63:
358:, the British Joint Commissioner at Leh, then drew up a document whose terms were essentially the same as those of the ruler of Bashahr, although they seemed to indicate a greater degree of Tibetan influence in Ladakh affairs than the British Indian government had suspected. Before 1900, the British Indian government had not yet decided whether this treaty in any way affected its position vis-Ă -vis the supremacy of Kashmir.
303:
Lopchak missions to Lhasa rather than the Dogra regime. All trade between the two regions was to be conducted according to "old, established custom". According to some sources, since the treaty between Gulab Singh and the
Tibetans did not bind the former's suzerain, a supplementary treaty with similar provisions was concluded between the Governor of Kashmir (representing the Sikh Empire in
400:". Although the argument appears to have shown that the Chinese government "signed" the 1842 treaty and allowed Tibet to participate in it in the presence of Chinese representatives, China believed that it was not at all a proof that China had delegated Tibet a general power to independently conclude border agreements with neighbouring countries.
275:; only the second article stating that "in conformity with ancient usage, Tea and Pashm shall be transmitted by the Ladakh road" could be excepted because it was supposed to give Gulab Singh a monopoly of the shawl wool export trade, the main objective of his campaign in western Tibet. The terms were also summarised in the
375:
guarantee that it was the same as the Indian claimed boundary. It appeared that the
British did not consider the Treaty of Chushul a boundary treaty that defined the border of Ladakh in the 19th century, because they started asking China to start negotiations to determine the border as soon as they added the
890:
711:
4. Chouthon Kura (Article Four): The
Government of Gorkha is to withdraw its troops from the occupied territories of Kuti and Kerong and Jhung and return to the Tibetans the sepoys, sheep, and yaks captured during the war, when the conditions of the treaty were fulfilled. The Tibetans, in return, are
374:
used the treaty to counter the
Chinese contention that the border between Ladakh and Tibet had never been delimited. The Indian position was that the reference to "old, established frontiers" meant that the border had been delimited. The Chinese argued that, even if it had been delimited, there is no
302:
The texts of the notes also stated that the "old, established frontiers" between Ladakh and Tibet would be respected, although the texts did not specify their alignment. The
Ladakhi king and queen were to be allowed to live in Ladakh peacefully, and it is the Ladakhi king that would send the biennial
267:
at this time. But the agreement reached in
September 1842 brought Zorawar Singh's ill-fated yet ambitious Dogra adventure into western Tibet to an abrupt end. Although the Dogras tried to appeal to the British for help during the Dogra–Tibetan war, the parties who fought the war reached the agreement
391:
acknowledged the existence of the 1842 Treaty of
Chushul, but said China had not actually authorised Tibet to sign a border treaty with another country. The Indian government responded that China was involved in the signing of the treaty because the 1842 treaty "was signed by representatives of both
386:
According to the Indian government, Tibet signed the treaty with Ladakh in 1842 which it considered a boundary treaty, suggesting that the
Chinese government previously recognized Tibet's right to conduct foreign relations alone and deal with its own border issues. On the other hand, the government
353:
No text appears to have been officially transmitted to the
British during the time when the Treaty of Chushul was signed, although the Raja of Bushahr received a version of it. The British did not receive the official text of the treaty until 1889, when the situation on the Sikkim-Tibet border
929:
223:
note, describing the
Tibetan concessions, was presented to the Tibetan officials. Three versions of the treaty, including a Tibetan-language treaty in the possession of the Kashmir government, a Persian-language treaty in the possession of the
350:. Clause 4 of the treaty freed the remaining Sikh prisoners-of-war still held in Tibetan captivity whom were captured in 1841. This clause was included in the treaty at the behest of Gulab Singh of Kashmir to free the remaining prisoners.
1632:
263:, and the British defeated the Chinese by 1842 using technologically superior ships and weapons. The Qing dynasty, as the suzerain of Tibet, was apparently unable to conduct a
1597:
1592:
2247:
215:
government had taken over the responsibility assumed by the Tibetan and Chinese authorities, and the Tibetan government also assumed the responsibility of the former. The
1622:
1407:
2671:
712:
also to give back to the Gorkhali cannons and also the Sikh prisoners-of war who had been captured in 1841 in the war between Bhot and the Dogra ruler.
1947:
284:
1853:
283:, and the Sikh Empire relinquished the ancient Ladakhi claim to western Tibet. Both the sides would remain within their own territories. Biennial
232:, basically matched with each another even though they had some textural variations. In any event, it was the duty of the Qing imperial resident (
211:
between the Dogras and the Tibetans, executed by an exchange of notes which embodied the duties given to each other by both parties. Thus, the
1564:
1952:
192:(Purang) and Zorawar Singh was killed. The Tibetan forces then advanced on Ladakh, but were subsequently defeated by the Dogra forces near
148:. The treaty is often referred to as the "Treaty of Chushul", perhaps in recognition of the last battle of the war which took place near
1980:
1544:
2675:
1828:
1412:
3207:
1529:
1213:
1270:
2210:
1321:
1167:
3182:
2366:
1133:
1091:
1071:
1040:
1020:
880:
496:
3177:
3080:
1892:
1402:
343:
1507:
1462:
376:
355:
319:
995:
1534:
1122:"India's gateway to Central Asia: trans-Himalayan trade and cultural movements through Kashmir and Ladakh, 1846–1947"
1111:
984:
849:
806:
757:
733:
660:
591:
531:
476:
1587:
2640:
2324:
2205:
2039:
1487:
1447:
1180:
701:
1882:
1848:
1657:
1260:
383:
in 1846. However, they later gave up because Qing China did not respond to the request for reasons of its own.
91:
2889:
1897:
1698:
161:
1942:
2298:
1902:
1744:
1554:
1383:
188:
saw some initial successes and temporally occupied parts of Tibet, the campaign suffered a major defeat at
3060:
1705:
1497:
1457:
1203:
709:. Department of Information & International Relations (DIIR) - Central Tibetan Administration. 1990.
219:
note, incorporating the concessions made by the Dogras, was handed to Gulab Singh's representatives. The
3212:
3172:
2854:
2521:
1985:
1914:
1907:
1865:
1647:
1432:
1160:
367:
3146:
3126:
3075:
2934:
2759:
2667:
2574:
2471:
2466:
2359:
1990:
1924:
1777:
1768:
1652:
1642:
1442:
1265:
1218:
605:
603:
560:
558:
556:
554:
439:
409:
260:
66:
3131:
3110:
2461:
2114:
1627:
1333:
1303:
1275:
1083:
Resort to War: A data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816-2007
974:
839:
515:
3055:
1063:
600:
551:
3187:
3019:
2531:
2506:
2281:
1840:
1693:
1688:
1208:
3040:
859:
3197:
3192:
3167:
2974:
2959:
2949:
2929:
2924:
2729:
2635:
2536:
2511:
1612:
1571:
136:
961:
521:
3045:
2914:
2884:
2663:
2622:
2275:
2131:
2126:
2103:
1870:
1549:
1522:
1482:
1437:
1390:
1370:
1313:
1153:
1010:
424:
201:
127:
1121:
486:
271:
The resulting Treaty of Chushul was a simple document with three articles that restored the
3050:
2944:
2749:
2602:
2589:
2546:
2352:
1875:
1607:
1512:
1285:
419:
335:
315:
354:
prompted them to closely study the relations between the protectorates and Tibet. Captain
8:
2939:
2874:
2864:
2086:
1919:
1617:
1559:
1328:
3014:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2879:
2754:
2734:
2659:
2630:
2569:
2501:
2446:
2262:
2227:
2044:
2014:
1860:
1729:
1672:
1472:
1467:
1452:
949:
921:
913:
434:
2979:
2964:
2844:
2612:
2564:
2516:
2486:
2481:
2237:
2024:
2019:
1492:
1477:
1129:
1107:
1087:
1067:
1036:
1016:
980:
925:
876:
872:
The Frontier Complex: Geopolitics and the Making of the India-China Border, 1846–1962
857:
845:
802:
753:
729:
656:
609:
587:
564:
527:
511:
492:
472:
429:
276:
248:
216:
778:
259:
and the Qing dynasty of China following the Chinese enforcement of their ban on the
3141:
2909:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2764:
2739:
2693:
2645:
2607:
2579:
2559:
2554:
2496:
2491:
2456:
2451:
2438:
2317:
2217:
2168:
2151:
2034:
1968:
1808:
1637:
1539:
1517:
1188:
1059:
905:
414:
397:
331:
308:
220:
1126:
Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives
634:
632:
630:
3105:
3065:
3009:
2919:
2839:
2597:
2526:
2476:
2399:
2232:
2222:
2119:
1758:
1753:
1739:
1502:
1365:
1353:
1247:
1234:
1101:
1081:
1053:
1030:
870:
676:
252:
239:
This treaty was signed within three weeks of the capitulation of the army of the
95:
3202:
3024:
2775:
2724:
2333:
2288:
2268:
2194:
2136:
1252:
891:"Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh"
627:
380:
256:
177:
366:
The Treaty of Chushul came into discussion in the 1960s in the context of the
322:
region including Ladakh to the British, who then installed Gulab Singh as the
3161:
3070:
2801:
2719:
2242:
1710:
1049:
264:
107:
1119:
3004:
2811:
2744:
2419:
2394:
2389:
2200:
2156:
2146:
2098:
2093:
2076:
1724:
1395:
327:
240:
103:
99:
87:
516:
Choudhury, Trade and Politics in the Himalaya-Karakoram Borderlands (1996)
3100:
2954:
2904:
2834:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2698:
2375:
2181:
2176:
280:
228:
authorities, and a treaty document obtained by the agents of the Raja of
181:
173:
169:
123:
111:
1934:
1032:
An "agreed" frontier: Ladakh and India's northernmost borders, 1846–1947
835:, St. Antony's Papers, vol. 14, Chatto & Windus, pp. 23–58
766:
2969:
2703:
2409:
2404:
2293:
2081:
1887:
1378:
1242:
917:
393:
287:
would go on as before. Ladakhi merchants would be allowed to travel to
119:
70:
1803:
2899:
2894:
2414:
2049:
1763:
1598:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
1593:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
1343:
1048:
1028:
784:
539:
296:
1099:
909:
1719:
1298:
1079:
323:
200:. At this time both sides decided to negotiate in order to end the
189:
1623:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
1103:
One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet
615:
2187:
2141:
2056:
1348:
1145:
858:
Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963),
828:
244:
229:
212:
193:
149:
236:) at Lhasa to report these developments to the Chinese Emperor.
2769:
2066:
1715:
1358:
972:
304:
292:
165:
141:
41:
2344:
307:) and officials from Lhasa in the name of their suzerain, the
2252:
2071:
2061:
1176:
1055:
India–China Boundary Problem 1846–1947: History and Diplomacy
993:
959:
946:
868:
638:
462:
388:
371:
347:
339:
288:
233:
225:
197:
185:
168:, attempted to extend its boundaries in order to control the
145:
140:, and for respecting the "old established frontiers" between
115:
610:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
565:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
512:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
279:
as follows. Tibet recognised that Ladakh was annexed to the
1798:
1793:
1293:
976:
History of Tibet, Volume 2: The Medieval Period: c.850-1895
207:
On 17 September 1842, the Treaty of Chushul was agreed in
2029:
295:
and other places in Tibet and the Tibetan merchants from
255:. The First Opium War (1839–1842) was fought between the
208:
131:
842:
Trade and Politics in the Himalaya-Karakoram Borderlands
888:
826:
772:
653:
Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China
650:
545:
268:
and signed the treaty without any British involvement.
1648:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
1633:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
1080:
Sarkees, Meredith Reid; Wayman, Frank Whelon (2010),
861:
Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh
469:
The Cambridge Handbook of China and International Law
1106:, vol. 1, translated by Derek F. Maher, BRILL,
955:(Second ed.), Routledge – via archive.org
581:
681:. University of California Press. 2023. p. 117
1008:
948:
799:China and International Law: The Boundary Disputes
621:
458:
184:. Even though Zorawar Singh's campaign to western
3159:
196:in 1842 after Dogra reinforcements arrived from
700:"Treaty Between Nepal and Tibet, March 1856".
2360:
1565:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
1161:
796:
577:
575:
573:
467:Cai, Congyan; Rasilla, Ignacio de la (2024).
361:
785:Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem (2010)
471:. Cambridge University Press. p. 945.
2367:
2353:
1168:
1154:
1002:, pp. 748–767 – via archive.org
752:. Taylor & Francis. 2021. p. 56.
570:
466:
2676:List of battles involving the Sikh Empire
1064:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198070689.001.0001
703:Political Treaties of Tibet (821 to 1951)
326:under their suzerainty. In March 1856, a
519:
728:. Edition Hansjörg Mayer. p. 139.
16:1842 treaty between Tibetans and Dogras
3160:
1322:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
584:The Unfought War of 1962: An Appraisal
488:China's Regional Development and Tibet
33:17 September 1842 (Assuj 2, 1889 B.S.)
2348:
1403:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
1149:
723:
655:. Springer Netherlands. p. 165.
586:. Taylor & Francis. p. 242.
1530:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
639:Lamb, British India and Tibet (2018)
463:Gardner, The Frontier Complex (2021)
172:into Ladakh under the leadership of
996:"General Zora War Singh (extracts)"
726:Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History
484:
346:, with the approval of the Chinese
316:British defeat of the Sikhs in 1846
204:(also known as the Sino-Sikh war).
13:
1508:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1463:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1175:
299:would be allowed to go to Ladakh.
251:on 29 August 1842 which ended the
14:
3224:
1545:Protests and uprisings since 1950
1535:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
1058:, Oxford University Press India,
963:British India and Tibet 1766–1910
951:British India and Tibet 1766–1910
864:, Praeger – via archive.org
750:Routledge Library Editions: Tibet
247:(Nanjing) and the signing of the
1653:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
1643:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
651:Willem Frederik Eekelen (2013).
318:resulted in the transfer of the
134:in September 1842 restoring the
61:
3208:Origins of the Kashmir conflict
2374:
1628:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
840:Choudhury, Deba Prosad (1996),
819:
790:
742:
717:
693:
669:
1883:Patron and priest relationship
1849:Central Tibetan Administration
1658:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
1009:Malhotra, Iqbal Chand (2020),
994:Charak, Sukhdev Singh (2003),
889:Huttenback, Robert A. (1961),
875:, Cambridge University Press,
773:Ahmad, Tibet and Ladakh (1963)
644:
546:Huttenback, Gulab Singh (1961)
505:
452:
180:, under the suzerainty of the
130:(1841-1842). It was signed in
1:
2248:Historical and cultural sites
1613:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
966:(Library ed.), Routledge
829:"Tibet and Ladakh: A History"
582:Raghav Sharan Sharma (2017).
445:
330:between the Tibetans and the
164:, who, after the conquest of
3183:Treaties of the Qing dynasty
1588:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
898:The Journal of Asian Studies
678:Nepal: Strategy for Survival
84:Dogra–Tibetan Treaty of 1842
7:
3178:Treaties of the Sikh Empire
1608:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
1498:British expedition to Tibet
1488:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
1458:Battle of the Salween River
1035:, Oxford University Press,
523:Britain and Tibet 1765–1947
403:
344:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
10:
3229:
2735:British East India Company
1981:Postage and postal history
1433:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
1012:Red Fear: The China Threat
827:Ahmad, Zahiruddin (1963),
526:, Routledge, p. 568,
377:state of Jammu and Kashmir
368:Sino-Indian border dispute
362:Sino-Indian border dispute
155:
3147:Treaty of Amritsar (1846)
3127:Treaty of Amritsar (1809)
3119:
3093:
3076:Johann Martin Honigberger
3033:
2935:Chattar Singh Attariwalla
2827:
2820:
2784:
2712:
2686:
2654:
2621:
2588:
2545:
2437:
2428:
2382:
2311:
2167:
2010:
2003:
1976:
1967:
1933:
1836:
1827:
1786:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1580:
1443:Mongol invasions of Tibet
1423:
1227:
1196:
1187:
1029:Mehra, Parshotam (1992),
1015:, Bloomsbury Publishing,
869:Gardner, Kyle J. (2021),
622:Malhotra, Red Fear (2020)
459:Malhotra, Red Fear (2020)
410:Treaty of Amritsar (1846)
60:
55:
47:
37:
29:
24:
3137:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
3132:Tripartite Treaty (1838)
1841:Tibet Autonomous Region
1603:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
1555:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
1124:, in Warikoo, K. (ed.),
1100:Shakabpa, W. D. (2010),
960:Lamb, Alastair (2018) ,
947:Lamb, Alastair (1986) ,
801:. ABC-CLIO. p. 94.
520:Marshall, Julie (2004),
25:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
3142:Treaty of Lahore (1846)
3020:Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana
1948:TAR People's Government
1908:Serfs' Emancipation Day
1448:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
989:– via archive.org
491:. Springer. p. 5.
160:The able Dogra general
2975:Ajit Singh Sandhawalia
2960:Mangal Singh Ramgarhia
2950:Ranjodh Singh Majithia
2930:Sher Singh Attariwalla
2925:Sham Singh Attariwalla
2821:Officials and warriors
2730:Emirate of Afghanistan
2636:Battle of Chillianwala
1618:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
1572:Special Frontier Force
797:Byron N. Tzou (1990).
485:Guo, Rongxing (2015).
162:Zorawar Singh Kahluria
137:status quo ante bellum
3056:François Henri Mouton
3046:Jean-Baptiste Ventura
2885:Khushal Singh Jamadar
2672:Panchayati Revolution
2668:Hill States–Sikh Wars
2623:Second Anglo-Sikh War
1991:Qinghai–Tibet railway
1986:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
1953:TAR People's Congress
1925:India–Tibet relations
1898:Independence movement
1550:1959 Tibetan uprising
1438:Battle of Dafei River
1286:Era of Fragmentation
440:China–India relations
425:Tibet under Qing rule
3094:Influential families
3051:Claude Auguste Court
3041:Jean-François Allard
2955:Surat Singh Majithia
2945:Lehna Singh Majithia
2750:Hill States Alliance
2603:Battle of Ferozeshah
2590:First Anglo-Sikh War
2299:Traditional medicine
1513:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1334:Relations with Ming
1304:Relations with Song
1276:Relations with Tang
1214:European exploration
1120:Warikoo, K. (2009),
973:McKay, Alex (2003),
844:, Orient BlackSwan,
724:McKay, Alex (2003).
420:Treaty of Thapathali
370:. The government of
336:Treaty of Thapathali
2940:Amar Singh Majithia
2875:Mahan Singh Mirpuri
2666:, Katoch–Sikh War,
1943:Regional Government
1920:CIA Tibetan program
1903:Serfdom controversy
1787:Traditional regions
1638:Simla Accord (1914)
1560:2008 Tibetan unrest
1384:List of Qing ambans
1329:Phagmodrupa dynasty
935:on 23 November 2018
833:Far Eastern Affairs
641:, pp. 103–105.
90:signed between the
21:
3101:Sandhawalia family
3015:Sultan Mahmud Khan
3000:Jarnail Ghaus Khan
2985:Sangat Singh Saini
2880:Dewan Mokham Chand
2755:Kingdom of Mankera
2631:Battle of Ramnagar
2575:Battle of Peshawar
2570:Battle of Nowshera
2447:Battle of Bhangani
2257:(ceremonial scarf)
2228:Dzong architecture
2045:Imperial Preceptor
1915:Sovereignty debate
1861:Etymology of Tibet
1473:Lhasa riot of 1750
1468:Jinchuan campaigns
1453:Battle of Dartsedo
1371:Qing dynasty rule
1314:Yuan dynasty rule
1288:(9th–13th century)
461:, pp. 68–69;
435:History of Kashmir
92:Tibetan government
19:
3213:Dogra-Tibetan War
3173:Treaties of Tibet
3155:
3154:
3089:
3088:
3061:Alexander Gardner
2980:Kahan Singh Nakai
2965:Akali Phula Singh
2845:Diwan Bhawani Das
2682:
2681:
2613:Battle of Sobraon
2565:Battle of Shopian
2342:
2341:
2307:
2306:
1999:
1998:
1963:
1962:
1866:Foreign relations
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1667:
1666:
1523:Qinghai–Tibet War
1493:Sikkim expedition
1483:Dogra–Tibetan War
1478:Sino-Nepalese War
1413:political leaders
1391:Post-Qing to 1950
1344:Rinpungpa dynasty
1255:(7th–9th century)
1135:978-1-134-03294-5
1093:978-0-87289-434-1
1073:978-0-19-908839-3
1042:978-0-19-562758-9
1022:978-93-89867-59-6
882:978-1-108-84059-0
775:, pp. 55–56.
624:, pp. 68–69.
498:978-981-287-958-5
430:History of Ladakh
320:Jammu and Kashmir
277:Ladakh Chronicles
249:Treaty of Nanking
202:Dogra–Tibetan war
128:Dogra–Tibetan war
80:Treaty of Chushul
76:
75:
67:Treaty of Chushul
51:17 September 1842
20:Treaty of Chushul
3220:
2910:Balbhadra Kunwar
2870:Hari Singh Nalwa
2860:Misr Diwan Chand
2850:Diwan Buta Singh
2825:
2824:
2765:Barakzai dynasty
2740:Kingdom of Nepal
2694:Sikh Khalsa Army
2646:Battle of Gujrat
2608:Battle of Aliwal
2580:Battle of Jamrud
2560:Battle of Multan
2555:Battle of Attock
2547:Afghan–Sikh wars
2439:Mughal-Sikh Wars
2435:
2434:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2327:
2320:
2258:
2035:Tibetan Buddhism
2008:
2007:
1974:
1973:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1540:Battle of Chamdo
1518:Sino-Tibetan War
1374:
1337:
1317:
1307:
1289:
1279:
1266:List of emperors
1256:
1238:
1219:Historical money
1194:
1193:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1116:
1096:
1076:
1045:
1025:
1003:
990:
967:
956:
954:
943:
942:
940:
934:
928:, archived from
895:
885:
865:
854:
836:
813:
812:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
763:
746:
740:
739:
721:
715:
714:
708:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
673:
667:
666:
648:
642:
636:
625:
619:
613:
607:
598:
597:
579:
568:
562:
549:
543:
537:
536:
509:
503:
502:
482:
456:
415:Treaty of Lahore
398:Emperor of China
338:, was signed in
332:Kingdom of Nepal
309:Emperor of China
285:Lopchak missions
126:, following the
65:
64:
22:
18:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3115:
3106:Majithia family
3085:
3066:Paolo Avitabile
3029:
3010:Fakir Azizuddin
2920:Mehta Basti Ram
2840:Diwan Dina Nath
2816:
2780:
2760:Namgyal dynasty
2708:
2687:Military forces
2678:
2650:
2641:Siege of Multan
2617:
2598:Battle of Mudki
2584:
2541:
2430:
2424:
2400:Nau Nihal Singh
2378:
2373:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2303:
2256:
2163:
1995:
1959:
1929:
1842:
1815:
1782:
1759:Tibetan Plateau
1754:Rongbuk Glacier
1740:Yarlung Tsangpo
1663:
1576:
1503:Batang uprising
1425:
1419:
1372:
1366:Khoshut Khanate
1354:Ganden Phodrang
1349:Tsangpa dynasty
1335:
1315:
1305:
1287:
1277:
1254:
1248:Yarlung dynasty
1236:
1223:
1183:
1174:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1114:
1094:
1074:
1043:
1023:
987:
938:
936:
932:
910:10.2307/2049956
893:
883:
852:
822:
817:
816:
809:
795:
791:
783:
779:
771:
767:
760:
748:
747:
743:
736:
722:
718:
706:
699:
698:
694:
684:
682:
675:
674:
670:
663:
649:
645:
637:
628:
620:
616:
608:
601:
594:
580:
571:
563:
552:
544:
540:
534:
518:, p. 30;
510:
506:
499:
479:
465:, p. 92;
457:
453:
448:
406:
364:
334:, known as the
273:status quo ante
253:First Opium War
158:
96:Ganden Phodrang
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:1840s in Tibet
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3081:Henry Lawrence
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3025:Sohan Lal Suri
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2776:Maqpon Dynasty
2773:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Durrani Empire
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2660:Nepal–Sikh War
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:wall paintings
2203:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2137:Tibetan people
2134:
2132:Social classes
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2032:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1769:Nature Reserve
1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1408:PRC annexation
1400:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1209:List of rulers
1206:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1117:
1112:
1097:
1092:
1077:
1072:
1046:
1041:
1026:
1021:
1006:
1005:
1004:
985:
970:
969:
968:
944:
904:(4): 477–488,
886:
881:
866:
855:
850:
837:
823:
821:
818:
815:
814:
807:
789:
787:, p. 180.
777:
765:
758:
741:
734:
716:
692:
668:
661:
643:
626:
614:
599:
592:
569:
550:
548:, p. 487.
538:
532:
514:, p. 61;
504:
497:
477:
450:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
405:
402:
363:
360:
342:following the
257:British Empire
157:
154:
74:
73:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3225:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:1842 in China
3196:
3194:
3193:1842 in India
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:1842 treaties
3166:
3165:
3163:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3111:Tiwana family
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Josiah Harlan
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Jawahar Singh
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Zorawar Singh
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Harkishangarh
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Mughal Empire
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2664:Sino-Sikh war
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Gurdas Nangal
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Chappar Chiri
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1274:
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2865:Diwan Mulraj
2855:Pratap Singh
2812:Zorawar Fort
2467:2nd Anandpur
2462:1st Anandpur
2420:Duleep Singh
2395:Kharak Singh
2390:Ranjit Singh
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2193:
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2127:Sinicization
2099:Panchen Lama
2094:Lhamo La-tso
2077:Ganden Tripa
1871:Human rights
1745:Grand Canyon
1725:Namcha Barwa
1718: /
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1294:Guge kingdom
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170:trade routes
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118:, under the
100:protectorate
88:peace treaty
83:
79:
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2990:Hukma Singh
2905:Gulab Singh
2835:Dhian Singh
2807:Lahore Fort
2797:Multan Fort
2792:Jamrud Fort
2745:Qing Empire
2713:Adversaries
2699:Fauj-i-Khas
2376:Sikh Empire
2211:wall murals
2115:Catholicism
1699:Environment
1373:(1720–1912)
1336:(1368–1644)
1316:(1270–1350)
1237:(Neolithic)
1235:Prehistory
281:Sikh Empire
261:opium trade
182:Sikh Empire
174:Gulab Singh
124:Sikh Empire
112:Gulab Singh
3162:Categories
3034:Foreigners
2995:Veer Singh
2970:Chandu Lal
2704:Fauj-i-Ain
2410:Sher Singh
2405:Chand Kaur
2294:Tibetology
2263:Literature
2082:Dalai Lama
1935:Government
1893:Tibet Area
1888:Golden Urn
1854:Parliament
1379:Lifan Yuan
1306:(960–1279)
1243:Zhangzhung
1228:Chronology
939:26 January
685:August 26,
446:References
394:Dalai Lama
120:suzerainty
106:) and the
104:Qing China
71:Wikisource
2900:Lal Singh
2895:Tej Singh
2772:of Poonch
2522:Jalalabad
2431:conflicts
2415:Jind Kaur
2276:Chronicle
2238:Festivals
2050:Dpon-chen
2020:Languages
2015:Education
1764:Changtang
1706:Mountains
1673:Geography
1581:Documents
1426:conflicts
1278:(618–907)
1197:Overviews
926:162144034
297:Changtang
82:, or the
56:Full text
48:Effective
3120:Treaties
2502:Sadhaura
2472:Chamkaur
2429:Military
2334:Category
2218:Calendar
2152:Diaspora
2025:Religion
1829:Politics
1730:Tanggula
1720:Changtse
1424:Wars and
1299:Tsongkha
1261:Timeline
1204:Timeline
1181:articles
1052:(2010),
404:See also
396:and the
324:Maharaja
190:Taklakot
98:(then a
86:, was a
38:Location
2828:Natives
2770:Sudhans
2517:Lohgarh
2497:Sirhind
2487:Sonepat
2482:Muktsar
2318:Outline
2282:writers
2223:Cuisine
2188:thangka
2169:Culture
2142:Changpa
2057:Nyingma
2004:Society
1969:Economy
1804:Ăś-Tsang
1778:Valleys
1736:Rivers
1711:Kailash
1271:Lönchen
1253:Empire
1189:History
918:2049956
245:Nanking
230:Bushahr
221:Persian
217:Tibetan
213:Kashmir
194:Chushul
156:History
150:Chushul
122:of the
2655:Others
2492:Samana
2457:Basoli
2452:Nadaun
2383:Rulers
2269:Annals
2233:Emblem
2195:tsakli
2067:Jonang
1716:Lhotse
1660:(2008)
1359:Kashag
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305:Lahore
293:Gartok
166:Ladakh
142:Ladakh
42:Ladakh
30:Signed
3203:Dogra
2785:Forts
2537:Delhi
2527:Jammu
2512:Rahon
2477:Sarsa
2325:Index
2289:Music
2254:Khata
2157:Names
2147:Yolmo
2120:Islam
2072:Gelug
2062:Kagyu
2040:Sakya
1843:(TAR)
1809:Ngari
1694:Fauna
1689:Flora
1177:Tibet
933:(PDF)
922:S2CID
914:JSTOR
894:(PDF)
707:(PDF)
389:China
372:India
348:Amban
340:Nepal
289:Rudok
234:Amban
226:Lhasa
198:Jammu
186:Tibet
178:Jammu
146:Tibet
116:Jammu
110:raja
108:Dogra
2243:Flag
2182:rugs
2104:list
2087:list
1876:LGBT
1799:Kham
1794:Amdo
1130:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1037:ISBN
1017:ISBN
1000:ibid
981:ISBN
941:2019
877:ISBN
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687:2023
657:ISBN
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392:the
314:The
144:and
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2177:Art
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1060:doi
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