530:– on then-neutral English soil – in June 1555. However, both sides made mistakes and the conference was a failure; they wanted peace, but were not ready for reconciliation yet. The failure caused both kings to desire revenge, but as their armies and finances were exhausted, they remained on the defensive and the military situation barely changed. By October 1555, diplomacy had resumed, and the Truce of Vaucelles was agreed on 5 February 1556, somewhat favourable to France. But rather than a step towards peace, Vaucelles proved to be but a lull in the war; continued desire for revenge led to numerous incidents during the negotiations, and the stipulations of the truce were never fully implemented and observed before war resumed in September 1556 with the Spanish invasion of the pro-French Papal States.
691:(10 February – 3 April 1559). Large formal meetings were held in Christina's lodgings, while informal talks were held in the diplomats' own quarters or on their way to meals. On 17 October, the Spanish and French agreed to an armistice for the remainder of that month of October. On 1 December 1558, the parties at Cercamp agreed to renew the ceasefire '...as it was first agreed on the 17th day of last October, as is said, until midnight of the last day of next January...', and on 6 February 1559 at Le Cateau-Cambrésis they prolonged the truce (then set to expire on 10 February) indefinitely 'for all the time that they are in this Negotiation, and six days after the separation of this Assembly...'.
1077:
455:
695:
couple of strong fortified places. The
Spanish delegates demanded that Henry II abandon all his (claimed) possessions in Italy (Piedmont, Corsica, the Republic of Siena, and part of Montferrat), and they used the Spanish-occupied places in Picardy as bargaining material to achieve this goal. Emmanuel Philibert stated he was willing to surrender only four places to France, and otherwise reclaim the entire Savoyard territory for himself. The English and French made equally categorical claims to legitimate possession of Calais, and the Spanish were determined to support their English allies as long as it would not lead them to fail to achieve peace with France.
1213:
consecrated by a set of dynastic marriages'. According to Haan, there is no evidence of a
Catholic alliance between France and Spain to eradicate Protestantism even though some contemporaries have pointed to the treaty's second article to argue such an agreement existed: 'The second article expresses the wish to convene an oecumenical council. People, the contemporaries first, have concluded that the agreement sealed the establishment of a united front of Philip II and Henry II against Protestantism in their states as in Europe. The analysis of the progress of the talks shows that this was not the case'.
1209:(1910) argued that besides the great financial troubles, 'that the religious motive of Henry had great, if not decisive, weight'. According to Rainer Babel (2021), that was 'a judgement which later research, with some nuances in detail, has not refuted', but he stated that Bertrand Haan (2010) had 'a deviating interpretation' challenging this consensus. Haan (2010) argued that finances were more important than domestic religious dissension; the fact that the latter was prominent in the 1560s in both France and Spain may have led historians astray in emphasising the role of religion in the 1559 treaty.
167:
93:
388:
1015:
725:
should not be left isolated, especially as Philip admitted in
February that his desperate financial position made it a matter of urgency. While its involvement in the war was relatively minor, England played an important role in the negotiations that ended it, as did Emperor Ferdinand, whose approval was required since many of the territorial adjustments involved states that were members of the Holy Roman Empire. A preliminary peace treaty between France and Scotland on the one hand and England on the other was agreed on 12 March 1559 at Cateau-Cambrésis.
179:
134:
191:
114:
568:
29:
721:. Since both sides recognised English security depended upon Philip's continued goodwill, finding a way to address this issue was crucial if they were to reach a deal. Although Elizabeth continued to press for the return of Calais, she could not afford to continue fighting simply to achieve that objective and the French were well aware of that reality.
542:(10–27 August) turned out to be decisive; while England had entered the war on Spain's side, France lost one ally after the other, including the Pope, who signed a separate peace on 12 September 1557. However, Henry managed to surprise friend and foe by conquering Calais in January 1558, and negotiated a marriage between
395:
This division was driven by the administrative complexity of managing the two empires as a single entity, but also reflected strategic differences. While Spain was a global maritime superpower, the
Austrian Habsburgs focused on securing a pre-eminent position in Germany and managing the threat posed
554:
Peace talks between Spain, England and France began in early 1558, but little progress was made; France refused to contemplate Mary's demand for the return of Calais, and her marriage to Philip made it difficult for
England to negotiate separately. The Franco-Spanish talks at Marcoing near Cambrai,
1227:
in 1569, which was confirmed by the emperor although Philip II of Spain disapproved. Although the papacy's diplomatic role increased during the Wars of
Religion, popes and papal legates played no role in negotiating the most significant truces and treaties between the Habsburg and Valois monarchs
1212:
Megan
Williams (2011) summarised: 'Indeed, Haan contends, it was not the treaty itself but its subsequent justifications which stoked French religious strife. The treaty's priority, he argues, was not a Catholic alliance to extirpate heresy but the affirmation of its signatories' honor and amity,
724:
Despite attempts to keep the negotiations secret, his spies kept Philip informed on their progress; although he disliked
Elizabeth's religion, having the half-French Mary on the English throne would be far worse, even if she was a Catholic. If England was about to settle, it was vital that Spain
694:
The French plenipotentiaries intended to recover St. Quentin, Le
Catelet and Ham, to keep Calais, and to maintain solid positions in northern Italy; they were willing to surrender the Duchy of Milan for proper compensation, and to compromise in the Duchy of Savoy as long as it left France with a
1116:
left the Three
Bishoprics under French occupation, but the Netherlands and most of northern Italy remained part of the Holy Roman Empire in the form of imperial fiefs. Furthermore, his position of Holy Roman Emperor was recognized by the Pope, who had refused to do so as long as the war between
749:
concerning lands, territorial claims or the pardon of prelates, great lords and financiers', a declaration that Christoph von Roggendorf and Juan de Luna would be excluded from the treaty, and a prisoner exchange agreement between Montmorency and Alba. He decided not to publish the Anglo-French
1185:
Some historians have claimed that all signatories of the treaty needed to 'purge their lands of heresy'; in other words, all their subjects had to be forcefully reverted to Catholicism. Visconti (2003), for example, claimed that when pressured by
1000:(seized from England in 1558), for an initial period of eight years (Article 7). This was a mechanism to save face and although Elizabeth tried to take advantage of the civil war to negotiate its return in 1562, it remained French thereafter.
1144:
in 1562). The Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia were under direct rule of the Spanish Habsburgs. The situation continued until the European wars of succession of the 18th century, when northern Italy passed to the Austrian house of
521:
After three years of war, both the French and Spanish courts were making overtures for peace talks as early as November 1554. The first serious Franco-Spanish peace negotiations, although preliminary, were held at the Conference of
841:
Henry and Philip agreed to bring about 'the convocation and celebration of a holy universal council, so necessary for the reformation and reduction of the whole Christian Church into a true unity and harmony'. (Article
733:
Bertrand Haan (2010) stated that, until his publication, 'the various acts making up the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis have never been the subject of a scientific edition made from original documents,' pointing out that
1153:. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, by bringing Italy into a long period of peace and economic stability (which critics call stagnation) marks the end of the Italian Renaissance and the transition to the Baroque (
533:
Initially, there were attempts on both sides to limit the conflict to the Papal States, but by December 1556, preparations were made for a resumption of hostilities on all fronts, and on 6 January 1557
1056:, captain of the Scottish Guard at the French Court, pierced his eye and caused subdural bleeding (though it never fully entered his brain). He died ten days later on 10 July 1559. His 15-year-old son
661:
Ambassadors of other states not directly involved in the negotiations were not permitted to attend; this especially disadvantaged Italian states, because decisions about their futures were made.
500:, which it entered in alliance with Spain and was widely seen as a disastrous decision. The capture of Calais after more than 200 years severely damaged English prestige and deprived them of a
2712:
745:(the articles in the original treaties appear to have been untitled and unnumbered), as he had no access to the originals. He also included several documents accompanying the main treaty: 'a
546:
and his son Francis (19 April 1558); although not quite able to make up for his loss at St. Quentin, it allowed Henry to save face and obtain a better position at the negotiation table.
559:
was ongoing, Granvelle sought to gain time by negotiations to allow the Spanish army in the Netherlands to prepare for war, and both parties could not find diplomatic common ground.
1194:
proclaimed the Edict of Nice (15 February 1560), prohibiting Protestantism on pains of a large fine, enslavement or banishment, which soon led to an armed revolt by the Protestant
705:
changed the Anglo-French dynamic. The new regime needed peace and stability more than Calais, while France had leverage in the form of the 16-year-old Catholic wife of the future
1201:
However, modern historians disagree about the primary motives of Philip II of Spain and especially Henry II of France to conclude the peace treaty. Because Henry II had told the
1092:
and brought an end to most of the French occupation in Corsica, Tuscany and Piedmont. England and the Habsburgs, in exchange, ended their opposition to French occupation of the
1290:"...demourant au surplus led. sr de Savoye avecques ses terres, pays et subjectz, bon prince, neutre et amy commun desd. srs Roys Très Chrestien et Catholicque." (Article 39)
1801:
2559:
Vermeir, René; Meulenaere, Vincenzo De (2013). "'To bring good agreement and concord to Christendom' The Conference of Marck (1555) and English neutrality, 1553–1557".
439:
in 1568. Although the two Habsburg branches cooperated when their aims converged, Ferdinand was more focused on restoring order to the Empire, and dealing with the
1089:
628:
1561:
1273:
For various reasons, many Catholics viewed Elizabeth as illegitimate and Mary rightful queen of England, as the senior surviving legitimate descendant of
1117:
France and the Habsburgs continued. England fared poorly during the war, and the loss of its last stronghold on the Continent damaged its reputation.
1044:, the daughter of Henry II of France. Often overlooked, this has been described as "the most important marriage treaty of the 16th century". During a
2024:
Ferdinand became Emperor in 1556 after the abdication of Charles V, ratified in 1558, but the Pope refused to recognize him until the Peace of 1559.
1104:, despite no new gains and the restoration of some occupied territories to France, the peace was a positive result by confirming its control of the
741:(1728) 'remains a reference, but is based on later copies.' Haan's 2010 edition of the Franco-Spanish agreement is based on 16th-century copies and
632:
106:
1064:. The resulting political instability, combined with the sudden demobilisation of thousands of largely unpaid troops, led to the outbreak of the
883:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire). French and Genoese merchants were granted full access to each other's ports. (Article 24)
713:, who also had a claim to the English throne. This opened the possibility of a separate Anglo-French peace and in December a new English envoy,
598:
138:
620:
102:
1220:
654:
118:
683:
The last two rounds of peace talks that eventually led to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis began at the Cistercian monastery of Cercamp near
606:
150:
822:
Henry II of France recognised Philip II of Spain as ruler of Milan and Naples. Henry II of France renounced his hereditary claims to the
2664:
2768:
2778:
2516:
2763:
538:(French governor of Picardy) launched surprise attacks on Douai and Lens in the Spanish Netherlands. The Spanish victory in the
2748:
1023:
765:
698:
2793:
2653:
2505:
2465:
2364:
2294:
1125:
1033:
906:
640:
465:
Despite these successes, Philip was struggling to finance the war, and in December 1558 advised his commander in Flanders,
679:
The restitution of the places of Picardy (mainly St. Quentin, Le Catelet and Ham, owned by France, but occupied by Spain).
443:. Philip kept fighting, but recognised peace with France would enable him to deal with the rebellious Dutch. Victories at
2444:
2608:
2589:
2549:
2536:
2486:
2404:
2385:
2246:
665:
Haan (2010) concluded that the negotiations from October 1558 to April 1559 focused on three major unresolved issues:
2212:
1901:
1191:
1029:
929:
902:
869:
466:
427:
Unlike Ferdinand, who favoured compromise with his Protestant subjects, Charles and Philip responded to the rise of
2323:
Fett, Denice (2018). "Diligence, secrecy and intrigue; Guido Cavalcanti and the 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis".
1113:
345:
234:
294:. In exchange, France strengthened its southern, eastern and northern borders, confirming the occupation of the
2423:
2285:
DeVries, Kelly (2010). "Warfare and the International State System". In Tallett, Frank; Trim, D. J. B. (eds.).
1559:
McDermott, James (2008). "Howard, William, first Baron Howard of Effingham (c. 1510–1573), naval commander".
624:
592:
337:
146:
2015:
Thalheimer, Mary Elsie (1874). A Manual of Mediæval and Modern History. Wilson Hinkle & Company. p. 208.
1076:
2753:
933:
757:
539:
497:
454:
444:
311:
1299:
The Bishoprics remained part of the Holy Roman Empire until formally incorporated into France by the 1648
676:
The fate of the territories in the north-west of Italy (i.e. Piedmont, Montferrat and the Duchy of Milan).
2783:
2773:
448:
2194:
979:
971:
556:
1205:
that the fight against heresy required all his strength, and he needed to establish peace with Spain,
98:
555:
initiated by France, lasted just three days (15–17 May 1558) and came to nothing, mostly because the
750:
agreement, pointing out that the original copies of it have been preserved as "J 652, n° 32" in the
2728:
967:
963:
925:
2665:"Review of: Bertrand Haan, Une paix pour l'éternité: La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis"
2074:
936:. Emmanuel Philibert agreed to remain neutral in the event of future conflict. (Articles 33 to 43)
2738:
2256:
Crawford, Katherine (2000). "Catherine de Medici's and the Performance of Political Motherhood".
1065:
983:
735:
486:
482:
417:
2758:
2743:
2733:
1827:
1256:
It was only after 1568 that Spain began receiving regular shipments of silver bullion from the
1224:
702:
478:
299:
283:
195:
2455:
1891:
1060:
succeeded him before he too died in December 1560 and was replaced by his 10-year-old brother
688:
76:
2305:
1872:
1045:
535:
826:(ruled by Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire), and recognized Spanish control over the
752:
387:
2788:
1274:
1105:
1061:
1057:
895:
891:
846:
784:
780:
761:
710:
706:
585:
543:
523:
291:
1828:"Treaty between Francis and Mary, King and Queen of Scots, and Queen Elizabeth. Cateau..."
8:
2713:
Photocopies of the Franco-Spanish Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in the original Spanish text
1300:
1085:
1041:
1014:
952:
910:
861:
835:
790:
614:
432:
381:
361:
260:
2196:
Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit / Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe
2687:
2340:
2273:
2218:
1202:
1053:
1037:
1019:
975:
602:
576:
572:
493:
470:
353:
349:
248:
244:
222:
190:
183:
171:
142:
113:
38:
34:
810:
3 April 1559: Prisoner exchange agreement between Montmorency and Alba (3 April 1559).
2691:
2649:
2619:
2604:
2585:
2545:
2501:
2482:
2461:
2440:
2419:
2400:
2381:
2360:
2344:
2290:
2242:
2222:
2208:
1897:
1166:
1146:
887:
880:
831:
827:
421:
377:
373:
357:
341:
333:
325:
276:
256:
252:
238:
226:
166:
92:
2679:
2638:
2634:
2568:
2332:
2265:
2227:
2200:
1566:
1150:
1097:
959:
474:
436:
295:
2336:
1578:
2476:
2434:
1129:
865:
714:
650:
505:
440:
340:
until he abdicated in January 1556 and divided his possessions. The lands of the
321:
126:
2239:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II: Volume II
2352:
1570:
1278:
1187:
1170:
1137:
1109:
1093:
997:
921:
823:
670:
646:
527:
397:
369:
365:
329:
268:
264:
230:
178:
133:
122:
2231:
2204:
1128:
of the Austrian Habsburgs in the north. The imperial states were ruled by the
772:
2 April 1559: Anglo-French treaty between queen Elizabeth I and king Henry II
2722:
1206:
1133:
1121:
473:
was also willing to reach an agreement, especially after France occupied the
405:
317:
218:
939:
France retained five fortresses in northern Italy: near Turin ("Thurin"),
2572:
2478:
The Italian Wars 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe
2049:
1216:
1195:
798:
3 April 1559: Franco-Spanish treaty between kings Henry II and Philip II
776:
401:
2375:
2277:
1257:
1162:
872:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire). (Articles 21–22)
854:
850:
793:
between Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots & Francis II of France
501:
485:
exacerbated splits within the nobility, and led to the outbreak of the
481:
in January 1558. In addition, internal divisions caused by the rise of
280:
2377:
Une paix pour l'éternité. La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis
1084:
By the terms of the treaties, France ended military operations in the
857:
and other places in northern France taken during the war. (Article 11)
807:
3 April 1559: Declaration excluding Roggendorf and Luna (3 April 1559)
684:
579:
were in reality absent, and the peace was signed by their ambassadors.
328:
began in 1494, and lasted for over 60 years. For much of this period,
237:, since many of the territorial exchanges concerned states within the
1961:
742:
718:
428:
2269:
1427:
894:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire) and ceded the
760:
and as "E 30/1123" in the "Exchequer (Treasury of Receipts)" of the
2683:
2517:"An Overview of the Results of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 1559"
2193:
Babel, Rainer (2021). "42. Der Frieden von Cateau-Cambrésis 1559".
1049:
1048:
held to celebrate the peace on 1 July, king Henry was injured in a
948:
944:
940:
917:
567:
413:
409:
287:
233:
on 3 April. Although he was not a signatory, both were approved by
28:
717:, arrived in France to hold informal talks separate from those in
2715:– ieg-friedensvertraege.de Leibniz Institute for European History
2601:
After Lavinia: A Literary History of Premodern Marriage Diplomacy
2307:
Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens. Tome V. Partie I.
1261:
1174:
1158:
1154:
876:
469:, that he could no longer pay his troops. Similar problems meant
272:
1120:
At the end of the conflict, Italy was therefore divided between
996:(Articles 7, 8 and 14) England granted France possession of the
221:(1494–1559). It consisted of two separate treaties, one between
928:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire) back to
2075:"War of the Austrian Succession | Europe [1740–1748]"
1141:
1101:
1068:
in 1562 that would consume France for the next thirty years.
458:
1893:
Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
2134:
2092:
2618:
Watkins, John (2018). "Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)".
2170:
2158:
2109:
2107:
1439:
1343:
1939:
1937:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
2457:
Early Modern Europe: The Age of Religious War, 1559–1715
1924:
1922:
1920:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1458:
1456:
1454:
913:(1545–1568) became Philip's third wife. (Articles 26–33)
451:
in August 1558 allowed him to negotiate from strength.
400:. A second area of divergence was how to respond to the
2146:
2124:
2122:
2104:
1985:
1949:
1715:
1681:
1679:
1666:
1664:
1649:
1590:
1588:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1403:
1379:
631:, bishop of Orléans; and the French secretary of state
1997:
1934:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1637:
1600:
1515:
1355:
368:
in his own right. To these possessions were added the
344:, often referred to as "Austria", went to his brother
2026:
Paolo Sarpi, Istoria del Concilio Tridentino, Book 5.
1973:
1917:
1837:
1625:
1503:
1468:
1451:
1331:
1321:
1319:
508:
and intervene in mainland Europe with relative ease.
435:
with repression, a policy that eventually led to the
2119:
1751:
1691:
1676:
1661:
1585:
1527:
1491:
1415:
1367:
1112:, and the Kingdoms of Sardinia, Naples, and Sicily.
2030:
1763:
1739:
1727:
1703:
1391:
1052:accident when a sliver from the shattered lance of
571:Painting of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis signing.
2678:(2). The Renaissance Society of America: 626–628.
1316:
775:2 April 1559: Anglo-Scottish treaty between queen
2558:
1433:
860:Henry confirmed Charles V's 1536 transfer of the
701:and the succession of her Protestant half-sister
2720:
1132:in Tuscany, the Spanish Habsburgs in Milan, the
588:, former Duchess consort of Lorraine (1544–1545)
247:abandoned claims on the Italian states ruled by
1198:in his domain that would last until July 1561.
2310:Amsterdam/The Hague: Brunel &. p. 599
1124:of the Spanish Habsburgs in the south and the
504:which had allowed English troops to cross the
1896:. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 189.
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
687:(12 October – 26 November 1558), followed by
655:William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham
1565:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1080:Italy after the Treaties of Cateau-Cambrésis
1071:
599:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
2474:
2176:
2164:
1445:
886:France recognised the 1555 conquest of the
816:
673:(owned by England, but occupied by France).
229:on 2 April, and another between France and
33:Signing of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis;
2475:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2014).
1856:
1264:which made it the richest state in Europe.
27:
1558:
990:
2662:
2643:
2579:
2255:
2140:
2113:
2098:
1991:
1349:
1140:in Piedmont (which moved its capital to
1075:
1013:
566:
453:
386:
16:Peace treaty that ended the Italian Wars
2617:
2598:
2514:
2453:
2284:
2236:
2036:
2003:
1979:
1943:
1806:siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr
1643:
1594:
1562:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1546:
1521:
1385:
1373:
1337:
909:(1523–1574), while his eldest daughter
653:, the dean of Canterbury and York; and
607:Ruy Gómez de Silva, 1st Prince of Éboli
391:Partition of Habsburg dominions in 1556
267:in the north), restored an independent
2721:
2534:
2495:
2432:
2413:
2351:
2303:
1928:
1850:
1757:
1697:
1685:
1670:
1497:
1421:
1361:
625:Charles de Guise, Cardinal of Lorraine
516:
2416:The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598
2394:
2192:
2128:
1889:
1409:
1397:
562:
286:as queen of England, rather than her
2538:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571
2373:
2331:(3). Taylor & Francis: 372–389.
2322:
2152:
1967:
1955:
1788:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1655:
1631:
1619:
1509:
1485:
1462:
1325:
1034:Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
907:Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
641:Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel
1802:"FRAN_IR_000416 – Online catalogue"
1149:, and southern Italy passed to the
955:("Villeneufve d'Ast"). (Article 34)
621:Jacques d'Albon, Marquis of Fronsac
13:
2544:. American Philosophical Society.
2241:. University of California Press.
14:
2805:
2769:Treaties of the Kingdom of France
2706:
2584:. Xulon Press. pp. 299–300.
1970:, pp. 197–224, footnote 43..
1192:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
1030:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
930:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
903:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
2515:Ridgway, Claire (3 April 2017).
2380:(in French). Casa de Velázquez.
1100:and a number of fortresses. For
1090:Imperial fiefs of northern Italy
898:to Philip of Spain. (Article 25)
360:in July 1554, already ruled the
189:
177:
165:
132:
112:
91:
2779:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
2496:Parker, Geoffrey, ed. (1997) .
2460:. University of Toronto Press.
2186:
2067:
2042:
2018:
2009:
1883:
1820:
1794:
1552:
1293:
1284:
1267:
1250:
1009:
1004:
982:for Henry's support during the
511:
408:. In Germany, conflict between
2764:Treaties of the Spanish Empire
2639:10.1002/9781118885154.dipl0489
2289:. Cambridge University Press.
1238:
1190:to implement this obligation,
875:France returned the island of
279:, and formally recognised the
1:
2749:1559 in the Holy Roman Empire
2621:The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy
2337:10.1080/09592296.2018.1491442
2258:The Sixteenth Century Journal
1434:Vermeir & Meulenaere 2013
1309:
1040:. Philip II of Spain married
1018:The fatal tournament between
801:3 April 1559: Franco-Spanish
699:Mary's death in November 1558
593:Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle
416:princes resulted in the 1552
305:
2648:. New York Review of Books.
2603:. Cornell University Press.
2433:Knecht, Robert Jean (1998).
2414:Knecht, Robert Jean (1996).
2050:"Italy – The duchy of Milan"
1579:UK public library membership
890:(allied with France) by the
739:Corps universel diplomatique
540:Battle of St. Quentin (1557)
496:was also anxious to end the
7:
2359:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
2287:European Warfare, 1350–1750
1873:"Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis"
1219:raised the Florentine duke
1180:
645:Other English negotiators:
603:William I, Prince of Orange
597:Other Spanish negotiators:
549:
10:
2810:
2535:Setton, Kenneth M (1976).
2325:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1246:Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis.
980:Maurice, Elector of Saxony
639:Chief English negotiator:
619:Other French negotiators:
591:Chief Spanish negotiator:
557:Siege of Thionville (1558)
309:
251:(the southern kingdoms of
215:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
22:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
2582:The Waldensian Way to God
2580:Visconti, Joseph (2003).
2237:Braudel, Fernan (1995) .
2232:10.1515/9783110591316-042
2205:10.1515/9783110591316-042
1072:Territories and dynasties
613:Chief French negotiator:
437:Dutch War of Independence
203:
158:
82:
72:
46:
26:
2794:Italian War of 1551–1559
2663:Williams, Megan (2011).
2644:Wedgwood, C.V. (2005) .
2439:. Longman. p. 340.
1877:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1277:through her grandmother
1231:
817:Franco-Spanish agreement
728:
312:Italian War of 1551–1559
217:in April 1559 ended the
2374:Haan, Bertrand (2010).
2177:Mallett & Shaw 2014
2165:Mallett & Shaw 2014
2079:Encyclopedia Britannica
2054:Encyclopedia Britannica
1446:Mallett & Shaw 2014
1066:French Wars of Religion
984:Second Schmalkaldic War
947:(Pignerol, "Pinerol"),
905:married Henry's sister
803:traité des particuliers
789:(related) 5 July 1560:
747:traité des particuliers
487:French Wars of Religion
483:Protestantism in France
418:Second Schmalkaldic War
348:, who was also elected
2599:Watkins, John (2017).
2454:Konnert, Mark (2008).
2397:Spain's Road to Empire
2395:Kamen, Henry (2003) .
1890:Sarti, Roland (2004).
1571:10.1093/ref:odnb/13946
1081:
1026:
991:Anglo-French agreement
932:due to his victory at
901:As part of the terms,
703:Elizabeth I of England
584:Presiding negotiator:
580:
462:
420:, settled by the 1556
392:
196:Elizabeth I of England
105:; Jean de Morvillier;
60:3 April 1559
50:2 April 1559
2672:Renaissance Quarterly
2498:The Thirty Years' War
2481:. Pearson Education.
2304:Dumont, Jean (1728).
1831:The National Archives
1225:Grand Duke of Tuscany
1079:
1017:
986:in 1552. (Article 44)
916:France withdrew from
766:The National Archives
633:Claude de l'Aubespine
570:
536:Gaspard II de Coligny
457:
390:
310:Further information:
97:Charles of Lorraine;
2646:The Thirty Years War
2573:10.3917/rdn.400.0681
2436:Catherine De' Medici
2199:. pp. 857–876.
1106:Habsburg Netherlands
958:France retained the
892:Republic of Florence
785:Francis II of France
781:Mary, Queen of Scots
762:Public Record Office
711:Mary, Queen of Scots
707:Francis II of France
586:Christina of Denmark
544:Mary, Queen of Scots
292:Mary, Queen of Scots
58:(England and France)
2754:Treaties of England
2357:Mary Queen of Scots
2155:, pp. 171–189.
2143:, pp. 627–628.
2101:, pp. 299–300.
1958:, pp. 197–224.
1724:, pp. 376–377.
1658:, pp. 105–124.
1436:, pp. 681–698.
1412:, pp. 285–286.
1352:, pp. 159–161.
1301:Peace of Westphalia
1228:during these wars.
1136:in Modena, and the
1086:Spanish Netherlands
911:Elisabeth of Valois
862:March of Montferrat
836:Kingdom of Sardinia
791:Treaty of Edinburgh
758:Archives Nationales
689:Le Cateau-Cambrésis
629:Jean de Morvilliers
615:Anne de Montmorency
517:Marck and Vaucelles
433:Spanish Netherlands
362:Spanish Netherlands
300:recapture of Calais
235:Emperor Ferdinand I
23:
2784:Philip II of Spain
2774:Henry II of France
1622:, pp. 85–104.
1244:Also known as the
1203:Parlement of Paris
1082:
1054:Gabriel Montgomery
1038:Henry II of France
1027:
753:Trésor des Chartes
581:
577:Philip II of Spain
573:Henry II of France
563:Cercamp and Cateau
471:Henry II of France
467:Emmanuel Philibert
463:
393:
354:Philip II of Spain
350:Holy Roman Emperor
249:Philip II of Spain
245:Henry II of France
184:Philip II of Spain
172:Henry II of France
143:William the Silent
68:(France and Spain)
39:Philip II of Spain
35:Henry II of France
21:
2655:978-1-59017-146-2
2521:The Tudor Society
2507:978-0-415-12883-4
2467:978-1-4426-0004-1
2366:978-0-297-17773-9
2296:978-0-521-88628-4
1634:, pp. 75–76.
1577:(Subscription or
1512:, pp. 61–71.
1488:, pp. 37–60.
1465:, pp. 23–35.
1388:, pp. 32–33.
1364:, pp. 17–18.
1221:Cosimo de' Medici
1147:Habsburg-Lorraine
888:Republic of Siena
881:Republic of Genoa
870:Guglielmo Gonzaga
832:Kingdom of Sicily
828:Kingdom of Naples
649:, bishop of Ely;
479:recaptured Calais
422:Peace of Augsburg
358:Mary I of England
342:Habsburg monarchy
338:Emperor Charles V
334:Holy Roman Empire
326:House of Habsburg
263:, along with the
239:Holy Roman Empire
211:
210:
2801:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2669:
2659:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2614:
2595:
2576:
2567:(401): 681–698.
2555:
2543:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2511:
2492:
2471:
2450:
2429:
2410:
2391:
2370:
2348:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2281:
2252:
2226:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1879:. 27 March 2024.
1869:
1854:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1598:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1466:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1271:
1265:
1260:mines in modern
1254:
1248:
1242:
1151:Spanish Bourbons
1098:Three Bishoprics
1036:, the sister of
960:Three Bishoprics
953:Villanova d'Asti
783:& the later
669:The fate of the
475:Three Bishoprics
404:, and growth of
296:Three Bishoprics
194:
193:
182:
181:
170:
169:
137:
136:
117:
116:
96:
95:
67:
65:
57:
55:
31:
24:
20:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2729:1559 in England
2719:
2718:
2709:
2696:
2694:
2667:
2656:
2627:
2625:
2611:
2592:
2552:
2541:
2525:
2523:
2508:
2489:
2468:
2447:
2446:978-058208242-7
2426:
2407:
2388:
2367:
2353:Fraser, Antonia
2313:
2311:
2297:
2270:10.2307/2671075
2249:
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2175:
2171:
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2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1857:
1849:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:, pp. 2–3.
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1601:
1593:
1586:
1576:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1528:
1524:, pp. 1–2.
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
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1469:
1461:
1452:
1444:
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1251:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1183:
1074:
1012:
1007:
993:
951:("Chivaz") and
866:Duchy of Mantua
845:Spain returned
819:
731:
715:Nicholas Wotton
651:Nicholas Wotton
565:
552:
519:
514:
506:English Channel
322:House of Valois
314:
308:
188:
176:
164:
131:
127:Nicholas Wotton
111:
103:Jacques d'Albon
90:
84:
63:
61:
59:
53:
51:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2807:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
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2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:1559 in France
2736:
2731:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2707:External links
2705:
2704:
2703:
2684:10.1086/661851
2660:
2654:
2641:
2624:. pp. 1–5
2615:
2610:978-1501708510
2609:
2596:
2591:978-1591607922
2590:
2577:
2556:
2551:978-0871691620
2550:
2532:
2512:
2506:
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2488:978-0582057586
2487:
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2445:
2430:
2424:
2411:
2406:978-0140285284
2405:
2399:. Allen Lane.
2392:
2387:978-8490961308
2386:
2371:
2365:
2349:
2320:
2301:
2295:
2282:
2264:(3): 643–673.
2253:
2248:978-0520203082
2247:
2234:
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2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:, p. 297.
2169:
2167:, p. 298.
2157:
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2131:, p. 875.
2118:
2116:, p. 627.
2103:
2091:
2066:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2008:
2006:, p. 865.
1996:
1994:, p. 663.
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1946:, p. 122.
1933:
1931:, p. 708.
1916:
1902:
1882:
1855:
1853:, p. 709.
1836:
1819:
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1791:, p. 197.
1762:
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1738:
1736:, p. 378.
1726:
1714:
1712:, p. 376.
1702:
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1648:
1636:
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1599:
1584:
1551:
1526:
1514:
1502:
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1450:
1448:, p. 278.
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1400:, p. 153.
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1340:, p. 935.
1330:
1328:, p. 218.
1314:
1313:
1311:
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1305:
1304:
1292:
1283:
1279:Margaret Tudor
1266:
1249:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1182:
1179:
1165:,... but also
1138:House of Savoy
1110:Duchy of Milan
1094:Pale of Calais
1073:
1070:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:Pale of Calais
992:
989:
988:
987:
956:
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922:Duchy of Savoy
914:
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884:
873:
858:
843:
839:
824:Duchy of Milan
818:
815:
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812:
811:
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671:Pale of Calais
663:
662:
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647:Thomas Thirlby
637:
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610:
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589:
564:
561:
551:
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528:Pale of Calais
518:
515:
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398:Ottoman Empire
370:Spanish Empire
356:, who married
336:were ruled by
307:
304:
302:from England.
265:Duchy of Milan
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119:William Howard
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2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:1559 treaties
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:1559 in Spain
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:1559 in Italy
2732:
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2727:
2726:
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2714:
2711:
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2561:Revue du Nord
2557:
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2522:
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2509:
2503:
2500:. Routledge.
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2224:
2220:
2216:
2214:9783110591316
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2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2141:Williams 2011
2137:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2114:Williams 2011
2110:
2108:
2100:
2099:Visconti 2003
2095:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1992:Crawford 2000
1988:
1982:, p. 13.
1981:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1905:
1903:9780816074747
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1790:
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1777:
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1773:
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1769:
1767:
1760:, p. 28.
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1700:, p. 83.
1699:
1694:
1688:, p. 27.
1687:
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1673:, p. 34.
1672:
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1657:
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1500:, p. 22.
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1430:
1424:, p. 10.
1423:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1376:, p. 34.
1375:
1370:
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1358:
1351:
1350:Wedgwood 2005
1346:
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1207:Lucien Romier
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1156:
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1143:
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1127:
1123:
1122:viceroyalties
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
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920:and gave the
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406:Protestantism
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2187:Bibliography
2172:
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2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:
2044:
2037:Ridgway 2017
2032:
2025:
2020:
2011:
2004:Braudel 1995
1999:
1987:
1980:Watkins 2017
1975:
1963:
1951:
1944:Konnert 2008
1909:27 September
1907:. Retrieved
1892:
1885:
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1830:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1805:
1796:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
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1693:
1651:
1644:Watkins 2018
1639:
1627:
1597:, p. 3.
1595:Watkins 2018
1560:
1554:
1549:, p. 2.
1547:Watkins 2018
1522:Watkins 2018
1517:
1505:
1493:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1386:DeVries 2010
1381:
1374:DeVries 2010
1369:
1357:
1345:
1338:Braudel 1995
1333:
1295:
1286:
1269:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1184:
1126:formal fiefs
1119:
1083:
1028:
1010:Celebrations
1005:Consequences
943:("Quiers"),
802:
751:
746:
738:
732:
723:
697:
693:
682:
664:
553:
532:
520:
512:Negotiations
491:
464:
447:in 1557 and
426:
394:
320:between the
318:Italian Wars
315:
243:
219:Italian Wars
214:
212:
151:Count Melito
139:Duke of Alba
18:
2789:Elizabeth I
2418:. Longman.
2084:8 September
2059:8 September
1929:Setton 1976
1851:Setton 1976
1808:(in French)
1758:Dumont 1728
1698:Fraser 1994
1686:Dumont 1728
1671:Dumont 1728
1498:Dumont 1728
1422:Knecht 1996
1362:Parker 1997
1217:Pope Pius V
1196:Waldensians
1114:Ferdinand I
934:St. Quentin
868:, ruled by
777:Elizabeth I
526:within the
402:Reformation
284:Elizabeth I
271:, returned
99:Montmorency
85:signatories
2723:Categories
2425:058228533X
2129:Babel 2021
1581:required.)
1410:Kamen 2003
1398:Kamen 2003
1310:References
1163:Caravaggio
1058:Francis II
1046:tournament
1024:Montgomery
855:Le Catelet
834:, and the
743:collations
502:bridgehead
489:in 1562.
449:Gravelines
445:St Quentin
352:. His son
306:Background
281:Protestant
64:1559-04-03
54:1559-04-02
2692:164326263
2355:(1994) .
2345:158367073
2223:234558650
2153:Haan 2010
1968:Haan 2010
1956:Haan 2010
1789:Haan 2010
1746:Fett 2018
1734:Fett 2018
1722:Fett 2018
1710:Fett 2018
1656:Haan 2010
1632:Haan 2010
1620:Haan 2010
1510:Haan 2010
1486:Haan 2010
1463:Haan 2010
1326:Haan 2010
1275:Henry VII
1042:Elisabeth
719:Le Cateau
492:Finally,
429:Calvinism
346:Ferdinand
204:Languages
77:Le Cateau
41:in centre
1181:Religion
1088:and the
1050:jousting
1032:married
1020:Henry II
949:Chivasso
945:Pinerolo
941:Cherasco
926:Piedmont
918:Piedmont
550:Marcoing
441:Ottomans
414:Catholic
410:Lutheran
382:Sardinia
332:and the
324:and the
298:and the
290:cousin,
288:Catholic
261:Sardinia
147:Perrenot
83:Original
73:Location
2526:1 April
2278:2671075
1262:Bolivia
1175:Galileo
1159:Bernini
1155:Vivaldi
1134:Estensi
1062:Charles
896:Presidi
879:to the
877:Corsica
864:to the
756:of the
685:Frévent
494:England
461:in 1559
431:in the
396:by the
273:Corsica
223:England
159:Parties
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2628:5 July
2607:
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2293:
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1575:
1258:Potosí
1130:Medici
1108:, the
1096:, the
972:Verdun
970:, and
830:, the
380:, and
378:Sicily
374:Naples
259:, and
257:Sicily
253:Naples
227:France
207:French
47:Signed
2688:S2CID
2668:(PDF)
2542:(PDF)
2341:S2CID
2274:JSTOR
2219:S2CID
1232:Notes
1188:Spain
1171:Bruno
1142:Turin
1102:Spain
976:ceded
764:(now
729:Terms
524:Marck
459:Italy
366:Milan
330:Spain
277:Genoa
269:Savoy
231:Spain
2699:2022
2650:ISBN
2630:2022
2605:ISBN
2586:ISBN
2546:ISBN
2528:2020
2502:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2462:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2316:2022
2291:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2209:ISBN
2086:2020
2061:2020
1911:2019
1898:ISBN
1814:2022
1167:Vico
1022:and
968:Metz
964:Toul
779:and
575:and
412:and
364:and
316:The
225:and
213:The
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56:)
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