185:
where all, who live by hunting and will not work, may be collected and settled together. And whereas it is desirable to the state of
Mississippi, to obtain a small part of the land belonging to said nation; for the mutual accommodation of the parties, and for securing the happiness and protection of the whole Choctaw nation, as well as preserving that harmony and friendship which so happily subsists between them and the United States, James Monroe, President of the United States of America, by Andrew Jackson, of the State of Tennessee, Major General in the Army of the United States, and General Thomas Hinds, of the State of Mississippi, Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States, on the one part, and the Mingoes, Head Men, and Warriors, of the Choctaw nation, in full Council assembled, on the other part,: have freely and voluntarily entered into the following articles, viz ...
113:
169:
127:
land west of the
Mississippi. Pushmataha said, "I know the country well ... The grass is everywhere very short ... There are but few beavers and the honey and fruit are rare things." Jackson finally resorted to threats to pressure the Choctaw to sign a treaty. He shouted, "Many of your nation are already beyond the Mississippi, and others are every year removing .... If you refuse ... the nation will be destroyed." On October 18, 1820, the chiefs signed the treaty.
264:
26:
139:. From the moment the Treaty was ratified, both white settlers in Arkansas and the Choctaw argued for changes and amendments. The Treaty of Doak's Stand would later influence the 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit, which forced the ceding of additional Choctaw lands as part of the Indian Removal Act signed by then-President Andrew Jackson.
150:
ART. IV. The boundaries hereby established between the
Choctaw Indians and the United States, on this side of the Mississippi river, shall remain without alteration until the period at which said nation shall become so civilized and enlightened as to be made citizens of the United States and Congress
184:
WHEREAS it is an important object with the
President of the United States, to promote the civilization of the Choctaw Indians, by the establishment of schools amongst them; and to perpetuate them as a nation, by exchanging, for a small part of their land here, a country beyond the Mississippi River,
49:
Indian tribe. The Treaty of Doak's Stand was the seventh of sixteen treaties that were ratified from the period from 186 through 1866 between the United States government and the
Choctaw nation during a time of rapid westward expansion of white settlers. Based on the terms of the accord, the Choctaw
130:
Not only did the
Choctaw nation object to the treaty, but also, the white settlers already living in Arkansas were concerned. The white Arkansan settlers believed that their life, liberty, and happiness had been threatened by the US Government because the Choctaw would also settle on the same land.
126:
The convention began on
October 10 with a talk by Jackson (whom the Choctaw nicknamed Sharp Knife), to more than 500 Choctaw. After Jackson presented his proposal to exchange Choctaw land for territory in present-day Arkansas, Pushmataha accused the general of deceiving them about the quality of
131:
The white settlers also thought the
Choctaw received a windfall from the treaty. “Indignant Arkansans felt as though their future had been annihilated by their government in favor of the Choctaws, who now controlled land on both sides of the Mississippi River.” The
109:. Dinsmore was at the negotiations to settle a land claim; he believed the policy of the American government toward the Indian tribes was too harsh. His attitude suggested a potential confrontation, but Jackson paid no attention to him.
236:
Rivers in the North. In the West, the boundary ran from the source of the
Canadian River. This was, at the time, in Mexico. The land actually owned by the United States began where the Canadian and Red Rivers crossed the
77:
as commissioners who represented the United States to negotiate and write a treaty to surrender a large portion of
Choctaw country in Mississippi. They met with tribal representatives at Doak's Stand on the
210:
5. Corn, Blankets, kettles, rifle guns, bullet moulds & nippers, and ammunition to be given to Choctaws, who moved from ceded territory to lands west of the Mississippi River (Oklahoma), for one year.
62:
watersheds. The Choctaw reluctantly signed the agreement in an effort to maintain peace as they were threatened by the US commissioners that if they did not agree to move west, they would perish.
216:
8. Annuity of $ 6000 US annually for 16 years for discontented Choctaws. 9. Agents may confiscate Whiskey, except at public stands or introduced by the agent or the Chiefs of the district.
50:
were forced to give up approximately 5 million acres or roughly one-third of their remaining Choctaw homeland in the east in exchange for 13 million westward acres in the
212:
6. U.S. agent appointed, goods and supplies to be sent, and a blacksmith will be appointed to Choctaws in ceded lands. Property of removed Choctaws to be sent to them.
142:
Article IV prepared the Choctaw to become citizens of the United States when he or she became acculturated. This article would later influence Article XIV in the 1830
82:. The treaty's name is based on the site of the meeting, which took place at a Mississippi tavern known as Doak's Stand. US commissioners met with the chiefs
94:, who represented the three major regional divisions of the Choctaw. Chiefs of the towns and other prominent men accompanied them, such as Colonel
260:, to where the Canadian River enters the Arkansas. From there it followed the Canadian River to its source, or realistically the 100th Meridian.
379:
Everett, Derek R. “On the Extreme Frontier: Crafting the Western Arkansas Boundary.” The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 67, no. 1 (2008): 1–26.
173:
472:
118:
29:
The approximate ceded areas shaded in orange and green in relation to the future U.S. states of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Oklahoma.
244:
Along the Red River, the border ran East until it reached the point where the Little River enters the Red River, what is today
252:
Reservation, established in 1817. That Reservation begain where Point Remove Creek entered the Arkansas River, what is today
112:
208:
4. Boundaries may not change until the Choctaw are civilized and enlightened so as to become citizens of the United States.
337:
143:
420:
312:
393:
327:
447:
151:
shall lay off a limited parcel of land for the benefit of each family or individual in the nation. ...
332:
317:
297:
41:) was signed on October 18, 1820 (proclaimed and legally binding on January 8, 1821) between the
477:
467:
322:
225:
214:
7. Selling of Choctaw lands to support Choctaw schools on both sides of the Mississippi River.
59:
307:
257:
8:
253:
238:
105:
to the Choctaw; his passport ruling in 1812 had stirred a brief controversy with General
302:
136:
224:
The Reservation granted to the Choctaw in Arkansas was defined and land between the
342:
245:
249:
277:
233:
229:
106:
95:
91:
66:
55:
51:
461:
285:
168:
87:
79:
42:
102:
74:
70:
380:
281:
83:
452:
248:. The border then ran Northeast to the easternmost boundary of the
201:
448:
Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties (Treaty with the Choctaw, 1820)
263:
46:
20:
25:
256:. From there, it ran East along the Arkansas River, through
421:"Treaty with the Cherokee, 1817 - Tribal Treaties Database"
394:"Treaty with the Choctaw, 1820 - Tribal Treaties Database"
453:
Choctaw Boundary Historical Marker on the Natchez Trace
135:, in 1821, referred to the treaty as a “death blow” to
206:
3. Marking of boundaries by Choctaw-appointed guide.
122:
by Charles C. Royce showing location of Doaks' Stand
65:
In October 1820, US General and future US President
198:1. Choctaw land (in Mississippi) ceded to the U.S.
16:1821 treaty between the United States and Choctaw
459:
174:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
241:, what is today the Oklahoma-Texas border.
365:Remini, Robert. "Expansion and Removal".
119:Indian land cessions in the United States
360:
358:
262:
167:
111:
24:
460:
415:
413:
219:
355:
381:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40038311
410:
13:
473:Choctaw and United States treaties
364:
14:
489:
441:
200:2. Boundary of western land (in
204:) ceded to the Choctaw nation.
386:
373:
338:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
276:Andrew Jackson, Thomas Hinds,
271:
195:The terms of the treaty were:
144:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
1:
348:
313:Treaty of Fort Confederation
190:Treaty of Doak's Stand, 1820
157:Treaty of Doak's Stand, 1820
37:(7 Stat. 210, also known as
7:
328:Treaty of Fort St. Stephens
291:
10:
494:
18:
333:Treaty of Washington City
318:Treaty of Hoe Buckintoopa
172:Pushmataha in 1824, from
101:Dinsmore was a former US
298:List of Choctaw Treaties
163:
267:Andrew Jackson in 1824.
73:were sent by President
69:and retired US General
39:Treaty with the Choctaw
323:Treaty of Mount Dexter
268:
228:in the South, and the
193:
177:
161:
123:
35:Treaty of Doak's Stand
30:
266:
182:
180:The preamble begins,
171:
148:
115:
28:
398:treaties.okstate.edu
369:. History Book Club.
308:Treaty of Fort Adams
254:Morrilton, Arkansas
239:100th Meridian West
220:Choctaw Reservation
133:Mississippi Gazette
303:Treaty of Hopewell
269:
178:
137:Arkansas Territory
124:
31:
52:Canadian Kiamichi
485:
435:
434:
432:
431:
417:
408:
407:
405:
404:
390:
384:
377:
371:
370:
362:
343:List of treaties
246:Fulton, Arkansas
191:
159:
493:
492:
488:
487:
486:
484:
483:
482:
458:
457:
444:
439:
438:
429:
427:
419:
418:
411:
402:
400:
392:
391:
387:
378:
374:
363:
356:
351:
294:
274:
222:
215:
213:
211:
209:
207:
205:
199:
192:
189:
166:
160:
155:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
491:
481:
480:
475:
470:
456:
455:
450:
443:
442:External links
440:
437:
436:
425:Oklahoma State
409:
385:
372:
367:Andrew Jackson
353:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
293:
290:
278:Apukshunnubbee
273:
270:
221:
218:
187:
165:
162:
153:
107:Andrew Jackson
96:Silas Dinsmore
92:Apuckshunubbee
67:Andrew Jackson
19:Main article:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
490:
479:
478:1821 treaties
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Natchez Trace
466:
465:
463:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
426:
422:
416:
414:
399:
395:
389:
382:
376:
368:
361:
359:
354:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
289:
287:
286:Mushulatubbee
283:
282:Pooshawattaha
279:
265:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
235:
231:
227:
217:
203:
196:
186:
181:
175:
170:
158:
152:
147:
145:
140:
138:
134:
128:
121:
120:
114:
110:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
88:Mushulatubbee
85:
81:
80:Natchez Trace
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
43:United States
40:
36:
27:
22:
428:. Retrieved
424:
401:. Retrieved
397:
388:
375:
366:
275:
243:
223:
197:
194:
183:
179:
156:
149:
141:
132:
129:
125:
117:
103:Indian agent
100:
75:James Monroe
71:Thomas Hinds
64:
38:
34:
32:
272:Signatories
462:Categories
430:2022-12-27
403:2022-12-27
258:Fort Smith
84:Pushmataha
349:Citations
226:Red River
116:Map from
60:Red River
292:See also
250:Cherokee
234:Arkansas
230:Canadian
202:Arkansas
188:—
154:—
56:Arkansas
45:and the
47:Choctaw
21:Choctaw
284:, and
90:, and
58:, and
164:Terms
232:and
33:The
464::
423:.
412:^
396:.
357:^
288:.
280:,
146:.
98:.
86:,
54:,
433:.
406:.
383:.
176:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.