Clef - Knowledge

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placement as a C-clef on the bottom line. Thus there are nine possible distinct clefs when limiting their placement to the lines. All have been used historically: the G-clef on the two bottom lines, the F-clef on the three top lines, and the C-clef on the four bottom lines. The C-clef on the topmost line has also been used, but is equivalent to the F-clef on the third line, giving a total of ten historically attested clefs placed on the lines. In addition, the C-clef has been used on the third

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The neutral clef is sometimes used where non-percussion instruments play non-pitched extended techniques, such as hitting the body of a string instrument, or having a vocal choir clap, stamp, or snap. However, it is more common to write the rhythms using × noteheads on the instrument's normal staff,

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A C-clef on the second line of the staff is called the mezzo-soprano clef, rarely used in modern Western classical music. It was used in 17th century French orchestral music for the second viola or first tenor part ('taille') by such composers as Lully, and for mezzo-soprano voices in operatic roles,

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clef, with the G-clef placed on the second line. This is the most common clef in use and is generally the first clef learned by music students. For this reason, the terms "G-clef" and "treble clef" are often seen as synonymous. The treble clef was historically used to mark a treble, or pre-pubescent,

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Tenor banjo is commonly notated in treble clef. However, notation varies between the written pitch sounding an octave lower (as in guitar music and called octave pitch in most tenor banjo methods) and music sounding at the written pitch (called actual pitch). An attempt has been made to use a treble

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in place of ordinary notes. This TAB sign is not a clef — it does not indicate the placement of notes on a staff. The lines shown are not a music staff but rather represent the strings of the instrument (six lines would be used for guitar, four lines for the bass guitar, etc.), with numbers on the

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Clef combinations played a role in the modal system toward the end of the 16th century, and it has been suggested certain clef combinations in the polyphonic music of 16th-century vocal polyphony are reserved for authentic (odd-numbered) modes, and others for plagal (even-numbered) modes, but the

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Theoretically, any clef may be placed on any line. With five lines on the staff and three clefs, there are fifteen possibilities for clef placement. Six of these are redundant because they result in an identical assignment of the notes—for example, a G-clef on the third line yields the same note

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A G-clef placed on the first line is called the French clef, or French violin clef. It was used in France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries for violin music and flute music. It places the notes in the same staff positions as the bass clef, but two octaves higher.

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to the lines and spaces of the staff. With the exception of some common drum-kit and marching percussion layouts, the assignment of lines and spaces to instruments is not standardised, so a legend is required to show which instrument each line or space represents.

830:. Double bass, bass guitar, and contrabassoon sound an octave lower than the written pitch; some scores show an "8" beneath the clef for these instruments to differentiate from instruments that sound at the actual written pitch. (see "Octave clefs" below). 140:. Using different clefs for different instruments and voices allows each part to be written comfortably on a staff with a minimum of ledger lines. To this end, the G-clef is used for high parts, the C-clef for middle parts, and the F-clef for low parts. 1225: 632: 1264:

below it. This indicates that the pitches sound an octave lower. As the true tenor clef has fallen into disuse in vocal writings, this "octave-dropped" treble clef is often called the tenor clef. The same clef is sometimes used for the

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The practice of using different shapes for the same clef persisted until very recent times. The F-clef was, until as late as the 1980s in some cases (such as hymnals), or in British and French publications, written like this:

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are sometimes treated as transposing instruments, using the treble clef and sounding a major ninth lower, and are sometimes treated as concert-pitch instruments, using bass clef. The treble clef is also the upper staff of the

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on the fourth line). The C-clef is mostly encountered as alto clef (placing middle C on the third line) or tenor clef (middle C on the fourth line). A clef may be placed on a space instead of a line, but this is rare.

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A symmetry exists surrounding middle C regarding the F-, C- and G-clefs. C-clef defines middle C whereas G-clef and F-clef define the note at the interval of a fifth above middle C and below middle C, respectively.

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The only F-clef still in use is the bass clef, with the clef placed on the fourth line. Since it is the only F-clef commonly encountered, the terms "F-clef" and "bass clef" are often regarded as synonymous.

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up to 1600, unusual clefs were occasionally used for parts with extremely high or low tessituras. For very low bass parts, the Γ clef is found on the middle, fourth, or fifth lines of the staff (e.g., in

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Viel feiner lieblicher Stucklein, spanischer, welscher, englischer, frantzösischer Composition und Tentz, uber drey hundert, mit sechsen, fünffen, und vieren, auff alle Instrument ... zusamen bracht

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a double treble clef. Many pieces, particularly those from before the 21st century, use an unaltered treble clef, with the expectation the tenors will still sing an octave lower than notated.

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In printed music from the 16th and 17th centuries, the C clef often assumed a ladder-like form, in which the two horizontal rungs surround the staff line indicated as C:

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C clefs (along with G, F, Γ, D, and A clefs) were formerly used to notate vocal music. Nominally, the soprano voice parts were written in first- or second-line C clef (

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A Dictionary of Musical Information: Containing also a Vocabulary of Musical Terms, and a List of Modern Musical Works Published in the United States From 1640 To 1875

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When the F-clef is placed on the third line, it is called the baritone clef. Baritone clef was used for the left hand of keyboard music (particularly in France; see

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but its use has been largely supplanted either with an octave version of the treble clef or with bass clef when tenor and bass parts are written on a single staff.

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This may be reduced to two staffs, the soprano and alto sharing a staff with a treble clef, and the tenor and bass sharing a staff marked with the bass clef.

102:. Placing a clef on a staff assigns a particular pitch to one of the five lines or four spaces, which defines the pitches on the remaining lines and spaces. 1241:) and for the tenor voice have used treble clef, although they sound an octave lower. To avoid ambiguity, modified clefs are sometimes used, especially in 144:

can be an exception to this—the same clef is generally used for all instruments in a family, regardless of their sounding pitch. For example, even the low

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An F-clef can also be notated with an octave marker. While the F-clef notated to sound an octave lower can be used for contrabass instruments such as the

723:) and for baritone parts in vocal music. A C-clef on the fifth line creates a staff with identical notes to the baritone clef, but this variant is rare. 121:, a C-clef fixes middle C, and a G-clef fixes the G above middle C. In modern music notation, the G-clef is most frequently seen as treble clef (placing 2299: 1771:

since it will move the pitches roughly in parallel to the written part. Key signatures and accidentals need to be accounted for when this is done.

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A C-clef on the first line of the staff is called the soprano clef. It was used for the right hand of keyboard music (particularly in France – see

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writing. Using a C-clef on the third space places the notes identically, but this notation is much less common as it is easily confused with the

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If the neutral clef is used for a single percussion instrument the staff may only have one line, although other configurations are used.

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needed, since much of the alto range is between treble and bass clef. Alto parts are now commonly written in treble clef instead.

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Before the advent of clefs, the reference line of a staff was simply labeled with the name of the note it was intended to bear:

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voices. Tenor voice parts sound an octave lower and are often written using an octave clef (see below) or a double-treble clef.

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Many other clefs were used, particularly in the early period of chant notation, keyed to many different notes, from the low

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The use of different clefs makes it possible to write music for all instruments and voices, regardless of differences in

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voice is notated in bass clef if the tenor and bass are written on the same staff. Bass clef is the bottom clef in the

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This section shows a complete list of the clefs, along with a list of instruments and voice parts notated with them. A

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parts along with the alto clef. It was used for the second violin part ('haute-contre') in 17th century French music.

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clef with a diagonal line through the upper half of the clef to indicate octave pitch, but this is not always used.

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at the octave is generally written at the transposed pitch, but is sometimes seen written at concert pitch using an

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It is perhaps also useful to note that, for the treble clef, the four spaces between the five clef lines spell out

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Curtis, Alan (1989-04-01). "La Poppea Impasticciata or, Who Wrote the Music to La Poppea Impasticciata (1643)?".

1817: 2673: 2652: 1049:, has a ladder-like shape. This C-clef places the C on the third space of the staff, and is equivalent to the 1627:

The C-clef was formerly written in a more angular way, sometimes still used, or, more often, as a simplified

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Kurtzman, J. G. (1994). "Tones, Modes, Clefs, and Pitch in Roman Cyclic Magnificats of the 16th Century".

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Parrott, Andrew (1984). "Transposition in Monteverdi's Vespers of 1610: an "Aberration" Defended".

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In more modern publications, four-part music on parallel staffs is usually written more simply as:

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A C-clef on the third line of the staff is called the alto or viola clef. It is currently used for

1820:. Although much of the list was established by 1999, general provision of these symbols in common 1480:, the G on the bottom line of the bass clef) to the G above middle C (written with a small letter 3240: 3111: 2074: 956: 692: 117:. Placing these clefs on a line fixes a reference note to that line—an F-clef fixes the F below 3269: 2790: 2088: 1707:

Until the 19th century, the most common arrangement for vocal music used the following clefs:

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Diagram of treble, alto and bass clefs with identical-sounding musical notes aligned vertically

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Wiering, F. (1992). "The Waning of the Modal Ages: Polyphonic Modality in Italy, 1542–1619".

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In modern Gregorian chant notation the C clef is written (on a four-line staff) in the form

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When the F-clef is placed on the fifth line, it is called the sub-bass clef. It was used by

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clef is not a true clef like the F, C, and G clefs. Rather, it assigns different unpitched

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when their parts are written at concert pitch, and sometimes for the lowest notes of the

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Reading music as if it were in a different clef from the one indicated can be an aid in

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Powers, Harold S. (1981). "Tonal Types and Modal Categories in Renaissance Polyphony".

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The ten clefs placed on lines (two are equivalent) have different names based on the

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To indicate that notes sound an octave higher than written, a treble clef with an

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A C-clef on the fourth line of the staff is called tenor clef. It is used for the

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also may use the treble clef for very high notes. The treble clef is used for the

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and positioned to make it equivalent to an octave G clef) into the 20th century.

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voice and sometimes called the countertenor clef. A vestige of this survives in

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Vocal music can be contracted into two staffs, using the treble and bass clefs.

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in his symphonies. It occasionally appears in keyboard music (for example, in

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Kidson, Frank. 1909. "The Evolution of Clef Signatures" (second article). In

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The line indicating C (going from the center of a clef) is marked in orange.

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after the name of a clef indicates that the clef is no longer in common use.

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Smits van Waesberghe, Jos. 1951. "The Musical Notation of Guido of Arezzo".

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above (sounding two octaves above the standard treble clef) is used for the

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C major scale, guitar tablature and staff notation (suboctave is assumed).

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There was a vogue in 20th-century Oliver Ditson Co. editions, for example

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Early forms of the G clef—the third combines the G and D clefs vertically

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on the second line of the staff), and the F-clef as bass clef (placing F

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was often written in addition to another clef letter to indicate that B

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The flourish at the top of the G-clef probably derives from a cursive

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The same line on the staff in different clefs means different pitches.

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represented on (from left to right) treble, alto, tenor and bass clefs

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for twelve different clef symbols as part of a repertoire called the

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precise implications have been the subject of much scholarly debate.

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For guitars and other fretted instruments, it is possible to notate

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Such a modified treble clef is most often found in tenor parts in

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Starting in the 18th century, music for some instruments (such as

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remains rather limited. The clef symbols provided are these:

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was to be used throughout a piece; this is the origin of the

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The three clef symbols used in modern music notation are the

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with a comment to indicate the appropriate rhythmic action.

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Male chorus arrangement showing use of ladder-shaped C-clef.

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Greer, Amy (2003). "In Praise of Those Grass-Eating Cows".

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Smith, A. (1982). "Über modus und Transposition um 1600".

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It is the same as the treble clef, but two octaves lower.

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Musical symbol used to indicate the pitch of written notes

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on the line that passes between the two dots of the clef

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Hymns of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

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Another tenor clef variant, formerly used in music for

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on the line that passes through the centre of the clef

2116:"Dolmetsch Online – Music Theory Online – Other Clefs" 1288:, and other high woodwind parts. A treble clef with a 2075:

Every Good Boy Does Fine – What does EGBDF stand for?

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symbols for the note just below middle C: round for B

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Three types of suboctave treble clef showing middle C

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on the line that passes through the curl of the clef

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In modern music, only four clefs are used regularly:

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are represented by the lines and spaces on a musical

44:"Clé" redirects here. For other uses of "Cle", see 1684:), the alto or tenor voices in third-line C clef ( 1500:. In order of frequency of use, these clefs were: 1030:'s Op. 11). It was used by the tenor part in 568:. Most high parts for bass-clef instruments (e.g. 307:), while the alto is most prominently used by the 2285:selected by Smallman & Matthews (Boston 1933) 2245:Thomas, Bernard (1975). "The Renaissance Flute". 3573: 2533:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2298:for many of the men's arrangements, i.e. Hymns 1616:; this form survived in some printed editions ( 1260:settings, using a treble clef with the numeral 1026:parts were also written in this clef (see e.g. 975:parts in choral music to reduce the number of 3277: 2674: 2523:Hessen, Paul, and Bartholomeus Hessen. 1555. 2470:Ruggiero Giovannelli: Palestrina and Velletri 2409:Hermelink, S. (1956). "Zur Chiavettenfrage". 2354:Journal of the American Musicological Society 2203:Journal of the American Musicological Society 2139:Moore 1876, 176; Dolmetsch Organisation 2011. 1393:instruments are noted in treble clef or on a 487:Instruments that use the treble clef include 2550:. 1908. "The Evolution of Clef Signatures." 2493:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 85: 2605:Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice 2426:Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis 1464: 3284: 3270: 3236: 2681: 2667: 2593:Morris, R. O., and Howard Ferguson. 1931. 2520:Dolmetsch Online (Accessed 23 March 2012). 1728:Soprano = treble clef (second-line G clef) 1711:Soprano = soprano clef (first-line C clef) 1688:), the tenor voice in fourth-line C clef ( 1484:). These included two different lowercase 1280:positioned above the clef may be used for 2408: 1463:. These were the most common 'clefs', or 1443:lines showing which fret should be used. 251: 2563:50, no. 793 (1 March), pp. 159–160. 2379: 1803: instead of the intended characters. 1663: 1566: 1418: 1332: 1216: 1197: 1189: 1150: 1120: 1072: 1036: 994: 899: 738: 699: 672: 623: 459: 311:. Music for instruments and voices that 71: 60: 52: 2556:49, no. 785 (1 July), pp. 443–444. 2467: 2438: 2294:This notation is also used in the 1985 1801:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 1717:Tenor = tenor clef (fourth-line C clef) 858:for low notes on the bass viol, and by 14: 3574: 2595:Preparatory Exercises in Score-Reading 2588:Manuel pratique pour l'étude des clefs 2350: 2244: 2199: 1631:-shape when writing the clef by hand: 1060: 611: 275:The ten possible clefs placed on lines 222:for learning the bass clef spaces is: 3265: 2662: 2423: 2085: 1745:Bass = bass clef (fourth-line F clef) 1720:Bass = bass clef (fourth-line F clef) 1544:. In later medieval music, the round 2688: 1714:Alto = alto clef (third-line C clef) 479:The only G-clef still in use is the 2148: 1808:For use with computer systems, the 1077:C major scale, mezzo-soprano clef. 814:voices also use bass clef, and the 628:C major scale, French violin clef. 422: 24: 2597:. London: Oxford University Press. 2577: 2332:Hiley 2001; P. and B. Hessen 1555. 1922:MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF OTTAVA BASSA 1866:MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF OTTAVA BASSA 1411: 1325: 1112: 1064: 986: 891: 873: 837: 730: 691: 664: 646: 615: 451: 433: 398: 370: 347: 321: 270: 25: 3598: 2640: 2527:. Breslau: Crispin Scharffenberg. 2173: 1908:MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF OTTAVA ALTA 1852:MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF OTTAVA ALTA 1221:C major scale, "sopranino" clef. 1050: 939:. It is also associated with the 833: 660: 316: 159:for learning the clef lines are: 3246: 3245: 3235: 2646: 2530:Hiley, David. 2001. "Clef (i)". 2411:Musikwissenschaftlicher Kongress 1781: 1646: 1640: 1632: 1611: 1603: 1294:garklein (sopranissimo) recorder 1108: 704:C major scale, baritone C-clef. 677:C major scale, baritone F-clef. 280: 268:for which they are best suited. 2512:Dolmetsch Organisation. 2011. " 2461: 2432: 2417: 2402: 2373: 2367:10.1525/jams.1981.34.3.03a00030 2344: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2288: 2275: 2044: 1978:MUSICAL SYMBOL GREGORIAN F CLEF 1964:MUSICAL SYMBOL GREGORIAN C CLEF 1789:This section contains uncommon 1752: 1657:for "sol", the name for "G" in 1321: 1250: 1202:C major scale, suboctave clef. 1185: 292: 76:Three clefs aligned to middle C 2238: 2193: 2167: 2142: 2133: 2108: 2079: 2068: 2004: 1383:Pitched percussion instruments 1286:soprano and sopranino recorder 1246: 1180: 971:). It was originally used for 447: 288: 284: 13: 1: 2611:, New York: Taplinger, 1979. 2480: 2323:Smits van Wasberghe 1951, 33. 1774: 1389:are notated in bass clef and 1125:C major scale, soprano clef. 982: 261:, i.e. not on a line at all. 2061: 1992:MUSICAL SYMBOL KIEVAN C CLEF 1734:Tenor = treble clef with an 1407: 1054: 887: 854:to write low bass parts, by 726: 464:C major scale, treble clef. 114: 110: 106: 7: 3046:History of music publishing 1540:, and the round and square 999:C major scale, tenor clef. 947:'s use of the clef for the 768:double bass and bass guitar 10: 3603: 1950:MUSICAL SYMBOL DRUM CLEF-2 1936:MUSICAL SYMBOL DRUM CLEF-1 1769:transposing music at sight 1756: 1446: 904:C major scale, alto clef. 882: 856:Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe 762:Bass clef is used for the 743:C major scale, bass clef. 655: 442: 43: 36: 29: 3503: 3477: 3336: 3303: 3251:Category:Musical notation 3231: 3195: 3117:Numbered musical notation 3069: 3036: 2916: 2908:Scientific pitch notation 2799: 2696: 2536:, 2nd edition, edited by 2396:10.1093/earlyj/xxii.4.641 1680:) or second-line G clef ( 3293:Musical range or compass 2898:Helmholtz pitch notation 2573:. Boston: Oliver Ditson. 2491:Anatomy of the Orchestra 1997: 1028:Giovanni Battista Vitali 37:Not to be confused with 3241:List of musical symbols 3112:Nashville Number System 2518:Music Dictionary Online 2455:10.1093/earlyj/12.4.490 2050:Suitable fonts include 1818:"Musical Symbols" block 1622:four-part men's harmony 1588:), and the even higher 1385:do not use this clef — 142:Transposing instruments 94:used to indicate which 2791:Transposing instrument 2089:American Music Teacher 1669: 1572: 1465: 1435: 1416: 1378:percussion instruments 1357: 1330: 1234: 1214: 1195: 1177: 1137: 1118: 1089: 1070: 1051:sub-octave treble clef 1042: 1011: 992: 916: 897: 879: 843: 755: 736: 716: 697: 689: 670: 652: 640: 621: 476: 457: 439: 403: 375: 352: 327: 276: 252:Placement on the staff 86: 77: 69: 58: 1894:MUSICAL SYMBOL F CLEF 1880:MUSICAL SYMBOL C CLEF 1838:MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF 1667: 1570: 1422: 1415: 1336: 1329: 1220: 1201: 1193: 1154: 1124: 1116: 1076: 1068: 1040: 998: 990: 903: 895: 877: 841: 742: 734: 703: 695: 676: 668: 650: 627: 619: 463: 455: 437: 402: 374: 351: 325: 274: 148:read in treble clef. 75: 64: 56: 32:Clef (disambiguation) 2655:at Wikimedia Commons 2544:. London: Macmillan. 2341:Kidson 1908, 443-44. 2261:10.1093/earlyj/3.1.2 2155:Music Theory Academy 828:keyboard instruments 566:keyboard instruments 46:Cle (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 3137:Percussion notation 1592:clef (e.g., in the 1363:Percussion Notation 3541:Organ registration 3430:Tenore contraltino 2514:Counter-tenor clef 2413:. Vienna: 264–271. 2314:Del Mar 1981, 143. 2149:Ben (2020-01-30). 1810:Unicode Consortium 1731:Alto = treble clef 1678:mezzo-soprano clef 1670: 1645:and the F clef as 1573: 1494:, and square for B 1436: 1417: 1358: 1331: 1235: 1215: 1196: 1178: 1164:mezzo-soprano clef 1138: 1119: 1095:Claudio Monteverdi 1090: 1071: 1069:Mezzo-soprano clef 1061:Mezzo-soprano clef 1043: 1012: 993: 917: 898: 880: 844: 756: 737: 717: 698: 690: 671: 653: 641: 622: 612:French violin clef 477: 458: 440: 404: 376: 353: 328: 277: 78: 70: 59: 3569: 3568: 3259: 3258: 3203:Mensural notation 2651:Media related to 2633:Musica Disciplina 2584:Dandelot, Georges 2567:Moore, John Weeks 2561:The Musical Times 2553:The Musical Times 2120:www.dolmetsch.com 1797:rendering support 1577:polyphonic period 1391:mallet percussion 1337:Simple quadruple 1309:Gioachino Rossini 1099:Azerbaijani music 848:Johannes Ockeghem 794:. It is used for 420: 419: 16:(Redirected from 3594: 3582:Musical notation 3504:Related articles 3435:Tenore di grazia 3286: 3279: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3249: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3102:Graphic notation 2766:Rehearsal letter 2690:Musical notation 2683: 2676: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2650: 2609:A Crescendo Book 2474: 2473: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2292: 2286: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2180:Dolmetsch Online 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2055: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2008: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1785: 1650: 1644: 1636: 1618:see this example 1615: 1607: 1582:Pierre de La Rue 1559: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1468: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1142:Bauyn manuscript 1136: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1105:uses this clef. 1088: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1006: 945:Sergei Prokofiev 915: 914: 913: 911: 865:Musical Offering 754: 753: 752: 750: 721:Bauyn manuscript 715: 714: 713: 711: 688: 687: 686: 684: 639: 638: 637: 635: 475: 474: 473: 471: 423:Individual clefs 330: 329: 89: 21: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3499: 3473: 3381:Soprano sfogato 3332: 3299: 3290: 3260: 3255: 3227: 3191: 3065: 3056:Music publisher 3051:Music engraving 3032: 2912: 2903:Letter notation 2795: 2692: 2687: 2643: 2580: 2578:Further reading 2487:Del Mar, Norman 2483: 2478: 2477: 2466: 2462: 2437: 2433: 2422: 2418: 2407: 2403: 2378: 2374: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2293: 2289: 2283:Master Choruses 2280: 2276: 2243: 2239: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1795:Without proper 1786: 1777: 1761: 1755: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1466:litterae clavis 1459:, or sometimes 1449: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1410: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1324: 1267:octave mandolin 1226: 1223: 1222: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1156: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1111: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1063: 1004: 1001: 1000: 985: 909: 906: 905: 890: 885: 852:Heinrich Schütz 836: 748: 745: 744: 729: 709: 706: 705: 682: 679: 678: 663: 658: 633: 630: 629: 614: 469: 466: 465: 450: 445: 425: 413: 385: 362: 254: 131: 126: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3600: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3467:Basso profondo 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3400: 3390: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3305:Vocal register 3301: 3300: 3289: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3243: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2805: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2781:Time signature 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2685: 2678: 2671: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2642: 2641:External links 2639: 2638: 2637: 2628: 2598: 2591: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2557: 2545: 2528: 2521: 2510: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2460: 2449:(4): 490–516. 2431: 2416: 2401: 2390:(4): 641–664. 2372: 2361:(3): 428–470. 2343: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2287: 2274: 2237: 2216:10.2307/831417 2192: 2174:Blood, Brian. 2166: 2141: 2132: 2107: 2078: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2043: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1980: 1966: 1952: 1938: 1924: 1910: 1896: 1882: 1868: 1854: 1840: 1822:computer fonts 1799:, you may see 1787: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1757:Main article: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1732: 1729: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1448: 1445: 1409: 1406: 1361:Main Article: 1323: 1320: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1146:viola da gamba 1110: 1107: 1062: 1059: 1020:tenor trombone 1016:viola da gamba 984: 981: 957:Organ Chorales 933:viola da gamba 889: 886: 884: 881: 835: 832: 728: 725: 662: 659: 657: 654: 613: 610: 449: 446: 444: 441: 424: 421: 418: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 395: 394: 391: 383: 380: 377: 367: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 344: 343: 342:Note Location 340: 337: 334: 253: 250: 249: 248: 247: 246: 216: 215: 214: 213: 188: 129: 124: 92:musical symbol 84:(from French: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3599: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3457:Bass-baritone 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3388:Mezzo-soprano 3386: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3252: 3244: 3242: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3223:Transcription 3221: 3219: 3218:Sight-reading 3216: 3214: 3213:Perfect pitch 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3147:Ancient Greek 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3087:Chord diagram 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3077:Braille music 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070:Other systems 3068: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2801:Musical notes 2798: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2786:Transposition 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2741:Key signature 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2625:0-8008-5453-5 2622: 2618: 2617:0-8008-5459-4 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:Read, Gardner 2599: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2548:Kidson, Frank 2546: 2543: 2539: 2538:Stanley Sadie 2535: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2507:0-520-05062-2 2504: 2500: 2499:0-520-04500-9 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2471: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2435: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2284: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2196: 2181: 2177: 2176:"Other Clefs" 2170: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2136: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2053: 2047: 2040: 2039: 2007: 2003: 1981: 1967: 1953: 1939: 1925: 1911: 1897: 1883: 1869: 1855: 1841: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1702:sub-bass clef 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1620:, written in 1619: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1595:Mulliner Book 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1562:key signature 1554:rather than B 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1444: 1441: 1431: 1421: 1414: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1353: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1305:contrabassoon 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282:penny whistle 1279: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1229: 1219: 1210: 1200: 1192: 1173:baritone clef 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1133: 1123: 1115: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1085: 1075: 1067: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1007: 997: 989: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 929:alto trombone 926: 925:viola d'amore 922: 912: 902: 894: 876: 872: 869: 867: 866: 861: 857: 853: 849: 842:Sub-bass clef 840: 834:Sub-bass clef 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 796:baritone horn 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:bass recorder 777: 776:contrabassoon 773: 769: 765: 760: 751: 741: 733: 724: 722: 712: 702: 696:Baritone clef 694: 685: 675: 669:Baritone clef 667: 661:Baritone clef 649: 645: 636: 626: 618: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594:mezzo-soprano 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 553:baritone horn 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 482: 472: 462: 454: 436: 432: 430: 415: 409: 406: 401: 397: 396: 392: 389: 381: 378: 373: 369: 368: 364: 358: 355: 350: 346: 345: 341: 338: 335: 332: 331: 324: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 273: 269: 267: 262: 260: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226: 225: 224: 223: 221: 212:(treble clef) 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 163: 162: 161: 160: 158: 153: 149: 147: 143: 139: 134: 127: 120: 116: 112: 108: 103: 101: 97: 93: 88: 83: 74: 67: 63: 55: 51: 47: 40: 33: 19: 3587:Bass (sound) 3561:Vocal weight 3515: 3425:Haute-contre 3408:Countertenor 3122:Klavarskribo 3097:Figured bass 2971:Appoggiatura 2918:Articulation 2725: 2716:Abbreviation 2631: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2587: 2570: 2560: 2551: 2542:John Tyrrell 2531: 2524: 2490: 2469: 2463: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2425: 2419: 2410: 2404: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2295: 2290: 2282: 2277: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2210:(1): 23–54. 2207: 2201: 2195: 2183:. Retrieved 2179: 2169: 2158:. Retrieved 2154: 2144: 2135: 2123:. Retrieved 2119: 2110: 2096:(1): 22–25. 2093: 2087: 2081: 2070: 2046: 2013: 2012: 2006: 1812:has created 1807: 1788: 1766: 1762: 1753:Further uses 1748: 1739: 1735: 1723: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674:soprano clef 1673: 1671: 1654: 1652: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1609: 1600: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1574: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1437: 1402: 1399: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1360: 1359: 1339:drum pattern 1322:Neutral clef 1315:William Tell 1314: 1313:Overture to 1298: 1289: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1255: 1236: 1186:Octave clefs 1161:soprano clef 1139: 1117:Soprano clef 1109:Soprano clef 1091: 1044: 1024:Tenor violin 1013: 977:ledger lines 964: 941:countertenor 918: 870: 863: 845: 761: 757: 718: 642: 486: 484:voice part. 478: 426: 326:Common clefs 278: 263: 258: 255: 241: 237: 233: 229: 228: 217: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 190: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 165: 154: 150: 135: 104: 90:'key') is a 81: 79: 50: 3556:Vocal range 3511:Chest voice 3440:Heldentenor 3346:Boy soprano 3208:Music stand 3082:Chord chart 3061:Scorewriter 3038:Sheet music 2836:Dotted note 2771:Repeat sign 2746:Ledger line 2442:Early Music 2383:Early Music 2255:(1): 2–10. 2248:Early Music 2151:"Alto Clef" 2125:1 September 1814:code points 1793:characters. 1682:treble clef 1395:grand staff 1301:double bass 1251:tenor clefs 1181:Other clefs 1093:notably by 1053:. See also 1047:male chorus 1032:vocal music 949:cor anglais 820:grand staff 620:French clef 574:double bass 558:grand staff 501:cor anglais 456:Treble clef 448:Treble clef 317:octave clef 281:treble clef 218:The common 187:(bass clef) 155:Two common 18:Treble clef 3576:Categories 3536:Pedal tone 3526:Head voice 3356:Coloratura 3338:Voice type 3182:Shakuhachi 3157:Ekphonetic 3142:Simplified 3107:Lead sheet 2981:Grace note 2846:Note value 2841:Grace note 2809:Accidental 2481:References 2472:: 389–419. 2160:2024-03-22 1775:In Unicode 1690:tenor clef 1374:percussion 1341:on a rock 1170:tenor clef 991:Tenor clef 983:Tenor clef 860:J. S. Bach 525:vibraphone 509:saxophones 429:dagger (†) 293:tenor clef 146:saxophones 3546:Tessitura 3531:Passaggio 3521:Extension 3447:Baritenor 3413:Sopranist 3393:Contralto 3361:Soubrette 3328:Vocal fry 3177:Swaralipi 3167:Kunkunshi 3127:Tablature 3092:Eye music 2976:Glissando 2951:Fingering 2736:Dal segno 2619:(cloth), 2501:(cloth); 2224:0003-0139 2062:Citations 1989:𝇞 1975:𝇑 1961:𝇐 1947:𝄦 1933:𝄥 1919:𝄤 1905:𝄣 1891:𝄢 1877:𝄡 1863:𝄠 1849:𝄟 1835:𝄞 1759:Chiavette 1686:alto clef 1440:tablature 1408:Tablature 1167:alto clef 961:John Cage 896:Alto clef 888:Alto clef 800:euphonium 735:Bass clef 727:Bass clef 602:contralto 560:used for 549:Euphonium 529:xylophone 505:clarinets 313:transpose 289:alto clef 285:bass clef 266:tessitura 157:mnemonics 3490:Sub-bass 3452:Baritone 3403:Castrato 3376:Dramatic 3318:Falsetto 3297:register 3187:Znamenny 3028:Tonguing 3013:Staccato 2966:Ornament 2941:Dynamics 2893:Interval 2856:Notehead 2831:Cue note 2636:5:15–53. 2603:(1964). 2586:. 1999. 2569:. 1876. 2489:. 1981. 2102:43547681 1984:U+01D1DE 1970:U+01D1D1 1956:U+01D1D0 1942:U+01D126 1928:U+01D125 1914:U+01D124 1900:U+01D123 1886:U+01D122 1872:U+01D121 1858:U+01D120 1844:U+01D11F 1830:U+01D11E 1694:baritone 1557:♮ 1551:♭ 1497:♮ 1491:♭ 1343:drum kit 808:Baritone 784:trombone 582:trombone 537:recorder 533:mandolin 388:Middle C 305:trombone 220:mnemonic 119:middle C 66:Middle C 3351:Soprano 3313:Whistle 3196:Related 3162:Gamelan 3152:Chinese 3132:Parsons 3003:Portato 2986:Mordent 2961:Marcato 2946:Fermata 2936:Damping 2931:Caesura 2888:Tremolo 2819:natural 2731:Da capo 2428:: 9–43. 2304:325–337 2269:3125300 2036:‍ 2032:‍ 2028:‍ 2024:‍ 2020:‍ 2016:‍ 1791:Unicode 1659:solfege 1575:In the 1447:History 1387:timpani 1370:neutral 1055:History 937:mandola 883:C-clefs 862:in his 792:timpani 772:bassoon 656:F-clefs 590:soprano 578:bassoon 541:bagpipe 517:trumpet 443:G-clefs 407:F-clef 379:C-clef 356:G-clef 301:bassoon 3551:Timbre 3495:Treble 3371:Spinto 3018:Tenuto 2956:Legato 2926:Accent 2883:Tuplet 2627:(pbk). 2623: 2615: 2516:". In 2505: 2497: 2267: 2232:831417 2230: 2222: 2185:May 9, 2100: 2054:Music. 1986: 1972: 1958: 1944: 1930: 1916: 1902: 1888: 1874: 1860: 1846: 1832: 1738:below 1243:choral 1239:guitar 1101:, the 953:Brahms 935:, and 878:C-clef 790:, and 651:F-clef 580:, and 545:guitar 521:cornet 507:, all 503:, all 489:violin 481:treble 438:G-clef 303:, and 291:, and 115:C-clef 113:, and 111:F-clef 107:G-clef 3478:Sound 3420:Tenor 3366:Lyric 3323:Modal 3172:Neume 2996:Trill 2991:Slide 2878:Tacet 2868:Pitch 2824:sharp 2776:Tempo 2761:Scale 2756:Ossia 2698:Staff 2653:Clefs 2265:JSTOR 2228:JSTOR 2098:JSTOR 1998:Notes 1700:, or 1478:gamma 969:piano 965:Dream 921:viola 816:tenor 764:cello 606:tenor 586:viola 570:cello 493:flute 339:Note 336:Name 333:Clef 309:viola 297:cello 259:space 194:very 185:lways 138:range 100:staff 96:notes 39:cleft 3516:Clef 3485:Bass 3462:Bass 3397:Alto 3295:and 3008:Slur 2873:Rest 2861:stem 2851:beam 2814:flat 2751:Mode 2726:Clef 2621:ISBN 2613:ISBN 2540:and 2503:ISBN 2495:ISBN 2302:and 2220:ISSN 2187:2023 2127:2016 2052:Noto 1698:bass 1429:Play 1368:The 1351:Play 1303:and 1258:SATB 1249:and 1247:alto 1227:Play 1208:Play 1131:Play 1083:Play 1005:Play 973:alto 967:for 959:and 910:Play 850:and 826:and 824:harp 822:for 812:bass 810:and 804:horn 788:tuba 774:and 749:Play 710:Play 683:Play 634:Play 604:and 598:alto 564:and 562:harp 551:and 543:and 513:horn 497:oboe 470:Play 244:rass 236:ows 206:oes 198:ood 181:ine 173:oys 169:ood 87:clef 82:clef 3023:Tie 2721:Bar 2451:doi 2392:doi 2363:doi 2300:323 2257:doi 2212:doi 1704:). 1676:or 1372:or 1311:'s 1103:tar 963:'s 955:'s 798:or 240:at 232:ll 210:ine 202:oy 3578:: 2711:15 2445:. 2388:22 2386:. 2359:34 2357:. 2263:. 2251:. 2226:. 2218:. 2208:42 2206:. 2178:. 2153:. 2118:. 2094:53 2092:. 1740:or 1696:, 1661:. 1590:ff 1564:. 1536:, 1532:, 1528:, 1524:, 1520:, 1516:, 1512:, 1508:, 1504:, 1455:, 1397:. 1345:. 1296:. 1290:15 1284:, 1253:. 1057:. 931:, 927:, 923:, 868:. 806:. 786:, 782:, 778:, 770:, 766:, 600:, 596:, 592:, 576:, 572:, 547:. 539:, 535:, 531:, 527:, 523:, 519:, 515:, 511:, 499:, 495:, 491:, 390:) 319:. 299:, 287:, 283:, 177:o 109:, 80:A 3399:) 3395:( 3285:e 3278:t 3271:v 2706:8 2682:e 2675:t 2668:v 2509:. 2457:. 2453:: 2447:7 2398:. 2394:: 2369:. 2365:: 2271:. 2259:: 2253:3 2234:. 2214:: 2189:. 2163:. 2129:. 2104:. 2038:E 2034:– 2030:C 2026:– 2022:A 2018:– 2014:F 1736:8 1655:S 1629:K 1586:d 1546:b 1542:b 1538:B 1534:Γ 1530:e 1526:g 1522:a 1518:D 1514:C 1510:f 1506:c 1502:F 1486:b 1482:g 1476:( 1474:Γ 1461:G 1457:C 1453:F 1278:8 1262:8 412:3 410:F 386:( 384:4 382:C 361:4 359:G 242:G 238:E 234:C 230:A 208:F 204:D 200:B 196:G 192:E 183:A 179:F 175:D 171:B 167:G 130:3 125:4 123:G 48:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

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