541:– on then-neutral English soil – in June 1555. However, both sides made mistakes and the conference was a failure; they wanted peace, but were not ready for reconciliation yet. The failure caused both kings to desire revenge, but as their armies and finances were exhausted, they remained on the defensive and the military situation barely changed. By October 1555, diplomacy had resumed, and the Truce of Vaucelles was agreed on 5 February 1556, somewhat favourable to France. But rather than a step towards peace, Vaucelles proved to be but a lull in the war; continued desire for revenge led to numerous incidents during the negotiations, and the stipulations of the truce were never fully implemented and observed before war resumed in September 1556 with the Spanish invasion of the pro-French Papal States.
702:(10 February – 3 April 1559). Large formal meetings were held in Christina's lodgings, while informal talks were held in the diplomats' own quarters or on their way to meals. On 17 October, the Spanish and French agreed to an armistice for the remainder of that month of October. On 1 December 1558, the parties at Cercamp agreed to renew the ceasefire '...as it was first agreed on the 17th day of last October, as is said, until midnight of the last day of next January...', and on 6 February 1559 at Le Cateau-Cambrésis they prolonged the truce (then set to expire on 10 February) indefinitely 'for all the time that they are in this Negotiation, and six days after the separation of this Assembly...'.
1088:
466:
706:
couple of strong fortified places. The
Spanish delegates demanded that Henry II abandon all his (claimed) possessions in Italy (Piedmont, Corsica, the Republic of Siena, and part of Montferrat), and they used the Spanish-occupied places in Picardy as bargaining material to achieve this goal. Emmanuel Philibert stated he was willing to surrender only four places to France, and otherwise reclaim the entire Savoyard territory for himself. The English and French made equally categorical claims to legitimate possession of Calais, and the Spanish were determined to support their English allies as long as it would not lead them to fail to achieve peace with France.
1224:
consecrated by a set of dynastic marriages'. According to Haan, there is no evidence of a
Catholic alliance between France and Spain to eradicate Protestantism even though some contemporaries have pointed to the treaty's second article to argue such an agreement existed: 'The second article expresses the wish to convene an oecumenical council. People, the contemporaries first, have concluded that the agreement sealed the establishment of a united front of Philip II and Henry II against Protestantism in their states as in Europe. The analysis of the progress of the talks shows that this was not the case'.
1220:(1910) argued that besides the great financial troubles, 'that the religious motive of Henry had great, if not decisive, weight'. According to Rainer Babel (2021), that was 'a judgement which later research, with some nuances in detail, has not refuted', but he stated that Bertrand Haan (2010) had 'a deviating interpretation' challenging this consensus. Haan (2010) argued that finances were more important than domestic religious dissension; the fact that the latter was prominent in the 1560s in both France and Spain may have led historians astray in emphasising the role of religion in the 1559 treaty.
178:
104:
399:
1026:
736:
should not be left isolated, especially as Philip admitted in
February that his desperate financial position made it a matter of urgency. While its involvement in the war was relatively minor, England played an important role in the negotiations that ended it, as did Emperor Ferdinand, whose approval was required since many of the territorial adjustments involved states that were members of the Holy Roman Empire. A preliminary peace treaty between France and Scotland on the one hand and England on the other was agreed on 12 March 1559 at Cateau-Cambrésis.
190:
145:
202:
125:
579:
40:
732:. Since both sides recognised English security depended upon Philip's continued goodwill, finding a way to address this issue was crucial if they were to reach a deal. Although Elizabeth continued to press for the return of Calais, she could not afford to continue fighting simply to achieve that objective and the French were well aware of that reality.
553:(10–27 August) turned out to be decisive; while England had entered the war on Spain's side, France lost one ally after the other, including the Pope, who signed a separate peace on 12 September 1557. However, Henry managed to surprise friend and foe by conquering Calais in January 1558, and negotiated a marriage between
406:
This division was driven by the administrative complexity of managing the two empires as a single entity, but also reflected strategic differences. While Spain was a global maritime superpower, the
Austrian Habsburgs focused on securing a pre-eminent position in Germany and managing the threat posed
565:
Peace talks between Spain, England and France began in early 1558, but little progress was made; France refused to contemplate Mary's demand for the return of Calais, and her marriage to Philip made it difficult for
England to negotiate separately. The Franco-Spanish talks at Marcoing near Cambrai,
1238:
in 1569, which was confirmed by the emperor although Philip II of Spain disapproved. Although the papacy's diplomatic role increased during the Wars of
Religion, popes and papal legates played no role in negotiating the most significant truces and treaties between the Habsburg and Valois monarchs
1223:
Megan
Williams (2011) summarised: 'Indeed, Haan contends, it was not the treaty itself but its subsequent justifications which stoked French religious strife. The treaty's priority, he argues, was not a Catholic alliance to extirpate heresy but the affirmation of its signatories' honor and amity,
735:
Despite attempts to keep the negotiations secret, his spies kept Philip informed on their progress; although he disliked
Elizabeth's religion, having the half-French Mary on the English throne would be far worse, even if she was a Catholic. If England was about to settle, it was vital that Spain
705:
The French plenipotentiaries intended to recover St. Quentin, Le
Catelet and Ham, to keep Calais, and to maintain solid positions in northern Italy; they were willing to surrender the Duchy of Milan for proper compensation, and to compromise in the Duchy of Savoy as long as it left France with a
1127:
left the Three
Bishoprics under French occupation, but the Netherlands and most of northern Italy remained part of the Holy Roman Empire in the form of imperial fiefs. Furthermore, his position of Holy Roman Emperor was recognized by the Pope, who had refused to do so as long as the war between
760:
concerning lands, territorial claims or the pardon of prelates, great lords and financiers', a declaration that Christoph von Roggendorf and Juan de Luna would be excluded from the treaty, and a prisoner exchange agreement between Montmorency and Alba. He decided not to publish the Anglo-French
1196:
Some historians have claimed that all signatories of the treaty needed to 'purge their lands of heresy'; in other words, all their subjects had to be forcefully reverted to Catholicism. Visconti (2003), for example, claimed that when pressured by
1011:(seized from England in 1558), for an initial period of eight years (Article 7). This was a mechanism to save face and although Elizabeth tried to take advantage of the civil war to negotiate its return in 1562, it remained French thereafter.
1155:
in 1562). The Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia were under direct rule of the Spanish Habsburgs. The situation continued until the European wars of succession of the 18th century, when northern Italy passed to the Austrian house of
532:
After three years of war, both the French and Spanish courts were making overtures for peace talks as early as November 1554. The first serious Franco-Spanish peace negotiations, although preliminary, were held at the Conference of
852:
Henry and Philip agreed to bring about 'the convocation and celebration of a holy universal council, so necessary for the reformation and reduction of the whole Christian Church into a true unity and harmony'. (Article
744:
Bertrand Haan (2010) stated that, until his publication, 'the various acts making up the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis have never been the subject of a scientific edition made from original documents,' pointing out that
1164:. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, by bringing Italy into a long period of peace and economic stability (which critics call stagnation) marks the end of the Italian Renaissance and the transition to the Baroque (
544:
Initially, there were attempts on both sides to limit the conflict to the Papal States, but by December 1556, preparations were made for a resumption of hostilities on all fronts, and on 6 January 1557
1067:, captain of the Scottish Guard at the French Court, pierced his eye and caused subdural bleeding (though it never fully entered his brain). He died ten days later on 10 July 1559. His 15-year-old son
672:
Ambassadors of other states not directly involved in the negotiations were not permitted to attend; this especially disadvantaged Italian states, because decisions about their futures were made.
511:, which it entered in alliance with Spain and was widely seen as a disastrous decision. The capture of Calais after more than 200 years severely damaged English prestige and deprived them of a
2723:
756:(the articles in the original treaties appear to have been untitled and unnumbered), as he had no access to the originals. He also included several documents accompanying the main treaty: 'a
557:
and his son Francis (19 April 1558); although not quite able to make up for his loss at St. Quentin, it allowed Henry to save face and obtain a better position at the negotiation table.
570:
was ongoing, Granvelle sought to gain time by negotiations to allow the Spanish army in the Netherlands to prepare for war, and both parties could not find diplomatic common ground.
1205:
proclaimed the Edict of Nice (15 February 1560), prohibiting Protestantism on pains of a large fine, enslavement or banishment, which soon led to an armed revolt by the Protestant
716:
changed the Anglo-French dynamic. The new regime needed peace and stability more than Calais, while France had leverage in the form of the 16-year-old Catholic wife of the future
1212:
However, modern historians disagree about the primary motives of Philip II of Spain and especially Henry II of France to conclude the peace treaty. Because Henry II had told the
1103:
and brought an end to most of the French occupation in Corsica, Tuscany and Piedmont. England and the Habsburgs, in exchange, ended their opposition to French occupation of the
1301:"...demourant au surplus led. sr de Savoye avecques ses terres, pays et subjectz, bon prince, neutre et amy commun desd. srs Roys Très Chrestien et Catholicque." (Article 39)
1812:
2570:
Vermeir, René; Meulenaere, Vincenzo De (2013). "'To bring good agreement and concord to Christendom' The Conference of Marck (1555) and English neutrality, 1553–1557".
450:
in 1568. Although the two Habsburg branches cooperated when their aims converged, Ferdinand was more focused on restoring order to the Empire, and dealing with the
1100:
639:
1572:
1284:
For various reasons, many Catholics viewed Elizabeth as illegitimate and Mary rightful queen of England, as the senior surviving legitimate descendant of
17:
1128:
France and the Habsburgs continued. England fared poorly during the war, and the loss of its last stronghold on the Continent damaged its reputation.
1055:, the daughter of Henry II of France. Often overlooked, this has been described as "the most important marriage treaty of the 16th century". During a
2035:
Ferdinand became Emperor in 1556 after the abdication of Charles V, ratified in 1558, but the Pope refused to recognize him until the Peace of 1559.
1115:, despite no new gains and the restoration of some occupied territories to France, the peace was a positive result by confirming its control of the
752:(1728) 'remains a reference, but is based on later copies.' Haan's 2010 edition of the Franco-Spanish agreement is based on 16th-century copies and
643:
117:
1075:. The resulting political instability, combined with the sudden demobilisation of thousands of largely unpaid troops, led to the outbreak of the
894:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire). French and Genoese merchants were granted full access to each other's ports. (Article 24)
724:, who also had a claim to the English throne. This opened the possibility of a separate Anglo-French peace and in December a new English envoy,
609:
149:
631:
113:
1231:
665:
129:
694:
The last two rounds of peace talks that eventually led to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis began at the Cistercian monastery of Cercamp near
617:
161:
833:
Henry II of France recognised Philip II of Spain as ruler of Milan and Naples. Henry II of France renounced his hereditary claims to the
2675:
2779:
2789:
2527:
2774:
549:(French governor of Picardy) launched surprise attacks on Douai and Lens in the Spanish Netherlands. The Spanish victory in the
2759:
1034:
776:
709:
2804:
2664:
2516:
2476:
2375:
2305:
1136:
1044:
917:
651:
476:
Despite these successes, Philip was struggling to finance the war, and in December 1558 advised his commander in Flanders,
690:
The restitution of the places of Picardy (mainly St. Quentin, Le Catelet and Ham, owned by France, but occupied by Spain).
454:. Philip kept fighting, but recognised peace with France would enable him to deal with the rebellious Dutch. Victories at
2455:
2619:
2600:
2560:
2547:
2497:
2415:
2396:
2257:
676:
Haan (2010) concluded that the negotiations from October 1558 to April 1559 focused on three major unresolved issues:
2223:
1912:
1202:
1040:
940:
913:
880:
477:
438:
Unlike Ferdinand, who favoured compromise with his Protestant subjects, Charles and Philip responded to the rise of
2334:
Fett, Denice (2018). "Diligence, secrecy and intrigue; Guido Cavalcanti and the 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis".
1124:
356:
245:
305:. In exchange, France strengthened its southern, eastern and northern borders, confirming the occupation of the
2434:
2296:
DeVries, Kelly (2010). "Warfare and the International State System". In Tallett, Frank; Trim, D. J. B. (eds.).
1570:
McDermott, James (2008). "Howard, William, first Baron Howard of Effingham (c. 1510–1573), naval commander".
635:
603:
348:
157:
2026:
Thalheimer, Mary Elsie (1874). A Manual of Mediæval and Modern History. Wilson Hinkle & Company. p. 208.
1087:
2764:
944:
768:
550:
508:
465:
455:
322:
1310:
The Bishoprics remained part of the Holy Roman Empire until formally incorporated into France by the 1648
687:
The fate of the territories in the north-west of Italy (i.e. Piedmont, Montferrat and the Duchy of Milan).
2794:
2784:
459:
2205:
990:
982:
567:
1216:
that the fight against heresy required all his strength, and he needed to establish peace with Spain,
109:
566:
initiated by France, lasted just three days (15–17 May 1558) and came to nothing, mostly because the
761:
agreement, pointing out that the original copies of it have been preserved as "J 652, n° 32" in the
2739:
978:
974:
936:
2676:"Review of: Bertrand Haan, Une paix pour l'éternité: La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis"
2085:
947:. Emmanuel Philibert agreed to remain neutral in the event of future conflict. (Articles 33 to 43)
2749:
2267:
Crawford, Katherine (2000). "Catherine de Medici's and the Performance of Political Motherhood".
1076:
994:
746:
497:
493:
428:
2769:
2754:
2744:
1838:
1267:
It was only after 1568 that Spain began receiving regular shipments of silver bullion from the
1235:
713:
489:
310:
294:
206:
2466:
1902:
1071:
succeeded him before he too died in December 1560 and was replaced by his 10-year-old brother
699:
87:
2316:
1883:
1056:
546:
837:(ruled by Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire), and recognized Spanish control over the
763:
398:
2799:
1285:
1116:
1072:
1068:
906:
902:
857:
795:
791:
772:
721:
717:
596:
554:
534:
302:
1839:"Treaty between Francis and Mary, King and Queen of Scots, and Queen Elizabeth. Cateau..."
8:
2724:
Photocopies of the Franco-Spanish Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in the original Spanish text
1311:
1096:
1052:
1025:
963:
921:
872:
846:
801:
625:
443:
392:
372:
271:
2207:
Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit / Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe
2698:
2351:
2284:
2229:
1213:
1064:
1048:
1030:
986:
613:
587:
583:
504:
481:
364:
360:
259:
255:
233:
201:
194:
182:
153:
124:
49:
45:
821:
3 April 1559: Prisoner exchange agreement between Montmorency and Alba (3 April 1559).
2702:
2660:
2630:
2615:
2596:
2556:
2512:
2493:
2472:
2451:
2430:
2411:
2392:
2371:
2355:
2301:
2253:
2233:
2219:
1908:
1177:
1157:
898:
891:
842:
838:
432:
388:
384:
368:
352:
344:
336:
287:
267:
263:
249:
237:
177:
103:
2690:
2649:
2645:
2579:
2343:
2276:
2238:
2211:
1577:
1161:
1108:
970:
485:
447:
306:
2347:
1589:
2487:
2445:
1140:
876:
725:
661:
516:
451:
351:
until he abdicated in January 1556 and divided his possessions. The lands of the
332:
137:
2250:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II: Volume II
2363:
1581:
1289:
1198:
1181:
1148:
1120:
1104:
1008:
932:
834:
681:
657:
538:
408:
380:
376:
340:
279:
275:
241:
189:
144:
133:
2242:
2215:
1139:
of the Austrian Habsburgs in the north. The imperial states were ruled by the
783:
2 April 1559: Anglo-French treaty between queen Elizabeth I and king Henry II
2733:
1217:
1144:
1132:
484:
was also willing to reach an agreement, especially after France occupied the
416:
328:
229:
950:
France retained five fortresses in northern Italy: near Turin ("Thurin"),
2583:
2489:
The Italian Wars 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe
2060:
1227:
1206:
809:
3 April 1559: Franco-Spanish treaty between kings Henry II and Philip II
787:
412:
2386:
2288:
1268:
1173:
883:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire). (Articles 21–22)
865:
861:
804:
between Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots & Francis II of France
512:
496:
exacerbated splits within the nobility, and led to the outbreak of the
492:
in January 1558. In addition, internal divisions caused by the rise of
291:
2388:
Une paix pour l'éternité. La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis
1095:
By the terms of the treaties, France ended military operations in the
868:
and other places in northern France taken during the war. (Article 11)
818:
3 April 1559: Declaration excluding Roggendorf and Luna (3 April 1559)
695:
590:
were in reality absent, and the peace was signed by their ambassadors.
339:
began in 1494, and lasted for over 60 years. For much of this period,
248:, since many of the territorial exchanges concerned states within the
1972:
753:
729:
439:
2280:
1438:
905:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire) and ceded the
771:
and as "E 30/1123" in the "Exchequer (Treasury of Receipts)" of the
2694:
2528:"An Overview of the Results of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 1559"
2204:
Babel, Rainer (2021). "42. Der Frieden von Cateau-Cambrésis 1559".
1060:
1059:
held to celebrate the peace on 1 July, king Henry was injured in a
959:
955:
951:
928:
578:
424:
420:
298:
244:
on 3 April. Although he was not a signatory, both were approved by
39:
728:, arrived in France to hold informal talks separate from those in
2726:– ieg-friedensvertraege.de Leibniz Institute for European History
2612:
After Lavinia: A Literary History of Premodern Marriage Diplomacy
2318:
Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens. Tome V. Partie I.
1272:
1185:
1169:
1165:
887:
480:, that he could no longer pay his troops. Similar problems meant
283:
1131:
At the end of the conflict, Italy was therefore divided between
1007:(Articles 7, 8 and 14) England granted France possession of the
232:(1494–1559). It consisted of two separate treaties, one between
939:(allied with Spain and part of the Holy Roman Empire) back to
2086:"War of the Austrian Succession | Europe [1740–1748]"
1152:
1112:
1079:
in 1562 that would consume France for the next thirty years.
469:
1904:
Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
2145:
2103:
2629:
Watkins, John (2018). "Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)".
2181:
2169:
2120:
2118:
1450:
1354:
1950:
1948:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
2468:
Early Modern Europe: The Age of Religious War, 1559–1715
1935:
1933:
1931:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1469:
1467:
1465:
924:(1545–1568) became Philip's third wife. (Articles 26–33)
462:
in August 1558 allowed him to negotiate from strength.
411:. A second area of divergence was how to respond to the
2157:
2135:
2133:
2115:
1996:
1960:
1726:
1692:
1690:
1677:
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1660:
1601:
1599:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1414:
1390:
642:, bishop of Orléans; and the French secretary of state
2008:
1945:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1648:
1611:
1526:
1366:
379:
in his own right. To these possessions were added the
355:, often referred to as "Austria", went to his brother
2037:
Paolo Sarpi, Istoria del Concilio Tridentino, Book 5.
1984:
1928:
1848:
1636:
1514:
1479:
1462:
1342:
1332:
1330:
519:
and intervene in mainland Europe with relative ease.
446:
with repression, a policy that eventually led to the
2130:
1762:
1702:
1687:
1672:
1596:
1538:
1502:
1426:
1378:
1123:, and the Kingdoms of Sardinia, Naples, and Sicily.
2041:
1774:
1750:
1738:
1714:
1402:
1063:accident when a sliver from the shattered lance of
582:Painting of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis signing.
2689:(2). The Renaissance Society of America: 626–628.
1327:
786:2 April 1559: Anglo-Scottish treaty between queen
2569:
1444:
871:Henry confirmed Charles V's 1536 transfer of the
712:and the succession of her Protestant half-sister
2731:
1143:in Tuscany, the Spanish Habsburgs in Milan, the
599:, former Duchess consort of Lorraine (1544–1545)
258:abandoned claims on the Italian states ruled by
1209:in his domain that would last until July 1561.
2321:Amsterdam/The Hague: Brunel &. p. 599
1135:of the Spanish Habsburgs in the south and the
515:which had allowed English troops to cross the
1907:. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 189.
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
698:(12 October – 26 November 1558), followed by
666:William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham
1576:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1091:Italy after the Treaties of Cateau-Cambrésis
1082:
610:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
2485:
2187:
2175:
1456:
897:France recognised the 1555 conquest of the
827:
684:(owned by England, but occupied by France).
240:on 2 April, and another between France and
44:Signing of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis;
2486:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2014).
1867:
1275:which made it the richest state in Europe.
38:
1569:
1001:
2673:
2654:
2590:
2266:
2151:
2124:
2109:
2002:
1360:
1151:in Piedmont (which moved its capital to
1086:
1024:
577:
464:
397:
27:Peace treaty that ended the Italian Wars
2628:
2609:
2525:
2464:
2295:
2247:
2047:
2014:
1990:
1954:
1817:siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr
1654:
1605:
1573:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1557:
1532:
1396:
1384:
1348:
920:(1523–1574), while his eldest daughter
664:, the dean of Canterbury and York; and
618:Ruy Gómez de Silva, 1st Prince of Éboli
402:Partition of Habsburg dominions in 1556
278:in the north), restored an independent
14:
2732:
2545:
2506:
2443:
2424:
2362:
2314:
1939:
1861:
1768:
1708:
1696:
1681:
1508:
1432:
1372:
636:Charles de Guise, Cardinal of Lorraine
527:
2427:The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598
2405:
2203:
2139:
1900:
1420:
1408:
573:
297:as queen of England, rather than her
2549:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571
2384:
2342:(3). Taylor & Francis: 372–389.
2333:
2163:
1978:
1966:
1799:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1666:
1642:
1630:
1520:
1496:
1473:
1336:
1045:Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
918:Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
652:Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel
1813:"FRAN_IR_000416 – Online catalogue"
1160:, and southern Italy passed to the
966:("Villeneufve d'Ast"). (Article 34)
632:Jacques d'Albon, Marquis of Fronsac
24:
2555:. American Philosophical Society.
2252:. University of California Press.
25:
2816:
2780:Treaties of the Kingdom of France
2717:
2595:. Xulon Press. pp. 299–300.
1981:, pp. 197–224, footnote 43..
1203:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
1041:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
941:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
914:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
18:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)
2526:Ridgway, Claire (3 April 2017).
2391:(in French). Casa de Velázquez.
1111:and a number of fortresses. For
1101:Imperial fiefs of northern Italy
909:to Philip of Spain. (Article 25)
371:in July 1554, already ruled the
200:
188:
176:
143:
123:
102:
2790:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
2507:Parker, Geoffrey, ed. (1997) .
2471:. University of Toronto Press.
2197:
2078:
2053:
2029:
2020:
1894:
1831:
1805:
1563:
1304:
1295:
1278:
1261:
1020:
1015:
993:for Henry's support during the
522:
419:. In Germany, conflict between
2775:Treaties of the Spanish Empire
2650:10.1002/9781118885154.dipl0489
2300:. Cambridge University Press.
1249:
1201:to implement this obligation,
886:France returned the island of
290:, and formally recognised the
13:
1:
2760:1559 in the Holy Roman Empire
2632:The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy
2348:10.1080/09592296.2018.1491442
2269:The Sixteenth Century Journal
1445:Vermeir & Meulenaere 2013
1320:
1051:. Philip II of Spain married
1029:The fatal tournament between
812:3 April 1559: Franco-Spanish
710:Mary's death in November 1558
604:Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle
427:princes resulted in the 1552
316:
2659:. New York Review of Books.
2614:. Cornell University Press.
2444:Knecht, Robert Jean (1998).
2425:Knecht, Robert Jean (1996).
2061:"Italy – The duchy of Milan"
1590:UK public library membership
901:(allied with France) by the
750:Corps universel diplomatique
551:Battle of St. Quentin (1557)
507:was also anxious to end the
7:
2370:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
2298:European Warfare, 1350–1750
1884:"Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis"
1230:raised the Florentine duke
1191:
656:Other English negotiators:
614:William I, Prince of Orange
608:Other Spanish negotiators:
560:
10:
2821:
2546:Setton, Kenneth M (1976).
2336:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1257:Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis.
991:Maurice, Elector of Saxony
650:Chief English negotiator:
630:Other French negotiators:
602:Chief Spanish negotiator:
568:Siege of Thionville (1558)
320:
262:(the southern kingdoms of
226:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
33:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
2593:The Waldensian Way to God
2591:Visconti, Joseph (2003).
2248:Braudel, Fernan (1995) .
2243:10.1515/9783110591316-042
2216:10.1515/9783110591316-042
1083:Territories and dynasties
624:Chief French negotiator:
448:Dutch War of Independence
214:
169:
93:
83:
57:
37:
2805:Italian War of 1551–1559
2674:Williams, Megan (2011).
2655:Wedgwood, C.V. (2005) .
2450:. Longman. p. 340.
1888:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1288:through her grandmother
1242:
828:Franco-Spanish agreement
739:
323:Italian War of 1551–1559
228:in April 1559 ended the
2385:Haan, Bertrand (2010).
2188:Mallett & Shaw 2014
2176:Mallett & Shaw 2014
2090:Encyclopedia Britannica
2065:Encyclopedia Britannica
1457:Mallett & Shaw 2014
1077:French Wars of Religion
995:Second Schmalkaldic War
958:(Pignerol, "Pinerol"),
916:married Henry's sister
814:traité des particuliers
800:(related) 5 July 1560:
758:traité des particuliers
498:French Wars of Religion
494:Protestantism in France
429:Second Schmalkaldic War
359:, who was also elected
2610:Watkins, John (2017).
2465:Konnert, Mark (2008).
2408:Spain's Road to Empire
2406:Kamen, Henry (2003) .
1901:Sarti, Roland (2004).
1582:10.1093/ref:odnb/13946
1092:
1037:
1002:Anglo-French agreement
943:due to his victory at
912:As part of the terms,
714:Elizabeth I of England
595:Presiding negotiator:
591:
473:
431:, settled by the 1556
403:
207:Elizabeth I of England
116:; Jean de Morvillier;
71:3 April 1559
61:2 April 1559
2683:Renaissance Quarterly
2509:The Thirty Years' War
2492:. Pearson Education.
2315:Dumont, Jean (1728).
1842:The National Archives
1236:Grand Duke of Tuscany
1090:
1028:
997:in 1552. (Article 44)
927:France withdrew from
777:The National Archives
644:Claude de l'Aubespine
581:
547:Gaspard II de Coligny
468:
401:
321:Further information:
108:Charles of Lorraine;
2657:The Thirty Years War
2584:10.3917/rdn.400.0681
2447:Catherine De' Medici
2210:. pp. 857–876.
1117:Habsburg Netherlands
969:France retained the
903:Republic of Florence
796:Francis II of France
792:Mary, Queen of Scots
773:Public Record Office
722:Mary, Queen of Scots
718:Francis II of France
597:Christina of Denmark
555:Mary, Queen of Scots
303:Mary, Queen of Scots
69:(England and France)
2765:Treaties of England
2368:Mary Queen of Scots
2166:, pp. 171–189.
2154:, pp. 627–628.
2112:, pp. 299–300.
1969:, pp. 197–224.
1735:, pp. 376–377.
1669:, pp. 105–124.
1447:, pp. 681–698.
1423:, pp. 285–286.
1363:, pp. 159–161.
1312:Peace of Westphalia
1239:during these wars.
1147:in Modena, and the
1097:Spanish Netherlands
922:Elisabeth of Valois
873:March of Montferrat
847:Kingdom of Sardinia
802:Treaty of Edinburgh
769:Archives Nationales
700:Le Cateau-Cambrésis
640:Jean de Morvilliers
626:Anne de Montmorency
528:Marck and Vaucelles
444:Spanish Netherlands
373:Spanish Netherlands
311:recapture of Calais
246:Emperor Ferdinand I
34:
2795:Philip II of Spain
2785:Henry II of France
1633:, pp. 85–104.
1255:Also known as the
1214:Parlement of Paris
1093:
1065:Gabriel Montgomery
1049:Henry II of France
1038:
764:Trésor des Chartes
592:
588:Philip II of Spain
584:Henry II of France
574:Cercamp and Cateau
482:Henry II of France
478:Emmanuel Philibert
474:
404:
365:Philip II of Spain
361:Holy Roman Emperor
260:Philip II of Spain
256:Henry II of France
195:Philip II of Spain
183:Henry II of France
154:William the Silent
79:(France and Spain)
50:Philip II of Spain
46:Henry II of France
32:
2666:978-1-59017-146-2
2532:The Tudor Society
2518:978-0-415-12883-4
2478:978-1-4426-0004-1
2377:978-0-297-17773-9
2307:978-0-521-88628-4
1645:, pp. 75–76.
1588:(Subscription or
1523:, pp. 61–71.
1499:, pp. 37–60.
1476:, pp. 23–35.
1399:, pp. 32–33.
1375:, pp. 17–18.
1232:Cosimo de' Medici
1158:Habsburg-Lorraine
899:Republic of Siena
892:Republic of Genoa
881:Guglielmo Gonzaga
843:Kingdom of Sicily
839:Kingdom of Naples
660:, bishop of Ely;
490:recaptured Calais
433:Peace of Augsburg
369:Mary I of England
353:Habsburg monarchy
349:Emperor Charles V
345:Holy Roman Empire
337:House of Habsburg
274:, along with the
250:Holy Roman Empire
222:
221:
16:(Redirected from
2812:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2680:
2670:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2625:
2606:
2587:
2578:(401): 681–698.
2566:
2554:
2542:
2540:
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2522:
2503:
2482:
2461:
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2073:
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2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1890:. 27 March 2024.
1880:
1865:
1859:
1846:
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1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1271:mines in modern
1265:
1259:
1253:
1162:Spanish Bourbons
1109:Three Bishoprics
1047:, the sister of
971:Three Bishoprics
964:Villanova d'Asti
794:& the later
680:The fate of the
486:Three Bishoprics
415:, and growth of
307:Three Bishoprics
205:
204:
193:
192:
181:
180:
148:
147:
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42:
35:
31:
21:
2820:
2819:
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2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2740:1559 in England
2730:
2729:
2720:
2707:
2705:
2678:
2667:
2638:
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2622:
2603:
2563:
2552:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2500:
2479:
2458:
2457:978-058208242-7
2437:
2418:
2399:
2378:
2364:Fraser, Antonia
2324:
2322:
2308:
2281:10.2307/2671075
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2059:
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2046:
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2030:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1899:
1895:
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1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:, pp. 2–3.
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1612:
1604:
1597:
1587:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1539:
1535:, pp. 1–2.
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1194:
1085:
1023:
1018:
1004:
962:("Chivaz") and
877:Duchy of Mantua
856:Spain returned
830:
742:
726:Nicholas Wotton
662:Nicholas Wotton
576:
563:
530:
525:
517:English Channel
333:House of Valois
325:
319:
199:
187:
175:
142:
138:Nicholas Wotton
122:
114:Jacques d'Albon
101:
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5:
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2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:1559 in France
2747:
2742:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2718:External links
2716:
2715:
2714:
2695:10.1086/661851
2671:
2665:
2652:
2635:. pp. 1–5
2626:
2621:978-1501708510
2620:
2607:
2602:978-1591607922
2601:
2588:
2567:
2562:978-0871691620
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2499:978-0582057586
2498:
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2417:978-0140285284
2416:
2410:. Allen Lane.
2403:
2398:978-8490961308
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2382:
2376:
2360:
2331:
2312:
2306:
2293:
2275:(3): 643–673.
2264:
2259:978-0520203082
2258:
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2196:
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2192:
2190:, p. 297.
2180:
2178:, p. 298.
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2142:, p. 875.
2129:
2127:, p. 627.
2114:
2102:
2077:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2019:
2017:, p. 865.
2007:
2005:, p. 663.
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1957:, p. 122.
1944:
1942:, p. 708.
1927:
1913:
1893:
1866:
1864:, p. 709.
1847:
1830:
1804:
1802:, p. 197.
1773:
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1759:, p. 383.
1749:
1747:, p. 378.
1737:
1725:
1723:, p. 376.
1713:
1701:
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1562:
1537:
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1461:
1459:, p. 278.
1449:
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1425:
1413:
1411:, p. 153.
1401:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1351:, p. 935.
1341:
1339:, p. 218.
1325:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1303:
1294:
1290:Margaret Tudor
1277:
1260:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1193:
1190:
1176:,... but also
1149:House of Savoy
1121:Duchy of Milan
1105:Pale of Calais
1084:
1081:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:Pale of Calais
1003:
1000:
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933:Duchy of Savoy
925:
910:
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884:
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850:
835:Duchy of Milan
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691:
688:
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682:Pale of Calais
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658:Thomas Thirlby
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621:
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559:
539:Pale of Calais
529:
526:
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409:Ottoman Empire
381:Spanish Empire
367:, who married
347:were ruled by
318:
315:
313:from England.
276:Duchy of Milan
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130:William Howard
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118:de l'Aubespine
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2771:
2770:1559 treaties
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:1559 in Spain
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:1559 in Italy
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2572:Revue du Nord
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2533:
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2511:. Routledge.
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2225:9783110591316
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2213:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2152:Williams 2011
2148:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2125:Williams 2011
2121:
2119:
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2110:Visconti 2003
2106:
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2081:
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2062:
2056:
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2023:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2003:Crawford 2000
1999:
1993:, p. 13.
1992:
1987:
1980:
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1968:
1963:
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1951:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1932:
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1914:9780816074747
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1771:, p. 28.
1770:
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1711:, p. 83.
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1699:, p. 27.
1698:
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1683:
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1435:, p. 10.
1434:
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1410:
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1398:
1393:
1387:, p. 34.
1386:
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1369:
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1361:Wedgwood 2005
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2064:
2055:
2048:Ridgway 2017
2043:
2036:
2031:
2022:
2015:Braudel 1995
2010:
1998:
1991:Watkins 2017
1986:
1974:
1962:
1955:Konnert 2008
1920:27 September
1918:. Retrieved
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1816:
1807:
1764:
1752:
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1662:
1655:Watkins 2018
1650:
1638:
1608:, p. 3.
1606:Watkins 2018
1571:
1565:
1560:, p. 2.
1558:Watkins 2018
1533:Watkins 2018
1528:
1516:
1504:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1397:DeVries 2010
1392:
1385:DeVries 2010
1380:
1368:
1356:
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1344:
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1251:
1226:
1222:
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1195:
1137:formal fiefs
1130:
1094:
1039:
1021:Celebrations
1016:Consequences
954:("Quiers"),
813:
762:
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749:
743:
734:
708:
704:
693:
675:
564:
543:
531:
523:Negotiations
502:
475:
458:in 1557 and
437:
405:
331:between the
329:Italian Wars
326:
254:
230:Italian Wars
225:
223:
162:Count Melito
150:Duke of Alba
29:
2800:Elizabeth I
2429:. Longman.
2095:8 September
2070:8 September
1940:Setton 1976
1862:Setton 1976
1819:(in French)
1769:Dumont 1728
1709:Fraser 1994
1697:Dumont 1728
1682:Dumont 1728
1509:Dumont 1728
1433:Knecht 1996
1373:Parker 1997
1228:Pope Pius V
1207:Waldensians
1125:Ferdinand I
945:St. Quentin
879:, ruled by
788:Elizabeth I
537:within the
413:Reformation
295:Elizabeth I
282:, returned
110:Montmorency
96:signatories
2734:Categories
2436:058228533X
2140:Babel 2021
1592:required.)
1421:Kamen 2003
1409:Kamen 2003
1321:References
1174:Caravaggio
1069:Francis II
1057:tournament
1035:Montgomery
866:Le Catelet
845:, and the
754:collations
513:bridgehead
500:in 1562.
460:Gravelines
456:St Quentin
363:. His son
317:Background
292:Protestant
75:1559-04-03
65:1559-04-02
2703:164326263
2366:(1994) .
2356:158367073
2234:234558650
2164:Haan 2010
1979:Haan 2010
1967:Haan 2010
1800:Haan 2010
1757:Fett 2018
1745:Fett 2018
1733:Fett 2018
1721:Fett 2018
1667:Haan 2010
1643:Haan 2010
1631:Haan 2010
1521:Haan 2010
1497:Haan 2010
1474:Haan 2010
1337:Haan 2010
1286:Henry VII
1053:Elisabeth
730:Le Cateau
503:Finally,
440:Calvinism
357:Ferdinand
215:Languages
88:Le Cateau
52:in centre
1192:Religion
1099:and the
1061:jousting
1043:married
1031:Henry II
960:Chivasso
956:Pinerolo
952:Cherasco
937:Piedmont
929:Piedmont
561:Marcoing
452:Ottomans
425:Catholic
421:Lutheran
393:Sardinia
343:and the
335:and the
309:and the
301:cousin,
299:Catholic
272:Sardinia
158:Perrenot
94:Original
84:Location
2537:1 April
2289:2671075
1273:Bolivia
1186:Galileo
1170:Bernini
1166:Vivaldi
1145:Estensi
1073:Charles
907:Presidi
890:to the
888:Corsica
875:to the
767:of the
696:Frévent
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472:in 1559
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170:Parties
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1823:6 July
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1141:Medici
1119:, the
1107:, the
983:Verdun
981:, and
841:, the
391:, and
389:Sicily
385:Naples
270:, and
268:Sicily
264:Naples
238:France
218:French
58:Signed
2699:S2CID
2679:(PDF)
2553:(PDF)
2352:S2CID
2285:JSTOR
2230:S2CID
1243:Notes
1199:Spain
1182:Bruno
1153:Turin
1113:Spain
987:ceded
775:(now
740:Terms
535:Marck
470:Italy
377:Milan
341:Spain
288:Genoa
280:Savoy
242:Spain
2710:2022
2661:ISBN
2641:2022
2616:ISBN
2597:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2539:2020
2513:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2473:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2327:2022
2302:ISBN
2254:ISBN
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2072:2020
1922:2019
1909:ISBN
1825:2022
1178:Vico
1033:and
979:Metz
975:Toul
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