752:
1004:"What country was the first to recognize the United States? – FAQs – Office of the Historian"
706:
445:
380:
250:
154:
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1221:"Avalon Project: Treaty of Alliance Between The United States and France; February 6, 1778"
854:
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to raise militias and privateers to attack Spanish lands and British warships, during the
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1220:
1027:
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had envisaged this taking place in alliance with Spain and involving a Franco-Spanish
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778:
766:
671:
Article 12–13: Effective dates of the treaty, ratification, and signing delegates
510:
422:
375:
324:
118:
110:
229:
and a British evacuation of Boston reached France, the French Foreign Minister,
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1727:
1716:
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1636:
761:, when 10,800 French regulars and 29 French warships, under the command of the
737:
684:
647:
397:
261:
174:
1354:
35:
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2868:
2695:
2549:
1955:
1813:
1611:
1449:
831:
694:
4958:
A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America
3882:
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
249:
within French society, Benjamin Franklin was able to gain a secret loan and
5476:
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4695:
4678:
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4202:
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1975:
1905:
1706:
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1585:
1553:
1103:
Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire
841:
had declared that the treaty remained valid, President Washington's formal
749:
1782, and concluded its own commercial and navigation treaty with America.
561:
500:
407:
309:
246:
213:
641:, which France had retained possession of after the Seven Years' War, and
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953:"Franco-American Alliance | French-United States history [1778]"
5015:
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4535:
4228:
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3219:
2984:
2898:
2766:
1778:
1737:
1517:
1298:. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. pp. 163–166.
874:
745:
5038:
Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
884:
on July 7, 1798. French seizures of American naval vessels during the
830:
and declared that the treaty was still in effect, notwithstanding the
797:, Americans began to question whether the lack of an end date for the
46:
Right: Text of the 1778 Franco-American treaty, in a 1782 publication.
4788:
3096:
1855:
1701:
889:
878:
265:
81:
3479:
1414:
Diplomacy and Revolution : the Franco–American Alliance of 1778
300:
16:
Military alliance between the revolutionary United States and France
5213:
4275:
3676:
3029:
1686:
1347:
182:
65:
740:
joined the conflict the following year, when Britain declared war
1732:
642:
632:
Articles 5–9: Terms and conditions of peace treaties with England
169:
that had ended the conflict in 1763. The French foreign minister
127:
1092:, New York Law Review, October 2010, 85 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 932, 953.
225:
Despite an original openness to the alliance, after word of the
653:
44:
Left: Original Franco-American treaty, signed February 6, 1778
5161:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
4504:
4070:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
3919:
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One
117:
between the two nations, in direct defiance of the British
3833:
A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain
661:
1881:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
1116:
Island Fortress: The Defense of Great Britain, 1604–1945
713:, signed the treaty on behalf of the United States, and
1376:
The XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War with France, 1798–1800
892:
and further tensions between the erstwhile allies; the
637:
possession of in North America, besides the islands of
177:. Choiseul had been ready go to war in 1770 during the
1492:
1270:"5 Ways the French Helped Win the American Revolution"
622:
3961:
A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks
676:
formally establishes each nation's land possessions.
165:
and had been planning for a war of revenge since the
104:
French recognition and support of U.S. independence
4084:Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky
3871:"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)
1416:(Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1981);
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1040:"Milestones: 1776–1783 – Office of the Historian"
5540:
5549:Diplomacy during the American Revolutionary War
3940:Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America
1444:French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778
1157:
1155:
5599:Military alliances involving the United States
3329:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
1479:
1312:
1296:The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution
1198:
1167:
106:that was to be decisive in America's victory.
4965:Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams
4751:United States presidential election 1788–1789
4520:
3495:
1465:
1180:"Perspective On The French-American Alliance"
595:
88:in Paris on February 6, 1778, along with the
5011:Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace
4173:Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin
1152:
793:Almost immediately after the signing of the
654:Article 10: Open invitation to other nations
4919:Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson
4701:Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779
3890:Experiments and Observations on Electricity
2442:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
4527:
4513:
3926:Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)
3692:Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart
3502:
3488:
3319:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
1573:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
1472:
1458:
1088:David M. Golove and Daniel J. Hulsebosch,
916:recognize American independence through a
788:
602:
588:
157:. France's leadership had been alarmed by
113:; this treaty had also established mutual
4945:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings
4020:Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
3791:President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
769:respectively, joined forces with General
159:Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War
5043:United First Parish Church and gravesite
4865:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801
3639:Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
1412:Hoffman, Ronald; Albert, Peter J., eds.
822:during the French Revolution, President
683:
679:
187:
3532:Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
867:President Washington's Farewell Address
662:Article 11: Pledge to honor land claims
271:
5589:Ordinances of the Continental Congress
5541:
5028:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
3969:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
3853:Early American publishers and printers
3324:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War
1121:
481:Presidents of the Continental Congress
72:and the United States formed amid the
4508:
3522:President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)
3509:
3483:
3236:
3161:
3089:
2660:
1996:
1830:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
1491:
1453:
1355:"The United States Statutes at Large"
1293:
865:The alliance was further attacked in
511:Secretary of the Continental Congress
80:. It was signed by delegates of King
4799:United States Department of the Navy
4725:Constitution of Massachusetts (1780)
3439:Daughters of the American Revolution
3237:
1789:Declaration of Rights and Grievances
877:; this resulted in the treaty being
527:Journals of the Continental Congress
428:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
5594:Military alliances involving France
4838:Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act
4570:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom
4562:Vice President of the United States
4030:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
3744:Academy and College of Philadelphia
3434:Children of the American Revolution
3314:Timeline of the American Revolution
1331:. Xenophongroup.com. Archived from
1182:. Xenophongroup.com. Archived from
1164:, US Dept of State, via archive.org
982:National Museum of American History
754:military actions in the West Indies
742:after seizing a Dutch merchant ship
623:Articles 1–4: Terms of the alliance
13:
4476:Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
3876:"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)
3575:Committee of Secret Correspondence
2095:European allies of King George III
1951:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
1886:Committee of Secret Correspondence
1548:No taxation without representation
1406:
1261:
1241:
1028:Preamble of the Treaty of Alliance
918:1777 decree by Sultan Mohammad III
826:sided with his Secretary of State
386:Committee of Secret Correspondence
256:With the defeat of Britain at the
243:Committee of Secret Correspondence
14:
5615:
5584:Treaties of the Kingdom of France
5278:"Adams and Liberty" campaign song
5148:Adams House at Harvard University
4461:Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)
4111:University of Pennsylvania statue
3461:Museum of the American Revolution
1431:(New York: Vantage Press, 1976);
1378:SS Dept of State, via archive.org
1267:
912:Morocco was the first country to
734:Franco-Spanish siege on Gibraltar
705:and the two other commissioners,
5522:
5521:
4899:State of the Union Address (1797
4578:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands
4489:
4488:
4441:Alexander Bache (great-grandson)
4198:Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)
3771:Continental Currency dollar coin
3672:Franklin's electrostatic machine
3644:Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
3527:Ambassador to France (1779–1785)
3349:Continental Currency dollar coin
3334:Women in the American Revolution
1149:US Dept of State via archive.org
1118:. Pimlico, 1991. pp. 183–85
571:
299:
239:New York and New Jersey campaign
115:commercial and navigation rights
34:
25:
5579:18th-century military alliances
4436:Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)
4411:Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
3866:The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)
3817:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
3734:Library Company of Philadelphia
3444:Sons of the American Revolution
1381:
1369:
1287:
1235:
1108:
1105:. London, 2007. pp. 502–31
1095:
1065:"Today in History – February 6"
5604:France–United States relations
5320:American Philosophical Society
5033:Presidents House, Philadelphia
5001:Adams National Historical Park
4950:Adams Papers Editorial Project
4929:Federal judiciary appointments
4713:Staten Island Peace Conference
4551:President of the United States
4534:
3729:American Philosophical Society
3624:1776 Pennsylvania Constitution
3619:Staten Island Peace Conference
3344:Continental currency banknotes
2432:Staten Island Peace Conference
1446:(New York: B. Franklin, 1970).
1082:
1057:
1032:
1021:
996:
970:
945:
940:Preamble to Treaty of Alliance
933:
906:
208:ordered commissioners, led by
1:
5569:Treaties of the United States
4624:Braintree Instructions (1765)
3827:Silence Dogood letters (1722)
3756:Philadelphia Contributionship
3162:
2138:German supporters of Congress
1836:Massachusetts Circular Letter
927:
437:Congress of the Confederation
143:
5326:Gazette of the United States
4684:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
4431:Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)
4421:Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)
4064:The Apotheosis of Washington
3989:Franklin's phonetic alphabet
3947:"The Morals of Chess" (1786)
3840:The Busy-Body columns (1729)
3781:United States Postal Service
3607:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
1819:Committees of correspondence
717:signed on behalf of France.
690:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
617:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
486:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
90:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
7:
5153:Mount Adams (New Hampshire,
5085:Jefferson Memorial pediment
4662:Declaration of Independence
4590:Second Continental Congress
4416:William Franklin (grandson)
4136:Jefferson Memorial pediment
4057:Royal Society of Arts medal
3932:A Letter to a Royal Academy
3592:Declaration of Independence
3456:Charters of Freedom Rotunda
2661:
2487:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
2472:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781
2246:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
1901:Declaration of Independence
1866:Second Continental Congress
777:to obtain the surrender of
460:Northwest Ordinance of 1787
403:Declaration of Independence
392:Necessity of Taking Up Arms
367:Second Continental Congress
227:Declaration of Independence
86:Second Continental Congress
10:
5620:
4831:Naturalization Act of 1798
4809:United States Marine Corps
4602:First Continental Congress
4471:Richard Bache (son-in-law)
4466:Peter Folger (grandfather)
4161:Washington–Franklin stamps
4126:Stanford University statue
3749:University of Pennsylvania
3339:Financial costs of the war
1846:First Continental Congress
1697:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1642:Second Rockingham ministry
1481:American Revolutionary War
843:Proclamation of Neutrality
814:as a chance to officially
806:and his supporters in the
723:American Revolutionary War
339:First Continental Congress
197:American Revolutionary War
74:American Revolutionary War
5495:
5359:
5270:
5217:(1997 documentary series)
5169:
5051:
4986:
4937:
4774:
4743:
4657:Lee Resolution (seconded)
4612:
4542:
4484:
4426:Louis F. Bache (grandson)
4388:
4335:
4295:(2002 documentary series)
4279:(1997 documentary series)
4219:
4178:Benjamin Franklin College
4025:Benjamin Franklin Parkway
3997:
3809:
3662:
3570:Hutchinson letters affair
3540:
3517:
3306:
3275:
3251:
3247:
3232:
3193:Constitutional Convention
3173:Society of the Cincinnati
3168:
3157:
3082:
2977:
2821:
2814:
2759:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2656:
2613:
2535:
2521:
2495:
2462:Carlisle Peace Commission
2424:
2296:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
2225:
2150:
2103:
2070:
2033:
2026:
2022:
1992:
1961:Hutchinson letters affair
1928:
1911:Articles of Confederation
1771:
1758:Proclamation of Rebellion
1670:
1622:First Rockingham ministry
1599:
1566:All men are created equal
1505:
1501:
1487:
886:French Revolutionary Wars
839:Washington Administration
639:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
491:Superintendent of Finance
418:Articles of Confederation
163:European balance of power
150:thirteen British colonies
4996:Early life and education
4451:James Franklin (brother)
4446:Josiah Franklin (father)
4116:Portland, Oregon, statue
3984:Franklin as a journalist
3953:An Address to the Public
3846:The Pennsylvania Gazette
3602:Franco-American alliance
3553:(1754 political cartoon)
2457:Entry of France into war
2072:Kingdom of Great Britain
899:
871:presidency of John Adams
578:United States portal
348:Declaration and Resolves
279:This article is part of
95:Franco-American Alliance
58:traité d'alliance (1778)
5564:Legal history of France
5283:Adams' personal library
5246:(2006 documentary film)
4870:Navy Department Library
4860:Slave Trade Act of 1800
4843:Marine Hospital Service
4826:Alien and Sedition Acts
4821:Mississippi Organic Act
4804:Commerce Protection Act
4634:Continental Association
4629:Boston Massacre defense
4354:The New-England Courant
4151:One-hundred-dollar bill
4052:Benjamin Franklin Medal
4015:Benjamin Franklin House
3859:Poor Richard's Almanack
3766:Early American currency
3717:111th Infantry Regiment
3585:"...to be self-evident"
3188:Ratification Day (1784)
2513:Second Anglo-Mysore War
2197:Northern after Saratoga
2177:New York and New Jersey
1851:Continental Association
1748:Conciliatory Resolution
1607:Pitt–Newcastle ministry
1580:Consent of the governed
1442:Corwin, Edward Samuel.
957:Encyclopedia Britannica
894:Treaty of Mortefontaine
789:Deteriorating relations
744:alleged to be carrying
732:on April 12, 1779. The
715:Conrad Alexandre Gérard
353:Continental Association
241:. With the help of the
5288:American Enlightenment
5244:John and Abigail Adams
5225:(2002 animated series)
4850:Bankruptcy Act of 1800
4650:Thoughts on Government
4406:Francis Franklin (son)
4401:William Franklin (son)
4348:American Enlightenment
4287:(2002 animated series)
4156:Franklin silver dollar
4131:Washington D.C. statue
4106:Columbus, Ohio, statue
4091:Revolutionary War Door
3977:Bagatelles and Satires
3971:(1771–1790, pub. 1791)
3911:Pennsylvania Chronicle
3796:Master, Les Neuf Sœurs
3449:Sons of the Revolution
3178:Treaty of Paris (1783)
2508:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
2503:Cherokee–American wars
2116:Franco-American Treaty
1971:Philadelphia Tea Party
1941:Treaty of Paris (1763)
1920:Confederation Congress
1513:American Enlightenment
1242:Miller, David Hunter.
978:"Treaties of Alliance"
847:Neutrality Act of 1794
820:execution of Louis XVI
698:
451:Land Ordinance of 1784
413:Franco-American Treaty
200:
161:which had shifted the
62:Franco-American Treaty
57:
5411:Thomas Boylston Adams
5080:John Adams Courthouse
5006:John Adams Birthplace
4789:Quasi War with France
4730:Treaty of Paris, 1783
4238:Ben Franklin in Paris
4141:Refunding Certificate
3739:Pennsylvania Hospital
3634:Treaty of Paris, 1783
3394:Washington's Birthday
3199:The Federalist Papers
3183:Evacuation Day (1783)
2236:Lexington and Concord
1936:French and Indian War
1876:Olive Branch Petition
1223:. Avalon.law.yale.edu
845:, and the subsequent
701:On February 6, 1778,
687:
680:Signing and aftermath
446:Bank of North America
381:Olive Branch Petition
247:republican simplicity
191:
155:French and Indian War
60:), also known as the
5559:1778 in American law
5207:The Adams Chronicles
4639:Petition to the King
4343:Age of Enlightenment
4269:A More Perfect Union
4146:Franklin half dollar
4121:San Francisco statue
3897:Birch letters (1755)
3558:Albany Plan of Union
3399:Jefferson's Birthday
3389:Pulaski Memorial Day
2396:Guilford Court House
2047:Continental Congress
1824:Committees of safety
1799:Daughters of Liberty
1794:Virginia Association
1543:Rights of Englishmen
855:Citizen Genet Affair
851:Edmond-Charles Genêt
795:1783 Treaty of Paris
783:1783 Treaty of Paris
775:Marquis de Lafayette
552:Maryland State House
358:Petition to the King
293:Continental Congress
272:Terms and provisions
206:Continental Congress
100:Treaties of Alliance
5501:← George Washington
5384:Abigail Adams Smith
5339:American Revolution
5333:The American Museum
5178:Profiles in Courage
5090:U.S. Postage stamps
5075:John Adams Building
4885:Midnight Judges Act
4855:Indiana Organic Act
4456:Jane Mecom (sister)
4396:Deborah Read (wife)
4368:American Revolution
4361:The American Museum
4240:(1964 musical play)
4211:Ben Franklin effect
2527:colony or location)
2482:Newburgh Conspiracy
2341:Sullivan Expedition
1861:Provincial Congress
1652:Fox–North coalition
1591:Settler colonialism
1538:Freedom of religion
1495:American Revolution
1294:Edler, F. (2001) .
1248:avalon.law.yale.edu
1186:on January 20, 2009
1162:Model Treaty (1776)
1069:Library of Congress
763:Comte de Rochambeau
219:most favored nation
175:invasion of Britain
5515:Thomas Jefferson →
5508:Thomas Jefferson →
5308:First Party System
5186:American Primitive
4891:Marbury v. Madison
4814:Convention of 1800
4689:Treaty of Alliance
4319:(2022 documentary)
4221:In popular culture
4035:Franklin Institute
3761:Union Fire Company
3649:Postmaster General
3629:Libertas Americana
3612:Treaty of Alliance
3429:Semiquincentennial
3354:Libertas Americana
1784:Stamp Act Congress
1674:Acts of Parliament
1647:Shelburne ministry
1617:Grenville ministry
1335:on October 3, 2011
1114:Longmate, Norman.
804:Alexander Hamilton
730:Treaty of Aranjuez
699:
557:French Arms Tavern
330:Stamp Act Congress
258:Battle of Saratoga
231:Comte de Vergennes
201:
134:military alliances
66:defensive alliance
54:Treaty of Alliance
5536:
5535:
5423:Charles Adams Sr.
5390:John Quincy Adams
5262:(2024 miniseries)
5254:(2015 miniseries)
5209:(1976 miniseries)
5064:List of memorials
4880:Treaty of Tripoli
4875:Treaty of Tellico
4672:Committee of Five
4502:
4501:
4327:(2024 miniseries)
4317:Benjamin Franklin
4311:(2015 miniseries)
4303:(2008 miniseries)
4293:Benjamin Franklin
4260:Benjamin Franklin
4193:State of Franklin
3903:The Way to Wealth
3580:Committee of Five
3511:Benjamin Franklin
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3228:
3227:
3215:Shays's Rebellion
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3078:
3077:
3045:Richard Henry Lee
2810:
2809:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2496:Related conflicts
2366:Connecticut Farms
2146:
2145:
2039:Thirteen Colonies
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1437:978-0-533-02333-2
1422:978-0-8139-0864-9
1044:history.state.gov
1008:history.state.gov
824:George Washington
812:French Revolution
799:military alliance
771:George Washington
759:Siege of Yorktown
703:Benjamin Franklin
612:
611:
537:Independence Hall
476:List of delegates
306:Independence Hall
291:
235:George Washington
210:Benjamin Franklin
193:Benjamin Franklin
70:Kingdom of France
5611:
5525:
5524:
5459:Susanna Boylston
5449:(great-grandson)
5443:(great-grandson)
5437:(great-grandson)
5349:Founding Fathers
5298:Federalist Party
5238:2008 miniseries)
4718:Conference House
4706:Continental Navy
4605:
4593:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4554:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4492:
4491:
4203:Ships named USS
3654:Founding Fathers
3504:
3497:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3419:Sesquicentennial
3379:Independence Day
3283:Founding Fathers
3249:
3248:
3234:
3233:
3159:
3158:
3087:
3086:
2819:
2818:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2356:Cape St. Vincent
2031:
2030:
2024:
2023:
1994:
1993:
1966:Boston Tea Party
1891:Halifax Resolves
1841:Suffolk Resolves
1632:Grafton ministry
1627:Chatham ministry
1523:Colonial history
1503:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1391:. Memory.loc.gov
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1357:. Memory.loc.gov
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1325:
1310:
1309:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1268:McGee, Suzanne.
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1176:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1119:
1112:
1106:
1101:Simms, Brendan.
1099:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
949:
943:
937:
921:
910:
828:Thomas Jefferson
808:Federalist Party
604:
597:
590:
576:
575:
574:
542:Henry Fite House
532:Carpenters' Hall
506:Marine Committee
496:Secretary at War
303:
289:
276:
275:
179:Falklands Crisis
138:Second World War
111:sovereign nation
38:
29:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5491:
5481:daughter-in-law
5473:(second cousin)
5417:George W. Adams
5355:
5266:
5252:Sons of Liberty
5170:Popular culture
5165:
5132:President Adams
5099:(1783 painting)
5096:Treaty of Paris
5047:
4988:
4982:
4971:Founders Online
4933:
4770:
4739:
4667:May 15 preamble
4644:United Colonies
4615:
4614:Founding of the
4608:
4596:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4557:
4546:
4538:
4533:
4503:
4498:
4480:
4384:
4331:
4309:Sons of Liberty
4215:
4087:(1816 painting)
4079:(1783 painting)
4076:Treaty of Paris
3993:
3822:Founders Online
3805:
3786:Street lighting
3702:Kite experiment
3664:
3658:
3563:Albany Congress
3542:
3541:Founding of the
3536:
3513:
3508:
3478:
3465:
3404:Von Steuben Day
3302:
3271:
3243:
3224:
3164:
3141:
3083:Colonial allies
3074:
2973:
2806:
2767:King George III
2755:
2663:
2640:
2609:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2491:
2420:
2401:Lochry's Defeat
2286:Assunpink Creek
2276:Fort Washington
2221:
2155:
2153:
2142:
2133:Hortalez et Cie
2104:Colonial allies
2099:
2066:
2035:United Colonies
2018:
1980:
1946:Boston Massacre
1924:
1915:Perpetual Union
1871:United Colonies
1804:Sons of Liberty
1767:
1675:
1673:
1672:Related British
1666:
1595:
1497:
1493:Origins of the
1483:
1478:
1427:Ross, Maurice.
1409:
1407:Further reading
1404:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1348:
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1313:
1306:
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1266:
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1252:
1250:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
976:
975:
971:
961:
959:
951:
950:
946:
938:
934:
930:
925:
924:
911:
907:
902:
810:—seized on the
791:
779:Lord Cornwallis
767:Comte de Grasse
682:
673:
664:
656:
648:Gulph of Mexico
634:
625:
608:
572:
570:
423:Perpetual Union
394:
376:United Colonies
325:Albany Congress
312:
292:
274:
167:Treaty of Paris
146:
119:Navigation Acts
50:
49:
48:
47:
45:
41:
40:
39:
31:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5617:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5554:1778 in France
5551:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5504:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5453:John Adams Sr.
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5365:
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5356:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5303:Federalist Era
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5235:
5227:
5223:Liberty's Kids
5219:
5211:
5203:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5150:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5118:
5109:
5100:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5069:Adams Memorial
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4941:
4939:
4938:Other writings
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4659:
4654:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4594:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4555:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4285:Liberty's Kids
4281:
4273:
4265:
4256:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4188:Mount Franklin
4185:
4183:Franklin Field
4180:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Chicago statue
4098:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4067:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4010:Franklin Court
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3707:Pay it forward
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Glass armonica
3684:
3682:Franklin stove
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
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3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3546:
3544:
3538:
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3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
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3514:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Minor holidays
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3240:Related topics
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:Bill of Rights
3207:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
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2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2614:Loyal colonies
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2600:South Carolina
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:North Carolina
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2537:Rebel colonies
2530:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Sint Eustatius
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:"First Salute"
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Kings Mountain
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2271:Harlem Heights
2268:
2263:
2261:Valcour Island
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Lee Resolution
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1814:Black Patriots
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1662:Black Loyalist
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:North ministry
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1425:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1380:
1368:
1346:
1311:
1304:
1286:
1260:
1234:
1197:
1166:
1151:
1120:
1107:
1094:
1081:
1056:
1031:
1020:
995:
984:. May 24, 2018
969:
944:
931:
929:
926:
923:
922:
904:
903:
901:
898:
790:
787:
738:Dutch Republic
681:
678:
672:
669:
663:
660:
655:
652:
633:
630:
624:
621:
610:
609:
607:
606:
599:
592:
584:
581:
580:
567:
566:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
521:
520:
516:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
470:
469:
465:
464:
463:
462:
457:
448:
440:
439:
433:
432:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
398:Lee Resolution
395:
390:
388:
383:
378:
370:
369:
363:
362:
361:
360:
355:
350:
342:
341:
335:
334:
333:
332:
327:
319:
318:
314:
313:
304:
296:
295:
285:
284:
273:
270:
262:Dutch Republic
145:
142:
43:
42:
33:
32:
24:
23:
22:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5616:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5574:1778 treaties
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5529:
5528:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5435:John Q. Adams
5433:
5430:
5429:John Adams II
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5405:Charles Adams
5403:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5377:Quincy family
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5369:Abigail Adams
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5313:republicanism
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Congress Hall
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:(1969 musical
5195:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5180:(1964 series)
5179:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5021:Stone Library
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4977:Gray v. Pitts
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4616:United States
4611:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4495:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4380:Syng inkstand
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:(1969 musical
4247:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Boston statue
4094:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
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3551:Join, or Die.
3548:
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3543:United States
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3384:Patriots' Day
3382:
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3377:
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3360:
3359:Commemoration
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3327:
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3309:
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3299:
3298:Yankee Doodle
3296:
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3156:
3138:
3135:
3133:
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3127:de Rochambeau
3125:
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3110:
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2570:New Hampshire
2568:
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2565:Massachusetts
2563:
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2239:
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2234:
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2224:
2218:
2217:Naval battles
2215:
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2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
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2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2152:Campaigns and
2149:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
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2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
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2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Gaspee affair
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
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1931:
1927:
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1918:
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1612:Bute ministry
1610:
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1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:Spirit of '76
1558:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Republicanism
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
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1516:
1514:
1511:
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1500:
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1390:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1356:
1350:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1305:0-89875-269-8
1301:
1297:
1290:
1275:
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1238:
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983:
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895:
891:
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883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:Although the
835:
833:
832:regime change
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
796:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
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750:
747:
743:
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735:
731:
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724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
695:John Trumbull
692:
691:
686:
677:
668:
659:
651:
649:
644:
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629:
620:
618:
605:
600:
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579:
569:
568:
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331:
328:
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323:
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321:
320:
316:
315:
311:
307:
302:
298:
297:
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290:United States
287:
286:
282:
278:
277:
269:
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263:
259:
254:
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248:
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236:
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107:
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91:
87:
83:
79:
78:Great Britain
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
37:
28:
19:
5520:
5506:
5499:
5477:Louisa Adams
5471:Samuel Adams
5447:Brooks Adams
5361:Adams family
5331:
5324:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5230:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5193:
5185:
5177:
5140:
5131:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5094:
5059:Bibliography
4975:
4963:
4956:
4889:
4784:Inauguration
4696:Board of War
4688:
4679:Model Treaty
4649:
4360:
4352:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4262:(miniseries)
4259:
4245:
4237:
4232:(1953 short)
4229:
4204:
4166:other stamps
4082:
4074:
4063:
4062:Depicted in
4005:Bibliography
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3939:
3931:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3889:
3881:
3858:
3845:
3832:
3665:other events
3611:
3597:Model Treaty
3550:
3424:Bicentennial
3307:Other topics
3293:Liberty Tree
3265:
3205:Constitution
3197:
3102:Beaumarchais
2990:Samuel Adams
2741:William Howe
2736:Richard Howe
2636:West Florida
2621:East Florida
2595:Rhode Island
2590:Pennsylvania
2523:Involvement
2467:Gordon Riots
2452:Valley Forge
2447:Conway Cabal
2425:Other events
2187:Philadelphia
2115:
2085:British Army
1976:Powder Alarm
1906:Model Treaty
1828:
1586:Expansionism
1554:Common Sense
1552:
1443:
1428:
1413:
1393:. Retrieved
1383:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:the original
1295:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1188:. Retrieved
1184:the original
1115:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1034:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:
998:
986:. Retrieved
981:
972:
960:. Retrieved
956:
947:
935:
913:
908:
864:
860:Jay's Treaty
836:
792:
751:
727:
719:
700:
688:
674:
665:
657:
635:
626:
613:
562:Federal Hall
501:Board of War
453: /
412:
408:Model Treaty
317:Predecessors
310:Philadelphia
255:
224:
214:Model Treaty
202:
147:
126:
123:
108:
99:
93:
68:between the
61:
53:
51:
18:
5465:Elihu Adams
5441:Henry Adams
5188:(1969 play)
5156:Washington)
4592:(1775–1778)
4580:(1782–1788)
4572:(1785–1788)
4564:(1789–1797)
4553:(1797–1801)
4271:(1989 film)
3979:(pub. 1845)
3861:(1732–1758)
3848:(1729–1790)
3712:Associators
3663:Inventions,
3070:Witherspoon
2954:von Steuben
2909:Charles Lee
2626:Nova Scotia
2545:Connecticut
2416:The Saintes
2371:Springfield
2336:Stony Point
2266:Long Island
2251:Bunker Hill
2172:Nova Scotia
1763:Prohibitory
1753:Restraining
1743:Intolerable
1723:Declaratory
1395:January 27,
1361:January 27,
1339:January 27,
1279:February 7,
1253:February 7,
1227:January 27,
1190:January 27,
1074:February 7,
1049:February 7,
1013:February 7,
988:February 7,
962:February 7,
888:led to the
882:by Congress
834:in France.
711:Silas Deane
547:Nassau Hall
251:clandestine
5543:Categories
5485:first lady
5431:(grandson)
5425:(grandson)
5419:(grandson)
5398:presidency
5386:(daughter)
5233:(2001 book
5231:John Adams
5201:1972 film)
5141:John Adams
5114:John Adams
5071:(proposed)
5016:Peacefield
4794:XYZ Affair
4776:Presidency
4536:John Adams
4301:John Adams
4230:Ben and Me
3776:Fugio cent
3724:Junto club
3414:Centennial
3369:television
3220:Jay Treaty
3117:de Guichen
3025:Huntington
2985:John Adams
2924:Montgomery
2829:Washington
2792:Rockingham
2777:Barrington
2746:Knyphausen
2716:Cornwallis
2575:New Jersey
2406:Chesapeake
2361:Charleston
2316:Germantown
2311:Brandywine
2301:Bennington
2090:Royal Navy
2080:Parliament
2027:Combatants
2000:Combatants
1779:Loyal Nine
1712:Quartering
1682:Navigation
1528:Liberalism
1518:John Locke
1506:Philosophy
928:References
875:XYZ Affair
746:contraband
707:Arthur Lee
144:Background
136:until the
5467:(brother)
4744:Elections
4735:Diplomacy
4253:1972 film
3801:Gravesite
3288:Diplomacy
3276:Political
3259:Prisoners
3163:Aftermath
3137:Vergennes
3112:de Grasse
3107:d'Estaing
3097:Louis XVI
3035:Jefferson
3000:Dickinson
2944:St. Clair
2929:Nicholson
2904:Lafayette
2864:Duportail
2834:Alexander
2802:Shelburne
2686:Arbuthnot
2525:(by
2391:Pensacola
2351:Gibraltar
2326:St. Lucia
2291:Princeton
2003:Campaigns
1856:Minutemen
1772:Colonials
1728:Townshend
1657:Loyalists
1600:Royalists
890:Quasi-War
266:Louis XVI
148:When the
82:Louis XVI
56:(French:
5527:Category
5461:(mother)
5455:(father)
5344:patriots
5260:Franklin
5215:Liberty!
4987:Life and
4598:Delegate
4586:Delegate
4494:Category
4373:patriots
4363:magazine
4325:Franklin
4277:Liberty!
4205:Franklin
3810:Writings
3677:Bifocals
3252:Military
3005:Franklin
2978:Civilian
2959:Sullivan
2949:Schuyler
2879:Hamilton
2854:Claghorn
2822:Military
2815:Colonial
2797:Sandwich
2760:Civilian
2706:Carleton
2701:Campbell
2696:Burgoyne
2679:Military
2605:Virginia
2580:New York
2560:Maryland
2550:Delaware
2411:Yorktown
2346:Savannah
2321:Monmouth
2306:Saratoga
2212:Yorktown
2202:Southern
2192:Northern
2182:Saratoga
2154:theaters
2015:Colonies
2006:Theaters
1809:Patriots
1719:up i.p.o
1707:Currency
1692:Molasses
914:de facto
879:annulled
773:and the
281:a series
183:Louis XV
171:Choiseul
84:and the
64:, was a
5271:Related
4924:Cabinet
4600:to the
4588:to the
4336:Related
3374:theater
3132:Suffren
3122:Luzerne
3040:Laurens
3010:Hancock
2995:Carroll
2914:Lincoln
2894:de Kalb
2884:Hopkins
2782:Germain
2772:Amherst
2711:Clinton
2672:British
2662:Leaders
2555:Georgia
2386:Cowpens
2331:Grenada
2281:Trenton
2228:battles
2207:Western
2062:Marines
2009:Battles
1274:HISTORY
816:nullify
643:Bermuda
519:Related
468:Members
455:of 1785
237:in the
128:de jure
98:or the
5144:(1963)
5135:(1941)
5126:(1874)
5117:(1799)
5108:(1799)
5052:Legacy
4652:(1776)
4604:(1774)
4389:Family
4264:(1972)
4040:awards
3998:Legacy
3963:(1789)
3955:(1789)
3942:(1784)
3934:(1781)
3921:(1773)
3913:(1767)
3905:(1758)
3892:(1751)
3884:(1751)
3835:(1725)
3266:Turtle
3090:French
3060:Revere
3055:Morris
3050:McKean
3015:Hanson
2939:Rodney
2934:Putnam
2919:Mercer
2874:Greene
2844:Arnold
2751:Rodney
2731:Graves
2721:Fraser
2631:Quebec
2376:Camden
2256:Quebec
2241:Boston
2226:Major
2167:Quebec
2162:Boston
2111:France
2012:Events
1929:Events
1738:Quebec
1435:
1420:
1302:
697:, 1820
283:on the
181:, but
5413:(son)
5407:(son)
5123:Adams
5105:Adams
4989:homes
4914:1800)
4045:medal
3020:Henry
2969:Wayne
2889:Jones
2869:Gates
2859:Clark
2849:Barry
2839:Allen
2787:North
2691:Brant
1717:Stamp
1702:Sugar
900:Notes
76:with
5373:wife
5194:1776
5139:USS
5130:USS
5121:USS
5112:USS
5103:USS
4909:1799
4904:1798
4766:1800
4761:1796
4756:1792
4246:1776
3364:film
3264:The
3065:Rush
2964:Ward
2899:Knox
2726:Gage
2126:Navy
2121:Army
2057:Navy
2052:Army
1913:and
1687:Iron
1433:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1397:2012
1363:2012
1341:2012
1300:ISBN
1281:2021
1255:2021
1229:2012
1192:2012
1076:2021
1051:2021
1015:2021
990:2021
964:2021
765:and
709:and
52:The
5394:son
4559:1st
4548:2nd
3030:Jay
1733:Tea
693:by
308:in
5545::
1314:^
1272:.
1246:.
1200:^
1169:^
1154:^
1123:^
1067:.
1042:.
1006:.
980:.
955:.
785:.
140:.
4528:e
4521:t
4514:v
4255:)
3503:e
3496:t
3489:v
2037:/
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1459:v
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992:.
966:.
603:e
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589:v
199:.
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